OT 551 FOUNDATIONS IN BIBLICAL PROPHECY
Biblical Theological Seminary
Dr. J. Robert Vannoy
Winter Semester 2007
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
"Foundations in Biblical Prophecy" has a twofold
purpose: 1) to introduce the student to
the phenomena
of "prophecy" in Ancient Israel, and 2) to familiarize the student
with the general content of the prophetic
corpus of the Old Testament. The first purpose will be accomplished by
classroom discussion of such
questions as: did all of Israel's
prophets receive a special "call" to their prophetic task; how is the
origin
of prophetism
in Israel to be explained; are there analogies to Israel's prophetism
to be found among
other ancient peoples; how could the ancient Israelite distinguish between a
true and a false prophet;
were the prophets cultic functionaries; were the prophets writers; does
biblical prophecy have apologetic
value, etc. Beyond these general features of the
prophetic phenomena in the Old Testament, attention
will be given to hermeneutical
principles that are important for a proper interpretation of the Old
Testament prophetic writings. This will
include discussion of such things as the prophetic time
perspective, the conditionality of prophetic statements, and the idea of double
sense or double
reference in prophetic statements. The
student will read each of the major and minor prophetic
books along with C. H. Bullock's An Introduction to the Old Testament
Prophetic Books.
Interpretive issues in the books of Obadiah, Joel, Jonah and Amos will be
discussed in the classroom.
Prerequisite: Hebrew 2. Three hours.
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
1. To examine the phenomena of prophetism in Ancient Israel, including such things as the
prophetic call, the inspiration of the
prophets, relation of the prophets to the cult, true and
false prophets, symbolic acts, comparison of prophecy in
and the apologetic value of biblical prophecy and its fulfillment.
2. To become familiar with the writings of
the prophets of
content of each book, its historical setting, and purpose of writing.
3. To learn some principles of
hermeneutics relative to the prophetical writings,
both in theory and application.
4.
To become acquainted with critical
theories concerning the authorship and character
of prophetical books, with particular attention given to Isaiah and Daniel.
5. To
explore how the message of the prophetic writings has relevance for the
church of the 21st century.
METHODS EMPLOYED TOWARD THE SECURING OF THE COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. Texts: C. Hassel Bullock, An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books.
Elizabeth Achtemeier,
“Preaching from the Prophets,” (Chapter 7, pp. 109-135)
in Preaching From the Old Testament
Elizabeth Achtemeier, Preaching from the Minor Prophets.
Or:
Donald A. Leggett, Loving God and Disturbing Men. Preaching from the Prophets.
2. Reading each of the prophetic books in the English Bible.
3. Lectures will supplement readings and
will concentrate on various aspects of the phenomena
of prophetism in ancient
4. Classroom discussion and interaction will be encouraged.
5. Preparation of an exegetical paper on the Book of Hosea.
6. Preparation of an exegetical analysis of Amos 9:11-15.
7. Brief written discussion of the readings from Achtemeier or Achtemeier and Leggett.
PROCEDURES USED IN TESTING ACHIEVEMENT OF THE COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. Potential quizzes each week on assigned
readings. During the quarter three or
four
quizzes will be given.
2. Mid-term examination, primarily on lecture material.
3. Final examination, also primarily on lecture material
4. Evaluation of papers.
OT 551 FOUNDATIONS IN BIBLICAL PROPHECY
Biblical Theological Seminary
Winter Semester 2007
Dr. J. Robert Vannoy
Assignments
C. Hassell Bullock, An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books.
Elizabeth Achtemeier, “Preaching from the Prophets,” (Chapter 7, pp. 109-135)
in Preaching From the Old Testament.
Elizabeth Achtemeier, Preaching from the Minor Prophets. Grand
Rapids:Eerdmans, 1998.
OR:
Donald Leggett, Loving
God and Disturbing Men. Preaching from
the Prophets.
Term Paper
A study is to be made of the book
of Hosea, the results of which are to be summarized in
a paper of 15-20 pages (typewritten, double-spaced, using correct form for
footnotes,
bibliography, etc.). The paper is to
include discussion of the following matters:
1. The moral problem of Hosea's wife of whoredoms - what position do you take on this, and why?
Resources to begin your study:
H.
Eybers, “The Matrimonial Life of Hosea,” In
Studies in the Books of Hosea and
Amos.
H.
H. Rowley, “The Marriage of Hosea,” In Men of God:
Studies in Old Testament History and Prophecy.
2. Select some verse, section, or topic in
the book of Hosea (other than the topic of
Hosea's wife of whoredoms) that you find to be
particularly interesting, and
comment on it, utilizing insights
derived from Hebrew translation and exegesis.
3. Make some comments on the significance
of the book of Hosea for the time in
which it was written; and then bridging the historical gap, comment on its
significance for God's people at the
beginning of the 21st century.
Assignment Schedule - dates given are due dates
Tues Jan. 16 Bullock: Obadiah, pp. 254-262
Joel, pp. 324-334 11
Jonah, pp. 41-54 14
Amos, pp. 55-83 29 (63)
Tues. Jan. 23 Bullock: Hosea, pp. 84-102 18
Micah, pp. 103-124 22
(40)
Tues. Jan. 30 Hosea paper research
Tues. Feb. 6 Bullock: Isaiah pp. 125-164 40
Zephaniah pp. 165-173 9
(49)
Tues. Feb. 13 Hosea paper research
Tues. Feb. 20 MID-TERM EXAMINATION
Tues. Feb. 27 Bullock: Habakkuk, pp. 174-184 11
Jeremiah, pp. 185-214 30
Nahum, pp. 215-226 12
(53)
Tues. March 6 Bullock Ezekiel, pp. 227-253 27
Daniel, pp. 279-300 22
(49)
Hosea
paper due*
Tues. March 13 Bullock: Haggai, pp. 301-309 9
Zechariah, pp. 310-323 14
Malachi, pp. 335-343 9
(32)
Tues. March 20 Amos exegesis
Tues. March
27 Give a two page summarization
of the five
most significant things you have learned
from reading either the
two assigned readings from Achtemeier, or Chapter 7
from Achtemeier
and the book by Leggett.
Elizabeth Achtemeier, Preaching from the Minor Prophets.
Elizabeth Achtemeier, "Preaching from the Prophets,"
(Chapter 7, pp.
109-135) in Preaching From the Old
Testament.
1989.
Donald Leggett, Loving God and Disturbing Men. Preaching from the Prophets.
* A one week extension will be granted without penalty. A .5 grade point penalty per week will be given for subsequent lateness.
Grading
1/4 Quizzes on
Bullock (potential every day on which a reading
assignment from Bullock is
due); Amos exegesis; Achtemeier report.
1/4 Hosea paper
1/4 Mid-term Exam
1/4 Final Exam
Extra-credit
You may achieve extra- credit for your grade in this course
by reading chapters
1,2,6,7 in the book CONTINUITY AND
DISCONTINUITY. PERSPECTIVES
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
TESTAMENTS, edited by John
Feinberg, Crossway, 1988. This book is
no longer out of print if you desire to
purchase it, but photo copies of these
four chapters are on reserve in the Library.
The articles in this book, as the title
suggests, raise the important issue of continuity
and discontinuity between the
Testaments, which is a particularly important issue
when one attempts to interpret the
"kingdom prophecies" of the OT prophetical
books. Do these prophecies speak in
figurative language about the New Testament
church, or do they have reference to a
future that involves some sort of a reconstituted
national
church?
You should read the above chapters and then reflect on the issues that
they raise, and write an 8-10 page paper describing your own conclusions on
these issues.
This does not necessarily mean that you
have to agree with the expression of either
side of the issue as represented in the essays you have read. There may be other
alternatives. This, of course, is a very large subject, and
one that is very complex
as well.
It is possible that you may not be able to come to any firm conclusions
in the short time that you have to work
on this project. I am aware that most of
you are probably in the early stages of
your own theological reflection, and that
issues like this need to be worked out over a longer rather than a shorter
period
of time of wrestling with the issues involved.
But I would hope that this project
would encourage you to at least make
some tentative steps toward finding your
own way on these questions, and then enable you to identify some of the
outstanding
issues that in your own mind are as yet
unresolved. These unresolved issues
could
also be part of the discussion included in your paper.
Due date March 27 – no extensions.
Should you choose to do this paper, I will give extra-credit as follows:
Grade of A on your paper = .75 grade point increase of your final grade.
Grade of B on your paper = .50 grade point increase of your final grade.
To plagiarize is “To steal or purloin and pass off as one’s
own (ideas, writings, etc., of another)”
(Webster’s
new collegiate dictionary, 1953). Plagiarism is theft. Not putting the definition
above within quotation marks, not
crediting Webster’s (via the text citation), or changing
a word (e.g., “claim” for “pass off”)
and presenting the definition as your own would all
be plagiarism. In other words,
plagiarism is using someone else’s material without giving
that person credit. Other forms of
plagiarism include mixing unmarked quotations with
your own words and putting a single
reference at the end of the paragraph, buying a paper
from a term paper service (from any
source, including one of those online), turning in a
paper written by a student who already took the course, or having someone else
write
your paper. If in doubt, ask your
professor or the library staff before
you turn it in.
Any paper
containing plagiarized material will receive a zero (0%). You may
appeal this policy to the faculty, who could forgive you or discipline
you further by,
e.g., expulsion or failure for the
course.
OT 551 FOUNDATIONS IN BIBLICAL PROPHECY
Biblical Theological Seminary
Dr. J. Robert Vannoy
CLASS LECTURE OUTLINE
I. Prophetism
in ancient
A. A unique phenomenon.
B. The prophets were servants of God, invested with the prophetic function.
1. Some of the prophets received a special call to the prophetic task.
2. For some prophets no special calling is recorded, but all the prophets demonstrate awareness that they are endowed with the prophetic function.
3. The endowment with the prophetic function was a power that no prophet could resist.
C. The function of the prophet is the proclamation of the Word of God.
1. Expressions with which the prophets introduce their sermons are
indicative that the message is God's, not their own.
2. The prophet must declare God's Word, regardless of whether or not this is
pleasant to him.
3. There is a distinction between the prophet's own word and the Word of
God which they spoke.
D. The phenomenon
of
E. Besides male
prophets,
F. Besides individual prophets, there are also bands or companies of prophets
referred to in the O.T.
1. References to the prophetic bands or companies.
2. Members of these companies came to be called <ya!yb!N+h^ yn}B=
3. The term "school of the prophets."
4. The companies of the prophets apparently lived in their own communities.
5. The degeneration of the prophetic function within the companies.
6. The canonical prophets are distinguished from these companies.
G. The canonical prophets, or writing prophets.
II. The prophetic nomenclature
A. The most general name is "the man of God."
B. "Servant of the Lord."
C. "The messenger of the Lord."
D. aybn
1. Etymology of aybn.
2. Usage of the word aybn.
E. ha#r)
F. hz#oj
III. The origin of
prophetism in
A. Alleged
analogies to
1. Mesopotamian analogies.
a. Letter of Itur-asdu to Zimrilim.
b. Letter of Kibri-Dagan to Zimrilim.
c. Letter of Kibri-Dagan to Zimrilim.
d. Letter of Kibri-Dagan.
e. Conclusion regarding Mesopotamian analogies.
2. Egyptian analogies.
a. Admonitions of Ipu-wer.
b. Prophecy of Nefer-rohu.
3. Canaanite analogies
4. Conclusion
B. Internal Israelite explanations for the origin of prophetism.
1. Religious
genius of
2. Religious consciousness of the prophets.
C. Prophetism in
in God and must be viewed as a gift of God to his people (Deut. 18:9-22).
IV. The ways and means of God's revelation to the prophets.
A. Prophetic seeing and hearing the word of God.
B. The function of the Holy Spirit in the revelation of God to the prophets.
1. Some biblical passages which have a bearing on the function of the Holy
Spirit in the revelation of God to the prophets.
2. The Holy Spirit, ecstasy, and the prophets.
a. Mowinckel - Spirit and ecstasy belong together.
b. Sometimes the Holy Spirit produces abnormal behavior described
as prophesying.
c. Must not exaggerate this into more than the Bible says.
d. To admit abnormal behavior does not mean derivation from
heathen practices.
e. The Bible does not indicate that the coming of the Spirit on a man
always brings about abnormal behavior.
f. Mowinckel's contention is not true.
C. In what sense
may we speak of ecstasy among
1. There has always been a difference of opinion here.
2. Ecstasy is a broad concept and very different things can be understood by it.
3. Certainly not everything labeled as ecstatic behavior on the part of the
canonical prophets can be so considered.
4. The form of
ecstatic behavior most frequently displayed among
prophets is that of the visionary experience - not wild abnormal behavior.
V. The preaching of the prophets.
A. General remarks
1. The prophets were first and foremost proclaimers of God's Word.
2. The message of the prophets was a faithful proclamation of God's revelation, but not to the exclusion of a personal element in the form of its presentation.
B. Some formal characteristics of the prophetic proclamation.
1. The messages are direct and living - not abstract and dry.
2. The prophets often utilize a play on words to get a point across.
3. The prophets often utilize poetic expression.
4. The prophets often use imagery or figurative language.
C. Some characteristics of the content of the prophetic proclamation.
1. The prophets do not bring a new religion or morality.
2. The message of the prophets centers in four areas.
a. Religious.
b. Morality and social relationships.
c. Political issues.
d. Eschatology and messianic expectation.
VI. True and false prophets.
A. Statement of the problem.
B. Validation criteria for true prophecy.
1. Moral character of the prophet as observed in his daily conduct.
2. Signs and wonders.
3. The fulfillment of prophecy.
4. The conformity of the message to previous revelation.
5. Enlightenment by God's Spirit.
VII. Prophet and
cult in ancient
A. The view that the prophets were anticultic
1. Explication of the view.
2. Scripture adduced for support of this view.
3. Assessment of the view.
B. The view that the prophets were cultic functionaries.
1. Explication of the view.
2. Scripture adduced for support of this view.
3. Assessment of the view.
C. The view that the prophets were neither anticultic as such, nor cultic functionaries, but simply the proclaimers of divine revelation.
VIII. The composition of the prophetic books - were the prophets writers?
A. The traditional view.
B. The literary critical school.
1. Isaiah
2. Daniel
a. The a priori that predictive prophecy does not happen.
b. Alleged historical errors.
c. Alleged late linguistic features.
d. Conclusion.
C. The history of traditions school.
1. Nyberg
2. Birkeland
3. Nielsen
a. Synopsis of his thesis
b. Assessment of his thesis.
IX. Some hermeneutical principles for interpretation of the prophetic writings.
A. Some general characteristics of predictive prophecy.
1. The purpose of predictive prophecy.
2. Predictive prophecy and history writing.
3. The progressive character of predictive prophecy.
4. Predictive prophecy has its own peculiar time perspective.
5. The message of predictive prophecy may be couched in culturally dated terminology.
6. Predictive prophecy may be conditional.
7. Kinds of predictive prophecy.
B. Some guidelines for interpretation of prophecy.
1. Make a careful grammatical-historical-contextual analysis of the passage.
2. State explicitly to whom or to what the passage refers.
3. Pay attention to fulfillment citations.
4. Avoid the idea of double fulfillment or double sense.
5. Interpretative analysis must precede a decision on the exact relationship
between the literal and figurative in any passage (cf. Mickelsen, 299ff.).
X. The apologetic value of biblical prophecy.
A. Does biblical prophecy have apologetic value? - a preliminary consideration.
B. The revelatory claim of the Bible.
C. Prophecy and fulfillment.
D. Conclusion.
SECTION TWO - A SURVEY OF THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS
I. Introductory remarks.
II. Obadiah.
A. Author and date.
B. Theme of the book.
C. Comments on the content.
III. Joel
A. Author and date.
B. Content of the book.
1. The problem of approach to the first two chapters.
2. The problem of chronological sequence.
3. Outline of the book.
4. Some comments on the content.
IV. Jonah.
A. The name and the writer.
B. The nature of the book - historical or non-historical.
C. The content of the book.
1. Historical background.
2. Purpose of the book.
V. Amos.
A. The author and his background.
1. His name.
2. His place of residence.
3. The place of his prophetic activity.
4. The time of his prophetic activity.
5. The political and social conditions of his time.
B. The book of Amos and its content.
1. General outline.
2. Major theme.
3. Comments on content.
OT 551 FOUNDATIONS IN BIBLICAL PROPHECY
Bibliography Keyed to Class Lecture Outline
Winter 2007
GENERAL REFERENCE VOLUMES ON THE PROPHETIC BOOKS
Chisholm,
Robert B., Jr. Handbook on the
Prophets.
Gordon, Robert
P. (Editor). The Place is Too Small
For Us. The Israelite Prophets in Recent
Scholarship. Sources for Biblical
and Theological Study, Vol. 5.
McConville, Gordon. The
Prophets. Exploring the Old Testament,
Vol. 4.
Payne, J.
Barton. Encyclopedia of Biblical
Prophecy. The Complet
Guide to Scriptural Predictions and Their Fulfillment.
Robertson, O.
Palmer. The Christ of the Prophets.
I. PROPHETISM
IN ANCIENT
I.B.2. Harris, R. L. "Chronicles and the Canon in New Testament Times," JETS 33/1 (1990) 75-84.
I.C.1. Young, E.
J. My Servants the Prophets.
I.C.3. Schelhaas, J.
"II Samuel 7:1-5," in The Law and the Prophets. J. Skilton,
Editor.
I.D. Freeman,
H. E. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophets.
I.F. Freeman,
H. E. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophets.
Young, E. J. My Servants the Prophets.
II. THE PROPHETIC NOMENCLATURE
II.D. Freeman,
H. E. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophets.
Vos, G. Biblical
Theology.
II.D.1. Albright, W. F. From the Stone Age to Christianity. Doubleday Anchor Books. Garden City: Doubleday & Co. 19572, 303-305.
Meek,
T. J. Hebrew Origins. Harper Torchbooks.
II.E. Haldar, A. Associations
of Cult Prophets Among the Ancient Semites.
Kuenen, A. The
Prophets and Prophecy in
Young,
E. J. My Servants the Prophets.
III. THE ORIGIN OF PROPHETISM IN
III.A.1. Craghan, J. F. "Mari and Its Prophets: The Contributions of Mari to the Understanding of Biblical Prophecy." BTB 5 (1975)32-55.
Hoffner, H. A., Jr.
"Ancient Views of Prophecy and Fulfillment: Mesopotamia and
Huffmon, H. B. "Prophecy in the Mari Letters." BA 31 (1968) 101-124.
, "The Origins of Prophecy." In Magnalia Dei: The Mighty Acts of God. F.M. Cross, W. E. Lemke, P. D. Miller, Editors. Garden City: Doubleday, 1976, 171-186.
Malamat, A. "Prophetic Revelations in New Documents from Mari and the Bible." SVT 15 (1966) 207-227.
, "A Forerunner of Biblical
Prophecy: The Mari Documents." In Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in
Honor of Frank Moore Cross. P. D.
Miller, Jr., P. D. Hanson, S. D. McBride, Editors.
Moran, W. L. "New Evidence from Mari on the History of Prophecy." Bib 50 (1969) 15-56.
, "Akkadian Letters: Divine
Revelations." In ANET. J. B. Pritchard, Editor. Princeton:
Ridderbos, N. H. Israëls Profetie en ‘Profetie’ Buiten
Tucker,
G. M. "Prophecy and the Prophetic
Literature," in The Hebrew Bible and Its Modern Interpreters. D. A.
Knight and G. M. Tucker, editors.
Walters, S. D.
"Prophecy in Mari and
Young,
E. J. My Servants the Prophets. Appendix: "Extra-Biblical ‘Prophecy’ in
the Ancient World."
III.A.2. Albright, W. F. From the Stone Age to Christianity. Doubleday Anchor Books. Garden City: Doubleday & Co. 19572, 186.
Ranke,
H. Altorientalische
Texte und Bilder zum Alten Testament. J. Gressmann, Editor.
Shupak, N. "The
Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage: the Admonitions of Ipuwer." In The Context of Scripture. Vol 1. W. W. Hallo, Editor.
Smith,
G. V. "Prophet;
Prophecy." ISBE. Vol. 3. G.
W. Bromiley, General Editor.
Wilson,
J. A. "Egyptian Oracles and
Prophecies." In ANET. J. Pritchard, Editor. Princeton:
III.A.3. Kuenen, A. The
Prophets and Prophecy in
Lichtheim, M.
"The Report of Wenamun." In The Context of Scripture. Vol 1. W. W. Hallo, Editor.
von
Rad, G. Old Testament Theology.
Vol. 2.
Wilson,
J. A. "Egyptian Myths, Tales, and Mortuary Texts: The Journey of Wen-Amon to
III.C. Freeman,
H. E. An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophets.
Hengstenberg, E. W. Christology
of the Old Testament. Vol. 1.
Young, E. J. My Servants the Prophets.
IV. THE WAYS AND MEANS OF GOD'S REVELATION TO THE PROPHETS
IV.B.2.a. Mowinckel, S. “‘The Spirit’ and the ‘Word’ in the Pre-Exilic Reforming Prophets." JBL 53 (1934) 199- 227.
IV.B.2.b. Young, E. J. My Servants the Prophets. Chapter 9. "The Prophets as Recipients
of Revelation."
Wood,
L. The Holy Spirit in the Old
Testament.
IV.C.2. Alden, R. L. "Ecstasy and the Prophets." JETS 9 (1966) 149-156.
Lindblom, J. Prophecy
in Ancient
Parker,
S. "Possession Trance and Prophecy
in Pre-exilic
Wilson, R. "Prophecy and Ecstasy: A Reexamination." JBL 98 (1979) 321-337.
V. THE PREACHING OF THE PROPHETS
V.A.2 Vos, G. "The Idea of Biblical Theology as a Science
and as a Theological Discipline."
In Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation. The Shorter Writings of Geerhardus
Vos. R. B.
Gaffin, Jr., Editor.
V.B.3. Kugel J. L. The
Idea of Biblical Poetry: Parallelism and Its History.
V.B.4. Parker, M. "Exploring Four Persistent Prophetic Images," Bible Review 6/5 (1990) 38-45.
V.C.2.a.2) Eichrodt,
W. Theology of the Old Testament.
Vol. 1.
Hillers,
D. R. Covenant: The History of a
Biblical Idea.
V.C.2.c. Vos,
G. Biblical Theology.
V.C.2.d. Freeman, H. E. An Introduction to the Old Testament
Prophets.
VI. TRUE AND FALSE PROPHETS
VI.B.1. Freeman, H.
E. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophets.
VI.B.5. Aalders, G.
Bavinck, H. Gereformeerde Dogmatiek. Vol 1. Kampen: Kok, 1918, 403, 512.
Hilber, J. W. “Diversity of OT Prophetic Phenomena and NT Prophecy,” WTJ 56 (1994) 243-258.
Mare, W. H. "Prophet and Teacher in the New Testament Period," BETS 9/3 (1966) 139-148.
Vos, G. Biblical
Theology.
VII. PROPHET AND CULT IN ANCIENT
VII. Mowinckel, S. The
Psalms in
VII.A.1. Köhler, L. Old Testament Theology.
Volz, P. Mose und sein Werk. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1932.
VII.A.3. Allis, O. T. The
Five Books of Moses.
McComisky,
T. "Amos," The Expositor's
Bible Commentary. Vol. 7. F. E. Gaebelein,
Editor.
Ridderbos, J. De Kleine Profeten. Vol. 1. Korte Verklaring Der Heilige Schrift. Kampen: Kok, 1952, 223-226.
Vos, G. Biblical
Theology.
VII.B.1. Haldar, A. Associations of Cultprophets
Among the Ancient Semites.
Johnson, A. R. The Cultic Prophet in Ancient
Motyer, J. A.
"Prophecy, Prophets." New
Bible Dictionary. J. D. Douglas,
Editor.
Payne, J. B. "Prophecy, Prophets." New Bible
Dictionary. Second Edition. J. D. Douglas, Editor.
Mowinckel, S. Psalmenstudien, I-VI. 3rd Study. Kult prophetie und prophetische Psalmen. 1923.
VII.B.2. Young, E. J. My Servants the Prophets.
VII.B.3. Rowley, H. H. The Changing Pattern of Old Testament
Studies.
Young, E. J. My Servants the Prophets.
VIII. THE COMPOSITION OF THE PROPHETIC BOOKS - WERE THE PROPHETS WRITERS?
VIII.B.1 Aalders, G. Ch. Oud-Testamentische Kanoniek. Kampen: Kok, 1952, 214-221.
Allis, O. T. The Unity of Isaiah.
Publishing House, 1950.
Driver, S. R. An Introduction to the Literature of the
Old Testament.
Meridian Books, 1957 (reprint, originally published 1897), 238,239, 242,243.
Freeman, H. E. An Introduction
to the Old Testament Prophets.
Press, 1969, 196-203.
Kaminka, A. "Le developpement des idees du prophete Isaie et l'unite de son
livre," Revue des Etudes Juives (Paris) 80 (1924) 42-59, 130-169; 81 (1925) 27-47.
LaSor, W. S., Hubbard, D. A., Bush, F. W. Old Testament Survey. Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982, 372-378.
Margalioth,
R. The Indivisible Isaiah. Evidence
for the Single Authorship of the
Prophetic Book.
Oswalt,
J. N. The Book of Isaiah. Chapters
1-39. NICOT.
Eerdmans, 1986, 18, 19.
Schultz, Richard
L. "How Many Isaiah's Were There
and What Does it Matter?" Pp. 150-172 in Evangelicals and Scripture.
V. Bacote, L.
D. Miguelez and D. L. Okholm,
Editors.
Whybray, R. N. The
Second Isaiah. Old Testament
Guides.
Young, E. J. Who Wrote Isaiah?
.
The Book of Isaiah. Vol.
III.
(Appendix I, "The Authorship of Isaiah").
VIII.B.2. Archer, G. L., Jr. "Modern Rationalism and the Book of Daniel," BibSac 136
(1979) 129-147.
. The Aramaic of the Genesis Apocryphon Compared with the Aramaic of
Daniel." In New Perspectives on the Old Testament. J. B. Payne, Editor.
Baldwin, J. G. "Some Literary Affinities of the Book of Daniel," TynBul 30
(1979) 77-94.
Bullock
, C. H. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophetic Books.
Davies, P. R. Daniel. Old Testament Guides.
Fox, D. E. "Ben Sira on OT Canon Again: The Date of Daniel," WTJ 49 (1987)
335-350.
Freeman, H. E. An Introduction
to the Old Testament Prophets.
Press, 1969, 264-272.
Harrison,
R. K. "Daniel, Book of," ISBE.
Vol. 1. G. W. Bromiley,
Editor.
Kitchen, K. A. "The Aramaic of Daniel." In Notes on Some Problems in the
Book of Daniel. D. J. Wiseman, et.al.
Waltke, B. "The Date of the Book of Daniel," BibSac 133 (1976) 319-329.
Wiseman, D. J. " Some
Historical Problems in the Book of Daniel." In Notes on
Some Problems
in the Book of Daniel. D. J.
Wiseman, et. al.
Tyndale Press, 1965, 9-18.
Yamauchi, E. M. "The Archaeological Background of Daniel," BibSac 137
(1980) 3-16.
.
"Daniel and Contacts Between the Aegean and the
Alexander," EvQ 53 (1981) 37-47.
. "The Greek Words in Daniel in the Light of Greek Influence in the Near
East." In New Perspectives on the Old Testament. J. B. Payne, Editor.
VIII.C.1. Nyberg, H. S. Studien zum Hoseabuch.
VIII.C.2. Birkeland,
H.J. Zum
hebräischen traditionswesen:
die komposition der prophetischen
bücher des Alten Testaments.
VIII.C.3. Nielsen E. Oral
Tradition. SBT 11.
VIII.C.3.b. Gispen, W. H. Mondelinge Overlevering in het Oude Testament. Meppel: 1932.
IX. SOME HERMENEUTICAL PRINCIPLES FOR INTERPRETATION OF THE PROPHETIC WRITINGS
Berkhof, L. Principles
of Biblical Interpretation.
Kaiser,
W. C. Jr. Back Toward the
Future. Hints for Interpreting Biblical Prophecy.
Mickelsen, A. B. Interpreting
the Bible.
Payne,
J. B. Encyclopedia of Biblical
Prophecy.
Pentecost,
J. D. Things to Come.
Ramm, B. Protestant
Biblical Interpretation.
Terry,
M. S. Biblical Hermeneutics.
IX.A.1. Clouse, R. G. "The Danger of Mistaken
Hopes." In Dreams, Visions and
Oracles. C. E. Armerding and W. W. Gasque,
editors.
Dyrness, W.
"The Age of Aquarius." In Dreams, Visions and Oracles. C. E. Armerding and
W. W. Gasque, editors.
Nichols, Stephen J. "Prophecy Makes Strange Bedfellows: On the History of Identifying the Antichrist," JETS 44/1 (2001) 75-85.
Ross,
J. R. "Living Between Two
Ages." In Dreams, Visions and
Oracles. C. E. Armerding
and W. W. Gasque, editors.
IX.A.2. Mickelsen,
A. B. Interpreting the Bible.
IX.A.3. Mickelsen,
A. B. Interpreting the Bible.
IX.A.4 Berkhof, L. Principles
of Biblical Interpretation.
Keil, C. F. Manual
of Historico-Critical Introduction to the Canonical
Scriptures of the Old Testament.
Vol. 1,
IX.A.5. Davidson, A. B. Old Testament Prophecy.
Mickelsen, A. B. Interpreting
the Bible.
Young,
E. J. The Book of Isaiah. Vol 1. NICOT.
IX.A.6. Freeman, H. E. An Introduction to the Old Testament
Prophets.
Grounds, V. "Premillennialism and Social Pessimism," Christian Heritage (October, 1974) 22-29.
Payne,
J. B. Encyclopedia of Biblical
Prophecy.
IX.A.7. Grogan, G. "The Relationship Between Prophecy and Typology," The Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology 4/1 (1986) 5-16.
Mickelsen,
A. B. Interpreting the Bible.
Stek, J. "Biblical Typology Yesterday and Today," CTJ 5/2 (1970) 133-162.
Vos, G. Biblical
Theology.
IX.B.1. Mickelsen, A. B. Interpreting
the Bible.
IX.B.3. Harris, R.
L. "Prophecy, Illustration and
Typology." In Interpretation and
History. R. L. Harris, Swee-Hwa Quek, J. R. Vannoy,
Editors.
IX.B.4. Alford,
H. The Greek New Testament. Vol.
1.
Blomberg, C. L. "Interpreting Old Testament Prophetic Literature in Matthew: Double Fulfillment," TRINJ 23NS (2002) 17-33.
Berkhof,
L. Principles of Biblical
Interpretation.
Bright,
J. The Authority of the Old Testament.
Jeremiah, David. "The Principle of Double Fulfillment in Interpreting Prophecy," GTJ 13/2 (1972) 13-29.
Kaiser,
W. C., Jr. Malachi. God's Unchanging Love.
.
The Uses of the Old Testament in the New.
Payne,
J. B. Encyclopedia of Biblical
Prophecy.
Pentecost,
J. D. Things To Come.
Ramm, B. Protestant
Biblical Interpretation.
Scofield,
C. I. "Notes on Daniel." The Scofield Reference Bible.
Sauer, E. The Dawn of World Redemption.
Terry,
M. S. Biblical Hermeneutics.
IX.B.5. Boettner, L. "Postmillennialism." In The Meaning of the Millennium: Four Views. R. G. Clouse, Editor. Downers, Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1977, 134,137.
Mickelsen, A. B. Interpreting
the Bible.
Turner, D. L. "The Continuity of Scripture and Eschatology: Key Hermeneutical Issues," GTJ 6/2 (1985) 275-287.
X. THE APOLOGETIC VALUE OF BIBLICAL PROPHECY
X.A. Aalders, G.
Calvin,
J. Institutes of the Christian
Religion. Vol. 1.
Fuller,
D. And Gardiner, R., “Reformed Theology
at Princeton and
Heslam, Peter S. "Architects of Evangelical Intellectural Thought: Abraham Kuyper and Benjamin Warfield," Themelios 24/2 (1999) 3-20.
Keith,
A. Evidence of the Truth of the
Christian Religion Derived from the
Literal Fulfillment
of Prophecy.
Kuenen, A. The
Prophets and Prophecy in
Machen,
J. G. The Christian Faith in the
Modern World.
, "Christianity and Culture," The Banner of Truth 69 (1969) 15-24.
Neuhaus, “Why We Can Get Along,” First Things 60 (1996) 27-34.
Newton,
Isaac. Isaaci
Newtoni opera quae exstant omnia. Vol 5, Section III.
"Observations upon the prophecies of Holy Writ, particularly the
prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John."
Urquhart,
J. The Wonders of Prophecy.
X.C. Ramm, B. Protestant
Christian Evidences.
X.D. Fairbairn,
P. Prophecy Viewed in Respect to Its
Distinctive Nature, Its Special Function, and Proper Interpretation.
McDowell,
J. Evidence that Demands a Verdict.
Historical Evidences for the Christian Faith. Campus Crusade for Christ, 1972, (Chapter 11,
"Prophecy Fulfilled in History") 277-332.
SECTION TWO - A SURVEY OF THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS
I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
Freeman,
H. E. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophets.
Motyer, J. A.
"Prophecy, Prophets," New Bible Dictionary. Second Edition.
II. OBADIAH
II.A. Armerding, C. E.
"Obadiah." In The
Expositor's Bible Commentary. Vol.
7. F. Gaebelein,
General Editor.
Archer,
G. L. A Survey of Old Testament
Introduction.
Freeman,
H. E. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophets.
Harrison,
R. K. Introduction to the Old
Testament.
1969, 898-903.
Keil, D. F. Biblical
Commentary on the Old Testament. The
Twelve Minor Prophets. Vol. 1.
Laetsch, T. Bible
Commentary. The Minor Prophets.
Thompson,
J. A. "Obadiah" New Bible Dictionary. Second Edition.
II.C. Aalders, G.
Allen,
L. C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah,
Jonah and Micah. NICOT.
Gabelein, F. E. Four
Minor Prophets.
Keil, D. F. Biblical
Commentary on the Old Testament. The
Twelve Minor Prophets. Vol. 1.
Laetsch,
T. Bible Commentary. The Minor Prophets.
Publishing House, 1956, 201, 202, 207.
Payne,
J. B. Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy.
, The Theology of the Older
Testament.
Hengstenberg, E. W. Christology
of the Old Testament. Vol. 1.
III. JOEL.
III.A.1.c. Gasque, W. W. "Apocalyptic Literature," ZPEB. Vol. I. M. Tenney, Editor.
Harrison,
R. K. Introduction to the Old
Testament.
Ladd, G. E. "Why Not Prophetic-Apocalyptic?" JBL 76 (1957) 192-200.
, "Apocalyptic
Literature," ISBE. Vol.
1. G. W. Bromiley,
General Editor.
Morris, L. Apocalyptic.
III.B.1. Bullock, C.
H. An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books.
Freeman,
H. E. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophets.
Pusey,
E. B. The Minor Prophets. Vol. 1.
Ridderbos, J. De Kleine Profeten. Vol. 1. Kampen: Kok, 1952, 126-130.
III.B.4. Allen, L.
C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah
and Micah. NICOT.
Buswell, J. O. Jr. A
Systematic Theology of the Christian Religion. Vol. 2.
Calvin,
J. Commentaries on the Twelve Minor
Prophets. Vol. 2.
Fredricks, G. "Rethinking the Role of the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Old Testament Believers," TrinJ 9NS (1988) 81-104.
Freeman,
H. E. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophets.
Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. E. Kautzsch,
Editor. A.E.Cowley,
Translator.
Goldingay, J. “Was the Holy Spirit Active in Old Testament Times? What was New About the Christian Experience of God?” Ex Auditu 12 (1996) 14-28.
Grogan, G. W. "The Experience of Salvation in the Old and New Testaments," Vox Evangelica 6 (1967) 4-26.
. "The Significance of Pentecost in the History of Salvation," SBET 4/2 (1986) 97-107.
Keil, D. F. Biblical
Commentary on the Old Testament. The
Twelve Minor Prophets. Vol. 1.
Payne,
J. B. Encyclopedia of Biblical
Prophecy.
Ridderbos, J. De Kleine Profeten. Vol. 1. KV. Kampen: Kok, 1952, 146.
de Waard, J. "4QFlorilegium." Pp. 24-27 in A Comparative Study of the
Old Testament Text in the
Wacholder, Ben Zion. "Who Is the Teacher of Righteousness?" BR 15/2 (1999) 26-29.
Whiting,
J. D. "
Wood,
L. The Holy Spirit in the Old
Testament.
VI. JONAH
IV.B. Aalders, G.
Alexander, T. D. "Jonah and Genre," TynBul 36 (1985) 35-60.
Allen,
L. C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah,
Jonah and Micah. NICOT.
Ellison, H. L. The Prophets of
Harris, C. "The Sign of Jonah," ExpTim 7 (1896) 71-72.
Gabelein,
F. E. Four Minor Prophets.
Lewis, C. S. Miracles.
Stek, J. H. "The Message of the Book of Jonah," CTJ 4 (1969) 23-50.
Weiser,
A. The Old Testament: Its Formation
and Development.
Wiseman, D. J. "Jonah's
IV.C.1. Bright,
J. A History of
Ellison, H. L. The Prophets of
Finegan, J. Light
From the Ancient Past. Princeton:
Stek, J. H. "The Message of the Book of Jonah," CTJ 4 (1969) 23-50.
Wiseman, D. J. "Jonah's
IV.C.2. Laetsch, T. Bible
Commentary. The Minor Prophets.
Payne,
J. B. Encyclopedia of Biblical
Prophecy.
Stek, J. H. "The Message of the Book of Jonah," CTJ 4 (1969) 36,37,41,42.
Young,
E. J. An Introduction to the Old
Testament. Revised Edition.
V. AMOS
V.A.4. Freeman, H.
E. An Introduction to the Old
Testament Prophets.
V.A.5. Ellison, H. L. The Prophets of
V.B.3.
Aalders, G.
Allis,
O.T. Prophecy and the Church.
Presbyterian and Reformed:
Braun,
M. A. "James Use of Amos at the
Cripps,
R. S. A Critical & Exegetical
Commentary on the Book of Amos.
Hillers,
D. R. Treaty Curses and the Old
Testament Prophets. Biblica et Orientalia, 16.
, Covenant. The History of a
Biblical Idea.
Hoekema A. A. The
Bible and the Future.
Huffmon, H. B. "The Covenant Lawsuit in the Prophets," JBL 78 (1959) 285-295.
. "The Treaty Background of Hebrew Yada`," BASOR 181 (1966) 31-37.
Kaiser, W. C. Jr. "The Davidic Promise and the Inclusion of the Gentiles (Amos 9:9-15 and Acts 15:13-18): A Test Passage for Theological Systems," JETS 20/2 (1977) 97-112.
Keil, C. F. Biblical
Commentary on the Old Testament. The Twelve Minor Prophets. Vol. 1.
Laetsch, T. Bible
Commentary. The Minor Prophets.
MacRae, A. A. "The Scientific Approach to the Old Testament," BibSac 110 (1953) 309-320.
McComiskey, T. E.
"Amos." In The Expositor's Bible Commentary. Vol. 7.
Frank E. Gaebelein, Editor.
Motyer, J. A.
"Amos." In The New Bible Commentary: Revised. D. Guthrie, J. A. Motyer,
Editors.
, The Day of the Lion.
Payne,
J. B. Encyclopedia of Biblical
Prophecy.
Ridderbos, J. De Kleine Profeten. Vol. 1. KV. Kampen: Kok, 1952, 256,257.
Thompson,
J. A. "
, The Ancient Near Eastern
Treaties and the Old Testament.
RECOMMENDED COMMENTARIES ON THE PROPHETIC BOOKS
ISAIAH
Grogan, G.
W. Isaiah. EBC Vol 6.
Motyer, J. Alec. The
Prophecy of Isaiah: An Introduction and
Commentary.
. Isaiah. TOTC.
Oswalt, J. Isaiah
1-39. NICOT.
. Isaiah 40-66. NICOT.
Webb, Barry
G. The Message of Isaiah. The
Bible Speaks Today.
JEREMIAH
Thompson, J. A. The Book of Jeremiah. NICOT.
McConville,
J. G. Judgment and Promise. An Interpretation of the Book of
Jeremiah.
EZEKIEL
Block, D. I. The Book of Ezekiel 1-24. NICOT.
. The Book of Ezekiel 25-48. NICOT
Duguid,
I. Ezekiel. NIVAC.
DANIEL
Longman, Tremper, III. Daniel. NIVAC.
Miller, S. M. Daniel. NAC.
HOSEA
Garrett, D. A. Hosea,
Joel. NAC.
Hubbard, D. A. Hosea.
TOTC.
Kidner,
D. The Message of Hosea: Love to the
Loveless. BST.
McComiskey,
T. "Hosea." In The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expositiory Commentary.
T. McComiskey, Editor. Vol 1.
Stuart, D. Hosea-Jonah. WBC.
JOEL
Allen, L. C. Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. NICOT.
Dillard, R. B. "Joel." In The Minor Prophets:
An Exegetical and Expositiory Commentary. T. McComiskey,
Editor. Vol
1.
Garrett, D. A. Hosea,
Joel. NAC.
Hubbard, D. A. Joel and Amos. TOTC.
Stuart, D. Hosea-Jonah. WBC.
AMOS
Andersen,
F. I., and Freedman, D. N. Amos. AB.
Hubbard, D. A. Joel and Amos. TOTC.
Motyer,
J. A. Amos: The Day of the Lion. BST.
Niehaus, J.
"Amos." In The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expositiory Commentary.
T. McComiskey, Editor. Vol 1.
Smith, G.
V. Amos: A Commentary. 2nd Ed.
Stuart, D. Hosea-Jonah. WBC.
OBADIAH
Allen, L. C. Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. NICOT.
Baker, D. W.,
Alexander, T. D. Waltke,
B.G.K. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. TOTC.
Niehaus, J.
"Obadiah." In The
Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expositiory
Commentary. T. McComiskey,
Editor. Vol
2.
Stuart, D. Hosea-Jonah. WBC.
JONAH
Allen, L.
C. Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. NICOT.
Baker, D. W.,
Alexander, T. D. Waltke,
B.G.K. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. TOTC.
Baldwin, J. "Jonah," In The Minor Prophets:
An Exegetical and Expositiory Commentary. T. McComiskey,
Editor. Vol
2.
Stuart, D. Hosea-Jonah. WBC.
MICAH
Allen, L.
C. Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. NICOT.
Bailey, W. "Micah." In Micah / Nahum / Habbakuk
/ Zephaniah. NAC.
Baker, D. W.,
Alexander, T. D. Waltke,
B.G.K. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. TOTC.
Barker, K.
L. "Micah." Pp. 21-136 in Micah/Nahum/Habbakuk/Zephaniah.
NAC.
Smith, R.
L. Micah-Malachi WBC.
Waltke, B.
"Micah." In The
Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expositiory
Commentary. T. McComiskey,
Editor. Vol
2.
NAHUM
Achtemeier, E. Nahum-Malachi. Interp.
Bailey, W. "Nahum." Pp. 137-243 in Micah/Nahum/Habbakuk/Zephaniah.
NAC.
Baker, D.
W. Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah. TOTC.
Longman, T.,
III. "Nahum." In The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expositiory Commentary.
T. McComiskey, Editor. Vol 2.
Robertson, O.
P. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and
Zephaniah. NICOT.
Smith, R.
L. Micah-Malachi WBC.
HABBAKUK
Achtemeier, E. Nahum-Malachi. Interp.
Bailey, W. "Habbakuk." In Micah / Nahum / Habbakuk
/ Zephaniah. NAC.
Baker, D.
W. Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah. TOTC.
Patterson,
R. "Habbakuk." In Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. WEC.
Robertson, O.
P. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and
Zephaniah. NICOT.
Smith, R.
L. Micah-Malachi WBC.
ZEPHANIAH
Achtemeier, E. Nahum-Malachi. Interp.
Bailey, W. "Zephaniah." In Micah / Nahum / Habbakuk
/ Zephaniah. NAC.
Baker, D.
W. Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah. TOTC.
Motyer, J. A.
"Zephaniah." In The
Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expositiory
Commentary. T. McComiskey,
Editor. Vol 3.
Patterson,
R. "Zehapniah." In Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. WEC.
Robertson, O.
P. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and
Zephaniah. NICOT.
Smith, R.
L. Micah-Malachi WBC.
HAGGAI
Achtemeier, E. Nahum-Malachi. Interp.
Baldwin, J.
G. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. TOTC.
Motyer, J. A.
"Haggai." In The
Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expositiory
Commentary. T. McComiskey,
Editor. Vol
3.
Smith, R.
L. Micah-Malachi WBC.
Verhoef, P. A. The
Books of Haggai and Malachi.
NICOT.
ZECHARIAH
Achtemeier, E. Nahum-Malachi. Interp.
Baldwin, J.
G. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. TOTC.
McComiskey, T.
"Zechariah." In The
Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expositiory
Commentary. T. McComiskey,
Editor. Vol
3.
Smith, R.
L. Micah-Malachi WBC.
MALACHI
Achtemeier, E. Nahum-Malachi. Interp.
Baldwin, J.
G. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. TOTC.
Hill, A.
E. Malachi. AB.
Kaiser, W.
C. Malachi: God's Unchanging Love.
Smith, R.
L. Micah-Malachi WBC.
Stuart, D. "Malachi." In The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expositiory Commentary.
T. McComiskey, Editor. Vol 3.
Verhoef, P. A. The
Books of Haggai and Malachi.
NICOT.