OT550 Exodus to Exile
Biblical Theological Seminary
Winter Semester, 2007
Dr. J. Robert Vannoy
This course takes a close look at the deliverance of the children of Israel from bondage in Egypt, their establishment as God's covenant people at Mt. Sinai, and the ways in which the Israelites either embraced or rejected their covenantal obligations from the time they left Mt. Sinai (1400-1200 B.C) until they returned from exile at about 500 BC. The focus of classroom discussion will be on the narrative material of the Pentateuch, and the books of Joshua, Judges and 1, 2 Samuel. Included in class discussion and outside assignments is a look at how one is to find meaning for today from Old Testament historical narratives. Are these narratives to be understood primarily as providing illustrations from the lives of Old Testament rogues or saints of either ungodly or godly behavior that God's people today should either shun or imitate? Or are these narratives more properly understood as intended to describe how God was at work in the Old Testament period to bring to pass his great plan of redemption? Or is it some combination of both these perspectives? How does one’s point of view on these questions affect the way in which contemporary meaning and value is found Old Testament narrative? While part of the intent of the course is simply familiarization with the content of Old Testament historical narratives and their historical setting in the ancient world, including the light that archaeological findings throw on their literary, historical and social context, the overriding purpose of the course is to discern the theological perspective that comes to expression in some of the greatest narrative literature ever written. The early history of Israel provides important background for the understanding the nature of God’s redemptive work on behalf of his people. This course provides a survey of Israel’s history as recorded in Exodus through 2 Kings, with special attention given to selected periods. The course also addresses the hermeneutics of biblical narrative. Prerequisite: Genesis: Foundations in Biblical History. Three hours.
1. Class will meet on Monday afternoons at 4:30-7:15 P.M. As a 3 credit hour course, approximately 9 hours of work will be required per week (1 hour in class, 2 hours outside class per credit hour).
2. The reading assignments are an important part of the course. Lectures are designed to supplement rather than duplicate material covered in the readings. A reading assignment is given each week (see the assignment schedule) with the possibility of a quiz on each due date (limited to readings from E. Merrill). It is advisable to read the assigned material carefully, taking good notes while reading. Study the notes for the quizzes; review the notes for the mid-term and final exams. Knowledge of factual information as well as understanding of concepts will be required.
3. Lectures will center on the Exodus and Sinai materials (1,2 Kings, for example, will not be addressed until the last class and then only very briefly) along with focus on some specific interpretive issues rather than attempting to cover in superficial survey fashion the entire span of OT history. For this reason a great deal of the content of the course is dependent on the reading assignments.
4. Grading:
1/3 Quizzes on reading and written work on
Hebrew narrative. Quizzes may
not be made up if missed unless due to sickness or extreme emergency.
1/3 Mid-term exam (primarily on lectures, but also some questions from assigned readings).
1/3 Final exam (also primarily on lectures, but with some questions from assigned readings.
5. Required texts:
E. H. Merrill, Kingdom of Priests: A History of Old Testament Israel.
Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987.
Sidney Greidanus, The Modern Preacher and the Ancient Text. Chapter 9,
“Preaching Hebrew Narratives,” Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988,
pp. 188-227.
Sidney Greidanus, “Redemptive History and Preaching,” Pro Rege 19/2
(1990) 9-18.
Sidney Greidanus, Preaching Christ from the Old Testament, Chapter 7,
“Steps from Old Testament Text to Christocentric Sermon.” Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999, pp. 279-292.
The historical books of the Old Testament (Exodus - Nehemiah)
Reference will be made to numerous other books and articles in the lectures to enable the interested student to work further into particular problems. Consult the “Selected Bibliography.”
PURPOSES OF THE COURSE
By means of the lectures and assignments of this course the student shall be able to:
1. Demonstrate a knowledge of the main facts, persons, places, and events of the Old Testament historical narratives of Exodus through Nehemiah.
2. Demonstrate a knowledge of the meaning and significance of Old Testament events in the context of redemptive history.
3. Demonstrate a knowledge of some of the archaeological findings that have a bearing on the credibility and elucidation of Old Testament history.
4. Demonstrate an awareness of some of the arguments, that have been made against the reliability of the historical statements in the Old Testament, along with appropriate responses that may be made to such allegations.
5. Demonstrate an ability to practice sound methods of biblical interpretation, particularly as this relates to the narrative sections of the Old Testament.
To plagiarize is “To steal or purloin and pass off as one’s own (ideas, writings, etc., of another)” (Webster’s new collegiate dictionary, 1953). Plagiarism is theft. Not putting the definition above within quotation marks, not crediting Webster’s (via the text citation), or changing a word (e.g., “claim” for “pass off”) and presenting the definition as your own would all be plagiarism. In other words, plagiarism is using someone else’s material without giving that person credit. Other forms of plagiarism include mixing unmarked quotations with your own words and putting a single reference at the end of the paragraph, buying a paper from a term paper service (from any source, including one of those online), turning in a paper written by a student who already took the course, or having someone else write your paper. If in doubt, ask your professor or the library staff before you turn it in.
Any paper containing plagiarized material will receive a zero (0%). You may appeal this policy to the faculty, who could forgive you or discipline you further by, e.g., expulsion or failure for the course.
OT550 Exodus to Return from Exile
Biblical Theological Seminary
Winter Semester 2007
Assignment Schedule
Dates given are due dates.
Mon. Jan. 15 No Class – Martin Luther King Holiday
Merrill: Chapters 1, 2
Bible: Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy,
Mon. Jan. 22 Merrill: Chapters 3, 4
Bible: Joshua, Judges
Mon. Jan. 29 Merrill: Chapter 5, 6
Bible: 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel 1-12
Mon. Feb. 5 Merrill: Chapters 7, 8
Bible: 2 Samuel 13-1 Kings 11
1 Chronicles 1-2 Chronicles 9
Mon. Feb. 12 Merrill: Chapters 9, 10
Bible: 1 Kings 12-2 Kings 14
2 Chronicles 10-25
Learn the names of the kings of Israel and Judah for the final Exam (p. 320, Merrill)
Mon. Feb. 19 MID-TERM EXAMINATION
Mon. Feb. 26 Sidney Greidanus, The Modern Preacher and the Ancient Text, Chapter 9, “Preaching Hebrew Narratives,” pp. 188-227.
Sidney Greidanus, “Redemptive History and Preaching,” Pro Rege 19/2 (1990) 9-18.
Mon. Mar. 5 and 12 (due date: Mar. 19)
Sidney Greidanus, Preaching Christ from the Old Testament, Chapter 7, “Steps from Old Testament Text to Christocentric Sermon,” pp. 279-292.
Write a 2 page discussion of the meaning of 1 Samuel 17 (David and Goliath) in its Old Testament context and its meaning for us today, giving attention to the way in which a redemptive historical perspective both informs and governs the significance that this passage has for a contemporary reader. In a general way attempt to implement the suggestions of Sidney Greidanus for finding contemporary meaning from Old Testament historical narratives.
Mon. Mar. 19 Merrill: Chapters 11, 12
Bible: 2 Kings 15-25, 2 Chronicles 26-36
Mon. March 26 Merrill: Chapters 13, 14
Bible: Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther
Mon. April 2 FINAL
EXAMINATION
OT550 Exodus to Return From Exile
Extra Credit Options
Extra credit may be gained for this course by reading one or both of the following books, and submitting a three page typewritten report for each book, summarizing the most important things you have learned from the book.
1. Tremper Longman III,
Making Sense of the Old Testament. Three Crucial Questions.Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1998.
2. Tremper Longman III,
Immanuel in our Place. Seeing Christ in Israel's Worship. Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing House, 2001.
Grading:
You will raise your final grade by:
.5 of a grade point for an A on your report
.4 of a grade point for a B on your report
.3 of a grade point for a C on your report.
No credit will be given for a report that receives less than a C.
This means that if you read both books the maximum that you can raise your final grade is by one grade point – that is from a B to an A or from a C to a B, etc.
Due date:
April 2, 2007. No extensions.
Web sites and e-mail addresses of publishers:
Baker Book House
Web site: www.bakeracademic.com
E-mail: orders@bakerbooks.com
Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing House
Web site: www.prpbooks.com
E-mail: sales@prpbooks.com
OT550 EXODUS TO RETURN FROM EXILE
Class Lecture Schedule
Week 1 Course
Introduction. Exodus
Week 2 Exodus
continued
Week 3 Exodus
continued
Week 4 Exodus
continued. Leviticus
Week 5 Numbers
/ Deuteronomy
Week 7 Mid-Term
Exam
Week 8 Joshua
Week 9 Judges
Week 10 1,2
Samuel
Week 11 1,
2 Samuel continued
Week 12 United
Kingdom / Divided Kingdom
Week 13 Final Exam
OT550 Exodus to Return from Exile
Biblical Theological Seminary
Dr. J. Robert Vannoy
CLASS LECTURE OUTLINE
I. The
deliverance from Egypt - Exodus 1-11
A. The book of
Exodus
B. The
historical setting (the problem of the date of the exodus)
C. The
oppression - Exodus 1:1-2:25; 5
D. The
deliverer - Exodus 3:1-7:13
E. The plagues
- Exodus 7:14-11:10
F The
Passover - Exodus 12:1-13:16
G. The departure
from Egypt and the escape through the Red Sea - Exodus 13:17-15:21
II. Israel in
the wilderness - Exodus 15:22 to the end of Deuteronomy
A. The
importance of this period
B. General
features
1. Redemption
is foremost
2. The
promised land was the goal
3. God's
supernatural care for His people
4. The giving
of the law
C. From Egypt
to Sinai - Exodus 15:22-18:27
1. Manna and
quails given - Exodus 16
2. At Rephidim
- Exodus 17-18
a. Water
provided Exodus - 17:1-7
b. Victory
over the Amelekites - Exodus 17:8-16
c. Jethro's
advice - Exodus 18
D. At Sinai -
Exodus 19 to Numbers 10:10
1. The
establishment of the Sinaitic covenant - Exodus 19 - 24:8
a. The
covenant presented - Exodus 19:3-8
b. Arrangements
for the declaration of the foundational law - Exodus 19:9-25
c. The
foundational law proclaimed - Exodus 20:1-17
d. The
people's fear - Exodus 20:18-21
e. The Book of
the Covenant - Exodus 20:22 - 23:33
f. The
covenant formally ratified - Exodus 24:1-11
2. Ancient Near
Eastern vassal treaties and the Sinaitic covenant
a. The Hittite
treaties
b. Form of the
treaties
c. The Hittite
treaties of the 2nd millennium BC differ in form from later treaties (7th
century Assyrian treaties and 8th century Aramaic treaties)
d. The
treaties and the biblical covenant
3. Additional detailed instructions given
on the mount - Exodus 24:9-
31:18
a. Directions
for the construction of the tabernacle - Exodus 25:1 to end of 27
b. Directions
for the priesthood - Exodus 28:1 to end of 30
c. Workmen
provided by the LORD - Exodus 31:1-11
d. The Sabbath
stressed - Exodus 31:12-17
e. The tables
of stone - Exodus 31:18
4. The golden
calf - Exodus 32:1 - 35:3
a. The first
great apostasy of Israel - Exodus 32:1-6
b. Moses'
first intercession - Exodus 32:7-14
c. Moses
returns to the camp - Exodus 32:15-24
1) Destruction
of the tables of stone
2) Aaron's
lame excuses
d. Vengeance
on the people - Exodus 32:25-29
e. Further
intercession - Exodus 32:30-33:23
f. The
covenant renewed - Exodus 34:1-35
5. The
tabernacle is built - Exodus 35:1-39:43
6. The
tabernacle is set up - Exodus 40
7. The book of
Leviticus
a. Name
b. General
comments on content
8. Laws
regarding sacrifice - Leviticus 1-7
9. Consecration
of priests - Leviticus 8-9
10. The rebellion
of Nadab and Abihu - Leviticus 10
11. Other laws -
Leviticus 11-27 (including the Day of Atonement, Leviticus 16)
12. Preparation
for leaving Sinai - Numbers 1:1-10:10
a. The book of Numbers
1) Name
2) Content -
chronological framework for the book
b. The men of
war numbered and positions assigned - Numbers 1:1-2:24
c. The Levites
are numbered and their duties assigned - Numbers 3:1-4:49
d. The law of
jealousy - Numbers 5:11-31
e. The law of
the Nazarite - Numbers 6:1-21
f. The
offering of the princes at the dedication of the altar - Numbers 7:1-89
g. The second
passover after leaving Egypt - Numbers 9:1-14
h. Divine provision for direction and
guidance - Numbers
9:15-10:10
E. From
Sinai to the Plains of Moab - Numbers 10:11-22:1
1. The first
stage of the journey - Numbers 10:11-36
2. Rebellion
and dissatisfaction - Numbers 11:1-12:16
3. The twelve
spies - Numbers 13:1-14:45
4. Laws after
the crisis - Numbers 15:1-41
5. The
rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram - Numbers 16-19
6. Incidents
on the way to the Plains of Moab - Numbers 20-22:1
a. The death
of Miriam - Numbers 20:1
b. The sin of
Moses and Aaron - Numbers 20:2-13
c. Edom's
refusal to allow passage - Numbers 20:14-21
d. The death
of Aaron - Numbers 20:22-29
e. Victory
over Arad - Numbers 21:1-3
f. The brazen
serpent incident - Numbers 21:4-9
g. March
around Moab - Numbers 21:10-20
h. Victory
over Sihon - Numbers 21:21-32
i. Victory
over Og, King of Bashan - Numbers 21:33-35
j. Arrival in
the Plains of Moab - Numbers 22:1
F. The Balaam
incident - Numbers 22-25:18
G. Preparations
for entrance into Canaan - Numbers 26:1-36:13
1. A new
census - Numbers 26
2. A special
problem regarding inheritance - Numbers 27:1-11
3. Appointment
of a new leader for the conquest of Canaan - Numbers 27:1-11
4. Laws
regarding sacrifice and vows - Numbers 28-30
5. Vengeance
on the Midianites - Numbers 31
6. Apportionment
of Trans-Jordan - Numbers 32
7. Summary of
journeys - Numbers 33:1-49
8. Plans for
division of Canaan - Numbers 33:50-36:13
H. Moses' last
days
1. The Book of
Deuteronomy
a. Its name
b. The
significance of Deuteronomy in the Old Testament canon
c. Date
2. The death
of Moses - Deuteronomy 34
III. The Book of
Joshua
A. Introductory
remarks
1. Basic theme
and structure
2. Primary character
3. External
evidence for historical events recorded in Joshua
4. Contemporary
approaches to the establishment of Israel in Canaan.
a. Traditional
view: the conquest model
b. Migration
model
c. Peasant revolt model
B. The entry
into Canaan - Joshua 1:1-5:12
1. Joshua's
commission - Joshua 1:1-9
2. The people
mobilized - Joshua 1:10-18
3. The sending
of spies to Jericho - Joshua 2
4. Crossing
over Jordan - Joshua 3:1-5:1
5. Circumcision
and encampment at Gilgal - Joshua 5:2-12
C. The conquest
of Canaan - Joshua 5:13-12:24
1. The
conquest of Jericho - Joshua 6
2. The attack
on Ai - Joshua 7-8
3. Renewal of
the covenant at Shechem - Joshua 8:30-35
4. The
southern campaign - Joshua 9-10
5. The
northern campaign - Joshua 11:1-20
6. Summary of
the conquest - Joshua 11:21-12:24
D. The division
of the land - Joshua 13-22
E. Joshua's
last days - Joshua 23-24
IV. The Book of
Judges
A. Introductory
remarks
B. Chronology -
survey of the problem
C. The Ancient
Near Eastern situation from 1200-1050
D. The structure
and content of Judges
1. The
historical background for the period to be described further in the book -
Judges 1:1-2:5
2. The
theological basis for the proper understanding of the book of Judges - Judges
2:6-3:4
3. The stories
of the major and minor judges - Judges 3:5-16:31
a. The major
and minor judges
b. Brief
comments on outstanding judges
1) Deborah and
Barak - Judges 4-5
2) Gideon -
Judges 6-8
3) Jephtah -
Judges 10:6-12:7
4) Samson -
Judges 13:1-16:31
4. The spiritual
and moral deterioration in the time of the judges illustrated - Judges 17-21
a. Micah's
private sanctuary is robbed of its idols and priest- Judges 17-18
b. Civil war
against Benjamin occasioned by the sexual abuse and murder of a woman - Judges 19-21
V. The Books of
1,2 Samuel
A. General
Comments
1. Name
2. A brief
survey of content and its significance
B. Important
advances in the history of redemption in 1,2 Samuel
C. The life of
Samuel
1. Ancestry
and youth - 1 Samuel 1-3
2. The loss
and subsequent return of the ark - 1 Samuel 4:1-6:21
3. The victory
at Eben-ezer - 1 Samuel 7
4. Samuel is
established as a leader in Israel - 1 Samuel 7:15-17
5. The
establishment of kingship and covenant continuity - 1 Samuel 8-12
6. Samuel
rejects Saul - 1 Samuel 13,15
7. Samuel's
death and "appearance" to Saul - 1 Samuel 25, 28
VI. The united
kingdom
A. Saul
B. David
C. Solomon
VII. The divided
kingdom
A. 1, 2 Kings
1. Name and
scope of content
2. Purpose
3. Structure
B. 1,
2 Chronicles
OT550 EXODUS TO RETURN FROM EXILE
Biblical Theological Seminary
Winter Semester 2007
Dr. J. Robert Vannoy
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY KEYED TO
CLASS LECTURE OUTLINE
GENERAL RESOURCES
HISTORICAL
ISSUES
Arnold, Bill T. and Williamson, H. G. M. Dictionary of the Old Testament Historical
Books. Downers Grove:
InterVarsityPress, 2005.
Bartholomew, Craig; Evans, C. Stephen; Healy, Mary; Murray, Rae (Editors). "Behind" the Text: History and Biblical Interpretation. Scripture and Hermeneutics Series, Vol. 4. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003.
Howard, David M., Jr.
An Introduction to the Old Testament Historical Books. Chicago: Moody Press, 1993.
Kitchen, K. A. On
the Reliability of the Old Testament.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.
Long, V. P., Baker, D. W., Wenham, F. J., Editors. Windows into Old Testament History. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002.
Long, V. Philips (Editor). Israel's Past in Present Research. Essays on Ancient Israelite Historiography. Sources for Biblical and Theological Study, Vol. 7. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1999.
. "How Reliable are Biblical Reports? Repeating Lester Grabbe's Comparative Experiment," VT 52 (2002) 367384.
Millard, A. R., Hoffmeier, James K., Baker, David W. Faith, Tradition, and History. Old Testament Historiography in Its Near Eastern Context. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1994.
Provan, I., Long, V. P., Longman, III, T. A Biblical History of Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press,
2003.
I. THE
DELIVERANCE FROM EGYPT - EXODUS 1-11
I.A.
Leder, Arie C. "Reading
Exodus to learn and Learnming to Read Exodus," CTJ 34(1999) 11-35.
. "The Coherence of Exodus. Narrative
Unity and Meaning," CTJ 36/2
(2001) 251-269.
Millard, Alan. "How Reliable is Exodus?" BAR July/Agusut (2000) 51-57.
I.B. Archer, G. L. A Survey of Old Testament Introduction. Chicago: Moody
Press, 1964,
212-223.
. "An 18th Dynasty Rameses." JETS 17 (1974) 49-50.
Bienkowski,
P. "Jericho Was Destroyed in the
Middle Bronze Age, Not
the Late Bronze Age," BAR 16/5 (1990) 45-49.
Bimson,
J. J. Redating the Exodus and
Conquest. Sheffield: Almond,
1981, 2nd edition.
. Livingston, D. "Redating
the Exodus," BAR 13/5 (1987) 40-53,
66-68.
.
" Merenptah's Israel and Recent Theories of Israelite Origins,"
JSOT 49 (1991) 3-29.
Finegan, J. Light
From the Ancient Past. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1959, second edition, 108, 109, 113, 116, 153.
Halpern,
B. "Biblical Exodus Redating
Fatally Flawed," BAR 13/6 (1987)
56-61.
Harrison,
R. K. Introduction to the Old
Testament. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1969, 175, 176, 315-327.
Hoffmeier,
J. K.. Israel in Egypt. The Evidence for the Authenticity of
the Exodus Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Kitchen, K. A. Ancient
Orient and Old Testament. London:
Tyndale
Press, 1966,
57-75.
Livingston,
D. "Location of Biblical Bethel and
Ai Reconsidered." WTJ
33 (1970) 20-44.
. "Traditional
Site of Bethel Questioned," WTJ 34/1 (1971) 39-50.
Mattingly, G. “The
Exodus-Conquest and the Archaeology of
TransJordan:
New Light on an Old Problem." GTJ
4/2 (1983) 245-262.
Merrill,
E. Kingdom of Priests. Baker, 1987, 58-64.
Miller,
J. M. "W. F. Albright and
Historical Reconstruction," BA 42/1
(1979) 39,40.
Unger,
M. C. Archaeology and the Old
Testament. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1954, 140-152.
Waltke, B.
"Palestinean Artifactual Evidence Supporting the Early Date of the
Exodus." BibSac 129 (1972) 33-47.
Wood, B. G. "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho?"
BAR 16/2 (1990) 44-
58.
. "Jericho's Destruction: Bienkowski is
Wrong on All Counts,"
BAR 16/5 (1990) 45-49.
, "The Rise and
Fall of the 13th-Century Exodus-Conquest Theory," JETS 48/3 (2005) 475-490.
Wood,
L. A Survey of Israel's History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970,
91.
I.C. MacRae,
A. A. "The Relation of Archaeology
to the Bible." In Modern
Science
and Christian Faith. Wheaton: Van
Kampen Press, 1950,
215-219.
Motyer,
J. A. Old Testament Covenant Theology. Unpublished lectures.
London: Theological Students Fellowship, 1973, 9.
I.D. Albright,
W. F. Archaeology and the Religion of
Israel. Anchor Books.
New
York: Doubleday & Co., 1969, 94.
Bright,
J. A History of Israel. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1981
(third edition), 127.
Vos,
G. Biblical Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1948, reset ninth
printing, 1975, 103,104.
I.E.
Beale, G. K. "An Exegetical
and Theological Consideration of the Hardening of Pharaoh's Heart in Exodus
4-14 and Romans 9," TrinJ 5
NS (1984) 129-154.
Calvin,
J. Commentaries on the Four Last Books of Moses Arranged in the
Form
of A Harmony. Grand Rapids: Baker,
1979 (reprint), 102,
141,
210.
Chisholm,
R. B., Jr. “Divine Hardening in the Old
Testament.” BibSac
153 (1996) 410-434.
Cole, R. A. Exodus. TOTC. Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press,
71,72.
Block, J. "Ten
Plagues of Egypt." RelEd 71 (1976) 519-526.
Gottwald,
N. A Light to the Nations. New York, 1959, 121.
Helfmeyer, F.J.
"toa" TDOT,
Vol. I. G. J. Botterweck, J. Ringgren,
editors. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974,
170.
Pfeiffer,
C. F. Egypt and the Exodus. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1964, 47-49.
I.F Motyer, J. A.
Old Testament Covenant Theology.
Unpublished lectures.
London:
Theological Students Fellowship, 1973, 13-15.
Payne,
J. B. The Theology of the Older
Testament. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan,
1962, 404,405.
Routledge, R.
"Passover and Last Supper," Tyndale Bulletin 53/2
(2002), 203-221
I.G.
Hoffmeier, James K. Israel in
Egypt. The Evidence for the Authenticity
of the Exodus Tradition. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1997.
. Ancient Israel in Sinai. The Evidence for the Authenticity of the
Wilderness Tradition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2005.
Kerkeslager, Allen, "Mt. Sinai – in
Arabia?" BR 16/2 (2000)
32-39, 52.
Kitchen,
K. A. "Red Sea" In New Bible Dictionary. J. D. Douglas,
editor. London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1962, 1077,
1078.
Nof, D.,
Paldor, N. "Are There Oceanographic
Explanations for the
Israelites' crossing the Red Sea?" Bulletin American
Meteorological Society
73/3 (1992) 305-314.
II. ISRAEL IN
THE WILDERNESS - EXODUS 15:22 TO THE END OF DEUTERONOMY
II.B.2. Kaiser,
W. "The Promise Theme and the Theology of Rest," BibSac
130
(1973)
135-149
II.C.1. Keil,
C. F. Biblical Commentary on the Old
Testament. Vol. 2. The
Pentateuch. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959, 67.
II.D.1.a. Kaiser,
W. Toward an Old Testament Theology. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan,
1978, 110-113.
II.D.1.c.
Baker, David W. "Aspects of
Grace in the Pentateuch, " ATJ
29 (1997 7-22.
Kaiser, W. Toward
Old Testament Ethics. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1983, 76,77.
Kline,
M. G. Treaty of the Great King. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963,
24.
Motyer,
J. A. Old Testament Covenant Theology. Unpublished lectures.
London:
Theological Students Fellowship, 1973, 17.
Provan, I., "'All These I Have Kept Since I Was a Boy'
(Luke 18:21): Creation, Covenant, and the Commandments of God," Ex
Auditu 17 (20031-46.1)
Vos, G. Biblical Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1948 reset ninth
printing, 1975, 126-128.
Wenham, G.
"Grace and Law in the Old Testament." In Law Morality
and the Bible. B. Kaye, G. Wenham, Editors. Downers Grove:
InterVarsity,
1978, 3-23.
II.D.1.e. Dyrness,
W. Themes in Old Testament Theology. Downers Grove:
InterVarsity
Press, 1979, 133,134.
Hillers,
D. R. Covenant. The History of a Biblical Idea. Baltimore: The
Johns Hopkins Press, 1969, 89-93.
DeVaux,
R. Ancient Israel. Its Life and Institutions. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1961.
II.D.1.f. Motyer,
J. A. Old Testament Covenant Theology. Unpublished lectures.
London:
Theological Students Fellowship, 1973, 19.
II.D.2
Baker, D. W. "Aspects of
Grace in the Pentateuch." Ashland
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Baltzer,
K. The Covenant Formulary. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971.
Hillers,
D. R. Covenant. The History of a Biblical Idea. Baltimore: The
Johns Hopkins Press, 1969.
Kitchen, K. A. Ancient
Orient and Old Testament. London:
Tyndale
Press, 1966,
90-102.
Kline,
M. G. Treaty of the Great King. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963.
. By Oath Consigned. Grand Rapids; Eerdmans, 1968.
Mendenhall,
G. E. "Law and Covenant in Israel
and the Ancient Near
East." BA
17.2 (1954) 26-46; 17.3 (1954) 49-76.
McCarthy,
D. J. Treaty and Covenant. Analecta Biblica 21A. Rome:
Biblical Institute Press, 1978.
Payne, J. B.
"The B'rith of Yahweh."
In New Perspectives on the Old Testament. J. B. Payne, editor. Waco: Word Books, 1970, 240-264.
Thompson,
J. A. The Ancient Near Eastern
Treaties and the Old
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Vannoy, J. R. Covenant
Renewal at Gilgal. Cherry Hill: Mack
Publishing
Company, 1977.
Wenham,
G. "Grace and Law in the Old
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InterVarsity,
1978, 3-23.
II.D.3.a. Motyer,
J. A. Old Testament Covenant Theology. Unpublished lectures.
London:
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II.D.4.a. Hodge, C. Systematic Theology. Vol. 3.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952
(reprint of
1872), 290-293.
Keil, C.
F. Biblical Commentary on the Old
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II.D.4.b. Wilson,
M. R. "<j^n*." In TWOT. Vol. 2.
R. L. Harris, G. Archer, B.
Waltke,
editors. Chicago: Moody Press, 1980,
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Calvin,
J. Commentaries on the Four Last
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Form of A Harmony. Vol. 3.
Grand Rapids: Baker, reprint, 1979,
340,343.
II.D.4.c. Gispen,
W. H. Exodus. Bible Students Commentary. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan,
1982 (Dutch original, 1964), 297.
Thompson,
J. A. The Ancient Near Eastern
Treaties and the Old
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II.D.4.d. Keil,
C. F. Biblical Commentary on the Old
Testament. Vol. 2. The
Pentateuch. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959 (reprint), 230.
II.D.4.e. Berkouwer, G. C. Divine Election. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1960, 110-
114.
Calvin,
J. Commentaries on the Four Last
Books of Moses arranged in the
Form of A Harmony. Vol. 3.
Grand Rapids: Baker, reprint, 1979,
361,362.
Gispen,
W. H. Exodus. Bible Students Commentary. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1982 (Dutch original, 1964), 302.
Hengstenberg,
E. W. Christology of the Old
Testament. Vol. 1. Grand
Rapids: Kregel Publications, 1956 (reproduction of British
edition
of
1872-1878), 127,128.
Keil, C. F. Biblical
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Vol. 2. The
Pentateuch. Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959 (reprint), 234.
Vos, G. Biblical
Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1948, reset ninth
printing, 1975, 107.
II.D.5. Fairbairn,
P. The Typology of Scripture. Two
Volumes in One, Complete
and
Unabridged. Vol. 2. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, no date, 201-
223.
Vos,
G. Biblical Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1948, reset ninth
printing,
1975, 145-148, 154-155.
Woudstra,
M. H. "The Tabernacle in
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In
New Perspectives on the Old Testament. J. B. Payne,
editor.
Waco:
Word Books, 1970, 88-103.
II.D.7.b.
Leder, Arie C., Vroege, David A.
"Reading and Hearing Leviticus," CTJ 34 (1999) 431-442.
II.D.8 Schultz,
S. The Old Testament Speaks. Harper and Row, 1980, 65-68.
II.D.11 Ibid.,
70-73.
II.D.12.b. Breasted,
H. Ancient Records of Egypt. Vol. 3.
Chicago: University of
Chicago
Press, 1906, 127, 129.
Clark,
R. E. D. "The Large Numbers of the
Old Testament." Journal of
the Transactions of the Victoria Institute 87 (1955) 82ff.
Colenso,
J. W. The Pentateuch and the Book of
Joshua. London:
Longman, Green, 1863.
Fouts,
D. M. "A Defense of the Hyperbolic
Interpretation of Large
Numbers in the Old Testament." JETS 40 (1997) 377-387.
Harrison,
R. K. Introduction to the Old
Testament. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1969, 633.
Humphreys,
C. J. "The Number of People in the
Exodus from Egypt:
Decoding Mathematically the Very Large Numbers in Numbers I
and
XXVI." VT 48/2 (1988)
196-213.
Humphreys, C. J.
"The Numbers in the Exodus from Egypt: A Further Appraisal," VT 50/3 (2000) 323-328.
Humphreys, C. J.
"How Many People Were in the Exodus from Egypt?" Science
and Christian Belief 12/1 (2000) 17-34.
MacRae,
A. A. "Numbers." In The New Bible Commentary. F.
Davidson, Editor.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953, 165.
Mendenhall,
G. E. "The Census Lists of Numbers
1 and 26." JBL 77
(1958) 52-66.
Petrie, Flinders. Egypt
and Israel. New York: E. S. Gorham,
1911, 42.
DeVaux,
R. Ancient Israel. Its Life and
Institutions. New York:
McGraw-Hill,
1961, 65.
Wenham, J. W. "Large Numbers in the Old
Testament." TynBul 18
(1967)
19-53.
Young, E. J. An Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans,
revised edition, 1960, 85.
II.D.12.c. Davis,
J. J. Biblical Numerology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1968, 78.
II.H.1. Schultz,
S. J. Deuteronomy. The Gospel of Love. Chicago: Moody,
1971,
7, 47,48.
III. THE BOOK OF JOSHUA
III.A.3. Finegan,
J. Light From the Ancient Past.
Princeton: Princeton University
Press,
1959, second edition, 108-112, 115,116.
Kitchen, K. A. Ancient
Orient and Old Testament. London:
Tyndale
Press, 1966, 70.
III.A.4. Albright, W. F. "Archaeology and the Date of the Hebrew
Conquest of
Palestine," BASOR 58
(1935) 10-18.
.
"The Israelite Conquest of Canaan
in the Light of Archaeology,"
BASOR 74 (1939) 11-23.
Aharoni, Y. "The Israelite Occupation of
Canaan," BAR 7/3 (1982) 14-
23.
Alt, A. "The
Settlement of the Israelites in Palestine," in Essays on Old
Testament History and Religion.
Anchor Books. New York:
Doubleday & Co. 1968, 173-221.
Bienkowski, P. "Jericho Was Destroyed in the Middle
Bronze Age, Not
the
Late Bronze Age," BAR 16/5 (1990) 45-46, 69.
Bimson, J. J. "The Origins of Israel in Canaan: An
Examination of Recent
Theories," Themelios, 15/1 (1989) 4-15.
Bright, J. A
History of Israel. Philadelphia:
Westminster Press, 1960,
1972, 1981.
Gottwald, N. The
Tribes of Yahweh: A Sociology of the Religion of
Liberated Israel, 1250-1050 B.C.E. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis,
1979.
. The Hebrew Bible
- A Socio-Literary Introduction.
Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985.
Hess, R.
S. "Fallacies in the Study of Early
Israel: An Onamastic
Perspective." TynBul
45/2 (1994) 339-354.
Malamat,
A. "How Inferior Israelite Forces
Conquered Fortified
Canaanite Cities," BAR 7/2 (1982) 24-35.
McCarter,
P. K. "Norman Gottwald's
Sociological-Literary Perspective: A
Major New Introduction to the Bible," Bible Review 2/2 (1986)
42-50.
Mendenhall,
G. E. "The Hebrew Conquest of
Palestine," BA 25 (1962)
66-87 = BAR 3, 1970, 100-126.
Merrill,
E. H. "The Late Bronze/Early Iron
Age Transition and the
Emergence of Israel."
BibSac 152 (1995) 145-162.
Miller,
J. M. "The Israelite Occupation of
Canaan." In Israelite and
Judaean History. J. H. Hayes, J. M. Miller, Editors. OTL.
Philadelphia:
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Noth,
M. The History of Israel. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1958,
141-163.
Noort,
E. "Geschiedenis als Brandpunt over
de Rol van de Archeologie
bij de Vestiging van Israël in Kanaän," GTT 78
(1987) 84-102.
Waltke,
B. "The Date of the Conquest,"
WTJ 52 (1990) 181-200.
Weippert,
M. The Settlement of the Israelite
Tribes in Palestine. SBT.
Second Series, 21.
London: SCM Press Ltd. 1971.
Wood, B.G. "Did
the Israelites Conquer Jericho?" BAR 16/2 (1990) 44-
58.
. "Dating Jericho's Destruction:
Bienkowski is Wrong on All
Counts," BAR
16/5 (1990) 45-49, 68,69.
. "The Rise and Fall of the 13th-Century
Exodus-Conquest Theory," JETS
48/3 (2005) 475-490.
Yadin, Y. "Is
the Biblical Account of the Israelite Conquest of Canaan
Historically Reliable?" BAR 7/2 (1982) 16-23.
III.B.3. Barnes, P. “Was Rahab's Lie a Sin?” RThR 54/1
(1995) 1-9.
Chisholm, Robert B. Jr.,
"Does God Deceive?" BibSac
155 (1998) 11-28.
Hodge, C. Systematic
Theology. Vol. 3. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952 (reprint of
1872), 440-443.
Kaiser,
W. Toward Old Testament Ethics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1983, 224-225, 271-272.
Smith, B. L. "The Bible and Morality." Themelios 6 (1969) 44-52.
III.C.
Lilley, J. P.U. "The
Judgment of God. The Problem of the
Canaanites," Themelios 22/2
(1997) 3-12.
III.C.1 Bienkowski,
P. "Jericho Was Destroyed in the
Middle Bronze Age, Not
the
Late Bronze Age," BAR 16/5 (1990) 45-46, 69.
Harrison,
R. K. Introduction to the Old
Testament. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1969, 318.
Kelso,
J. L. "Jericho," IDB,
Vol.2. G. A. Buttrick, Editor.
Nashville:
Abingdon Press, 1962, 837.
Kenyon,
K. M. Digging Up Jericho. London: 1957.
. Archaeology in the Holy Land.
Nashville: Nelson, 19854.
. "Jericho: II. Archaeology of Jericho of
the Bronze and Iron
Ages." In ISBE.
Vol. 2. G. W. Bromiley, Editor. Grand
Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1982, 993-995.
Schaeffer,
F. A. Joshua and the Flow of Biblical
History. Downers
Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1975, 105,106.
Wood, B.G. "Did
the Israelites Conquer Jericho?" BAR 16/2 (1990) 44-
58.
. "Dating Jericho's Destruction:
Bienkowski is Wrong on All
Counts," BAR
16/5 (1990) 45-49, 68,69.
. "The Rise and
Fall of the 13th-Century Exodus-Conquest Theory," JETS 48/3 (2005) 475-490.
Yamauchi, E. The
Stones and The Scriptures. Philadelphia:
Lippincott,
1972, 57,58.
III.C.2. Finegan,
J. Light From the Ancient Past. Princeton:
Princeton University
Press,
1959, second edition, 160.
Bimson, J., Livingston, D.
"Redating the Exodus," BAR 13/5 (1987) 40-
53, 66-68.
Free, J. P. Archaeology
and Bible History. Wheaton: Van
Kampen Press,
1950, 134.
Halpern,
B. "Biblical Exodus Redating
Fatally Flawed," BAR 13/6 (1987)
56-61.
Kitchen, K. A. Ancient
Orient and Old Testament. London:
Tyndale
Press, 1966,
63,64.
Livingston,
D. "Location of Biblical Bethel and
Ai Reconsidered." WTJ
33 (1970) 20-44.
. "Traditional Site of Bethel
Questioned," WTJ 34/1 (1971)
39-
50.
. "Further Considerations on the Location
of Bethel at El-Bireh."
PEQ 126 (1994)
154-159.
Rainey, A.
"Bethel is Still Betin."
WTJ 33 (1971) 175-188.
Waltke, B. "The
Date of the Conquest," WTJ 52 (1990) 193.
III.C.4. Blair, H. J. "Joshua." In The New Bible Commentary: Revised. D.
Guthrie, J.
A. Motyer, editors. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1970,
244.
Keil, C.
F., Delitzsch, F. Biblical Commentary
on the Old Testament:
Joshua, Judges, Ruth. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, reprint, 1956,
110.
Newman,
R. C. "The Longest Day," United Evangelical, (Aug. 23, 1974)
8-11.
IV. THE
BOOK OF JUDGES
IV. Cundall,
A. E., Morris, L. Judges, Ruth. TOTC.
Downers Grove: Inter-
Varsity
Press, 1968.
Wood, L. Distressing
Days of the Judges. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan,
1975.
IV. B.
Washburn, David L. "The Chronology
of Judges: Another Look," BibSac
147 (1990) 414-425.
V. THE
BOOKS OF 1,2 SAMUEL
Birch, B.C. The
Rise of the Israelite Monarchy: The Growth and
Development of 1 Sam 7-15. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation, Yale
University,
1970, 101.
Fokkelman, J. P.
"Saul and David, Crossed Fates," Bible Review 5/3
(1989) 20-32.
Gordon,
R. P. 1 & 2 Samuel. Old Testament Guides. Sheffield:
JSOT
Press, 1984.
. 1 & 2 Samuel. A Commentary. Exeter: The Paternoster Press,
1986.
Klein,
R. W. 1 Samuel. Word Biblical Commentary. Waco: Word
Books, 1983.
McCarter,
P. K. 1 Samuel. Anchor Bible.
New York: Doubleday, 1980.
. II Samuel. Anchor Bible.
New York: Doubleday, 1984.
Smith, H. P. A Critical
and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Samuel. ICC. Edinburgh:
T. & T. Clark, 1912, 88.
Vannoy,
J. R. Covenant Renewal at Gilgal. Cherry Hill: Mack Publishing
Co., 1978.
VI. THE UNITED KINGDOM
VI.A. Merrill,
E. H. Kingdom of Priests. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987, 189-211.
Schultz,
S. The Old Testament Speaks. Harper and Row, 1980, 122-126.
VI.B. Merrill,
E. H. Kingdom of Priests. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987, 211-284.
Schultz,
S. The Old Testament Speaks. Harper and Row, 1980, 127-141.
VI.C. Merrill,
E. H. Kingdom of Priests. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987, 285-313.
Schultz,
S. The Old Testament Speaks. Harper and Row, 1980, 141-153.
VII. THE DIVIDED KINGDOM
VII.A. Payne, D. F. Kingdoms of the Lord. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.
Wood, L. J. Israel's United Monarchy. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979.
VII. A.2. Archer,
G. L. A Survey of Old Testament
Introduction. Chicago: Moody
Press, 1964, 275
RECOMMENDED COMMENTARIES ON THE HISTORICAL BOOKS – JOSHUA- KINGS
JOSHUA
Davis, D. R. No Falling Words. Expositions of the Book of Joshua. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1988.
Hess, R. S. Joshua. TOTC. Downberes Grove:InterVarsity Press, 1996.
Howard D. M. Jr. Joshua. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1999.
Woudstra, M. The Book of Joshua. NICOT. Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 1981.
JUDGES, RUTH
Davis D. R. Such a Great Salvation. Expositions of the Book of Judges. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990.
Block, D. I. Judges, Ruth. NAC. Nashville: Boradman, 1999.
Hubbard, R. L., Jr. The Book of Ruth. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.
1, 2 SAMUEL
Arnold, B. T. 1 and 2 Sameul. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003.
Baldwin, J. 1 and 2 Samuel. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1988.
Bergen, R. D. 1, 2 Samuel. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1996.
Davis, D. R. Looking on the Heart. Expositions of the book of 1 Samuel. Vol. 1: 1 Samuel 1-14. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994.
Davis, D. R. Looking on the Heart. Expositions of the book of 1 Samuel. Vol. 2: 1 Samuel 15-31. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994.
Davis, D. R. Out of Every Adversity. 2 Samuel. Christian Focus Publications: 1999.
Vannoy, J. R. 1, 2 Samuel. Cornerstone Biblical Commentary, Vol. 4. Wheaton: Tyndale House, (awaiting publication, projected, August 2007).
Youngblood, R. F. 1, 2 Samuel. EBC, Vol. 3. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.
1, 2 KINGS
Davis, D.R. The Wisdom and the Folly. An Exposition of the Book of First Kings. Christian Focus Publications, 2002.
House, P. R. 1,2 Kings. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1995.
Provan, I. W. 1 and 2 Kings. NIBCOT. Peabody:Hendrickson/ Paternoster, 1995.