Commentary
on the
OLD TESTAMENT
by
C. F. KEIL and F. DELITZSCH
Translated from the German by James Martin
Proverbs
by F. DELITZSCH
Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1872
Volume 1 of 2
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
THE volume which is here presented to English readers
is the first of three which will contain the Solomonic
writings. They form the last section of the "Keil and
Delitzsch" series of Commentaries on the Books of the
Old Testament Scriptures. The remaining volume on the Pro-
verbs, as well as that on Ecclesiastes and the Canticles, which
has also been prepared by Delitzsch, and is now in course of
publication in Germany, will be issued with as little delay as
possible.
In this translation I have endeavoured accurately to reproduce
the original, so as to bring the student as much as possible into
direct contact with the learned commentator himself. Any ex-
planatory notes or words I have thought it right to add are enclosed
in square brackets [ ], so as to be easily distinguishable. The
Arabic and Syriac words occurring in the original have been, with
very few exceptions, printed in English characters. In their
vocalization I have followed the system of Forbes in his Arabic
Grammar, so that the student will be readily able to restore the
original. When nothing depends on the inflection of these words,
the consonants only are printed.
It might appear superfluous in me to speak in commendation of
the great work which is now drawing to a close; but a translator,
since he has necessarily been in close fellowship with the author,
may be expected to be in a position to offer an opinion on the
character of the work on which he has been engaged; and I am
sure that all my collaborateurs will concur with me in speaking of
the volumes which form this commentary as monuments of deep
vii
viii TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
and careful research into the meaning of the sacred Scriptures.
Whether or not we can in all cases accept the conclusions reached
by the respected authors, no one can fail to see how elaborate and
minute the investigation has been. These volumes are the ripest
fruits of life-long study of the Old Testament. Their authors are
exegetes who have won for themselves an honoured place in the
foremost rank for their profound acquaintance with the Hebrew
and its cognate languages. With a scholarship of rare compass
and accuracy, they combine a reverent sympathy with the sacred
Scriptures, and a believing appreciation of its saving truths.
The satisfaction I have had in the study of this work, and in
spending so many of my leisure hours in rendering it into English,
is greatly heightened by the reflection, that I have been enabled in
this way to contribute to the number of exegetical works within
reach of the English student. The exegetical study of God's word,
which appears to be increasingly drawing the attention of theo-
logians, and which has been so greatly stimulated by the Transla-
tions issued by the publishers of this work, cannot fail to have the
most beneficial results. The minister of the gospel will find such
study his best and truest preparation for his weighty duties as an
expounder of Scripture, if prosecuted in the spirit of a devout
recognition of the truth, that "bene orasse est bene studuisse."
Thus is he led step by step into a thorough and full understanding
of the words and varying forms of expression used by those "holy
men of old, who spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost."
AUTHOR'S PREFACE
THE preparation of this Commentary on the Mishle,
which was begun in 1869 (not without previous pre-
paration), and twice interrupted by providential events,
extended into the winter of 1872. There is now want-
ing to the completion of the Commentary on the Old Testament,
undertaken by Dr. Keil and myself, only the Commentary on the
Canticles and Ecclesiastes, which will form the concluding volume.
In the preparation of this Commentary on the Proverbs, I am
indebted in varied ways to my friends Fleischer and Wetzstein.
In the year 1836, Fleischer entered on his duties as Professor at
Leipzig by delivering a course of lectures on the Book of the
Proverbs of Solomon. I was one of his hearers, and am now so
fortunate as to be able from his own MS. (begun 13th May, com-
pleted 9th September 1836) to introduce this beloved teacher into
the number of interpreters of the Book of Proverbs. The assist-
ance contributed by Wetzstein begins at chapter xxx., and consists
in remarks on Mühlau's work on the Proverbs of Agur and Lemuel
(1869), which my Dorpat friend placed at my disposal.
The exegetical apparatus has in the course of this work extended
far beyond the list given at pp. 50, 51. I obtained the Commentary
of the Caraite Ahron b. Joseph (1294), which was printed at
Koslow (Eupatoria) in 1835, and had lent to me from the library
of Dr. Hermann Lotze the Commentary by the Roman poet
Immanuel [born at Rome about 1265], who was intimately asso-
ciated with Dante, printed at Naples in 1487, and equal in value
to a MS. Among the interpreters comprehended in the Biblia
Rabbinica, I made use also of the Commentary of the Spanish
ix
x AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
Menachem b. Salomo Meîri (1447), which first appeared in the
Amsterdam Bibelwerk, and came under my notice in a more handy
edition (Furth, 1844) from the library of my dear friend and
companion in study, Baer. To him I owe, among many other
things, the comparison of several MSS., particularly of one brought
from Arabia by Jacob Sappir, which has come into his possession.
In making use of the Graecus Venetus, I was not confined
to Villoison's edition (1784). The only existing MS. (found in
Venice) of this translation one of my young friends, von Gebhardt,
has compared with the greatest care with Villoison's printed edition,
in which he has found many false readings and many omissions.
We have to expect from him a critical, complete edition of this
singular translation, which, both as regards the knowledge its
author displays of the Hebrew language and his skill in the Greek
language, remains as yet an unsolved mystery.
The Indexl (to the words etymologically explained in this Com-
mentary) has been prepared by Dr. Hermann Strack, who, by his
recently-published Prolegomena ad Vetus Testament Hebraicum,
has shown himself to be a Hebraist of rare attainments.
Bacon, in his work De Augmentis Scientiarum (viii. 2), rightly
speaks2 of Solomon's proverbs as an unparalleled collection. May
it be granted me, by the help of God, to promote in some degree
the understanding of this incomparable Book, as to its history, its
language, and its practical lessons!
LEIPZIG, 30th October 1872.
1 Will be given with vol. ii.
2 [In hoc genere autem nihil invenitur, quod ullo modo comparandum sit
cum aphorismis illis, quos edidit rex Salomon; de quo testatur Scriptura cor
illi fuisse instar arenae maris: sicut enim arenae maris universas orbis oras cir-
cumdant, ita et sapientia ejus omnia humana, non minus quam divina, complexa
est. In aphorismis vero illis, praeter alia majis theologica, reperies liquido
hand pauca praecepta et monita civilia praestantissima, ex profundis quldem
sapientiae penetralibus scaturientia, atque in amplissimum varietatis campum
excurrentia.]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.
PAGE
1. PLAN OF THE BOOK, AND ITS ORIGIN, 2
2. THE SEVERAL PARTS OF THE BOOK, AND MANIFOLD
FORMS OF THE PROVERBS, 6
Distichs, 7
Tetrastichs, Hexatichs, Octostichs, 10
Pentastichs, Heptastichs, 11
The Fifteen Mashal-strains of the First Part of the Book, 12
The Midda, Priamel, 13
The Second Part of the Collection, 15
The "Words of the Wise," 16
The "Hezekiah-Collection," 17
Appendices to the Second Collection, 18
Ewald's View regarding the Parts of the Book, 20
3. THE REPETITIONS IN THE BOOK OF PROVERBS, 24
The Time at which the First Collection was made, 27
4. THE MANIFOLDNESS OF THE STYLE AND FORM OF
INSTRUCTION IN THE BOOK, 31
Relation of the Introduction to the First Collection, 33
Style of the Supplements, xxii 17-xxiv. 22 and xxiv. 23 ff., 35
The Supplements to the Hezekiah-Collection, 36
Names given to the whole Book, 36
Jewish Literature in the Age of Solomon, 38
The Chokma, 41
5. THE ALEXANDRIAN TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK, 46
Literature of the Interpretation of the Book, 50
xi
xii CONTENTS.
THE OLDER BOOK OF PROVERBS, I.—XXIV.
PAGE
The External Title of the Book, i. 1-6, 52
Motto of the Book, i. 7, 58
FIRST INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, i. 8-19, 59
SECOND “ “ i. 20:ff., 67
THIRD “ “ ii., 75
FOURTH “ “ iii. 1-18, 85
FIFTH “ “ iii. 19-26, 91
SIXTH “ “ iii. 27-35, 98
SEVENTH “ “ iv.-v. 6, 105
EIGHTH “ “ v. 7-23, 122
NINTH “ “ vi. 1-5, 134
TENTH “ “ vi. 6-11, 139
ELEVENTH “ “ vi. 12-19, 142
TWELFTH “ “ vi. 20 ff., 149
THIRTEENTH “ “ vii., 156
FOURTEENTH “ “ viii., 172
FIFTEENTH “ “ ix., 195
FIRST COLLECTION OF SOLOMONIC PROVERBS, x.-xxii. 16, 207
CHAPTER xi., 229
CHAPTER xii., 250
CHAPTER xiii., 270
CHAPTER xiv., 288
CHAPTER xv., 315
CHAPTER xvi., 334
CHAPTER xvii., 352
THE BOOK OF PROVERBS
INTRODUCTION.
THE Book of Proverbs bears the external title ylew;mi rp,se,
which it derives from the words with which it com-
mences. It is one of the three books which are dis-
tinguished from the other twenty-one by a peculiar
system of accentuation, the best exposition of which that has yet
been given is that by S. Baer,1 as set forth in my larger Psalmen-
commentar.2 The memorial word for these three books, viz. Job,
Mishle (Proverbs), and Tehillim (Psalms), is tmX, formed from
the first letter of the first word of each book, or, following the
Talmudic and Masoretic arrangement of the books, Mxt.
Having in view the superscription hmolow; ylew;mi, with which the
book commences, the ancients regarded it as wholly the composi-
tion of Solomon. The circumstance that it contains only 800
verses, while according to 1 Kings v. 12 (iv. 32) Solomon spake
3000 proverbs, R. Samuel bar-Nachmani explains by remarking
that each separate verse may be divided into two or three allegories
or apothegms (e.g. xxv. 12), not to mention other more arbi-
trary modes of reconciling the discrepancy.3 The opinion also of
R. Jonathan, that Solomon first composed the Canticles, then the
Proverbs, and last of all Ecclesiastes, inasmuch as the first cor-
responds4 with the spring-time of youth, the second with the wis-
1 Cf. Outlines of Hebrew Accentuation, Prose and Poetical, by Rev. A. B.
Davidson, D.D., Professor of Hebrew, Free Church College, Edinburgh, 1861,
based on Baer's Torath Emeth, Rödelheim 1872.
2 VOL ii., ed. of 1860, pp. 477-511.
3 Pesikta, ed. Buber (1868), 34b, 35a. Instead of 800, the Masora reckons
915 verses in the Book of Proverbs.
4 Schir-ha-Schirim Rabba, c. i. f. 4a.
2 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
dom of manhood, and the third with the disappointment of old
age, is founded on the supposition of the unity of the book and
of its Solomonic authorship.
At the present day also there are some, such as Stier, who
regard the Book of Proverbs from first to last as the work of
Solomon, just as Klauss (1832) and Randegger (1841) have ven-
tured to affirm that all the Psalms without exception were com-
posed by David. But since historical criticism has been applied
to Biblical subjects, that blind submission to mistaken tradition
appears as scarcely worthy of being mentioned. The Book of
Proverbs presents itself as composed of various parts, different
from each other in character and in the period to which they
belong. Under the hands of the critical analysis it resolves itself
into a mixed market of the most manifold intellectual productions
of proverbial poetry, belonging to at least three different epochs.
1. The external plan of the Book of Proverbs, and its own testi-
mony as to its origin.—The internal superscription of the book, which
recommends it, after the manner of later Oriental books, on account
of its importance and the general utility of its contents, extends
from ver. 1 to ver. 6. Among the moderns this has been acknow-
ledged by Löwenstein and Maurer; for ver. 7, which Ewald,
Bertheau, and Keil have added to it, forms a new commencement
to the beginning of the book itself. The book is described as
"The Proverbs of Solomon," and then there is annexed the state-
ment of its object. That object, as summarily set forth in ver. 2,
is practical, and that in a twofold way: partly moral, and partly
intellectual. The former is described in vers. 3-5. It presents
moral edification, moral sentiments for acceptance, not merely to
help the unwise to attain to wisdom, but also to assist the wise.
The latter object is set forth in ver. 6. It seeks by its contents
to strengthen and discipline the mind to the understanding of
thoughtful discourses generally. In other words, it seeks to gain
the moral ends which proverbial poetry aims at, and at the same
time to make familiar with it, so that the reader, in these
proverbs of Solomon or by means of them as of a key, learns to
understand such like apothegms in general. Thus interpreted, the
title of the book does not say that the book contains proverbs of
other wise men besides those of Solomon; if it did so, it would
contradict itself. It is possible that the book contains proverbs
INTRODUCTION. 3
other than those of Solomon, possible that the author of the title
of the book added such to it himself, but the title presents to
view only the Proverbs of Solomon. If i. 7 begins the book, then
after reading the title we cannot think otherwise than that here
begin the Solomonic proverbs. If we read farther, the contents
and the form of the discourses which follow do not contradict this
opinion; for both are worthy of Solomon. So much the more
astonished are we, therefore, when at x. 1 we meet with a new
superscription, hmolow; ylew;mi, from which point on to xxii. 16 there is
a long succession of proverbs of quite a different tone and form—
short maxims, Mashals proper—while in the preceding section of
the book we find fewer proverbs than monitory discourses. What
now must be our opinion when we look back from this second
superscription to the part i. 7-ix., which immediately follows the
title of the book? Are i. 7-ix., in the sense of the book, not the
"Proverbs of Solomon"? From the title of the book, which
declares them to be so, we must judge that they are. Or are they
"Proverbs of Solomon"? In this case the new superscription (x.1),
"The Proverbs of Solomon," appears altogether incomprehensible.
And yet only one of these two things is possible: on the one side,
therefore, there must be a false appearance of contradiction, which
on a closer investigation disappears. But on which side is it? If
it is supposed that the tenor of the title, i. 1-6, does not accord
with that of the section x. 1-xxii. 6; but that it accords well with
that of i. 7-ix. (with the breadth of expression in i. 7-ix., it has also
several favourite words not elsewhere occurring in the Book of
Proverbs; among these, hmAr;fA, subtilty, and hm.Azim;, discretion, i. 4),
then Ewald's view is probable, that i.-ix. is an original whole written
at once, and that the author had no other intention than to give it
as an introduction to the larger Solomonic Book of Proverbs be-
ginning at x. 1. But it is also possible that the author of the title
has adopted the style of the section i. 7-ix. Bertheau, who has
propounded this view, and at the same time has rejected, in oppo-
sition to Ewald, the idea of the unity of the section, adopts this
conclusion, that in i. 8-ix. there lies before us a collection of the
admonitions of different authors of proverbial poetry, partly original
introductions to larger collections of proverbs, which the author
of the title gathers together in order that he may give a compre-
hensive introduction to the larger collection contained in x. 1-xxii.
16. But such an origin of the section as Bertheau thus imagines
4 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
is by no means natural; it is more probable that the author, whose
object is, according to the title of the book, to give the proverbs of
Solomon, introduces these by a long introduction of his own, than
that, instead of beginning with Solomon's proverbs, he first pre-
sents long extracts of a different kind from collections of proverbs.
If the author, as Bertheau thinks, expresses indeed, in the words
of the title, the intention of presenting, along, with the "Proverbs
of Solomon," also the "words of the wise," then he could not have
set about his work more incorrectly and self-contradictorily than if
he had begun the whole, which bears the superscription "Proverbs
of Solomon" (which must be regarded as presenting the proverbs
of Solomon as a key to the words of the wise generally), with
the "words of the wise." But besides the opinion of Ewald, which
in itself, apart from internal grounds, is more natural and probable
than that of Bertheau, there is yet the possibility of another. Keil,
following H. A. Hahn, is of opinion, that in the sense of the author
of the title, the section i.—ix. is Solomonic as well as x.-xxii., but that
he has repeated the superscription "Proverbs of Solomon" before
the latter section, because from that point onward proverbs follow
which bear in a special measure the characters of the Mashal
(Hävernick's Einl. iii. 428). The same phenomenon appears in
the book of Isaiah, where, after the general title, there follows an
introductory address, and then in ii. 1 the general title is repeated
in a shorter form. That this analogy, however, is here inappli-
cable, the further discussion of the subject will show.
The introductory section i. 7-ix., and the larger section x.-xxii.
16, which contains uniform brief Solomonic apothegms, are fol-
lowed by a third section, xxii. 17-xxiv. 22. Hitzig, indeed, reckons
x-xxiv. 22 as the second section, but with xxii. 17 there com-
mences an altogether different style, and a much freer manner in
the form of the proverb; and the introduction to this new collec-
tion of proverbs, which reminds us of the general title, places it
beyond a doubt that the collector does not at all intend to set forth
these proverbs as Solomonic. It may indeed be possible that, as
Keil (iii. 410) maintains, the collector, inasmuch as he begins with
the words, "Incline thine ear and hear words of the wise," names
his own proverbs generally as "words of the wise," especially since
he adds, "and apply thine heart to my knowledge;" but this sup-
position is contradicted by the superscription of a fourth section,
xxiv. 23 ff.) which follows. This short section, an appendix to the
INTRODUCTION. 5
third, bears the superscription, "These things also are MymikAHEla."
If Keil thinks here also to set aside the idea that the following
proverbs, in the sense of this superscription, have as their authors
"the wise," he does unnecessary violence to himself. The l is
here that of authorship; and if the following proverbs are com-
posed by the MymikAHE, "the wise," then they are not the production
of the one MkAHA, "wise man," Solomon, but they are "the words
of the wise" in contradistinction to "the Proverbs of Solomon."
The Proverbs of Solomon begin again at xxv. 1; and this
second large section (corresponding to the first, x. 1-xxii. 16)
extends to xxix. This fifth portion of the book has a superscrip-
tion, which, like that of the preceding appendix, commences
thus: "Also (MGa) these are proverbs of Solomon which the men of
Hezekiah king of Judah collected." The meaning of the word
UqyTif;h, is not doubtful. It signifies, like the Arameo-Arabic hsn,
to remove from their place, and denotes that the men of Hezekiah
removed from the place where they found them the following
proverbs, and placed them together in a separate collection. The
words have thus been understood by the Greek translator. From
the supplementary words ai[ a]dia<kritoi (such as exclude all dia<krisij)
it is seen that the translator had a feeling of the important literary
historical significance of that superscription, which reminds us of the
labours of the poetical grammarians appointed by Pisistratus to edit
older works, such as those of Hesiod. The Jewish interpreters, simply
following the Talmud, suppose that the "also" (MGa) belongs to the
whole superscription, inclusive of the relative sentence, and that it
thus bears witness to the editing of the foregoing proverbs also by
Hezekiah and his companions;1 which is altogether improbable, for
then, if such were the meaning of the words, "which the men of
Hezekiah," etc., they ought to have stood after i. 1. The super-
scription xxv. 1 thus much rather distinguishes the following collec-
tion from that going before, as having been made under Hezekiah.
As two appendices followed the "Proverbs of Solomon," x. 1—xxii.
16, so also two appendices the Hezekiah-gleanings of Solomonic
proverbs. The former two appendices, however, originate in gene-
ral from the "wise," the latter more definitely name the authors:
the first, xxx., is by "Agur the son of Jakeh;" the second, xxxi.
1 Vid. B. Bathra, 15a. From the fact that Isaiah outlived Hezekiah it is there
concluded that the Hezekiah-collegium also continued after Hezekiah's death.
Cf. Fürst on the Canon of the 0. T. 1868, p. 78 f.
6 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
1-9, by a "King Lemuel." In so far the superscriptions are clear.
The names of the authors, elsewhere unknown, point to a foreign
country; and to this corresponds the peculiar complexion of these
two series of proverbs. As a third appendix to the Hezekiah-col-
lection, xxxi. 10 ff. follows, a complete alphabetical proverbial poem
which describes the praiseworthy qualities of a virtuous woman.
We are thus led to the conclusion that the Book of Proverbs
divides itself into the following parts:—(1) The title of the book,
i. 1-6, by which the question is raised, how far the book extends
to which it originally belongs ; (2) the hortatory discourses, i. 7-ix.,
in which it is a question whether the Solomonic proverbs must be
regarded as beginning with these, or, whether they are only the
introduction thereto, composed by a different author, perhaps the
author of the title of the book; (3) the first great collection of
Solomonic proverbs, x.-xxii. 16; (4) the first appendix to this
first collection, "The words of the wise," xxii. 17-xxiv. 22; (5)
the second appendix, supplement of the words of some wise men,
xxiv. 23 ff.; (6) the second great collection of Solomonic proverbs,
which the "men of Hezekiah" collected, xxv.-xxix.; (7) the first
appendix to this second collection, the words of Agur the son
of Jakeh, xxx.; (8) the second appendix, the words of King
Lemuel, xxxi. 1-9; (9) third appendix, the acrostic ode, xxxi.
10 ff. These nine parts are comprehended under three groups:
the introductory hortatory discourses with the general title at their
head, and the two great collections of Solomonic proverbs with
their two appendices. In prosecuting our further investigations,
we shall consider the several parts of the book first from the point
of view of the manifold forms of their proverbs, then of their
style, and thirdly of their type of doctrine. From each of these
three subjects of investigation we may expect elucidations regarding
the origin of these proverbs and of their collections.
2. The several parts of the Book of Proverbs with respect to the
manifold forms of the proverbs.—If the Book of Proverbs were a
collection of popular sayings, we should find in it a multitude of
proverbs of one line each, as e.g., "Wickedness proceedeth from
the wicked" (1 Sam. xxiv. 13); but we seek for such in vain. At
the first glance, xxiv. 23b appears to be a proverb of one line; but
the line “To have respect of persons in judgment is not good,”
is only the introductory line of a proverb which consists of several
INTRODUCTION. 7
lines ver. 24 f. Ewald is right in regarding as inadmissible a
comparison of the collections of Arabic proverbs by Abu-Obeida,
Meidani, and others, who gathered together and expounded the
current popular proverbs, with the Book of Proverbs. Ali's Hun-
dred Proverbs are, however, more worthy of being compared with
it. Like these, Solomon's proverbs are, as a whole, the production
of his own spirit, and only mediately of the popular spirit. To
make the largeness of the number of these proverbs a matter of
doubt were inconsiderate. Eichhorn maintained that even a god-
like genius scarcely attains to so great a number of pointed
proverbs and ingenious thoughts. But if we distribute Solomon's
proverbs over his forty years' reign, then we have scarcely twenty
for each year; and one must agree with the conclusion, that the
composition of so many proverbs even of the highest ingenuity is
no impossible problem for a "godlike genius." When, accordingly,
it is related that Solomon wrote 3000 proverbs, Ewald, in his
History of Israel, does not find the number too great, and Bertheau
does not regard it as impossible that the collection of the "Proverbs
of Solomon" has the one man Solomon as their author. The
number of the proverbs thus cannot determine us to regard them
as having for the most part originated among the people, and the
form in which they appear leads to an opposite conclusion. It is,
indeed, probable that popular proverbs are partly wrought into
these proverbs,1 and many of their forms of expression are moulded
after the popular proverbs; but as they thus lie before us, they are,
as a whole, the production of the technical Mashal poetry.
The simplest form is, according to the fundamental peculiarity
of the Hebrew verse, the distich. The relation of the two lines to
each other is very manifold. The second line may repeat the
thought of the first, only in a somewhat altered form, in order to
express this thought as clearly and exhaustively as possible. We
call such proverbs synonymous distichs; as e.g. xi. 25:
A soul of blessing is made fat,
And he that watereth others is himself watered.
Or the second line contains the other side of the contrast to the
statement of the first; the truth spoken in the first is explained in
the second by means of the presentation of its contrary. We call
such proverbs antithetic distichs; as e.g. x. 1:
1Isaac Euchel († 1804), in his Commentary on the Proverbs, regards xiv. 4a
and xvii. 19b as such popular proverbs.
8 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS
A wise son maketh his father glad,
And a foolish son is his mother's grief.
Similar forms, x. 16, xii. 5. Elsewhere, as xviii. 14, xx. 24, the
antithesis clothes itself in the form of a question. Sometimes it is
two different truths that are expressed in the two lines; and the
authorization of their union lies only in a certain relationship, and
the ground of this union in the circumstance that two lines are the
minimum of the technical proverb—synthetic distichs; e.g. x. 18:
A cloak of hatred are lying lips,
And he that spreadeth slander is a fool.
Not at all infrequently one line does not suffice to bring out the
thought intended, the begun expression of which is only com-
pleted in the second. These we call integral (eingedankige) distichs;
as e.g. xi. 31 (cf. 1 Pet. iv. 18):
The righteous shall be recompensed on the earth—
How much more the ungodly and the sinner!
To these distichs also belong all those in which the thought
stated in the first receives in the second, by a sentence presenting a
reason, or proof, or purpose, or consequence, a definition completing
or perfecting it; e.g. xiii. 14, xvi. 10, xix. 20, xxii. 28.1 But there is
also a fifth form, which corresponds most to the original character
of the Mashal: the proverb explaining its ethical object by a re-
semblance from the region of the natural and every-day life, the
parabolh< proper. The form of this parabolic proverb is very
manifold, according as the poet himself expressly compares the
two subjects, or only places them near each other in order that the
hearer or reader may complete the comparison. The proverb is
1 Such integral distichs are also xv. 3, xvi. 7, 10, xvii. 13, 15, xviii. 9, 13,
xix. 26, 27, xx. 7, 8, 10, 11, 20, 21, xxi. 4, 13, 16, 21, 23, 24, 30, xxii. 4, 11,
xxiv. 8, 26, xxvi. 16, xxvii. 14, xxviii. 8, 9, 17, 24, xxix. 1, 5, 12, 14. In xiv.
27, xv. 24, xvii. 23, xix. 27, the second line consists of one sentence with l and
the infin.; in xvi. 12, 26, xxi. 25, xxii. 9, xxvii. 1, xxix. 19, of one sentence
with yKi; with Mxi YKi, xviii. 2, xxiii. 17. The two lines, as xi. 31, xv. 11, xvii.
7, xix. lab, 10, xx. 27, form a conclusion a minori ad majus, or the reverse.
The former or the latter clauses stand in grammatical relation in xxiii. 1, 2,
15 f., xxvii. 22, xxix. 21 (cf. xxii. 29, xxiv. 10, xxvi. 12, xxix. 20, with hypoth.
perf., and xxvi. 26 with hypoth. fut.); in the logical relation of reason and
consequence, xvii. 14, xx. 2, 4; in comparative relation, xii. 9, etc. These
examples show that the two lines, not merely in the more recent, but also
in the old Solomonic Mashal, do not always consist of two parallel members.
INTRODUCTION. 9
least poetic when the likeness between the two subjects is expressed
by a verb; as xxvii. 15 (to which, however, ver. 16 belongs):
A continual dropping in a rainy day
And a contentious woman are alike.
The usual form of expression, neither unpoetic nor properly poetic,
is the introduction of the comparison by K; [as], and of the simili-
tude in the second clause by NKe [so]; as x. 26:
As vinegar to the teeth, and as smoke to the eyes,
So is the sluggard to them who give him a commission.
This complete verbal statement of the relation of likeness may
also be abbreviated by the omission of the NKe; as xxv. 13, xxvi. 11:
As a dog returning to his vomit—
A fool returning to his folly.
We call the parabolic proverbs of these three forms comparisons.
The last, the abbreviated form of the comparative proverb, forms
the transition to another kind of parabolic proverb, which we will
call, in contradistinction to the comparative, the emblematic, in
which the contrast and its emblem are loosely placed together
without any nearer expression of the similitude; as e.g. xxvi. 20,
xxvii. 17, 18, 20. This takes place either by means of the copu-
lative Vav, v;, as xxv. 25—
Cold water to a thirsty soul,
And good news from a far country.1
Or without the Vav; in which case the second line is as the sub-
scription under the figure or double figure painted in the first; e.g.
xxv. 11 f., xi. 22:
A gold ring in a swine's snout—
A fair woman and without understanding.
These ground-forms of two lines can, however, expand into forms
of several lines. Since the distich is the peculiar and most appro-
priate form of the technical proverb, so, when two lines are not
sufficient for expressing the thought intended, the multiplication to
1 This so-called Vav adaequationis, which appears here for the first time in the
Proverbs as the connection between the figure and the thing itself without a
verbal predicate (cf., on the other hand, Job v. 7, xii. 11, xiv. 11 f.), is, like the
Vav, v;, of comparison, only a species of that Vav of association which is called
in Arab. Waw alajam'a, or Waw alam'ayat, or Waw al'asatsahab (vid. at Isa.
xlii. 5); and since usage attributes to it the verbal power of secum habere, it is
construed with the accus. Vid. examples in Freytag's Arabum Proverbia,
among the recent proverbs beginning with the letter (k).
10 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
four, six, or eight lines is most natural. In the tetrastich the
relation of the last two to the first two is as manifold as is the
relation of the second line to the first in the distich. There is,
however, no suitable example of four-lined stanzas in antithetic
relation. But we meet with synonymous tetrastichs, e.g. xxiii. 15 f.,
xxiv. 3 f., 28 f.; synthetic, xxx. 5 f.; integral, xxx. 17 f., especially
of the form in which the last two lines constitute a proof passage
beginning with yKi, xxii. 22 f., or NPe, xxii. 24 f., or without exponents,
xxii. 26 f.; comparative without expressing the comparison, xxv.
16 f. (cf., on the other hand, xxvi. 18 f., where the number of lines
is questionable), and also the emblematical, xxv. 4 f.:
Take away the dross from the silver,
And there shall come forth a vessel for the goldsmith;
Take away the wicked from before the king,
And his throne shall be established in righteousness.
Proportionally the most frequently occurring are tetrastichs, the
second half of which forms a proof clause commencing with YKi
or NPe. Among the less frequent are the six-lined, presenting (xxiii.
1-3, xxiv. 11 f.) one and the same thought in manifold aspects,
with proofs interspersed. Among all the rest which are found in
the collection, xxiii. 12-14,19-21, 26-28, xxx. 15 f., xxx. 29-31,
the first two lines form a prologue introductory to the substance
of the proverb; as e.g. xxiii. 12-14:
O let instruction enter into thine heart,
And apply thine ears to the words of knowledge.
Withhold not correction from the child;
For if thou beatest him with the rod—he dies not.
Thou shalt beat him with the rod,
And deliver his soul from hell.
Similarly formed, yet more expanded, is the eight-lined stanza,
xxiii. 22-28:
Hearken unto thy father that begat thee,
And despise not thy mother when she is old.
Buy the truth and sell it not:
Wisdom, and virtue, and understanding.
The father of a righteous man greatly rejoices,
And he that begetteth a wise child hath joy of him.
Thy father and thy mother shall be glad,
And she that bare thee shall rejoice.
The Mashal proverb here inclines to the Mashal ode; for this
octastich may be regarded as a short Mashal song,—like the alpha-
INTRODUCTION. 11
betical Mashal psalm xxxvii., which consists of almost pure tetra-
stichs.
We have now seen how the distich form multiplies itself into
forms consisting of four, six, and eight lines; but it also unfolds
itself, as if in one-sided multiplication, into forms of three, five,
and seven lines. Tristichs arise when the thought of the first line
is repeated (xxvii. 22) in the second according to the synonymous
scheme, or when the thought of the second line is expressed by
contrast in the third (xxii. 29, xxviii. 10) according to the anti-
thetic scheme, or when to the thought expressed in one or two
lines (xxv. 8, xxvii. 10) there is added its proof. The parabolic
scheme is here represented when the object described is unfolded
in two lines, as in the comparison xxv. 13, or when its nature is
portrayed by two figures in two lines, as in the emblematic pro-
verb xxv. 20:
To take off clothing in cold weather,
Vinegar upon nitre,
And he that singeth songs to a heavy heart.
In the few instances of pentastichs which are found, the last
three lines usually unfold the reason of the thought of the first
two: xxiii. 4 f., xxv. 6 f., xxx. 32 f.; to this xxiv. 13 forms an
exception, where the NKe before the last three lines introduces the
expansion of the figure in the first two. As an instance we quote
xxv. 6 f.:
Seek not to display thyself in the presence of the king,
And stand not in the place of the great.
For better that it be said unto thee, "Come up hither,"
Than that they humble thee in the presence of the prince,
While thine eyes have raised themselves.
Of heptastichs I know of only one example in the collection,
viz. xxiii. 6-8 :
Eat not the bread of the jealous,
And lust not after his dainties;
For he is like one who calculates with himself:¾
"Eat and drink," saith he to thee,
And his heart is not with thee.
Thy morsel which thou hast eaten must thou vomit up,
And thou hast wasted thy pleasant words.
From this heptastich, which one will scarcely take for a brief
Mashal ode according to the compound strophe-scheme, we see
that the proverb of two lines can expand itself to the dimensions
12 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
of seven and eight lines. Beyond these limits the whole proverb
ceases to be lwAmA in the proper sense; and after the manner of Ps.
xxv., xxxiv., and especially xxxvii., it becomes a Mashal ode. Of
this class of Mashal odes are, besides the prologue, xxii. 17-21,
that of the drunkard, xxiii. 29-35; that of the slothful man, xxiv.
30-34; the exhortation to industry, xxvii. 23-27; the prayer for
a moderate portion between poverty and riches, xxx. 7-9; the
mirror for princes, xxxi. 2-9; and the praise of the excellent
wife, xxxi. 10 ff. It is singular that this ode furnishes the only
example of the alphabetical acrostic in the whole collection. Even
a single trace of original alphabetical sequence afterwards broken
up cannot be found. There cannot also be discovered, in the
Mashal songs referred to, anything like a completed strophe-
scheme; even in xxxi. 10 ff. the distichs are broken by tristichs
intermingled with them.
In the whole of the first part, i. 7-ix., the prevailing form is that
of the extended flow of the Mashal song; but one in vain seeks
for strophes. There is not here so firm a grouping of the lines;
on the supposition of its belonging to the Solomonic era, this is
indeed to be expected. The rhetorical form here outweighs the
purely poetical. This first part of the Proverbs consists of the
following fifteen Mashal strains: (1) i. 7-19, (2) 20 ff., (3) ii.,
(4) iii. 1-18, (5) 19-26, (6) 27 ff., (7) iv. 1-v. 6, (8) 7 ff., (9) vi.
1-5, (10) 6-11, (11) 12-19, (12) 20 ff., (13) vii., (14) viii., (15)
ix. In iii. and ix. there are found a few Mashal odes of two lines
and of four lines which may be regarded as independent Mashals,
and may adapt themselves to the schemes employed; other brief
complete parts are only waves in the flow of the larger discourses,
or are altogether formless, or more than octastichs. The octastich vi.
16-19 makes the proportionally greatest impression of an indepen-
dent inwoven Mashal. It is the only proverb in which symbolical
numbers are used which occurs in the collection from i. to xxix.:
There are six things which Jahve hateth,
And seven are an abhorrence to His soul:
Haughty eyes, a lying tongue,
And hands that shed innocent blood;
An heart that deviseth the thoughts of evil,
Feet that hastily run to wickedness,
One that uttereth lies as a false witness,
And he who soweth strife between brethren.
Such numerical proverbs to which the name hDAmi has been given
INTRODUCTION. 13
by later Jewish writers (see my Gesech. der jüd. Poesie; pp.
199, 202) are found in xxx. With the exception of xxx. 7-9,
24-28 (cf. Sir. xxv. 1, 2), the numerical proverb has this pecu-
liarity, found also in most of the numerical proverbs of Sirach
(Sir. xxiii. 16, xxv. 7, xxvi. 5, 28), that the number named in the
first parallel line is in the second (cf. Job v. 9) increased by one.
On the other hand, the form of the Priamel1 is used neither in the
Book of Proverbs nor in that of Sirach. Proverbs such as xx. 10
("Diverse weights, diverse measures—an abomination to Jahve are
they both") and xx. 12 ("The hearing ear, the seeing eye—Jahve
hath created them both"), to be distinguished from xvii. 3, xxvii.
21, and the like, where the necessary unity, and from xxvii. 3,
where the necessary resemblance, of the predicate is wanting, are
only a weak approach to the Priamel,—a stronger, xxv. 3, where the
three subjects form the preamble ("The heaven for height, and the
earth for depth, and the heart of kings—are unsearchable"). Per-
haps xxx. 11-14 is a greater mutilated Priamel. Here four subjects
form the preamble, but there is wanting the conclusion containing
the common predicate. This, we believe, exhausts the forms of the
Mashal in the collection. It now only remains to make mention
of the Mashal chain, i.e. the ranging together in a series of
proverbs of a similar character, such as the chain of proverbs
regarding the fool, xxvi. 1-12, the sluggard, xxvi. 13-16, the tale-
bearer, xxvi. 20-22, the malicious, xxvi. 23-28—but this form
belongs more to the technics of the Mashal collection than to that
of the Mashal poetry.
We now turn to the separate parts of the book, to examine more
closely the forms of their proverbs, and gather materials for a critical
judgment regarding the origin of the proverbs which they contain.
Not to anticipate, we take up in order the separate parts of the
arrangement of the collection. Since, then, it cannot be denied that
in the introductory paedagogic part, i. 7-ix., notwithstanding its rich
and deep contents, there is exceedingly little of the technical form
of the Mashal, as well as generally of technical form at all. This
part, as already shown, consists not of proper Mashals, but of fifteen
Mashal odes, or rather, perhaps, Mashal discourses, didactic poems of
the Mashal kind. In the flow of these discourses separate Mashals
intermingle, which may either be regarded as independent, or, as
1 [From praeambulum, designating a peculiar kind of epigram found in the
German poetry of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.]
14 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
i. 32, iv. 18 f., can easily be so understood. In the Mashal chains
of chap. iv. and ix. we meet with proverbs that are synonymous
(ix. 7, 10), antithetic (iii. 35, ix. 8), integral, or of one thought
(iii. 29, 30), and synthetic (i. 7, iii. 5, 7), of two lines and of four
lines variously disposed (iii. 9 f., 11 f., 31 f., 33 f.) ; but the para-
bolic scheme is not at all met with, separate proverbs such as iii.
27 f. are altogether without form, and keeping out of view the
octastich numerical proverb, vi. 16-19, the thoughts which form
the unity of separate groups are so widely expanded that the
measure of the Mashal proper is far exceeded. The character of
this whole part is not concentrating, but unfolding. Even the inter-
mingling proverbs of two lines possess the same character. They
are for the most part more like dissolved drops than gold coins with
sharp outline and firm impress; as e.g. ix. 7:
He that correcteth the mocker getteth to himself shame;
And he that rebuketh the sinner his dishonour.
The few that consist of four lines are closer, more compact, more
finished, because they allow greater space for the expression; e.g.
iii. 9 f.:
Honour Jahve with thy wealth,
And with the first-fruits of all thine income:
And thy barns shall be filled with plenty,
And thy vats shall overflow with must.
But beyond the four lines the author knows no limits of artistic
harmony; the discourse flows on till it has wholly or provisionally
exhausted the subject; it pauses not till it reaches the end of its
course, and then, taking breath, it starts anew. We cannot, more-
over, deny that there is beauty in this new springing forth of the
stream of the discourse with its fresh transparent waves; but it is
a peculiar beauty of the rhetorically decomposed, dissolved Mashal,
going forth, as it were, from its confinement, and breathing its
fagrance far and wide.
The fifteen discourses, in which the Teacher appears twelve times
and Wisdom three times, are neither of a symmetrically chiselled
form nor of internally fashioned coherence, but yet are a garland
of songs having internal unity, with a well-arranged manifoldness
of contents. It is true that Bertheau recognises here neither unity
of the contents nor unity of the formal character; but there is no
Old Testament portion of like extent, and at the same time of more
systematic internal unity, and which bears throughout a like formal
INTRODUCTION. 15
impress, than this. Bertheau thinks that he has discovered in
certain passages a greater art in the form; and certainly there are
several sections which consist of just ten verses. But this is a mere
accident; for the first Mashal ode consists of groups of 1, 2, and
10 verses, the second of 8 and 6 verses, the third of 10 and 12, the
fourth of 10 and 8, the fifth of 2 and 6, etc.—each group forming
a complete sense. The 10 verses are met with six times, and if iv.
1-9 from the Peshito, and iv. 20-27 from the LXX., are included,
eight times, without our regarding these decades as strophes, and
without our being able to draw any conclusion regarding a parti-
cular author of these decade portions. In i. 20-33, Bertheau finds
indeed, along with the regular structure of verses, an exact artistic
formation of strophes (3 times 4 verses with an echo of 2). But
he counts instead of the sticks the Masoretic verses, and these are
not the true formal parts of the strophe.
We now come to the second part of the collection, whose super-
scription hmolow; ylew;mi can in no respect be strange to us, since the
collection of proverbs here commencing, compared with i. 7-ix.,
may with special right bear the name Mishle. The 375 proverbs
which are classed together in this part, x.-xxii. 16, without any
comprehensive plan, but only according to their more or fewer
conspicuous common characteristics (Bertheau, p. xii), consist all
and every one of distichs; for each Masoretic verse falls naturally
into two stichs, and nowhere (not even xix. 19) does such a distich
proverb stand in necessary connection with one that precedes or
that follows; each is in itself a small perfected and finished whole.
The tristich xix. 7 is only an apparent exception. In reality it is a
distich with the disfigured remains of a distich that has been lost.
The LXX. has here two distichs which are wanting in our text.
The second is that which is found in our text, but only in a muti-
lated form:
o[ polla> kakopoiw?n telesiourgei? kaki<an,
[He that does much harm perfects mischief,]
o!j de> e]reqi<zei lo<gouj ou] swqh<setai.
[And he that uses provoking words shall not escape.]
Perhaps the false rendering of
fr-Mlwy Mybr frm
:Flmy xl Myrmx Jdrm
The friend of every one is rewarded with evil,
He who pursues after rumours does not escape.
16 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
But not only are all these proverbs distichs, they have also, not
indeed without exception, but in by far the greatest number, a
common character in that they are antithetic. Distichs of predo-
minating antithetic character stand here together. Along with
these all other schemes are, it is true, represented: the synonymous,
xi. 7, 25, 30, xii. 14, 28, xiv. 19, etc.; the integral, or of one thought,
xiv. 7, xv. 3, etc., particularly in proverbs with the comparative Nmi,
xii. 9, xv. 16, 17, xvi. 8, 19, xvii. 10, xxi. 19, xxii. 1, and with the
ascending –yKi Jxa [much more], xi. 31, xv. 11, xvii. 7, xix. 7, 10,
xxi. 27; the synthetic, x. 18, xi. 29, xiv. 17, xix. 13; the parabolic,
the most feebly represented, for the only specimens of it are x. 26,
xi. 22; besides which I know not what other Bertheau could quote.
We shall further see that in another portion of the book the para-
bolic proverbs are just as closely placed together as are the anti-
thetic. Here almost universally the two members of the proverbs
stand together in technical parallelism as thesis and antithesis;
also in the synonymous proverbs the two members are the parallel
rays of one thought; in the synthetic two monostichs occur in
loose external connection to suffice for the parallelism as a funda-
mental law of the technical proverb. But also in these proverbs in
which a proper parallelism is not found, both members being needed
to form a complete sentence, verse and members are so built up,
according to Bertheau's self-confirmatory opinion, that in regard
to extent and the number of words they are like verses with
parallel members.
To this long course of distichs which profess to be the Mishle of
Solomon, there follows a course, xxii. 17-xxiv. 22, of "words of
the wise," prefaced by the introduction xxii. 17-21 which un-
deniably is of the same nature as the greater introduction, i. 7-ix.,
and of which we are reminded by the from of address preserved
throughout in these "words of the wise." These "words of the
wise" comprehend all the forms of the Mashal, from those of two
lines in xxii. 28, xxiii. 9, xxiv. 7, 8, 9, 10, to the Mashal song xxiii.
29-35. Between these limits are the tetrastichs, which are the
most popular form, xxii. 22 f., 24 f., 26 f., xxiii. 10 f., 15 f., 17 f.,
xxiv. 1 f., 3 f., 5 f., 15 f., 17 f., 19 f., 21 f.,¾pentastichs, xxiii. 4 f.,
1 xxiv. 13 f., and hexastichs, xxiii. 1-3, 12-14, 19-21, 26-28, xxiv.
11 f.;¾of tristichs, heptastichs, and octastichs are at least found
one specimen of each, xxii. 29, xxiii. 6-8, xxiii. 22-25. Bertheau
maintains that there is a difference between the structure of these
INTRODUCTION. 17
proverbs and that of the preceding, for he counts the number of
the words which constitute a verse in the case of the latter and of
the former; but such a proceeding is unwarrantable, for the re-
markably long Masoretic verse xxiv. 12 contains eighteen words;
and the poet is not to be made accountable for such an arrangement,
for in his mind xxiv. 11 f. forms a hexastich, and indeed a very
elegant one. Not the words of the Masoretic verse, but the stichs
are to be counted. Reckoning according to the stichs, I can dis-
cover no difference between these proverbs and the preceding. In
the preceding ones also the number of the words in the stichs
extends from two to five, the number two being here, however,
proportionally more frequently found (e.g. xxiv. 4b, xxiv. 8a, 10b);
a circumstance which has its reason in this, that the symmetry of
the members is often very much disturbed, there being frequently
no trace whatever of parallelism. To the first appendix to the
"Proverbs of Solomon" there follows a second, xxiv. 23 ff., with
the superscription, "These things also to the wise," which contains
a hexastich, xxiv. 236-25, a distich, ver. 26, a tristich, ver. 27, a
tetrastich, ver. 28 f., and a Mashal ode, ver. 30 ff., on the sluggard
—the last in the form of an experience of the poet like Ps. xxxvii.
35 f. The moral which he has drawn from this recorded observa-
tion is expressed in two verses such as we have already found at
vi. 10 f. These two appendices are, as is evident from their com-
mencement as well as from their conclusion, in closest relation to
the introduction, i. 7–ix.
There now follows in xxv.–xxix. the second great collection of
"Proverbs of Solomon," "copied out," as the superscription men-
tions, by the direction of King Hezekiah. It falls, apparently, into
two parts; for as xxiv. 30 ff., a Mashal hymn, stands at the end
of the two appendices, so the Mashal hymn xxvii. 23 ff. must be
regarded as forming the division between the two halves of this
collection. It is very sharply distinguished from the collection
beginning with chap. x. The extent of the stichs and the greater
or less observance of the parallelism furnish no distinguishing
mark, but there are others worthy of notice. In the first collection
the proverbs are exclusively in the form of distichs; here we have
also some tristichs xxv. 8, 13, 20, xxvii. 10, 22, xxviii. 10, tetra-
stichs xxv 4 f., 9 f., 21 f., xxvi. 18 f., 24 f., xxvii. 15 f., and
pentastichs xxv. 6 f., besides the Mashal hymn already referred to.
The kind of arrangement is not essentially different from that in
18 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
the first collection; it is equally devoid of plan, yet there are here
some chains or strings of related proverbs, xxvi. 1-12, 13-16,
20-22. A second essential distinction between the two collections
is this, that while in the first the antithetic proverb forms the
prevailing element, here it is the parabolic, and especially the
emblematic; in xxv.-xxvii. are sentences almost wholly of this
character. We say almost, for to place together proverbs of this
kind exclusively is not the plan of the collector. There are also
proverbs of the other schemes, fewer synonymous, etc., than anti-
thetic, and the collection begins in very varied quodlibet: xxv. 2,
an antithetic proverb; xxv. 3, a priamel with three subjects; xxv. 4f.,
an emblematic tetrastich; xxv. 6 f., a pentastich; xxv. 8, a tristich;
xxv. 9 f., a tetrastich, with the negative Np; xxv. 11, an emblematic
distich ("Golden apples in silver caskets—a word spoken in a fitting
way"). The antithetic proverbs are found especially in xxviii. and
xxix.: the first and the last proverb of the whole collection, xxv. 2,
xxix. 27, are antithetic; but between these two the comparative
and the figurative proverbs are so prevalent, that this collection
appears like a variegated picture-book with explanatory notes written
underneath. In extent it is much smaller than the foregoing. I
reckon 126 proverbs in 137 Masoretic verses.
The second collection of Solomon's proverbs has also several
appendices, the first of which, xxx., according to the inscription, is
by an otherwise unknown author, Agur the son of Jakeh. The first
poem of this appendix presents in a thoughtful way the unsearch-
ableness of God. This is followed by certain peculiar pieces, such
as a tetrastich regarding the purity of God's word, xxx. 5 f.; a prayer
for a moderate position between riches and poverty, vers. 7-9; a
distich against slander, ver. 10; a priamel without the conclusion,
vers. 11-14; the insatiable four (a Midda), ver. 15 f.; a tetrastich
regarding the disobedient son, ver. 17; the incomprehensible four,
vers. 18-20; the intolerable four, vers. 21-23; the diminutive but
prudent four, vers. 24-28; the excellent four, vers. 29-31; a penta-
stich recommending prudent silence, ver. 32 f. Two other supple-
ments form the conclusion of the whole book: the counsel of
Lemuel's mother to her royal son, xxxi. 2-9, and the praise of the
virtuous woman in the form of an alphabetical acrostic, xxxi. 10 ff.
After we have acquainted ourselves with the manifold forms of
the technical proverbs and their distribution in the several parts of
the collection, the question arises, What conclusions regarding the
INTRODUCTION. 19
origin of these several parts may be drawn from these forms found
in them? We connect with this the conception of Ewald, who sees
represented in the several parts of the collection the chief points of
the history of proverbial poetry. The "Proverbs of Solomon,"
x. 1—xxii. 16, appear to him to be the oldest collection, which
represents the simplest and the most ancient kind of proverbial
poetry. Their distinguishing characteristics are the symmetrical
two-membered verse, complete in itself, containing in itself a fully
intelligible meaning, and the quick contrast of thesis and antithesis.
The oldest form of the technical proverb, according to Ewald, is,
according to our terminology, the antithetic distich, such as pre-
dominates in x. 1—xxii. 16. Along with these antithetic distichs
we find here also others of a different kind. Ewald so considers
the contrast of the two members to be the original fundamental
law of the technical proverb, that to him these other kinds of
distichs represent the diminution of the inner force of the two-
membered verse, the already begun decay of the art in its oldest
limits and laws, and the transition to a new method. In the
"Proverbs of Solomon," xxv.—xxix., of the later collection, that
rigorous formation of the verse appears already in full relaxation
and dissolution: the contrast of the sense of the members appears
here only exceptionally; the art turns from the crowded fulness and
strength of the representation more to the adorning of the thought
by means of strong and striking figures and forms of expression, to
elegant painting of certain moral conditions and forms of life; and
the more the technical proverb is deprived of the breath of a vigor-
ous poetic spirit, so much the nearer does it approach to the vulgar
proverb; the full and complete symmetry of the two members
disappears, less by the abridgment of one of them, than by the too
great extension and amplification of the two-membered proverb
into longer admonitions to a moral life, and descriptions relating
thereto. So the proverbial poetry passes essentially into a different
form and manner. "While it loses in regard to internal vigorous
brevity and strength, it seeks to gain again by means of connected
instructive exposition, by copious description and detailed repre-
sentation; breaking up its boldly delineated, strong, and yet simply
beautiful form, it rises to oratorical display, to attractive eloquence,
in which, indeed, though the properly poetical and the artistic
gradually disappears) yet the warmth and easy comprehension are
increased." In chap. i.—ix., the introduction of the older collection;
20 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
and xxii. 17-xxiv., of the first half of the supplement to the older col-
lection (xxv.-xxix. is the second half), supplied by a later writer, the
great change is completed, the growth of which the later collection
of the "Proverbs of Solomon," particularly in xxv.-xxix., reveals.
The symmetry of the two members of the verse is here completely
destroyed; the separate proverb appears almost only as an exception;
the proverbial poetry has passed into admonition and discourse, and
has become in many respects lighter, and more flexible, and flowing,
and comprehensible. "It is true that on the side of this later form
of proverbial poetry there is not mere loss. While it always loses
the excellent pointed brevity, the inner fulness and strength of the
old proverbs, it gains in warmth, impressiveness, intelligibility; the
wisdom which at first strives only to make its existence and its
contents in endless manifoldness known, reaches this point at last,
that having become clear and certain, it now also turns itself
earnestly and urgently to men." In the later additions, chap.
xxx. xxxi., appended altogether externally, the proverbial poetry
has already disappeared, and given place to elegant descriptions of
separate moral truths. While the creative passes into the back-
ground, the whole aim is now toward surprising expansion and new
artistic representation.
This view of the progressive development of the course of pro-
verbial poetry is one of the chief grounds for the determination of
Ewald's judgment regarding the parts that are Solomonic and those
that are not Solomonic in the collection. In x. 1-xxii. 16 he does
not regard the whole as Solomon's, as immediately and in their
present form composed by Solomon; but the breath of the Solo-
monic spirit enlivens and pervades all that has been added by other
and later poets. But most of the proverbs of the later collection
(xxv.-xxix.) are not much older than the time of Hezekiah; yet
there are in it some that are Solomonic, and of the period next to
Solomon. The collection stretches backward with its arms, in part
indeed, as the superscription, the "Proverbs of Solomon," shows,
to the time of Solomon. On the other hand, in the introduction,
i.-ix., and in the first half of the appendix (xxii. 17-xxiv.), there
is not found a single proverb of the time of Solomon; both
portions belong to two poets of the seventh century B.C., a new
era, in which the didactic poets added to the older Solomonic col-
lection longer pieces of their own composition. The four small
pieces, xxx. 1-14,15-33, xxxi. 1-9,10 ff., are of a still later date;
INTRODUCTION. 21
they cannot belong to an earlier period than the end of the seventh
or the beginning of the sixth century B.C.
We recognise the penetration, the sensibility, the depth of
thought indicated by this opinion of Ewald's regarding the origin
of the book; yet for the most part it is not supported by satisfac-
tory proof. If we grant that he has on the whole rightly con-
strued the history of proverbial poetry, nevertheless the conclusion
that proverbs which bear in themselves the marks of the oldest
proverbial poetry belong to the Solomonic era, and that the others
belong to a period more nearly or more remotely subsequent to it,
is very fallacious. In this case much that is found in Sirach's
Book of Proverbs must be Solomonic; and the Jsx ylwm of Isaac
Satanow,1 the contemporary of Moses Mendelssohn, as well as
many other proverbs in the collection Nnbrd Nylm, and in the poetical
works of other Jewish poets belonging to the middle ages or to
later times, might be dated back perhaps a thousand years. Along
with the general course of development the individuality of the
poet is also to be taken into account; an ancient poet can, along
with the formally completed, produce the imperfect, which appears
to belong to a period of art that has degenerated, and a modern
poet can emulate antiquity with the greatest accuracy. But Ewald's
construction of the progress of the development of proverbial
poetry is also in part arbitrary. That the two-membered verse is the
oldest form of the technical proverb we shall not dispute, but that
it is the two-membered antithetic verse is a supposition that cannot
be proved; and that Solomon wrote only antithetic distichs is an
absurd assertion, to which Keil justly replies, that the adhering to
only one form and structure is a sign of poverty, of mental narrow-
ness and one-sidedness. There are also other kinds of parallelism,
which are not less beautiful and vigorous than the antithetic, and
also other forms of proverbs besides the distich in which the thought,
which can in no way be restrained within two lines, must neces-
sarily divide itself into the branches of a greater number of lines.
Thus I must agree with Keil in the opinion, that Ewald's assertion
that in the Hezekiah-collection the strong form of the technical
proverb is in full dissolution, contains an exaggeration. If the
1 [Isaac Ha-Levi was born at Satanow (whence his name), in Russian Poland,
1732, died at Berlin 1802. Besides other works, he was the author of several
collections of gnomes and apothegms in imitation of the Proverbs. Vid.
Delitzsch Zur Gesch, der Jüd. Poesie, p.115.]
22 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
first collection, x. 1-xxii. 16, contains only two (x. 26, xi. 22)
figurative proverbs, while it would be altogether foolish to deny
that these two, because they were figurative proverbs, were Solo-
monic, or to affirm that he was the author of only these two, so it
is self-evident that the Hezekiah-collection, which is principally a
collection of figurative proverbs, must contain many proverbs in
which a different kind of parallelism prevails, which has the ap-
pearance of a looser connection. Is it not probable that Solomon,
who had an open penetrating eye for the greatest and the smallest
objects of nature, composed many such proverbs? And is e.g.
the proverb xxvi. 23,
Dross of silver spread over a potsherd—
Burning lips and a wicked heart,
less beautiful, and vigorous, and worthy of Solomon than any anti-
thetic distich? If Ewald imagines that the 3000 proverbs which
Solomon wrote were all constructed according to this one model, we
are much rather convinced that Solomon's proverbial poetry, which
found the distich and the tetrastich as forms of proverbs already in
use, would not only unfold within the limits of the distich the most
varied manifoldness of thought and form, but would also within the
limits of the Mashal generally, run through the whole scale from
the distich up to octastichs and more extensive forms. But while
we cannot accept Ewald's criteria which he applies to the two
collections, x. 1-xxii. 16 and xxv.-xxix., yet his delineation of the
form and kind of proverbial poetry occurring in i.-ix., xxii. 17 ff.,
is excellent, as is also his conclusion, that these portions belong to
a new and more recent period of proverbial poetry. Since in xxii.
17-21 manifestly a new course of "Words of the Wise" by a poet
later than Solomon is introduced, it is possible, yea, not improbable,
that he, or, as Ewald thinks, another somewhat older poet, intro-
duces in i. 7-ix. the "Proverbs of Solomon" following, from x. 1
onward.
But if Solomon composed not only distichs, but also tristichs,
etc., it is strange that in the first collection, x.-xxii. 16, there are
exclusively distichs; and if he constructed not only contrasted
proverbs, but equally figurative proverbs, it is as strange that in
the first collection the figurative proverbs are almost entirely
wanting, while in the second collection, xxv.-xxix., on the contrary,
they prevail. This remarkable phenomenon may be partly ex-
plained if we could suppose that not merely the second collection,
INTRODUCTION. 23
but both of them, were arranged by the "men of Hezekiah," and
that the whole collection of the Solomonic proverbs was divided
by them into two collections according to their form. But leaving
out of view other objections, one would in that case have expected in
the first collection the proportionally great number of the antithetic
distichs which stand in the second. If we regard both collections
as originally one whole, then there can be no rational ground for its
being divided in this particular way either by the original collector
or by a later enlarger of the collection. We have therefore to
regard the two portions as the work of two different authors. The
second is by the "men of Hezekiah;" the first cannot be by
Solomon himself, since the number of proverbs composed, and
probably also written out by Solomon, amounted to 3000; besides,
if Solomon was the author of the collection, there would be visible
on it the stamp of his wisdom in its plan and order: it is thus the
work of another author, who is certainly different from the author
of the introductory Mashal poems, i. 7—ix. For if the author of
the title of the book were not at the same time the author of the
introduction, he must have taken it from some other place; thus it
is inconceivable how he could give the title "Proverbs of Solomon,"
etc., i. 1-6, to poems which were not composed by Solomon. If
i. 7—ix. is not by Solomon, then these Mashal poems are explicable
only as the work of the author of the title of the book, and as an
introduction to the "Proverbs of Solomon," beginning x. 1. It
must be one and the same author who edited the "Proverbs of
Solomon" x. 16, prefixed i. 7—ix. as an introduction to
them, and appended to them the “Words of the Wise,” xxii.
xxiv. 22; the second collector then appended to this book a sup-
plement of the “Words of the Wise;” xxiv. 23 ff., and then the
Hezekiah-collection of Solomonic proverbs, xxv.—xxix.; perhaps
also, in order that the book might be brought to a close in the same
form in which it was commenced, he added 1 the non-Solomonic
proverbial poem xxx. f. We do not, however, maintain that the
book has this origin, but only this, that on the supposition of the
non-Solomonic origin of i. 7—ix. it cannot well have any other
origin. But the question arises again, and more emphatically,
How was it possible that the first collector left as gleanings to
1 Zöckler takes xxiv. 23 ff. as a second appendix to the first principal collec-
tion. This is justifiable, but the second superscription rather suggests two
collectors.
24 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
the second so great a number of distichs, almost all parabolical,
and besides, all more than two-lined proverbs of Solomon? One
can scarcely find the reason of this singular phenomenon in any-
thing else than in the judgment of the author of the first collection
as the determining motive of his selection. For when we think also
on the sources and origin of the two collections, the second always
presupposes the first, and that which is singular in the author's
thus restricting himself can only have its ground in the freedom
which he allowed to his subjectivity.
Before we more closely examine the style and the teaching of
the book, and the conclusions thence arising, another phenomenon
claims our attention, which perhaps throws light on the way in
which the several collections originated; but, at all events, it may
not now any longer remain out of view, when we are in the act of
forming a judgment on this point.
3. The repetitions in the Book of Proverbs.—We find not only
in the different parts of the collection, but also within the limits
of one and the same part, proverbs which wholly or in part are
repeated in the same or in similar words. Before we can come to
a judgment, we must take cognizance as closely as possible of this
fact. We begin with "The Proverbs of Solomon," x.–xxii. 16;
for this collection is in relation to xxv.–xxix. certainly the earlier,
and it is especially with respect to the Solomonic proverbs that
this fact demands an explanation. In this earlier collection we
find, (1) whole proverbs repeated in exactly the same words:
xiv. 12 = xvi. 25;—(2) proverbs slightly changed in their form
of expression: x. 1=xv. 20, xiv. 20 = xix. 4, xvi. 2= xxi. 2,
xix. 5 = xix. 9, xx. 10 = xx. 23, xxi. 9 = xxi. 19;—(3) proverbs
almost identical in form, but somewhat different in sense: x. 2 =
xi. 4, xiii. 14= xiv. 27;—(4) proverbs the first lines of which are
the same: x. 15 = xviii. 11;—(5) proverbs with their second lines
the same: x. 6 = x. 11, x. 8 =x. 10, xv. 33 = xviii. 12;—(6)
proverbs with one line almost the same: xi. 13=xx. 19, xi. 21=xvi.
5, xii. 14 = xiii. 2, xiv. 31 = xvii. 5, xvi 18 = xviii. 12, xix. 12 =
xx. 2; comp. also xvi. 28 with xvii. 9, xix. 25 with xxi. 11. In com-
paring these proverbs, one will perceive that for the most part the
external or internal resemblance of the surrounding has prompted
the collector to place the one proverb in this place and the other in
that place (not always indeed; for what reason e.g. could determine
INTRODUCTION. 25
the position of xvi. 25 and xix. 5, 9, I cannot say); then that the pro-
verb standing earlier is generally to all appearance, also the earlier
formed, for the second of the pair is mostly a synonymous distich,
which generally further extends antithetically one line of the first:
cf. xviii. 11. with x. 15, xx. 10, 23 with xi. 1, xx. 19 with xi. 13,
xvi. 5 with xi. 21, xx. 2 with xix. 12, also xvii. 5 with xiv. 31,
where from an antithetic proverb a synthetic one is formed; but
here also there are exceptions, as xiii. 2 compared with xii. 14, and
xv. 33 with xviii. 12, where the same line is in the first case con-
nected with a synonymous, and in the second with an antithetic
proverb; but here also the contrast is so loose, that the earlier-
occurring proverb has the appearance of priority.
We now direct our attention to the second collection, xxv.-xxix.
When we compare the proverbs found here with one another, we
see among them a disproportionately smaller number of repetitions
than in the other collection; only a single entire proverb is repeated
in almost similar terms, but in an altered sense, xxix. 20 = xxvi. 12;
but proverbs such as xxviii.12, 28, xxix. 2, notwithstanding the partial
resemblance, are equally original. On the other hand, in this second
collection we find numerous repetitions of proverbs and portions of
proverbs from the first:¾(1) Whole proverbs perfectly identical
(leaving out of view insignificant variations): xxv. 24 = xxi. 9,
xxvi. 22 = xviii. 8, xxvii. 12 = xxii. 3, xxvii. 13 = xx. 16;¾(2)
proverbs identical in meaning, with somewhat changed expression:
xxvi. 13 = xxii. 13, xxvi. 15 = xix. 24, xxviii. 6= xix. 1, xxviii. 19 =
xii. 11, xxix. 13 = xxii. 2;¾(3) proverbs with one line the same
and one line different: xxvii. 21 = xvii. 3, xxix. 22 = xv. 18; cf.
also xxvii. 15 with xix. 13. When we compare these proverbs with
one another, we are uncertain as to many of them which has the
priority, as e.g. xxvii. 21 = xvii. 3, xxix. 22 = xv. 18; but in the case
of others there is no doubt that the Hezekiah-collection contains the
original form of the proverb which is found in the other collec-
tion, as xxvi. 13, xxviii. 6, 19, xxix. 13, xxvii. 15, in relation to
their parallels. In the other portions of this book also we find such
repetitions as are met with in these two collections of Solomonic
proverbs. In i. 7-ix. we have ii. 16, a little changed, repeated in
vii. 5, and iii. 15 in viii. 11; ix. 10a = i. 7a is a case not worthy
of being mentioned, and it were inappropriate here to refer to ix.
4, 16. In the first appendix of "the Words of the Wise," xxii.
17-xxiv. 22, single lines often repeat themselves in another con-
26 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
nection; cf. xxiii. 3 and 6, xxiii. 10 and xxii.. 28, xxiii. 17 f. and
xxiv. 13 f., xxii. 23 and xxiii. 11, xxiii. 17 and xxiv. 1. That in
such cases the one proverb is often the pattern of the other, is placed
beyond a doubt by the relation of xxiv. 19 to Ps. xxxvii. 1; cf.
also xxiv. 20 with Ps. xxxvii. 38. If here there are proverbs like
those of Solomon in their expression, the presumption is that the
priority belongs to the latter, as xxiii. 27 cf. xxii. 14, xxiv. 5 f.
cf xi. 14, xxiv. 19 f. cf. xiii. 9, in which latter case the justice
of the presumption is palpable. Within the second appendix of
"the Words of the Wise," xxiv. 23 ff., no repetitions are to be
expected on account of its shortness; yet is xxiv. 23 repeated
from the Solomonic Mashal xxviii. 21, and as xxiv. 33 f. are
literally the same as vi. 10 f., the priority is presumably on the
side of the author of i. 7—ix., at least of the Mashal in the form
in which he communicates it. The supplements xxx. and xxxi.
afford nothing that is worth mention as bearing on our present
inquiry,1 and we may therefore now turn to the question, What
insight into the origin of these proverbs and their collection do the
observations made afford?
From the numerous repetitions of proverbs and portions of
proverbs of the first collection of the "Proverbs of Solomon" in
the Hezekiah-collection, as well as from another reason stated at
the end of the foregoing section of our inquiry, we conclude that
the two collections were by different authors; in other words, that
they had not both "the men of Hezekiah" for their authors. It
is true that the repetitions in themselves do not prove anything
against the oneness of their authorship; for there are within the
several collections, and even within i.—ix. (cf. vi. 20 with i. 8, viii.
1 Quite the same phenomenon, Fleischer remarks, presents itself in the dif-
ferent collections of proverbs ascribed to the Caliph Ali, where frequently one
and the same thought in one collection is repeated in manifold forms in a second,
here in a shorter, there in a longer form. As a general principle this is to be
borne in mind, that the East transmits unchanged, with scrupulous exactness,
only religious writings regarded as holy and divine, and therefore these
Proverbs have been transmitted unchanged only since they became a distinct
part of the canon; before that time it happened to them, as to all in the East
that is exposed to the arbitrariness of the changing spirit and the intercourse of
life, that one and the same original text has been modified by one speaker
and writer after another. Thus of the famous poetical works of the East, such
e.g. as Firdusi's Schah-Nameh [Book of the Kings] and Sadi's Garden of
Roses, not one MS. copy agrees with another.
INTRODUCTION. 27
10 f. with iii. 14 f.), repetitions, notwithstanding the oneness of
their authorship. But if two collections of proverbs are in so
many various ways different in their character, as x. 1-xxii. 16 and
xxv.-xxix., then the previous probability rises almost to a certainty
by such repetitions. From the form, for the most part anomalous, in
which the Hezekiah-collection presents the proverbs and portions of
proverbs which are found also in the first collection, and from their
being otherwise independent, we further conclude that "the men of
Hezekiah" did not borrow from the first collection, but formed it
from other sources. But since one does not understand why "the
men of Hezekiah" should have omitted so great a number of
genuine Solomonic proverbs which remain, after deducting the
proportionally few that have been repeated (for this omission is
not to be explained by saying that they selected those that were
appropriate and wholesome for their time), we are further justified
in the conclusion that the other collection was known to them as one
current in their time. Their object was, indeed, not to supplement
this older collection; they rather regarded their undertaking as
a similar people's book, which they wished to place side by side
with that collection without making it superfluous. The difference
of the selection in the two collections has its whole directing occa-
sion in the difference of the intention. The first collection begins
(x. 1) with the proverb—
A wise son maketh glad his father,
And a foolish son is the grief of his mother;
the second (xxv. 2) with the proverb—
It is the glory of God to conceal a thing,
And the glory of kings to search out a matter.
The one collection is a book for youth, to whom it is dedicated in
the extended introduction, i. 7-ix.; the second is a people's book
suited to the time of Hezekiah ("Solomon's Wisdom in Hezekiah's
days," as Stier has named it), and therefore it takes its start
not, like the first, from the duties of the child, but from those of
the king. If in the two collections everything does not stand in
conscious relation to these different objects, yet the collectors at
least have, from the commencement to the close (cf. xxii. 15 with
xxix. 26), these objects before their eyes.
As to the time at which the first collection was made, the above
considerations also afford us some materials for forming a judg-
ment. Several pairs of proverbs which it contains present to us
28 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
essentially the same sayings in older and more recent forms. Keil
regards the proverbs also that appear less original as old-Solomonic,
and remarks that one and the same poet does not always give
expression to the same thoughts with the same pregnant brevity
and excellence, and affirms that changes and reproductions of
separate proverbs may proceed even from Solomon himself. This
is possible; but if we consider that even Davidic psalms have been
imitated, and that in the "Words of the Wise" Solomonic proverbs
are imitated,—moreover, that proverbs especially are subject to
changes, and invite to imitation and transformation,—we shall find
it to be improbable. Rather we would suppose, that between the
publication of the 3000 proverbs of Solomon and the preparation
of the collection x.—xxii. 16 a considerable time elapsed, during
which the old-Solomonic Mashal had in the mouths of the people
and of poets acquired a multitude of accretions, and that the col-
lector had without hesitation gathered together such indirect
Solomonic proverbs with those that were directly Solomonic. But
did not then the 3000 Solomonic proverbs afford to him scope
enough? We must answer this question in the negative; for if
that vast number of Solomonic proverbs was equal in moral-reli-
gious worth to those that have been preserved to us, then neither
the many repetitions within the first collection nor the proportional
poverty of the second can be explained. The "men of Hezekiah"
made their collection of Solomonic proverbs nearly 300 years after
Solomon's time; but there is no reason to suppose that the old book
of the Proverbs of Solomon had disappeared at that time. Much
rather we may with probability conclude, from the subjects to
which several proverbs of these collections extend (husbandry, war,
court life, etc.), and from Solomon's love for the manifold forms
of natural and of social life, that his 3000 proverbs would not have
afforded much greater treasures than these before us. But if the
first collection was made at a time in which the old-Solomonic
proverbs had been already considerably multiplied by new combi-
nations, accretions, and imitations, then probably a more suitable
time for their origination could not be than that of Jehoshaphat,
which was more related to the time of Solomon than to that
of David. The personality of Jehoshaphat, inclined toward the
promotion of the public worship of God, the edification of the
people, the administration of justice; the dominion of the house of
David recognised and venerated far and wide among neighbouring
INTRODUCTION. 29
peoples; the tendencies of that time towards intercourse with dis-
tant regions; the deep peace which followed the subjugation of
the confederated nations,—all these are features which stamped
the time of Jehoshaphat as a copy of that of Solomon. Hence we
are to expect in it the fostering care of the Chokma. If the author
of the introduction and editor of the older book of Proverbs lived
after Solomon and before Hezekiah, then the circumstances of
the case most suitably determine his time as at the beginning of
the reign of Jehoshaphat, some seventy years after Solomon's death.
If in i.-ix. it is frequently said that wisdom was seen openly in the
streets and ways, this agrees with 2 Chron. xvii. 7-9, where it is said
that princes, priests, and Levites, sent out by Jehoshaphat (compare
the Carolingian missi), went forth into the towns of Judah with the
book of the law in their hands as teachers of the people, and with
2 Chron. xix. 4, where it is stated that Jehoshaphat himself "went
out through the people from Beer-sheba to Mount Ephraim, and
brought them back unto the Lord God of their fathers." We
have an evidence of the fondness for allegorical forms of address
at that time in 2 Kings xiv. 8-11 (2 Chron. xxv. 17-21), which is
so far favourable to the idea that the allegorizing author of i.-ix.
belonged to that epoch of history.
This also agrees with the time of Jehoshaphat, that in the first col-
lection the kingdom appears in its bright side, adorned with righteous-
ness (xiv. 35, xvi. 10, 12, 13, xx. 8), wisdom ( xx. 26), grace and truth
(xx. 28), love to the good (xxii.11), divine guidance (xxi. 1), and in
the height of power (xvi. 14, 15, xix. 12); while in the second collec-
tion, which immediately begins with a series of the king's sayings,
the kingdom is seen almost only (with exception of xxix. 14) on
its dark side, and is represented under the destructive dominion of
tyranny (xxviii. 15, 16, xxix. 2), of oppressive taxation (xxix. 4),
of the Camarilla (xxv. 5, xxix. 12), and of multiplied authorities
(xxviii. 2). Elster is right when he remarks, that in x.-xxii. 16 the
kingdom in its actual state corresponds to its ideal, and the warning
against the abuse of royal power lies remote. If these proverbs
more distinguishably than those in xxv.-xxix. bear the physiog-
nomy of the time of David and Solomon, so, on the other hand,
the time of Jehoshaphat, the son and successor of Asa, is favour-
able to their collection; while in the time of Hezekiah, the son
and successor of Ahaz, and father and predecessor of Manasseh,
in which, through the sin of Ahaz, negotiations with the world-
30 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
kingdom began, that cloudy aspect of the kingdom which is borne
by the second supplement, xxiv. 23-25, was brought near.
Thus between Solomon and Hezekiah, and probably under
Jehoshaphat, the older Book of Proverbs contained in i.-xxiv. 22
first appeared. The "Proverbs of Solomon," x. 1-xxii. 16, which
formed the principal part, the very kernel of it, were enclosed on the
one side, at their commencement, by the lengthened introduction
i. 7-ix., in which the collector announces himself as a highly gifted
teacher and as the instrument of the Spirit of revelation, and on the
other side are shut in at their close by "the Words of the Wise,"
xxii. 17-xxiv. 34. The author, indeed, does not announce i. 6 such
a supplement of "the Words of the Wise;" but after these words
in the title of the book, he leads us to expect it. The introduc-
tion to the supplement xxii. 17-21 sounds like an echo of the
larger introduction, and corresponds to the smaller compass of the
supplement. The work bears on the whole the stamp of a unity;
for even in the last proverb with which it closes (xxiv. 21 f.,
"My son, fear thou Jahve and the king," etc.), there still sounds
the same key-note which the author had struck at the commence-
ment. A later collector, belonging to the time subsequent to
Hezekiah, enlarged the work by the addition of the Hezekiah-
portion, and by a short supplement of "the Words of the Wise,"
which he introduces, according to the law of analogy, after xxii.
17-xxiv. 22. The harmony of the superscriptions xxiv. 23, xxv.
1, favours at least the supposition that these supplements are the
work of one hand. The circumstance that "the Words of the
Wise," xxii. 17-xxiv. 22, in two of their maxims refer to the older
collection of Solomonic proverbs, but, on the contrary, that "the
Words of the Wise," xxiv. 23 ff., refer in xxiv. 23 to the Heze-
kiah-collection, and in xxiv. 33 f. to the introduction i. 7-ix.,
strengthens the supposition that with xxiv. 23 a second half of the
book, added by another hand, begins. There is no reason for not
attributing the appendix xxx.-xxxi. to this second collector; perhaps
he seeks, as already remarked above, to render by means of it the
conclusion of the extended Book of Proverbs uniform with that of
the older book. Like the older collection of "Proverbs of Solo-
mon," so also now the Hezekiah-collection has "Proverbs of the
Wise" on the right and on the left, and the king of proverbial
poetry stands in the midst of a worthy retinue. The second col-
lector distinguishes himself from the first by this, that he never
INTRODUCTION. 31
professes himself to be a proverbial poet. It is possible that the
proverbial poem of the "virtuous woman," xxxi. 10 ff., may be
his work, but there is nothing to substantiate this opinion.
After this digression, into which we have been led by the repe-
titions found in the book, we now return, conformably to our plan,
to examine it from the point of view of the forms of its language
and of its doctrinal contents, and to inquire whether the results
hitherto attained are confirmed, and perhaps more fully determined,
by this further investigation.
4. The Book of the Proverbs on the side of its manifoldness of
style and form of instruction.—We commence our inquiry with the
relation in which x.–xxii. 16 and xxv.–xxix. stand to each other with
reference to their forms of language. If the primary stock of both
of these sections belongs indeed to the old time of Solomon, then they
must bear essentially the same verbal stamp upon them. Here
we of course keep out of view the proverbs that are wholly or
partially identical. If the expression NF,Ba-yred;Ha (the chambers of the
body) is in the first collection a favourite figure (xviii. 8, xx. 27, 30),
coined perhaps by Solomon himself, the fact that this figure is also
found in xxvi. 22 is not to be taken into account, since in xxvi. 22
the proverb xviii. 8 is repeated. Now it cannot at all be denied,
that in the first collection certain expressions are met with which
one might expect to meet again in the Hezekiah-collection, and
which, notwithstanding, are not to be found in it. Ewald gives
a list of such expressions, in order to show that the old-Solo-
monic dialect occurs, with few exceptions, only in the first collec-
tion. But his catalogue, when closely inspected, is unsatisfactory.
That many of these expressions occur also in the introduction
i. 1–ix. proves, it is true, nothing against him. But xPer;ma,
(health), xii. 18, xiii. 17, xiv. 30, xv. 4, xvi. 24, occurs also in
xxix. 1; JDeri (he pursued), xi. 19, xii. 11, xv. 9, xix. 7, also in
xxviii. 19; NGAr;ni (a tattler), xvi. 28, xviii. 8, also in xxvi. 20, 22;
hq,nA.yi xlo (not go unpunished), xi. 21, xvi. 5, xvii. 5, also in xxviii.
20. These expressions thus supply an argument for, not against,
the linguistic oneness of the two collections. The list of ex-
pressions common to the two collections might be considerably
increased, e.g. frap;ni (are unruly), xxix. 18, Kal xiii. 18, xv. 32;
CxA (he that hastens), xix. 2, xxi. 5, xxviii. 20, xxix. 19; MynivAd;mi
(of contentions), xxi. 9 (xxv. 24), xxi. 19, xviii. 29, xxvi. 21, xxvii.
32 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
25. If it may be regarded as a striking fact that the figures
of speech Myy.iHa rOqm; (a fountain of life), x. 11, xiii. 14, xiv. 27,
xvi. 22, and Myy.iHa Cfe (a tree of life), xi. 30, xiii. 12, xv. 4, as
also the expressions hTAHim; (destruction), x. 14, 15, xiii. 3, xiv. 28,
xviii. 7, x. 29, xxi. 15, HaypiyA (he uttereth), xii. 17, xiv. 5, 25, xix.
5, 9; Jl.esi (perverteth), xiii. 6; xix. 3, xxi. 12, xxii. 12, and Jl,s,
(perverseness), xi. 3, xv. 4, are only to be found in the first col-
lection, and not in that by the “men of Hezekiah,” it is not a
decisive evidence against the oneness of the origin of the proverbs
in both collections. The fact also, properly brought forward by
Ewald, that proverbs which begin with wye (there is),¾e.g. xi. 24,
"There is that scattereth, and yet increaseth still,"¾are exclusively
found in the first collection, need not perplex us; it is one peculiar
kind of proverbs which the author of this collection has by pre-
ference gathered together, as he has also omitted all parabolic
proverbs except these two, x. 26, xi. 22. If proverbs beginning
with wy are found only in the first, so on the other hand the para-
bolic Vav and the proverbial perfect, reporting as it were an ex-
perience (cf. in the second collection, besides xxvi. 13, xxvii. 12,
xxix. 13, also xxviii. 1, xxix. 9), for which Döderlein 1 has invented
the expression aoristus gnomicus,2 are common to both sentences.
Another remark of Ewald's (Jahrb. xi. 28), that extended proverbs
with wyxi are exclusively found in the Hezekiah-collection (xxix.
9, 3, xxv. 18, 28), is not fully established; in xvi. 27-29 three
proverbs with wyxi are found together, and in xx. 6 as well as in
xxix. 9 wyxi occurs twice in one proverb. Rather it strikes us that
the article, not merely the punctatorially syncopated, but that ex-
pressed by all occurs only twice in the first collection, in xx. 1, xxi.
31; oftener in the second, xxvi. 14, 18, xxvii. 19, 20, 22. Since,
however, the first does not wholly omit the article, this also cannot
determine us to reject the linguistic unity of the second collec-
tion with the first, at least according to their primary stock.
But also what of the linguistic unity of i. 1-ix. with both of these,
maintained by Keil? It is true, and merits all consideration, that
a unity of language and of conception between i. 1-ix. and x.-
xxii. 16 which far exceeds the degree of unity between x.-xxii. 16
and xxv.-xxix. may be proved. The introduction is bound with the
1 Reden u. Aufrätze, ii. 316.
2 A similar thing is found among German proverbs, e g.: Wer nicht mitsass,
auch nicht mitass (Whoso sat not, ate not).
INTRODUCTION. 33
first collection in the closest manner by the same use of such ex-
pressions as rgaxA (gathereth), vi. 8, x. 5; NOwyxi (the middle, i.e. of
the night, deep darkness), vii. 9, xx. 20; tyriHExa (the end), v. 4,
xxiii. 18, xxiv. 14; yrizAk;xa (fierce), v. 9, xvii. 11; hnAyBi (under-
standing), i. 2, xvi. 16; hnaUbT; (understanding), ii. 6, iii. 19, xxi.
30; hrAzA (an adulteress), v. 3, xxii. 14, xxiii. 33; ble rsaHE (lacking
understanding), vi. 32, vii. 7, xii. 11; Hqal, Js,Oy (will increase
learning), i. 5, ix. 9, xvi. 21, 23; HaypiyA (uttereth), vi. 19, xiv. 5,
xix. 5, 9; zOlnA (perverted), iii. 32, xiv. 2; MynidAm; (contention), vi.
14, 19, x. 12; xPer;ma (health), iv. 22, xii. 18, xiii. 17, xvi. 24
(deliverance, xxix. 1); Hs.ani (are plucked up), ii. 22, xv. 25;
hq,nA.yi xlo (shall not be unpunished), vi. 29, xi. 21, xvi. 5; Zzfehe
(strengthened, i.e. the face), vii. 13, xxi. 29; Myyi.Ha Cfe (tree of life),
iii. 18, xi. 30, xiii. 12, xv. 4; 27.3) (becometh surety) and fqaTA
(striketh hands) occurring together, vi. 1, xvii. 18, xxii. 26; MyitAP;
and MyxitAP; (simplicity, folly), i. 22, 32, viii. 5, ix. 6, xxiii. 3; CraqA
(to wink with the eyes), vi. 13, x. 10; tr,q, (a city), viii. 3, ix. 3,
14, xi. 11; tywixre (the beginning), i. 7, xvii. 11; bOF lk,We (good
understanding), iii. 4, xiii. 15; Cr,xA-UnK;w;yi (shall dwell in the land),
ii. 21, x. 30; NOdmA Hla.wi (sendeth forth strife), vi. 14, xvi. 28; tOkPuh;Ta
(evil words), ii. 12, vi. 14, x. 31, xvi. 28; hrAOT (instruction), i. 8,
iii. 1, iv. 2, vii. 2, xiii. 14; hy.AwiUT (counsel), iii. 21, viii. 14, xviii.
1; tOlUBH;Ta (prudent measures), i. 5, xx. 18, xxiv. 6;¾and these
are not the only points of contact between the two portions which
an attentive reader will meet with. This relation of i. 1-ix. 18 to
x.-xxii. 16 is a strong proof of the internal unity of that portion,
which Bertheau has called in question. But are we therefore to
conclude, with Keil, that the introduction is not less of the old
time of Solomon than x.-xxii. 16? Such a conclusion lies near,
but we do not yet reach it. For with these points of contact there
are not a few expressions exclusively peculiar to the introduction;¾
the expressions hmAzim; sing. (counsel), i. 4, iii. 21; hmAr;fA (prudence),
i. 4, viii. 5, 12; hcAylim; (an enigma, obscure maxim), i. 6; lGAf;ma (a
path of life), ii. 9, iv. 11, 26; hlAGAf;ma, ii. 15, 18, v. 6, 21; NOwyxi (the
apple of the eye), vii. 2, 9; tOrg;r;Ga (the throat), i. 9, iii. 3, 22;
the verbs htAxA (cometh), i. 27, sle.Pi (make level or plain), iv. 26,
v. 6, 21, and hFAWA (deviate), iv. 15, vii. 25. Peculiar to this section
is the heaping together of synonyms in close connection, as "con-
gregation" and "assembly," v. 14, "lovely hind" and "pleasant
roe," v. 19 ; cf. v. 11, vi. 7, vii. 9, viii. 13, 31. This usage is,
34 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
however, only a feature in the characteristic style of this section
altogether different from that of x. 1—xxii. 16, as well as from
that of xxv.—xxix., of its disjointed diffuse form, delighting in
repetitions, abounding in synonymous parallelism, even to a repeti-
tion of the same words (cf. e.g. vi. 2), which, since the linguistic
and the poetic forms are here inseparable, we have already spoken
of in the second part of our introductory dissertation. This fun-
damental diversity in the whole condition of the section, notwith-
standing those numerous points of resemblance, demands for
i. 1-ix. an altogether different author from Solomon, and one who
is more recent. If we hold by this view, then these points of
resemblance between the sections find the most satisfactory expla-
nation. The gifted author of the introduction (i. 1-ix.) has formed
his style, without being an altogether slavish imitator, on the Solo-
monic proverbs. And why, then, are his parallels confined almost
exclusively to the section x. 1—xxii. 16, and do not extend to xxv.-
xxix.? Because he edited the former and not the latter, and took
pleasure particularly in the proverbs which he placed together,
x. 1-xxii. 16. Not only are expressions of this section, formed by
himself, echoed in his poetry, but the latter are for the most part
formed out of germs supplied by the former. One may regard, xix.
27, cf. xxvii. 11, as the germ of the admonitory addresses to the son
and xiv. 1 as the occasion of the allegory of the wise and the
foolish woman, ix. Generally, the poetry of this writer has its
hidden roots in the older writings. Who does not hear, to mention
only one thing, in i. 7-ix. an echo of the old fmw (hear), Deut.
vi. 4-9, cf. xi. 18-21? The whole poetry of this writer savours
of the Book of Deuteronomy. The admonitory addresses i. 7-ix.
are to the Book of Proverbs what Deuteronomy is to the Pentateuch.
As Deuteronomy seeks to bring home and seal upon the heart of
the people the hrAOT of the Mosaic law, so do they the hrAOT of the
Solomonic proverbs.
We now further inquire whether, in the style of the two supple-
ments, xxii. 17-xxiv. 22 and xxiv. 23 ff., it is proved that the former
concludes the Book of Proverbs edited by the author of the general
introduction, and that the latter was added by a different author at
the same time with the Hezekiah-collection. Bertheau places both
supplements together, and attributes the introduction to them, xxii.
17-21, to the author of the general introduction, i. 7-ix. From
the fact that in ver. 19 of this lesser introduction ("I have taught
INTRODUCTION. 35
thee, hTAxA-Jxa, even thee") the pronoun is as emphatically repeated
as in xxiii. 15 (ynixA-Mga yBili: cf. xxiii. 14, 19), and that MyfinA (sweet),
xxii. 18, also occurs in the following proverbs, xxiii. 8, xxiv. 4, I see
no ground for denying it to the author of the larger general intro-
duction, since, according to Bertheau's own just observation, the
linguistic form of the whole collection of proverbs has an influence
on the introduction of the collector; with more justice from MywiyliwA,
xxii. 20 [only in Keri], as the title of honour given to the col-
lection of proverbs, compared with MydiyGin;, viii. 6, may we argue
for the identity of the authorship of both introductions. As little
can the contemporaneousness of the two supplements be shown
from the use of the pronoun, xxiv. 32, the ble tywi; (animum ad-
vertere, xxiv. 32), and MfAn;yi (shall be delight) xxiv. 25, for these
verbal points of contact, if they proved anything, would prove
too much: not only the contemporaneousness of the two sup-
plements, but also the identity of their authorship; but in this
case one does not see what the superscription MymikAHEl; hl,.xe-MGa (these
also of the wise men), separating them, means. Moreover, xxiv.
33 f. are from vi. 10 f., and nearer than the comparison of the
first supplement lies the comparison of Mfny with ii. 10, ix. 17,
ble rsaHE MdAxA (a man lacking understanding) with xvii. 18, UhUmfAz;yi
with xxii. 14,—points of contact which, if an explanatory reason
is needed, may be accounted for from the circumstance that to
the author or authors of the proverbs xxiv. 23 ff. the Book of
Proverbs i. 1-xxiv. 22 may have been perfectly familiar. From
imitation also the points of contact of xxii. 17-xxiv. 22 may
easily be explained; for not merely the lesser introduction, the
proverbs themselves also in part strikingly agree with the prevailing
language of i. 1-ix.: cf. j`r,D,Ba rw.exa (go straight forward in the way),
xxiii. 19, with iv. 14; tOmk;HA (wisdom), xxiv. 7, with i. 20, ix. 1; and
several others. But if, according to i. 7, we conceive of the older
Book of Proverbs as accompanied with, rather than as without
MymikAHE yreb;Di (words of wise men), then from the similarity of the
two superscriptions xxiv. 23, xxv. 1, it is probable that the more
recent half of the canonical book begins with xxiv. 23, and we
cannot therefore determine to regard xxiv. 23 ff. also as a com-
ponent part of the older Book of Proverbs; particularly since
xxiv. 23b is like xxviii. 21a, and the author of the introduction can
scarcely have twice taken into his book the two verses xxiv. 33 f.,
Which moreover seem to stand in their original connection at vi. 10f.
36 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
The supplements to the Hezekiah-collection, xxx. f., are of so
peculiar a form, that it will occur to no one (leaving out of view
such expressions as Mywidq; tfaDa, knowledge of the Holy, xxx. 3, cf.
ix. 10) to ascribe them to one of the authors of the preceding
proverbs. We content ourselves here with a reference to Mühlau's
work, De Proverbiorum quae dicuntur Aguri et Lemuelis origine
atque indole, 1869, where the Aramaic-Arabic colouring of this
in all probability foreign section is closely investigated.
Having thus abundantly proved that the two groups of pro-
verbs bearing the inscription hmolow; ylew;mi are, as to their primary
stock, truly old-Solomonic, though not without an admixture of
imitations; that, on the contrary, the introduction, i. 7-ix., as well
as the MymkH yrbd, xxii. 17-xxiv. and xxx, are not at all old-
Solomonic, but belong to the editor of the older Book of Proverbs,
which reaches down to xxiv. 22, so that thus the present book of
the poetry of Solomon contains united with it the poems of the
older editor, and besides of other poets, partly unknown Israelites,
and partly two foreigners particularly named, Agur and Lemuel; we
now turn our attention to the DOCTRINAL CONTENTS of the work,
and ask whether a manifoldness in the type of instruction is notice-
able in it, and whether there is perceptible in this manifoldness
a progressive development. It may be possible that the Proverbs
of Solomon, the Words of the Wise, and the Proverbial poetry
of the editor, as they represent three eras, so also represent three
different stages in the development of proverbial poetry. However,
the Words of the Wise xxii. 17-xxiv. are so internally related to
the Proverbs of Solomon, that even the sharpest eye will discover
in them not more than the evening twilight of the vanishing Solo-
monic Mashal. There thus remain on the one side only the Pro-
verbs of Solomon with their echo in the Words of the Wise, on
the other the Proverbial Poems of the editor; and these present
themselves as monuments of two sharply defined epochs in the
progressive development of the Mashal.
The common fundamental character of the book in all its parts
is rightly defined when we call it a Book of Wisdom. Indeed, with
the Church Fathers not only the Book of Sirach and the Solomonic
Apocrypha, but also this Book of Proverbs bears this title, which
seems also to have been in use among the Jews, since Melito of
Sardes adds to the title "Proverbs of Solomon," h[ kai> Sofi<a;
since, moreover, Eusebius (H. E. iv. 22) affirms, that not only Hege-
INTRODUCTION. 37
sippus and Irenaeus, but the whole of the ancients, called the
Proverbs of Solomon Pana<retoj Sofi<a.1 It is also worthy of
observation that it is called by Dionysius of Alexandria h[ sofh>
bi<bloj, and by Gregory of Nazianzum h[ paidagwgikh> sofi<a.
These names not only express praise of the book, but they also
denote at the same time the circle of human intellectual activity
from which it emanated. As the books of prophecy are a product
of the hxAUbn;, so the Book of the Proverbs is a product of the hmAk;HA,
sofi<a, the human effort to apprehend the objective sofi<a, and
thus of filosofi<a, or the studium sapientiae. It has emanated
from the love of wisdom, to incite to the love of wisdom, and to
put into the possession of that which is the object of love—for this
end it was written. We need not hesitate, in view of Col. ii. 8,
to call the Book of Proverbs a "philosophical" treatise, since the
origin of the name filosofi<a is altogether noble: it expresses the
relativity of human knowledge as over against the absoluteness of
the divine knowledge, and the possibility of an endlessly progressive
advancement of the human toward the divine. The characteristic
ideas of a dialectic development of thought and of the formation of
a scientific system did not primarily appertain to it—the occasion
for this was not present to the Israelitish people: it required
fructification through the Japhetic spirit to produce philosophers
such as Philo, Maimonides, and Spinoza. But philosophy is every-
where present when the natural, moral, positive, is made the object
of a meditation which seeks to apprehend its last ground, its legi-
timate coherence, its true essence and aim. In this view C. B.
Michaelis, in his Adnotationes uberiores in Hagiographa, passes
from the exposition of the Psalms to that of the Proverbs with the
words, "From David's closet, consecrated to prayer, we now pass
into Solomon's school of wisdom, to admire the greatest of philo-
sophers in the son of the greatest of theologians."2
1 This name [meaning "wisdom, including all virtue"], there are many
things to show, was common in Palestine. The Jerusalem Talmud, in a passage
quoted by Krochmal, Kerem Chemed, v. 79, divides the canon into hrvt, hxvbn,
and hmkH. Bashi, in Baba bathra, 14b, calls Mishle (Proverbs) and Koheleth
(Ecclesiastes) hmkH yrps. The Book of Koheleth is called (b. Megilla, 7a),
according to its contents, hmlw lw vtmkH. The Song bears in the Syriac
version (the Peshito) the inscription chekmetho dechekmotho.
2 "In hoc genere," says Lord Bacon, De Augmentis Scientiarum, viii. 2,
"nihil invenitur, quod ullo modo comparandum sit cum aphorismis illis, quos
edidit rex Salomon, de quo testatur Scriptura, cor illi fuisse instar arenae; maris.
38 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
When we give the name filosofi<a to the tendency of mind to
which the Book of Proverbs belongs, we do not merely use a current
scientific word, but there is an actual internal relation of the Book
of Proverbs to that which is the essence of philosophy, which
Scripture recognises (Acts xvii. 27, cf. Rom. i. 19 f.) as existing
within the domain of heathendom, and which stamps it as a natural
product of the human spirit, which never can be wanting where a
human being or a people rises to higher self-consciousness, and
begins to reflect on the immediate self-consciousness and its opera-
tions in their changing relation to the phenomena of the external
world. The mysteries of the world without him and of the world
within him give man no rest, he must seek to solve them ; and
whenever he does that, he philosophizes, i.e. he strives after a know-
ledge of the nature of things, and of the laws which govern them
in the world of phenomena and of events; on which account also
Josephus, referring to Solomon's knowledge of nature, says (Ant.
viii. 2. 5), ou]demi<an tou<twn fu<sin h]gno<hsen ou]de> parh?lqen a]nece<-
taston a]ll ] e]n ta<saij e]filoso<fhsen. Cf. Irenaeus, Cont, Her. iv.
27. 1: eam quae est in conditione (kti<sei) sapientiarn Dei exponebat
physiologice.
The historical books show us how much the age of Solomon
favoured philosophical inquiries by its prosperity and peace, its
active and manifold commercial intercourse with foreign nations,
its circle of vision extending to Tarshish and Ophir, and also how
Solomon himself attained to an unequalled elevation in the extent
(of his human and secular knowledge. We also read of some of the
wise men in 1 Kings v. 11, cf. Ps. lxxxviii. lxxxix., who adorned
the court of the wisest of kings; and the lwAmA, which became,
through his influence, a special branch of Jewish literature, is
the peculiar poetic form of the hmAk;HA. Therefore in the Book of
Proverbs we find the name MymikAHE yreb;Di (words of the wise) used
for MyliwAm; (proverbs); and by a careful consideration of all the
proverbs in which mention is made of the MymikAHE one will convince
Sicut enim arenae maris universas orbis oras circumdant, ita et sapientia ejus
omnia humana non minus quam divina complexa est. In aphorismis vero illis
praeter alia magis theologica reperies liquido haud pauca praecepta et monita
civilia praestantissima, ex profundis quidem sapientiae penetralibus scaturientia
atque in amplissimum varietatis campum excurrentia." Accordingly, in the
same work Bacon calls the Proverbs of Solomon "insignes parabolas s. apho-
rismos de divina atque morali philosophia."
INTRODUCTION. 39
himself that this name has not merely a common ethical sense, but
begins to be the name of those who made wisdom, i.e. the know-
ledge of things in the depths of their essence, their special lifework,
and who connected themselves together in oneness of sentiment and
fellowship into a particular circle within the community. To this
conclusion we are conducted by such proverbs as xiii. 20—
He that walketh with wise men becomes wise,
And whoever has intercourse with fools is destroyed;
xv. 12¾
The scorner loveth not that one reprove him:
To wise men he goeth not;¾
and by the contrast, which prevails in the Book of Proverbs,
between Cle (mocker) the MkAHA (wise), in which we see that, at
the same time with the striving after wisdom, scepticism also,
which we call free thought, obtained a great ascendency in Israel.
Mockery of religion, rejection of God in principle and practice,
a casting away of all fear of Jahve, and in general of all deisidai-
moni<a, were in Israel phenomena which had already marked the
times of David. One may see from the Psalms that the com-
munity of the Davidic era is to be by no means regarded as furnish-
ing a pattern of religious life: that there were in it MyiOG (Gentile
nations) which were in no way externally inferior to them, and that
it did not want for rejecters of God. But it is natural to expect
that in the Solomonic era, which was more than any other exposed
to the dangers of sensuality and worldliness, and of religious indif-
ference and free-thinking latitudinarianism, the number of the
Mycile increased, and that scepticism and mockery became more in-
tensified. The Solomonic era appears to have first coined the
name of Cle for those men who despised that which was holy,
and in doing so laid claim to wisdom (xiv. 6), who caused conten-
tion and bitterness when they spake, and carefully avoided the
society of the nan, because they thought themselves above their
admonitions (xv. 12). For in the psalms of the Davidic time the
word lbAnA is commonly used for them (it occurs in the Proverbs
only in xvii. 21, with the general meaning of low fellow, Germ.
Bube), and the name Cle, is never met with except once, in Ps. i. 1,
which belongs to the post-Davidic era. One of the Solomonic pro-
verbs (xxi. 24) furnishes a definite idea of this newly formed word:
An inflated arrogant man they call a scorner (Cle),
One who acts in the superfluity of haughtiness.
40 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
By the self-sufficiency of his ungodly thoughts and actions he
is distinguished from the ytiP, (simple), who is only misled, and
may therefore be reclaimed, xix. 25, xxi. 11; by his non-recog-
nition of the Holy in opposition to a better knowledge and better
means and opportunities, he is distinguished from the lysiK; (fool-
ish, stupid) xvii. 16, the lyvix< (foolish, wicked), i. 7, vii. 22, and
the ble rsaHE (the void of understanding), vi. 32, who despise truth
and instruction from want of understanding, narrowness, and
forgetfulness of God, but not from perverse principle. This
name specially coined, the definition of it given (cf. also the
similarly defining proverb xxiv. 8), and in general the rich and
fine technical proverbs in relation to the manifold kinds of wisdom
(hnAyBi, xvi. 16; rsaUm, i. 8; tOnUbT;, xxi. 30; tOm.zim;, v. 2; tOlUBH;Ta, i. 5,
xii. 5; the hy.AwiUT first coined by the Chokma, etc.), of instruction
in wisdom (Hqal,, i. 5; hrAOT, iv. 2, vi. 23; hfArA, to tend a flock, to
instruct, x. 21; j`noHE, xxii. 6; HakeOh, xv. 12; tOwpAn; HqalA, to win souls,
vi. 25, xi. 30), of the wise men themselves (MkAHA, xii. 15; NObnA, x. 13;
HaykIOm, a reprover, preacher of repentance, xxv. 12, etc.), and of the
different classes of men (among whom also yraHExa MdAxA, one who steps
backwards [retrogrades], xxviii. 23)—all this shows that hmAk;HA was
at that time not merely the designation of an ethical quality, but
also the designation of a science rooted in the fear of God to which
many noble men in Israel then addicted themselves. Jeremiah
places (xviii. 18) the MkAHA along with the NheKo (priest) and xybinA
(prophet); and if Ezek. (vii. 26) uses NqezA (old man) instead of
MkAHA, yet by reference to Job xii. 12 this may be understood. In
his "Dissertation on the popular and intellectual freedom of Israel
from the time of the great prophets to the first destruction of
Jerusalem" (Jahrbücher, i. 96 f.), Ewald says, "One can scarcely
sufficiently conceive how high the attainment was which was reached
in the pursuit after wisdom (philosophy) in the first centuries after
David, and one too much overlooks the mighty influence it exerted
on the entire development of the national life of Israel. The more
closely those centuries are inquired into, the more are we astonished
at the vast power which wisdom so early exerted on all sides as the
common object of pursuit of many men among the people. It first
openly manifested itself in special circles of the people, while in the
age after Solomon, which was peculiarly favourable to it, eagerly
inquisitive scholars gathered around individual masters, until ever
increasing schools were formed. But its influence gradually pene-
INTRODUCTION. 41
trated all the other pursuits of the people, and operated on the most
diverse departments of authorship." We are in entire sympathy
with this historical view first advanced by Ewald, although we must
frequently oppose the carrying of it out in details. The literature
and the national history of Israel are certainly not understood if one
does not take into consideration, along with the hxAUbn; (prophecy), the
influential development of the hmAk;HA as a special aim and subject of
intellectual activity in Israel.
And how was this Chokma conditioned—to what was it directed?
To denote its condition and aim in one word, it was universalistic,
or humanistic. Emanating from the fear or the religion of Jahve
('h j`r,D,, the way of the Lord, x. 29), but seeking to comprehend
the spirit in the letter, the essence in the forms of the national life,
its effort was directed towards the general truth affecting mankind
as such. While prophecy, which is recognised by the Chokma as a
spiritual power indispensable to a healthful development of a people
(MfA fraPAyi NOzHA NyxeB;, xxix. 18), is of service to the historical process into
which divine truth enters to work out its results in Israel, and from
thence outward among mankind, the Chokma seeks to look into the
very essence of this truth through the robe of its historical and
national manifestation, and then to comprehend those general ideas
in which could already be discovered the fitness of the religion of
Jahve for becoming the world-religion. From this aim towards the
ideal in the historical, towards the everlasting same amid changes,
the human (I intentionally use this word) in the Israelitish, the
universal religion in the Jahve-religion (Jahvetum), and the uni-
versal morality in the Law, all the peculiarities of the Book of
Proverbs are explained, as well as of the long, broad stream of the
literature of the Chokma, beginning with Solomon, which, when the
Palestinian Judaism assumed the rugged, exclusive, proud national
character of Pharisaism, developed itself in Alexandrinism. Ber-
theau is amazed that in the Proverbs there are no warnings given
against the worship of idols, which from the time of the kings
gained more and more prevalence among the Israelitish people.
"How is it to be explained," he asks (Spr. p. xlii.), "if the
proverbs, in part at least, originated during the centuries of conflict
between idolatry and the religion of Jahve, and if they were col-
lected at a time in which this conflict reached its climax and stirred
all ranks of the people—this conflict against the immorality of the
Phoenician-Babylonian religion of nature which must often have
42 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
led into the same region of the moral contemplation of the world
over which this book moves?!" The explanation lies in this, that
the Chokma took its stand-point in a height and depth in which it
had the mingling waves of international life and culture under it
and above it, without being internally moved thereby. It naturally
did not approve of heathenism, it rather looked upon the fear of
Jahve as the beginning of wisdom, and the seeking after Jahve as
implying the possession of all knowledge (xxviii. 5, cf. 1 John ii. 20);
but it passed over the struggle of prophecy against heathendom, it
confined itself to its own function, viz. to raise the treasures of gene-
ral religious-moral truth in the Jahve-religion, and to use them for
the ennobling of the Israelites as men. In vain do we look for the
name lxerAW;yi in the Proverbs, even the name hrAOT has a much more
flexible idea attached to it than that of the law written at Sinai
(cf. xxviii. 4, xxix. 18 with xxviii. 7, xiii. 14, and similar passages);
prayer and good works are placed above sacrifice, xv. 8, xxi. 3, 27,
—practical obedience to the teaching of wisdom above all, xxviii. 9.
The Proverbs refer with special interest to Gen. i. and ii., the
beginnings of the world and of the human race before nations took
their origin. On this primitive record in the book of Genesis, to
speak only of the hmolow; ylew;mi, the figure of the tree of life (perhaps
also of the fountain of life), found nowhere else in the Old Testa-
ment, leans; on it leans also the contrast, deeply pervading the
Proverbs, between life (immortality, xii. 28) and death, or between
that which is above and that which is beneath (xv. 24); on it also
many other expressions, such, e.g., as what is said in xx. 27 of the
"spirit of man." This also, as Stier (Der Weise ein König, 1849,
p. 240) has observed, accounts for the fact that MdAxA occurs by far
most frequently in the Book of Job and in the Solomonic writings.
All these phenomena are explained from the general human
universal aim of the Chokma.
When James (iii. 17) says that the "wisdom that is from above
is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, easy to be entreated, full of
mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy,"
his words most excellently designate the nature and the contents of
the discourse of wisdom in the Solomonic proverbs, and one is
almost inclined to think that the apostolic brother of the Lord,
when he delineates wisdom, has before his eyes the Book of the
Proverbs, which raises to purity by the most impressive admoni-
tions. Next to its admonitions to purity are those especially to
INTRODUCTION. 43
peacefulness, to gentle resignation (xiv. 30), quietness of mind
(xiv. 33) and humility (xi. 2, xv. 33, xvi. 5, 18), to mercy (even
toward beasts, xii. 10), to firmness and sincerity of conviction, to
the furtherance of one's neighbour by means of wise discourse and
kind help. What is done in the Book of Deuteronomy with refer-
ence to the law is continued here. As in Deuteronomy, so here,
love is at the bottom of its admonitions, the love of God to men,
and the love of men to one another in their diverse relations (xii. 2,
xv. 9); the conception of hqAdAc; gives way to that of charity, of alms-
giving (dikaiosu<nh = e]lehmosu<nh). Forgiving, suffering love (x. 12),
love which does good even to enemies (xxv. 21 f.), rejoices not over
the misfortune that befalls an enemy (xxiv. 17 f.), retaliates not
(xxiv. 28 f.), but commits all to God (xx. 22),—love in its manifold
forms, as that of husband and wife, of children, of friends,—is here
recommended with New Testament distinctness and with deepest
feeling. Living in the fear of God (xxviii. 14), the Omniscient
(xv. 3, 11, xvi. 2, xxi. 2, xxiv. 11 f.), to whom as the final Cause
all is referred (xx. 12, 24, xiv. 31, xxii. 2), and whose universal
plan all must subserve (xvi. 4, xix. 21, xxi. 30), and on the other
side active pure love to man—these are the hinges on which all the
teachings of wisdom in the Proverbs turn. Frederick Schlegel, in
the fourteenth of his Lectures on the History of Literature, distin-
guishes, not without deep truth, between the historico-prophetic
books of the Old Testament, or books of the history of redemption,
and the Book of Job, the Psalms, and the Solomonic writings, as
books of aspiration, corresponding to the triple chord of faith, hope,
charity as the three stages of the inner spiritual life. The Book
of Job is designed to support faith amid trials; the Psalms breathe
forth and exhibit hope amid the conflicts of earth's longings; the
Solomonic writings reveal to us the mystery of the divine love, and
the Proverbs that wisdom which grows out of and is itself eternal
love. When Schlegel in the same lecture says that the books of the
Old Covenant, for the most part, stand under the signature of the
lion as the element of the power of will and spirited conflict glow-
ing in divine fire, but that in the inmost hidden kernel and heart
of the sacred book the Christian figure of the lamb rises up out
of the veil of this lion strength, this may specially be said of the
Book of Proverbs, for here that same heavenly wisdom preaches,
which, when manifested in person, spake in the Sermon on the
Mount, New Testament love in the midst of the Old Testament.
44 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
It is said that in the times before Christ there was a tendency to
apocryphize not only the Song of Solomon and Ecclesiastes, but
also the Book of Proverbs, and that for the first time the men of
the Great Synagogue established their canonicity on the ground of
their spiritual import; they became perplexed about the Proverbs,
according to b. Sabbath, 30b, on account of such self-contradictory
proverbs as xxvi. 4, 5, and according to Aboth de-Rabbi Nathan,
c. 1, on account of such secular portions as that of the wanton
woman, vii. But there is no need to allegorize this woman, and
that self-contradiction is easily explained. The theopneustic cha-
racter of the book and its claim to canonicity show themselves
from its integral relation to the Old Testament preparation for
redemption; but keeping out of view the book as a whole, it is
self-evident that the conception of a practical proverb such as
xiv. 4 and of a prophecy such as Isa. vii. 14 are very different
phenomena of the spiritual life, and that in general the operation of
the Divine Spirit in a proverb is different from that in a prophecy.
We have hitherto noted the character of the instruction set
forth in the Proverbs according to the marks common to them in
all their parts, but in such a way that we have taken our proofs
only from the "Proverbs of Solomon" and the "Words of the
Wise," with the exclusion of the introductory proverbial poems of
the older editor. If we compare the two together, it cannot be
denied that in the type of the instruction contained in the latter,
the Chokma, of which the book is an emanation and which it has as
its aim (hmAk;HA tfadalA, i. 2), stands before us in proportionally much
more distinctly defined comprehension and form; we have the
same relation before us whose adumbration is the relation of the
instruction of wisdom in the Avesta and in the later Minochired
(Spiegel, Parsi-Grammatik, p. 182 ff.). The Chokma appears also
in the "Proverbs of Solomon" as a being existing in and for itself,
which is opposed to ambiguous subjective thought (xxviii. 26);
but here there is attributed to it an objectivity even to an apparent
personality: it goes forth preaching, and places before all men life
and death for an eternally decisive choice, it distributes the spirit
to those who do not resist (i. 23), it receives and answers prayer
(i. 28). The speculation regarding the Chokma is here with
reference to Job xxviii. (cf. Prov. ii. 4, iii. 14 f., viii. 11, 19), and
particularly to xxviii. 27, where a demiurgic function is assigned
to wisdom, carried back to its source in eternity: it is the
INTRODUCTION. 45
medium by which the world was created, iii. 19; it was before
the creation of the world with God as from everlasting, His son of
royal dignity, viii. 22-26; it was with Him in His work of creation,
viii. 27-30; after the creation it remained as His delight, rejoicing
always before Him, and particularly on the earth among the sons
of men, viii. 30 f. Staudenmaier (Lehre von der Idee, p. 37) is
certainly not on the wrong course, when under this rejoicing of
wisdom before God he understands the development of the ideas
or life-thoughts intimately bound up in it—the world-idea. This
development is the delight of God, because it represents to the
divine contemplation the contents of wisdom, or of the world-idea
founded in the divine understanding, in all its activities and inner
harmonies; it is a calm delight, because the divine idea unites
with the fresh and ever young impulse of life, the purity, good-
ness, innocence, and holiness of life, because its spirit is light,
clear, simple, childlike, in itself peaceful, harmonious, and happy;
and this delight is experienced especially on the earth among the
sons of men, among whom wisdom has its delight; for, as the
divide idea, it is in all in so far as it is the inmost life-thought, the
soul of each being, but it is on the earth of men in whom it comes
to its self-conception, and self-conscious comes forth into the light
of the clear day. Staudenmaier has done the great service of
having worthily estimated the rich and deep fulness of this biblical
theologumenon of wisdom, and of having pointed out in it the
foundation-stone of a sacred metaphysics and a means of protection
against pantheism in all its forms. We see that in the time of the
editor of the older Book of Proverbs the wisdom of the schools in its
devotion to the chosen object of its pursuit, the divine wisdom living
and moving in all nature, and forming the background of all things,
rises to a height of speculation on which it has planted a banner
showing the right way to latest times. Ewald rightly points to the
statements in the introduction to the Proverbs regarding wisdom
as a distinct mark of the once great power of wisdom in Israel;
for they show us how this power learned to apprehend itself in
its own purest height, after it had become as perfect, and at the
same time also as self-conscious, as it could at all become in ancient
Israel.
Many other appearances also mark the advanced type of in-
struction contained in the introduction. Hitzig's view (Sprüche,
p. xvii. f.), that i. 6–ix. 18 are the part of the whole collection
46 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
which was earliest written, confutes itself on all sides; on the con-
trary, the views of Bleek in his Introduction to the Old Testament,
thrown out in a sketchy manner and as if by a diviner, surprisingly
agree with our own results, which have been laboriously reached
and are here amply established. The advanced type of instruc-
tion in the introduction, i.—ix., appears among other things in this,
that we there find the allegory, which up to this place occurs in
Old Testament literature only in scattered little pictures built up
into independent poetic forms, particularly in ix., where without
any contradiction tUlysiK; tw,xe [a simple woman, v. 13] is an alle-
gorical person. The technical language of the Chokma has ex-
tended itself on many sides and been refined (we mention these
synonyms: hmAk;HA, tfaDa, hnAyBi, hmAr;fA, hm.Azim;, rsAUm, hy.AwiUT); and the seven
pillars in the house of wisdom, even though it be inadmissible to
think of them as the seven liberal arts, yet point to a division into
seven parts of which the poet was conscious to himself. The
common address, yniB; [my son], which is not the address of the
father to the son, but of the teacher to the scholar, countenances
the supposition that there were at that time MymikAHE yneB; i.e. scholars of
the wise men, just as there were "sons of the prophets" (Myxibin;),
and probably also schools of wisdom. "And when it is described
how wisdom spake aloud to the people in all the streets of Jeru-
salem, in the high places of the city and in every favourable place,
does not one feel that such sublime descriptions could not be
possible unless at that time wisdom were regarded by the people as
one of the first powers, and the wise men truly displayed a great
public activity?" We must answer this question of Ewald's in
the affirmative.
Bruch, in his Weisheitslehre der Hebraer, 1851, was the first to
call special attention to the Chokma or humanism as a peculiar
intellectual tendency in Israel; but he is mistaken in placing
it in an indifferent and even hostile relation to the national law
and the national cultus, which he compares to the relation of
Christian philosophy to orthodox theology. Oehler, in his Grund-
züge der alttestamentl. Weisheit, which treats more especially of
the doctrinal teachings of the Book of Job, judges more correctly;
cf. also his comprehensive article, Pädagogik des A. T. in Schmid's
Pädagogischer Encyclopädie, pp. 653-695 (partic. 677-683).
5. The Alexandrian Translation of the Book of Proverbs.—Of
INTRODUCTION. 47
highest interest for the history of the Book of Proverbs is the
relation of the LXX. to the Hebrew text. One half of the
proverbs of Agur (xxx. of the Hebrew text) are placed in it
after xxiv. 22, and the other half after xxiv. 34; and the proverbs
of King Lemuel (xxxi. 1-9 of the Hebrew text) are placed after
the proverbs of Agur, while the acrostic proverbial poem of the
virtuous woman is in its place at the end of the book. That
transposition reminds us of the transpositions in Jeremiah, and
rests in the one place as well as in the other on a misunderstand-
ing of the true contents. The translator has set aside the new
superscription, x. 1, as unsuitable, and has not marked the new
beginning, xxii. 17; he has expunged the new superscription,
xxiv. 23, and has done the same to the superscription, "The words
of Agur" (xxx. 1), in two awkward explanations (lo<gon fulas-
so<menoj and tou>j e]mou>j lo<gouj fobh<qhti), and the superscription,
"The words of Lemuel" (xxxi. 1), in one similar (oi[ e]moi> lo<gi
ei@rhntai u[po> Qeou?), so that the proverbs of Agur and of Lemuel
are without hesitation joined with those of Solomon, whereby it
yet remains a mystery why the proverbs beginning with "The
words of Agur" have been divided into two parts. Hitzig ex-
plains it from a confounding of the columns in which, two being
on each page, the Hebrew MS. which lay before the translator
was written, and in which the proverbs of Agur and of Lemuel
(names which tradition understood symbolically of Solomon) were
already ranked in order before ch. xxv. But besides these, there
are also many other singular things connected with this Greek
translation interesting in themselves and of great critical worth.
That it omits i. 16 may arise from this, that this verse was not
found in the original MS.) and was introduced from Isa. lix. 7; but
there are wanting also proverbs such as xxi. 5, for which no reason
can be assigned. But the additions are disproportionately more
numerous. Frequently we find a line added to the distich, such
as in i. 18, or an entire distich added, as iii. 15; or of two lines of the
Hebrew verse, each is formed into a separate distich, as i. 7, xi. 16;
or we meet with longer interpolations, extending far beyond
this measure, as that added to iv. 27. Many of these proverbs
are easily re-translated into the Hebrew, as that added to iv. 27,
consisting of four lines:
hvhy fdy Mynymym ykrd yk
MylyxmWm ykrd Mywqfv
48 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
jytvlgfm slpy xvh
:Hylcy Mvlwb jytvHrx
But many of them also sound as if they had been originally
Greek; e.g. the lines appended to ix. 10, xiii. 15; the distich, vi.
11; the imperfect tristich, xxii. 14; and the formless trian, xxv.
10. The value of these enlargements is very diverse; not a few
of these proverbs are truly thoughtful, such as the addition to
xii. 13—
He who is of mild countenance findeth mercy;
He who is litigious crushes souls—
and singularly bold in imagery, as the addition to ix. 12¾
He who supports himself by lies hunts after (hfr) the wind,
He catches at fluttering birds;
For he forsakes the ways of his own vineyard,
And wanders away from the paths of his own field,
And roams through arid steppes and a thirsty land,
And gathers with his hand withered heath.
The Hebrew text lying before the Alexandrian translators had
certainly not all these additions, yet in many passages, such as
xi. 16, it is indeed a question whether it is not to be improved from
the LXX.; and in other passages, where, if one reads the Greek,
the Hebrew words naturally take their place, whether these are not
at least old Hebrew marginal notes and interpolations which the
translation preserves. But this version itself has had its gradual
historical development. The text, the koinh< (communis), proceeds
from the Hexaplar text edited by Origen, which received from him
many and diverse revisions; and in the times before Christ, perhaps
(as Hitz. supposes), down to the second century after Christ, the
translation itself, not being regarded as complete, was in the pro-
gress of growth, for not unfrequently two different translations of
one and the same proverb stand together, as xiv. 22, xxix. 25
(where also the Peshito follows the LXX. after which it translates),
or also interpenetrate one another, as xxii. 8, 9. These doubled
translations are of historical importance both in relation to the
text and to the interpretation of it. Along with the Books of
Samuel and Jeremiah, there is no book in regard to which the
LXX. can be of higher significance than the Book of Proverbs;
we shall seek in the course of our exposition duly to estimate the
text1 as adopted by Bertheau (1847) and Hitzig (1858) in their
1 Cf. also J. Gottlob Jäger's Observationes in Proverbiorum Salomonis Ver-
sionem Alexandrinam, 1788; de Lagarde's Anmerkungen zur griech. Uebersetzung
INTRODUCTION. 49
commentaries, and by Ewald in his Jahrb. xi. (1861) and his
commentary (2d ed. 1867). The historical importance of the
Egyptian text-recension is heightened by this circumstance, that
the old Syrian translator of the Solomonic writings had before
him not only the original text, but also the LXX.; for the current
opinion, that the Peshito, as distinguished from the Syro-Hexaplar
version, sprang solely from the original text with the assistance of
the Targum, is more and more shown to be erroneous. In the Book
of Proverbs the relation of the Peshito and Targum is even the
reverse; the Targum of the Proverbs, making use of the Peshito,
restores the Masoretic text,—the points of contact with the LXX.
showing themselves here and there, are brought about 1 by the
Peshito. But that Jerome, in his translation of the Vulgate accord-
ing to the Hebraea veritas, sometimes follows the LXX. in opposi-
tion to the original text, is to be explained with Hitzig from the fact
that he based his work on an existing Latin translation made from
the LXX. Hence it comes that the two distichs added in the
LXX. to iv. 27 remain in his work, and that instead of the one
distich, xv. 6, we have two:—In abundanti (after the phrase broB;
instead of tyBe of the Masoretic text) justitia virtus maxima est,
cogitationes autem impiorum eradicabuntur. Domus (tyBe) justi
plurima fortitudo, et in fructibus impii conturbatio; for Jerome has
adopted the two translations of the LXX., correcting the second
according to the original text.2
der Proverbien, 1863 ; M. Heidenheim's Zur Textkritik der Proverbien, in his
Quarterly Journal for German and English Theological Criticism and Investi-
gation, No. VIII. (1865), and IX., XI. (1866). The text of the LXX. (cf.
Angelo Mai's Classici Auctores, t. ix.) used by Procopius in his [Ermhnei<a ei]j ta>j
paroimi<aj is peculiar, and here and there comes near to the Hebrew original.
The scholion of Evagrius in the Sxo<lia ei]j ta>j paroimi<aj of Origen, edited by
Tischendorf in his Notitia, 1860, from a MSS. of Patmos, shows how soon even
the Hexaplar text became ambiguous.
1 Cf. Dathe, De ratione consensus Versionis Syriac el Chaldaicae Proverbiorum
Salomonis (1764), edited by Rosenmüller in his Opuscula. Maybaum, in the
Treatise on the Language of the Targum to the Proverbs and its relation to the
Syriac, in Merx's Archiv, ii. 66-93, labours in vain to give the priority to that of
the Targum: the Targum is written from the Peshito, and here and there ap-
proaches the Hebrew text; the language is, with few differences, the Syriac of
the original.
2 The Ethiopic translation, also, is in particular points, as well as on the
whole, dependent on the LXX., for it divides the Book of Proverbs into pro-
verbs (paroimi<aj), xxiv., and instructions (paidei?ai) of Solomon, xxv.—
xxxi. Vid. Dillmann in Ewald's Jahrb. v. 147, 150.
50 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
The fragments of the translations of Aquila, Symmachus, Theo-
dotion, etc., contained in Greek and Syrian sources, have been
recently collected, more perfectly than could have been done by
Montfaucon, by Fried. Field, in his work Origenis Hexaplorum quae
supersunt, etc. (Oxonii, 1867, 4). Of special interest is the more
recent translation of the original text, existing only in a MS. laid up
in the Library of St. Mark [at Venice], executed in bold language,
rich in rare and newly invented words, by an unknown author, and
belonging to an age which has not yet been determined (Graecus
Venetus): cf. d'Ansse de Villoison's nova versio Graeca Proverbio-
rum, Ecclesiastis, Cantici Canticorum, etc., Argentorati, 1784 ; and
also the Animadversiones thereto of Jo. Ge. Dallier, 1786.
The literature of the interpretation of the Book of Proverbs is
found in Keil's Einleitung in das A. T. (1859), p. 346 f. [Manual
of Historico-Critical Introduction to the Old Testament, translated
by Professor Douglas, D.D., Free Church College, Glasgow.
Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. Vol. i. p. 468 f.]. The most important
of the older linguistic works on this book is the commentary of
Albert Schultens (Lugduni Batavorum, 1748, 4), whose service to
the cause of Semitic philology and O. T. exegesis Mühlau has
brought to remembrance in the Lutheran Zeitschrift, 1870, 1;
Vogel's abstract (Halae, 1769), prefaced by Semler, does not alto-
gether compensate for the original work. From the school of
Schultens, and also from that of Schröder, originate the Anmer-
kungen by Alb. Jac. Arnoldi, maternal grandson of Schultens, a
Latin edition of which was published (Lugduni Bat. 1783) by
Henr. Alb. Schultens, the grandson of Schultens by his son.
Among the commentaries of English interpreters, that in Latin
by Thomas Cartwright (Arnstelredami, 1663, 4), along with the
Exposition of the Book of Proverbs by Charles Bridges (4th ed.,
London, 1859), hold an honourable place. The Critical Remarks
on the Books of Job, Proverbs, etc., by D. Durell (Oxford, 1772, 4),
also merit attention. Of more recent commentaries, since Keil gave
his list of the literature of the subject, have been published those of
Elster (1858) and of Zöckler (1867), forming a part of the theo-
logico-homiletical Bibelwerk edited by J. P. Lange. Chaps. xxv.-
xxix. Rud. Stier has specially interpreted in two works entitled Der
INTRODUCTION. 51
Weise ein König [“The Wise Man a King”], and Salomonis Weisheit
in Hiskiastagen ["Solomon's Wisdom in the Days of Hezekiah"],
1849; and chapters xxx. xxxi. in a work entitled Die Politik der
Weisheit ["The Politics of Wisdom"], 1850. Part iii. (1865)
of the new exegetico-critical Aehrenlese ["Gleanings"] of Fried.
Böttcher, edited by Mühlau, furnishes 39 pages of remarks on
the Proverbs. Leop. Dukes, author of the Rabbinical Blumenlese
["Anthology "], 1844, and the Schrift zur rabbinischen Spruchkunde,
1851, has published (1841) a commentary to the Proverbs in
Cahen's French Bibelwerk. There also is furnished a list of Jewish
interpreters down to the appearance of L. H. Loewenstein's Com-
mentary (1838), which contains valuable contributions to the
critical confirmation of the Masoretic text, in which Heidenheim's
MS. remains, and also the Codex of 1294 mentioned in my preface
to Baer's edition of the Psalter, and in the Specimen Lectionum
of Baer's edition of Genesis, are made use of. Among Malbim's
best works are, after his Commentary on Isaiah, that on the
Mishle (Warsaw, 1867). [Vide Preface.)
I.
THE OLDER BOOK OF PROVERBS
I.-XXIV.
SUPERSCRIPTION AND MOTTO, I. 1-7.
THE external title, i.e. the Synagogue name, of the whole
collection of Proverbs is ylew;mi (Mishle), the word with
which it commences. Origen (Euseb. H. E. vi. 25)
uses the name Mislw<q, i.e. tOlwAm;, which occurs in the
Talmud and Midrash as the designation of the book, from its con-
tents. In a similar way, the names given to the Psalter, Myl.ihiT; and
tOl.hiT;, are interchanged.
This external title is followed by one which the Book of Proverbs,
viewed as to its gradual formation, and first the older portion, gives
to itself. It reaches from i. 1 to ver. 6, and names not only the con-
tents and the author of the book, but also commends it in regard to the
service which it is capable of rendering. It contains "Proverbs of
Solomon, the son of David, king of Israel." The books of the M123
and hmkH, including the Canticles, thus give their own titles ; among
the historical books, that of the memoirs of Nehemiah is the only
one that does so. ylew;mi has the accent Dechî, to separate1 it from
the following complex genitive which it governs, and lxerW;yi j`l,m, is
made the second hemistich, because it belongs to hmolow;, not to
dviD.2 As to the fundamental idea of the word lwAmA we refer to the
derivation given in the Gesch. der jud. Poesie, p. 196, from lwamA,
Aram. ltam;, root lt, Sanskr. tul (whence tulâ, balance, similarity),
Lat. tollere; the comparison of the Arab. mathal leads to the same
1 Norzi has erroneously accented ylwm with the accent Munach. The m is
besides the Masoretic majusculum, like the b, w, and x at the commencement
of the Law, the Canticles, and Chronicles.
2 If it had belonged to dvd, then the sentence would have been accented
thus: lxrWy jlm dvd-Nb hmlw ylwm.
52
CHAP. I. 2. 53
conclusion. "lwAmA signifies, not, as Schultens and others after him
affirm, effigies ad similitudinem alius rei expressa, from lwamA in the
primary signification premere, premente manu tractare; for the cor-
responding Arab. verb mathal does not at all bear that meaning,
but signifies to stand, to present oneself, hence to be like, properly
to put oneself forth as something, to represent it; and in the Hebr.
also to rule, properly with lfa to stand on or over something, with
to hold it erect, like Arab. kam with b, rem administravit [vid.
Jesaia, p. 691]. Thus e.g., Gen. xxiv. 2, it is said of Eliezer:
Ol-rw,xE-lkAB; lwem.ha who ruled over all that he (Abraham) had (Luther:
was a prince over all his goods). Thus lwAmA, figurative discourse
which represents that which is real, similitude; hence then parable
or shorter apothegm, proverb, in so far as they express primarily
something special, but which as a general symbol is then applied to
everything else of a like kind, and in so far stands figuratively. An
example is found in 1 Sam. x. 11 f. It is incorrect to conclude
from this meaning of the word that such memorial sayings or pro-
verbs usually contained comparisons, or were clothed in figurative
language; for that is the case in by far the fewest number of in-
stances: the oldest have by far the simplest and most special
interpretations" (Fleischer). Hence Mashal, according to its
fundamental idea, is that which stands with something = makes
something stand forth = representing. This something that repre-
sents may be a thing or a person; as e.g. one may say Job is a
Mashal, i.e. a representant, similitude, type of Israel (vide the work
entitled MyyHh Cf, by Ahron b. Elia, c. 90, p. 143); and, like Arab.
mathal (more commonly mithl =lw,me, cf. lw,m;, Job xli. 25), is used
quite as generally as is its etymological cogn. instar (instare). But
in Hebr. Mashal always denotes representing discourse with the
additional marks of the figurative and concise, e.g. the section which
presents (Hab. ii. 6) him to whom it refers as a warning example,
but particularly, as there defined, the gnome, the apothegm or maxim,
in so far as this represents general truths in sharply outlined little
pictures.
Ver. 2. Now follows the statement of the object which these
proverbs subserve; and first, in general,
To become acquainted with wisdom and instruction,
To understand intelligent discourses.
They seek on the one side to initiate the reader in wisdom and
instruction, and on the other to guide him to the understanding
54 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
of intelligent discourses, for they themselves contain such discourses
in which there is a deep penetrating judgment, and they sharpen
the understanding of him who engages his attention with them.1
As Schultens has already rightly determined the fundamental
meaning of fdayA, frequently compared with the Sanskr. vid, to know
(whence by gunating,2 vêda, knowledge), after the Arab. wad'a, as
deponere, penes se condere, so he also rightly explains hmAk;HA by
soliditas; it means properly (from MkaHA, Arab. hiakm, R. hik, vide
under Ps. x. 8, to be firm, closed) compactness, and then, like
pukno<thj, ability, worldly wisdom, prudence, and in the higher
general sense, the knowledge of things in the essence of their
being and in the reality of their existence. Along with wisdom
stands the moral rsAUm, properly discipline, i.e. moral instruction, and
in conformity with this, self-government, self-guidance, from rsayA=
rsavA, cogn. rsaxA, properly adstrictio or constrictio; for the m of the
noun signifies both id quod or aliquid quod (o!, ti) and quod in the
conjunctional sense (o!ti), and thus forms both a concrete (like
rseOm=rsaxA, fetter, chain) and an abstract idea. The first general
object of the Proverbs is tfaDa, the reception into oneself of wisdom
and moral edification by means of education and training; the
second is to comprehend utterances of intelligence, i.e. such as
proceed from intelligence and give expression to it (cf. tm,x< yrem;xi,
xxii. 21). NyBi, Kal, to be distinguished (whence NyBe, between, constr.
of NyiBa, space between, interval), signifies in Hiph,. to distinguish,
to understand; hnAyBi; is, according to the sense, the n. actionis
of this Hiph., and signifies the understanding as the capability
effective in the possession of the right criteria of distinguishing
between the true and the false, the good and the bad (1 Kings
iii. 9), the wholesome and the pernicious.
Vers. 3-5. In the following, 2a is expanded in vers. 3-5, then
2b in ver. 6. First the immediate object:
3 To attain intelligent instruction,
Righteousness, and justice, and integrity;
4 To impart to the inexperienced prudence,
To the young man knowledge and discretion
5 Let the wise man hear and gain learning,
And the man of understanding take to himself rules of conduct.
1 tfadalA is rightly pointed by Löwenstein with Dechî after Cod. 1294; vide the
rule by which the verse is divided, Torath Emeth, p. 51, § 12.
2 [Guna = a rule in Sanskrit grammar regulating the modification of vowels.]
CHAP. I. 3-5. 55
With tfaDa, denoting the reception into oneself, acquiring, is inter-
changed (cf. ii. 1) tHaqa, its synonym, used of intellectual reception
and appropriation, which, contemplated from the point of view of
the relation between the teacher and the learner, is the correla-
tive of tTe, paradido<nai, tradere (ix. 9). But lKeW;ha rsaUm is that
which proceeds from chokma and musar when they are blended
together: discipline of wisdom, discipline training to wisdom; i.e.
such morality and good conduct as rest not on external inheritance,
training, imitation, and custom, but is bound up with the intelli-
gent knowledge of the Why and the Wherefore. lKeW;ha, as xxi. 16,
is inf. absol. used substantively (cf. Fqew;ha, keeping quiet, Isa. xxxii.
17) of lkaWA (whence lk,We intellectus), to entwine, involve; for the
thinking through a subject is represented as an interweaving,
complicating, configuring of the thoughts (the syllogism is in like
manner represented as lKow;x,, Aram. lOgs;, a bunch of grapes), (with
which also lkAsA, a fool, and lyKis;Hi, to act foolishly, are connected, from
the confusion of the thoughts, the entangling of the conceptions;
cf. Arab. 'akl, to understand, and lq.Afum;). The series of synonyms
(cf. xxiii. 23) following in 3b, which are not well fitted to be the
immediate object to tHaqalA, present themselves as the unfolding of
the contents of the lKeW;ha rsaUm, as meaning that namely which is
dutiful and right and honest. With the frequently occurring
two conceptions, FPAw;miU qd,c, (ii. 9), (or with the order reversed as
in Ps. cxix. 121) is interchanged hqAdAc;U FPAw;mi (or with the order
also reversed, xxi. 3). The remark of Heidenheim, that in qd,c, the
conception of the justum, and in hqAdAc; that of the aequum prevails,
is suggested by the circumstance that not qd,c, but hqAdAc; signifies
dikaiosu<nh (cf. x. 2) in the sense of liberality, and then of alms-
giving (e]lehmosu<nh); but qd,c, also frequently signifies a way of
thought and action which is regulated not by the letter of the law
and by talio, but by love (cf. Isa. xli. 2, xlii. 6). Tsedek and ts'dakah
have almost the relation to one another of integrity and justice
which practically brings the former into exercise. FPAw;mi (from
FpawA, to make straight, to adjust, cf. Fbw, Arab. sabitia, to be smooth)
is the right and the righteousness in which it realizes itself, here
subjectively considered, the right mind.1 MyriwAme (defect. for Myrwym,
from rwayA, to be straight, even) is plur. tantum; for its sing. rwAyme
1 According to Malbim, Fpwm is the fixed objective right, qdc the righteous-
ness which does not at once decide according to the letter of the law, but always
according to the matter and the person.
56 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
(after the form bFAyme) the form rOwymi (in the same ethical sense, e.g.
Mal. ii. 6) is used: it means thus a way of thought and of con-
duct that is straight, i.e. according to what is right, true, i.e.
without concealment, honest, i.e. true to duty and faithful to one's
word.
Ver. 4. This verse presents another aspect of the object to be
served by this book: it seeks to impart prudence to the simple.
The form MyixtAP;1 (in which, as in MyiOG, the y plur. remains unwritten)
is, in this mongrel form in which it is written (cf. vii. 7, viii. 5,
ix. 6, xiv. 18, xxvii. 12); made up of MyitAP; (i. 22, 32, once written
plene, MyyitAP;, xxii. 3) and MyxitAP; (vii. 7). These two forms with y
and the transition of y into x are interchanged in the plur. of
such nouns as ytiP;, segolate form, "from htAPA) (cogn. HtaPA), to be
open, properly the open-hearted, i.e. one whose heart stands open
to every influence from another, the harmless, good-natured,¾a
vox media among the Hebrews commonly (though not always, cf.
e.g. Ps. cxvi. 6) in malam partem: the foolish, silly, one who
allows himself to be easily persuaded or led astray, like similar
words in other languages — Lat. simplex, Gr. eu]h<qhj, Fr. naïv);
Arab. fatyn, always, however, in a good sense: a high and noble-
minded man, not made as yet mistrustful and depressed by sad
experiences, therefore juvenis ingenuus, vir animi generosi" (Fl.).
The MyxitAP;, not of firm and constant mind, have need of hmAr;fA;
therefore the saying xiv. 15, cf. viii. 5, xis. 25. The noun hmAr;fA
(a fem. segolate form like hmAk;HA) means here calliditas in a good
sense, while the corresponding Arab. 'aram (to be distinguished
from the verb 'aram, Mrf, to peel, to make bare, nudare) is used only
in a bad sense, of malevolent, deceptive conduct. In the parallel
member the word rfana) is used, generally (collectively) understood,
of the immaturity which must first obtain intellectual and moral
clearness and firmness; such an one is in need of peritia et sollertia,
as Fleischer well renders it; for tfaDa is experimental knowledge,
and hmA.zim; (from MmazA, according to its primary signification, to press
together, comprimere; then, referred to mental concentration: to
think) signifies in the sing., sensu bono, the capability of compre-
hending the right purposes, of seizing the right measures, of pro-
jecting the right plans.
Ver. 5. In this verse the infinitives of the object pass into inde-
1 Like MyixpAfI, Ps. civ. 12, MyixbAc;kiv;, 1 Cbron. xii. 8, cf. Michlol, 196a. In
vers. 22, 32, the mute x is wanting.
CHAP. I. 6. 57
pendent sentences for the sake of variety. That fmaw;yi cannot
mean audiet, but audiat, is shown by ix. 9; but Js,yov; is jussive,
(with the tone thrown back before Hqal,; cf. x. 9, and xvi. 21, 23
where the tone is not thrown back, as also 2 Sam. xxiv. 3) with
the consecutive Vav (v) (= Arab. , f): let him hear, thus will
he . . . or, in order that he. Whoever is wise is invited to
hear these proverbs in order to add learning (doctrinam) to that
which he already possesses, according to the principle derived from
experience, ix. 9, Matt. xiii. 12. The segolate Hqal,, which in pausa
retains its ¾, (as also HFaB,, fway,, Hmac,, j`l,m,, qd,c,, Md,q,, and others),
means reception, and concretely what one takes into himself with
his ear and mind; therefore learning (didaxh> with the object of
the a]podoxh<), as Deut. xxxii. 2 (parallel hrAm;xi, as iv. 2 hrAOT), and
then learning that has passed into the possession of the receivers
knowledge, science (Isa. xxix. 24, parall. hnAyBi). Schultens com-
pares the Arab. lakiah, used of the fructification of the female
palm by the flower-dust of the male. The part. NObnA (the fin. of
which is found only once, Isa. x. 13) is the passive or the re-
flexive of the Hiph. Nybihe, to explain, to make to understand: one
who is caused to understand or who lets himself be informed, and
thus an intelligent person—that is one who may gain tOlBuH;Ta by
means of these proverbs. This word, found only in the plur.
(probably connected with lbeHo, shipmaster, properly one who has
to do with the ship's ropes, particularly handles the sails,
LXX. kube<rnhsin, signifies guidance, management, skill to direct
anything (Job xxxii. 7, of God's skill which directs the clouds),
and in the plur. conception, the taking measures, designs, in a good
sense, or also (as in xii. 5) in a bad sense; here it means guiding
thoughts, regulating principles, judicious rules and maxims, as xi.
14, prudent rules of government, xx. 18, xxiv. 6 of stratagems. Fl.
compares the Arab. tedbîr (guidance, from rbaDA, to lead cattle), with
its plur. tedâbîr, and the Syr. dubôro, direction, management, etc.
Ver. 6. The mediate object of these proverbs, as stated in ver. 2b,
is now expanded, for again it is introduced in the infinitive con-
struction:—The reader shall learn in these proverbs, or by means
of them as of a key, to understand such like apothegms generally
(as xxii. 17 ff.)
To understand proverb and symbol,
The words of wise men and their enigmas.
58 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
In the Gesch. der jüd. Poesie, p. 200 f., the derivation of the noun
hcAylim; is traced from CUl primarily to shine, Sanskr. las, frequently
with the meanings ludere and lucere; but the Arab. brings near
another primary meaning. “Cylm from Arab. root las, flexit, torsit,
thus properly oratio detorta, obliqua, non aperta; hence Cle, mocker,
properly qui verbis obliquis utitur: as Hiph. Cylihe, to scoff, but also
verba detorta retorquere, i.e. to interpret, to explain" (Fl.). Of the
root ideas found in hdAyHi, to be sharp, pointed (rha, perhaps related
to the Sanskr. katu, sharp of taste, but not to acutus), and to
be twisted (cf. dHaxA, dgaxA, dqafA, harmonizing with the at present
mysterious catena), the preference is given to the latter already,
Ps. lxxviii. 2. "The Arab. hâd, to revolve, to turn (whence hid,
bend, turn aside!), thence hdAyHi, strofh<, cunning, intrigue, as also
enigma, dark saying, perplexe dictum" (Fl.) The comparison made
by Schultens with the Arab. hidt as the name of the knot on the
horn of the wild-goat shows the sensible fundamental conception.
In post-biblical literature hdyH is the enigma proper, and hcAylim;
poetry (with hcAlAhE of poetical prose). The Graec. Venet. translates
it r[htorei<an.
Ver. 7. The title of the book is followed by its motto, symbol,
device:
The fear of Jahve is the beginning of knowledge;
Wisdom and discipline is despised by fools.
The first hemistich expresses the highest principle of the Israelitish
Chokma, as it is found also in ix. 10 (cf. xv. 33), Job xxviii. 28, and
in Ps. cxi. 10 (whence the LXX. has interpolated here two lines).
tywixre combines in itself, as a]rxh<, the ideas of initium (accordingly
J. H. Michaelis: initium cognitionis, a quo quisquis recte philoso-
phari cupit auspicium facere debet) and principium, i.e. the basis,
thus the root (cf. Mic. i. 13 with Job xix. 28).1 Wisdom comes
from God, and whoever fears Him receives it (cf. Jas. i. 5 f.).
hOAhy; txar;yi is reverential subordination to the All-directing and
since designedly hvhy is used, and not Myhilox<(hA), to the One God,
the Creator and Governor of the world, who gave His law unto
Israel, and also beyond Israel left not His holy will unattested;
the reverse side of the fear of Jahve as the Most Holy One is
frA txnoW;, viii. 13 (post-biblical xF;He txar;yi). The inverted placing
1 In Sirach i. 14, 16, the Syr. has both times xtmkH wyr; but in the
second instance, where the Greek translation has plhsmonh> sofi<aj, hmAk;HA fbaW
(after Ps. xvi. 11) may have existed in the original text.
CHAP. I. 8, 9. 59
of the words 7b imports that the wisdom and discipline which
one obtains in the way of the fear of God is only despised by the
Myliyvix<, i.e. the hard, thick, stupid; see regarding the root-word
lvx, coalescere, cohaerere, incrassari, der Prophet Jesaia, p. 424, and
at Ps. lxxiii. 4. Schultens rightly compares paxei?j, crassi pro
stupidis.1 UzBA has the tone on the penult., and thus comes from
zUB; the 3d pr., of hzABA would be UzBA or UyzABA. The perf. (cf. ver. 29)
is to be interpreted after the Lat. oderunt (Ges. § 126).
FIRST INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, I. 8-19.
WARNING AGAINST FELLOWSHIP WITH THOSE WHO SIN AGAINST
THEIR NEIGHBOUR'S LIFE AND PROPERTY.
Vers. 8, 9. After the author has indicated the object which his
Book of Proverbs is designed to subserve, and the fundamental
principle on which it is based, he shows for whom he has intended
it; he has particularly the rising generation in his eye:
8 Hear, my son, thy father's instruction,
And refuse not the teaching of thy mother;
9 For these are a fair crown to thy head,
And jewels to thy neck.
"My son," says the teacher of wisdom to the scholar whom he has,
or imagines that he has, before him, addressing him as a fatherly
friend. The N. T. representation of birth into a new spiritual life,
1 Cor. iv. 15, Philem. 10, Gal. iv. 19, lies outside the circle of
the O. T. representation; the teacher feels himself as a father
by virtue of his benevolent, guardian, tender love. Father and
mother are the beloved parents of those who are addressed. When
the Talmud understands j~ybixA of God, j~m,.xi of the people (hmA.xu),
that is not the grammatico-historic meaning, but the practical
interpretation and exposition, after the manner of the Midrash.
The same admonition (with rcon;, keep, instead of fmaw;, hear, and
tvac;mi, command, instead of rsaUm, instruction) is repeated in vi.
20, and what is said of the parents in one passage is in x. 1
divided into two synonymous parallel passages. The stricter
1 Malbim's explanation is singular: the sceptics, from ylaUx, perhaps! This
also is Heidenheim's view.
60 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
musar, which expresses the idea of sensible means of instruction
(discipline), 24, xxii. 15, xxiii. 13 f.), is suitably attributed to
the father, and the torah to the mother, only administered by the
word; Wisdom also always says ytirAOT (my torah), and only once,
viii. 10, yrisAUm (my musar).
Ver. 9. Mhe, which is also used in the neut. illa, e.g. Job xxii.
24, refers here to the paternal discipline and the maternal teaching.
These, obediently received and followed, are the fairest ornament
of the child. hyAv;li from hvAlA, to wind, to roll, Arab. lawy (from
whence also lUl = vlav;la, as dUD, to boil up,= vDav;Da), means winding,
twisted ornament, and especially wreath; a crown of gracefulness
is equivalent to a graceful crown, a corolla gratiosa, as Schultens
translates it; cf. iv. 9, according to which, Wisdom bestows such a
crown.1 MyqinAfE (or tOqnAfE, Judg. viii. 26) are necklaces, jewels for
the neck; denom. of the Arab. 'unek, and Aram. qnAUf, the neck
(perhaps from qnafA= qUf, to oppress, of heavy burdens; cf. au]xh<n,
the neck). tOrg;r;ga is, like fauces, the throat by which one swallows
(Arab. g' arg' ara, tag' arg' ara), a plur. extensive (Böttcher, § 695),
and is better fitted than NOrGA to indicate the external throat;
Ezekiel, however, uses (xvi. 11) garon, as our poet (iii. 3, 22,
vi. 21) uses garg'roth, to represent the front neck.2
Ver. 10. The general counsel of ver. 9 is here followed by a
more special warning:
My son, if sinners entice thee
Consent thou not.
The yniB;3 (my son) is emphatically repeated. The intensive form
MyxiF.AHa signifies men to whom sin has become a habit, thus vicious,
wicked. hTAPi (Pi. of htAPA, to open) is not denom., to make or wish
to make a ytiP;; the meaning, to entice (harmonizing with pei<qein),
hTAPi obtains from the root-meaning of the Kal, for it is related to
it as pandere (januam) to patere: to open, to make accessible,
susceptible, namely to persuasion. The warning 10b is as brief
as possible a call of alarm back from the abyss. In the form xbeTo
(from hbAXA, to agree to, to be willing, see Wetstein on Job, p. 349)
1 In NHe tyvl, the NH has the conjunctive accent shalsheleth, on account of
which the Pesiq accent (‘) is omitted. This small shalsheleth occurs only eight
times. See Torath Emeth, p. 36.
2 The writing varies greatly. Here and at vi. 21 we have j~t,roG;r;Gal;; at iii. 3,
j~t,OrG;r;Ga-lfa; iii. 22, j~yt,roG;r;gal;. Thus according to the Masora and correct texts.
3 The accent Pazer over the yniB; has has the force of Athnach.
CHAP. I. 11-14. 61
the preformative x is wanting, as in Urm;To, 2 Sam. xix. 14, cf. Ps.
cxxxix. 20, Ges. § 68, 2, and instead of hb,To (=hb,xTo, 1 Kings xx. 8) is
vocalized not xb,To (cf. xi. 25), but after the Aram. xbeTo (cf. yleg;yi); see
Gen. xxvi. 29, and Comment. on Isaiah, p. 648; Gesen. § 75, 17.
Vers. 11-14. Of the number of wicked men who gain associ-
ates to their palliation and strengthening, they are adduced as an
example whom covetousness leads to murder.
11 If they say, "Go with us, we will lurk for blood,
Lie in wait for the innocent without cause ;
12 Like the pit we will swallow them alive
And in perfect soundness like them that go down to the grave.
13 We find all manner of precious treasure,
Fill our houses with spoil.
14 Thou shalt cast thy lot amongst us,
We all have only one purse."
Ver. 11. The verb braxA signifies nectere, to bind fast (from
bra, close, compact), (see under Isa. xxv. 11), and particularly (but
so that it bears in itself its object without ellipse) insidias nectere =
insidiari. Regarding MdAl; Fleischer remarks: "Either elliptically
for MDA-j`pAw;li (Jewish interp.), or, as the parallelism and the usage of
the language of this book rather recommend, per synecd. for: for a
a man, with particular reference to his blood to be poured out (cf. our
saying 'ein junges Blut,' a young blood= a youth, with the under-
lying conception of the blood giving colour to the body as shining
through it, or giving to it life and strength), as Ps. xciv. 21." As
in post-biblical Heb. MdAvA rWABA (or inverted, ai[ma kai> sa<rc, Heb. ii.
14), used of men as such, is not so used in the O. T., yet MDA, like
wp,n,, is sometimes used synecdochically for the person, but never
with reference to the blood as an essentially constituent part of
corporealness, but always with reference to violent putting to death,
which separates the blood from the body (cf. my System der bib.
Psychologie, p. 242). Here MdAl; is explained by MymidAl;, with which it
is interchanged, Mic. vii. 2: let us lurk for blood (to be poured out).
The verb NpacA is never, like NmaFA (to conceal), connected with MylibAHE,
Mywiq;Om, HPa, tw,r,—thus none of these words is here to be supplied; the
idea of gaining over one expressed in the organic root Jc whence
hPAcA, diducendo obducere) has passed over into that of restraining
oneself, watching, lurking, hence Npc (cog. Aram. NmaK;) in the sense
of speculari, insidiari, interchanges with hpc (to spy), (cf. Ps.
x. 8, lvi, 7 with xxxvii. 32). The adv. Mn.AHi (an old accus. from
62 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
NHe) properly means in a gracious manner, as a free gift (dwrea<n,
gratis = gratiis), and accordingly, without reward, also without
cause, which frequently = without guilt; but it never signifies sine
effectu qui noceat, i.e. with impunity (Löwenst.). We have thus
either to connect together Mn.AHi yqenA, “innocent in vain” (as Mn.AHi ybay;xo,
my enemies without a cause, Lam. iii. 52): his innocence helps
him nothing whom God protects not against us notwithstanding
his innocence (Schultens, Bertheau, Elster, and others); or connect
MnH with the verb (lie in wait for), for which Hitzig, after the
LXX., Syr., Rashi,1 Ralbag, Immanuel, rightly decides in view
of 1 Sam. xix. 5, xxv. 31; cf. also Job ix. 17, where the succession
of the accents is the same (Tarcha transmuted from Mugrash).
Frequently there are combined together in this MnH (cf. Isa. xxviii.
14 f.), that which the author thinks, and that which those whom
he introduces as speaking think.
Ver. 12. The first clause of this verse Hitzig translates: "as
the pit (swallows) that which lives." This is untenable, because
K; with the force of a substantive (as instar, likeness) is regarded
as a preposition, but not a conjunction (see at Ps. xxxviii. 14 f.).
Myyi.Ha (the living) is connected with MfelAb;ni, and is the accus. of the
state ( , according to the terminology of the Arab. gram-
marians) in which they will, with impunity, swallow them up like
the pit (the insatiable, xxvii. 20, xxx. 16), namely, while these
their sacrifices are in the state of life's freshness,2 "the living,"
—without doubt, like Ps. lv. 16, lxiii. 10, cxxiv. 3, in fact and in
expression an allusion to the fate of the company of Korah, Num.
xvi. 30, 33. If this is the meaning of MyyH, then MymiymiT; as the
parallel word means integros not in an ethical sense, in which it
would be a synonym of yqn of ver. 11b (cf. xxix. 10 with Ps. xix. 14),
but in a physical sense (Graec. Venet. kai> telei<ouj; Parchon as Rashi,
Mymlewv Myxyrb, vid. Böttcher, De Inferis, § 293). This physical
sense is claimed for MTo, Job xxi. 23, for MTa probably, Ps. lxxiii. 4,
and why should not Mymt, used in the law regarding sacrifices (e.g.
Ex. xii. 5, "without blemish") of the faultlessness of the victim,
1 [Rashi, i.e. Rabbi Salomo Isaaki, of Troyes, died A.D. 1105. Ralbag, i.e.
Rabbi Levi ben Gershon, usually referred to by Christian writers as Master Leo
de Bannolis, or Gersonides, a native of Banolas near Gerona, died about 1342.]
2 Only in this sense is the existing accentuation of this verse (cf. the Targ.)
to be justified.
CHAP. I. 11-14. 63
also signify such an one Mtom; OB-Nyxe rw,xE (Isa. i. 6)? In the midst
of complete external health they will devour them like those that
go down to the grave (cf. Ps. xxviii. 1, lxxxviii. 5, with Isa.
xiv. 19), i.e. like those under whose feet the earth is suddenly
opened, so that, without leaving any trace behind, they sink into
the grave and into Hades. The connection of the finite with the
accus. of place, Ps. Iv. 16, lies at the foundation of the genitive
connection rOb yder;Oy (with the tone thrown back): those that go
down to the grave.
Vers. 13, 14,1 To their invitation, bearing in itself its own con-
demnation, they add as a lure the splendid self-enriching treasures
which in equal and just fellowship with them they may have the
prospect of sharing. NOh (from NUh, levem, then facilem esse, être
aisé, à son aise) means aisance, convenience, opulence, and con-
cretely that by which life is made agreeable, thus money and
possessions (Fleischer in Levy's Chald. Wörterbuch, i. 423 f.). With
this NvH with remarkable frequency in the Mishle rqAyA (from rqayA
Arab. wakar, grave esse) is connected in direct contrast, according
to its primary signification; cf. xii. 27, xxiv. 4: heavy treasures
which make life light. Yet it must not be maintained that, as
Schultens has remarked, this oxymoron is intended, nor also that
it is only consciously present in the language. xcAmA has here its
primitive appropriate signification of attaining, as Isa. x. 14 of
reaching. llAwA (from llaWA to draw from, draw out, from lw,
cf. hlAwA, JlawA, Arab. salab, Comm. on Isa. p. 447) is that which is
drawn away from the enemy, exuviae, and then the booty and
spoil taken in war generally. xle.man;, to fill with anything, make
full, governs a double accusative, as the Kal (to become full of
anything) governs only one. In ver. 14, the invitation shows
how the prospect is to be realized. Interpreters have difficulty
in conceiving what is here meant. Do not a share by lot and a
common purse exclude one another? Will they truly, in the dis-
tribution of the booty by lot, have equal portions at length, equally
much in their money-bags? Or is it meant that, apart from the
portion of the booty which falls to every one by lot, they have a
common purse which, when their business is ebbing, must supply
the wants of the company, and on which the new companion can
maintain hirhself beforehand? Or does it mean only that they will
1 Here, in ver. 14, jlrvg is to be written with Munach (not Metheg) in the
second syllable; vid. Torath Emeth, p. 20. Accentuationssystem, vii. § 2.
64 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
be as mutually helpful to one another, according to the principle
ta> tw?n fi<lwn koina< (amicorum omnia communia), as if they had
only one purse? The meaning is perfectly simple. The one-
ness of the purse consists in this, that the booty which each of
them gets, belongs not wholly or chiefly to him, but to the whole
together and is disposed of by lot; so that, as far as possible, he
who participated not at all in the affair in obtaining it, may yet
draw the greatest prize. This view harmonizes the relation between
14b and 14a. The common Semitic syKi is even used at the present
day in Syria and elsewhere as the name of the Exchange ("Böre")
(plur. akjâs); here it is the purse ("Kasse") (xrhma<twn doxei?on,
Procop.), which is made up of the profits of the business. This
profit consists not merely in gold, but is here thought of in regard
to its worth in gold. The apparent contradiction between distri-
buting by lot and having a common purse disappears when the
distribution by lot of the common property is so made, that the
retaining of a stock-capital, or reserve fund, is not excluded.
Ver. 15. After the men are described against whose enticements
a warning is given forth, the warning is emphatically repeated, and
is confirmed by a threefold, reason:
My son! go not in the way with them.
Keep back thy foot from their path.
If j`r,d,B; (in the way), taken alone, cannot be equivalent to dHAx, jrdb
(in one way), so is MTAxi (with them) to be regarded as its determi-
nation.1 Foot (not feet), as eye, hand, etc., is used where the
members come less under consideration than what they unitedly
bring about (iv. 26 f.). hbAytin;, from btanA, signifies properly that
which is raised, especially the (raised) footstep.
Ver. 16. The first argument to enforce the warning:
For their feet run to the evil,
And hasten to shed blood.
That this is their object they make no secret (ver. 11 ff.); but
why is it that such an object as this should furnish no ground of
warning against them, especially as on this beginning the stamp
of that which is morally blamable is here impressed with fralA?
1 The Arab. grammarians regard this as half determination, and call it
takhsys; that MTAxi has with them the force of a virtually co-ordinated attri-
butive; while, according to the Arab. gram., it is also possible that j`r,d,B;, "in
one way," is equivalent to on the common way, for in the indetermination
sometimes there lies the conception not merely of âhad, but of weahad.
CHAP. I. 17. 65
Besides, this circular movement of the thoughts is quite after the
manner of this poet; and that ver. 16 is in his style, vi. 18 shows.
The want of this distich (16b = Rom. iii. 15) in LXX. B. x.
weighs heavier certainly than the presence of it in LXX. A.
(Procop., Syro-Hexap.), since the translation is not independent,
but is transferred from Isa. lix. 7; but if for the first time, at a
later period, it is supplied in the LXX., yet it has the appearance
of an addition made to the Hebr. text from Isa. lix. 7 (Hitzig,
Lagarde); cf. Comm. on Isaiah, xl.-lxvi. j`Pow;li is always pointed
thus; for, as a regular rule, after l as well as the aspiration
disappears; but in Ezek. xvii. 17 j`Pow;Bi is also found, and in this
case (cf. at Ps. xl. 15) the punctuation is thus inconsequent.
Ver. 17. The second argument in support of the warning.
For in vain is the net spread out
In the eyes of all (the winged) birds.
The interpretation conspersum est rete, namely, with corn as a
bait, which was put into circulation by Rashi, is inadmissible; for
as little as hz.Ahi (Hiph. of hzAnA) can mean to strew, can hrAze mean to
spread. The object is always that which is scattered (gestreut), not
that which is spread (bestreut). Thus, expansum est rete, but not
from rzamA, extendere, from which hrAOzm;1 in this form cannot be de-
rived (it would in that case be hrAUzm;), but from rrAzo, pass. of hrAze, to
scatter, spread out. The alluring net, when it is shaken out and
spread, is, as it were, scattered, ventilatur. But if this is done
incautiously before the eyes of the birds to be caught, they forth-
with fly away. The principal stress lies on the yneyfeB; (before the
eyes) as the reason of the Mn.AHi (in vain), according to the saying of
Ovid, Quae nimis apparent retia, vitat avis. The applicatio simili-
tudinis lying near, according to J. H. Michaelis, is missed even by
himself and by most others. If the poet wished to say that they
carried on their work of blood with such open boldness, that he
must be more than a simpleton who would allow himself to be
caught by them, that would be an unsuitable ground of warning;
for would there not be equally great need for warning against
fellowship with them, if they had begun their enticement with
more cunning, and reckoned on greater success? Hitzig, Ewald,
Zöckler, and others, therefore interpret MnH, not in the sense of
1 The MS. Masora remarks rsHv tyl, and hence hrAzom; is written defectively
in the Erfurt, 1, 3, Frankf. 1294, in the edition of Norzi and elsewhere.
66 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
in vain, inasmuch as they do not let themselves be caught; but: in
vain, for they see not the net, but only the scattered corn. But
according to the preceding, tw,rAhA (the net) leads us to think only
either of the net of the malicious designs, or the net of the alluring
deceptions. Thus, as Ziegler has noticed, the warned ought to
make application of the similitude to himself: Go not with them,
for their intention is bad; go not with them, for if the bird flees
away from the net which is spread out before it, thou wilt not
surely be so blind as suffer thyself to be ensnared by their gross
enticements. JnAKA lfaBa: the furnished with the wing (wings in
Eccles. x. 20); lfaBa forms the idea of property (lord).
Ver. 18. The causal conj. yKi (for) in vers. 16 and 17 are
co-ordinated; and there now follows, introduced by the conj. v
("and"), a third reason for the warning:
And they lie in wait for their own blood,
They lay snares for their own lives.
The warning of ver. 16 is founded on the immorality of the con-
duct of the enticer; that of 17 on the audaciousness of the seduc-
tion as such, and now on the self-destruction which the robber and
murderer bring upon themselves: they wish to murder others, but,
as the result shows, they only murder themselves. The expression
is shaped after ver. 11, as if it were: They lay snares, as they
themselves say, for the blood of others; but it is in reality for
their own blood: they certainly lie in wait, as they say; but not, as
they add, for the innocent, but for their own lives (Fl.). Instead
of MdAdAl;, there might be used Mh,ymed;li, after Mic. vii. 2; but MwAP;nal;
would signify ipsis (post-biblical, MmAc;fal;), while MtAwop;nal; leaves un-
obliterated the idea of the life: animis ipsorum; for if the O. T.
language seeks to express ipse in any other way than by the per-
sonal pronoun spoken emphatically, this is done by the addition of
wp,n, (Isa. liii. 11). Mhev; was on this account necessary, because ver.
17 has another subject (cf. Ps. lxiii. 10).
Ver. 19. An epiphonema:
Such is the lot of all who indulge in covetousness;
It takes away the life of its owner.
This language is formed after Job viii. 13. Here, as there, in
the word tOhr;xA, the ideas of action and issue, manner of life and
its result, are all combined. fcaB, signifies properly that which is
cut off, a piece, fragment broken off, then that which one breaks
off and takes to himself—booty, gain, particularly unjust gain
CHAP. I. 20. 67
(xxviii. 16). fcaB, faceBo is he who is greedy or covetous. The subject
to Hq.Ayi is fcaB,, covetousness, pleoneci<a (see Isa. lvii. 17). As Hosea,
iv. 11, says of three other things that they take away ble, the
understanding (nou?j), so here we are taught regarding unjust gain
or covetousness, that it takes away wp,n,, the life (yuxh<) (wp,n, HqalA,
to take away the life, 1 Kings xix. 10, Ps. xxxi. 14). vylAfAB; denotes
not the possessor of unjust gain, but as an inward conception, like
Jxa lfb, xxii, 24, cf. xxiii. 2, xxiv. 8, Eccles. x. 11, him of whom
covetousness is the property. The sing. wp,n, does not show that
vylAfAB; is thought of as sing.; cf. xxii. 23, Ps. xxxiv. 23; but
according to iii. 27, xvi. 22, Eccles. viii. 8, this is nevertheless
probable, although the usage without the suffix is always fcaB, lfaBa,
and not ylefEBa (of plur. intens. MylifAB;).
SECOND INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, I. 20-33.
DISCOURSE OF WISDOM TO HER DESPISERS.
After the teacher of wisdom has warned his disciples against the
allurements of self-destroying sin, whose beastly demoniacal nature
culminates in murder and robbery, he introduces Wisdom herself
saying how by enticing promises and deterring threatenings she
calls the simple and the perverse to repentance. Wisdom is here
personified, i.e. represented as a person. But this personification
presupposes, that to the poet wisdom is more than a property and
quality of human subjectivity: she is to him as a divine power,
existing independently, to submit to which is the happiness of men,
and to reject which is their destruction. And also to the public
appearance of wisdom, as it is here represented, there must be
present objective reality, without which the power of conviction
departs from the figure. The author must think on historical and
biographical facts, on human organs (as 2 Chron. xvii. 7-9, cf.
Wisd. vii. 27), through which, without words and in words, Wisdom
delivers such addresses. But the figure cannot be so historical that
it sustains only the relation to a definite time, and not to all time;
it is a call to repentance, going forth to all time and to all places,
which, divest of all the accidents of its externality, he here refers
to its invisible divine background, when he begins in these words:
68 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
20 Wisdom cries, sounding loudly in the streets,
She causes her voice to be heard in the chief streets.
21 Over the places of greatest tumult she calleth;
In the porches of the gates, in the city, she speaketh forth her words.
Ver. 20. Looking to its form and vocalization, tOmk;HA may be an
Aramaizing abstract formation (Gesen.; Ew. 165, c; Olsh. 219, b);
for although the forms tOHxA and tOlG; are of a different origin, yet
in tOBri and tOlleOh such abstract formations lie before us. The ter-
mination üth is here, by the passing over of the u into the less
obscure but more intensive o (cf. Ohy; in the beginning and middle
of the word, and OhyA Uhy;, at the end of the word), raised to ôth, and
thereby is brought near to the fem. plur. (cf. tOmk;Ha, xiv. 1, sapientia,
as our plur. of the neut. sapiens, hmAkAHE), approaching to the abstract.
On the other hand, that tOmk;HA is sing. of abstract signification, is not
decisively denoted by its being joined to the plur. of the predicate
(for hn.AroTA here, as at viii. 3, is scarcely plur.; and if tOmxrA, xxiv.
7, is plur., tOmk;HA as the numerical plur. may refer to the different
sciences or departments of knowledge); but perhaps by this, that it
interchanges with tOnUbT;, Ps. xlix. 4, cf. Prov. xi. 12, xxviii. 16,
and that an abstract formation from hmAk;HA (fem. of Mk,Ho, MkoHE),
which besides is not concrete, was unnecessary. Still less is tOmk;HA)
= tmAk;HA a singular, which has it in view to change hmAk;HA into a
proper name, for proof of which Hitzig refers to tOmOhT;, Ps. lxxviii.
15; the singular ending ôth without an abstract signification does
not exist. After that Dietrich, in his Abhandl. 1846, has shown
that the origin of the plur. proceeds not from separate calculation,
but from comprehension,1 and that particularly also names denoting
intellectual strength are frequently plur., which multiply the con-
ception not externally but internally, there is no longer any
justifiable doubt that tOmk;HA signifies the all-comprehending, abso-
lute, or, as Böttcher, § 689, expresses it, the full personal wisdom.
Since such intensive plurals are sometimes united with the plur. of
the predicate, as e.g. the monotheistically interpreted Elohim, Gen.
xxxv. 7 (see 1. c.), so hn.AroTA, may be plur. On the other hand, the
idea that it is a forma mixta of NroTA (from NnarA) and hn,r;Ti (Job
xxxix. 23) or hn.,raT;, the final sound in ah opposes. It may, how-
ever, be the emphatic form of the 3d fem. sing. of NnarA; for, that the
1 In the Indo-Germanic languages the s of the plur. also probably proceeds
from the prep. sa (sam) = sun See Schleicher, Compend. der vergl. Gram.
§ 247.
CHAP. I. 21, 22. 69
Hebr. has such an emphatic form, corresponding to the Arab. taktu-
banna, is shown by these three examples (keeping out of view the
suspicion of a corruption of the text, Olsh. p. 452), Judg. v. 26,
Job xvii. Isa. xxviii. 3; cf. hnAH;law;Ti, Obad. 13 (see Caspari, i.e.),
an example of the 2d masc. sing. of this formation. NnarA (with hnArA)
is a word initative of sound (Schallwort), used to denote "a clear-
sounding, shrill voice (thence the Arab. rannan, of a speaker who
has a clear, piercing voice); then the clear shrill sound of a string
or chord of a bow, or the clear tinkle of the arrow in the quiver,
and of the metal that has been struck" (Fl.). The meaning
of tObHor; covered by plateae (Luke xiv. 21), wide places; and
which elsewhere may mean that which is without, before the
gates of the city and courts, here means the "open air," in contra-
distinction to the inside of the houses.
Ver. 21. tOy.miho (plur. of ymiOh, the ground-form of hm,Oh, from ymahA
= hmAhA), "they who are making noise;" for the epithet is poetically
used (Isa. xxii. 2) as a substantive, crowded noisy streets or places.
wxro is the, place from which on several sides streets go forth: cf.
ras el-ain, the place where the well breaks forth; ras en-nahr, the
place from which the stream divides itself; the sing. is meant dis-
tributively as little as at viii. 2. HtaP,, if distinguished from rfawa
(which also signifies cleft, breach), is the opening of the gate, the
entrance by the gate. Four times the poet says that Wisdom goes
forth preaching, and four times that she preaches publicly; the ryfiBA
used in five places implies that Wisdom preaches not in the field,
before the few who there are met with, but in the city, which is full
of people.
Ver. 22. The poet has now reached that part of his introduction
where he Makes use of the very words uttered by Wisdom:
How long, ye simple, will ye love simplicity,
And scorners delight in scorning,
And fools hate knowledge
Three classes of men are here addressed; the MyitAP; the simple, who,
being accessible to seduction, are only too susceptible of evil; the Mycile,
mockers, i.e. free-thinkers (from CUl, Arab. lus, flectere, torquere, pro-
perly qui verbis obliquis utitur); and the MyliysiK;, fools, i.e. the men-
tally imbecile and stupid (from lsaKA Arab. kasal, to be thick, coarse,
indolent). The address to these passes immediately over into a de-
claration regarding them; cf. the same enallage, i. 27 f. ytamA-dfa has
the accent Mahpach, on account of the Pasek following; vid. Torath
70 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Emeth, p. 26. Intentionally, Wisdom addresses only the Mytp, to
whom she expects to find soonest access. Between the futt., which
express the continuing love and hatred, stands the perf. Udm;HA, which
expresses that in which the mockers found pleasure, that which was
the object of their love. Mh,lA is the so-called dat. ethicus, which re-
flexively refers to that which is said to be the will and pleasure of
the subject; as we say, "I am fond of this and that." The form
UbhExeT;, Abulwalîd, Parchon, and Kimchi regard as Piel; but
UbhExeT; instead of UbhExaT; would be a recompensation of the virtual
doubling, defacing the character of the Piel. Schultens regards it
as a defectively written Paiël (in Syr.), but it is not proved that
this conjugation exists in Hebr.; much rather UbhExeT; is the only
possible Kal form with NUbhAx<T, without the pause, regularly formed
from UbhEx<T, (vid. Ewald, § 193, a). The division by the accent
Mercha-Mahpach of the two words ytp vbhxt is equal in value to the
connecting of them by Makkeph; vid. Baer's Psalterium. p. x. In
codd., and also in correct texts, vbhxt is written with the accent
Galgal on the first syllable, as the servant of the Mercha-Mahpach.
The Gaja is incorrectly here and there placed under the T;.
Ver. 23. To the call to thoughtfulness which lies in the complaint
“How long?” there follows the entreaty:
Turn ye at my reproof!
Behold! I would pour out my Spirit upon you,
I would make you to know my words.
23a is not a clause expressive of a wish, which with the particle
expressive of a wish, which is wanting, would be xnA-UbUwTA, or
according to xxiii. 1 and xxvii. 23 would be UbUwTA bOw. The Nne.hi,
introducing the principal clause, stamps 23a as the. conditional
clause; the relation of the expressions is as Isa. xxvi. 10, Job xx.
24. UbUwTA1 is not equivalent to si convertamini, which would require
Unp;Ti, but to si revertamini; but yTiH;kaOtl;2 does not therefore mean
at my reproof, i.e. in consequence of it (Hitzig, after Num. xvi.
34), but it is a constructio praegnans: turning and placing yourselves
under my reproof. With tHkvt there is supposed an e@legxoj
(LXX., Symm.): bringing proof, conviction, punishment. If
1 In the Hagiographa everywhere written plene, with exception of Job
xvii. 10.
2 The Metheg belongs to the t, under which it should be placed (and not to
the l), as the commencing sound of the second syllable before the tone-
syllable; cf. ver. 25.
CHAP. I. 24-27. 71
they, leaving their hitherto accustomed way, permit themselves to
be warned against their wickedness, then would Wisdom cause her
words to flow forth to them, i.e. would without reserve disclose and
communicate to them her spirit, cause them to know (namely by
experience) her words. fayBihi (from fbanA, R. bn; vid. Genesis, p. 635)
is a common figurative word, expressive of the free pouring forth
of thoughts and words, for the mouth is conceived of as a fountain
(cf. xviii. 4 with Matt. xii. 34), and the r[h?sij (vid. LXX.) as
r[eu?sij; only here it has the Spirit as object, but parallel with yrabAD;,
thus the Spirit as the active power of the words, which, if the
Spirit expresses Himself in them, are pneu?ma kai> zwh<, John vi. 63.
The addresses of Wisdom in the Book of Proverbs touch closely
upon the discourses of the Lord in the Logos-Gospel. Wisdom
appears here as the fountain of the words of salvation for men;
and these words of salvation are related to her, just as the lo<goi
to the divine lo<goj expressing Himself therein.
Vers. 24-27. The address of Wisdom now takes another course.
Between vers. 23 and 24 there is a pause, as between Isa. i. 20 and
21. In vain Wisdom expects that her complaints and enticements
will be heard. Therefore she turns her call to repentance into a
discourse announcing judgment.
24 Because I have called, and ye refused;
Stretched out my hand, and no man regarded;
25 And ye have rejected all my counsel,
And to my reproof have not yielded:
26 Therefore will I also laugh at your calamity,
Will mock when your terror cometh;
27 When like a storm your terror cometh,
And your destruction sweeps on like a whirlwind;
When distress and anguish cometh upon you.
Commencing with Nfaya (which, like Nfama, from hnAfA, to oppose, denotes
the intention, but more the fundamental reason or the cause than, as
Nfamal;, the motive or object), the clause, connected with ynixE-MGa, ego vicis-
sim, turns to the conclusion. As here ytixrAqA Nfaya (as the word of Jahve)
are connected by ynixE-MGa to the expression of the talio in Isa. lxvi. 4,
so also Nxeme, with its contrast hbAxA, Isa. i. 19 f. The construction
quoniam vocavi et renuistis for quoniam quum vcearem renuistis
(cf. Isa. xii. I) is the common diffuse (zerstreute) Semitic, the para-
tactic instead of the periodizing style. The stretching out of the
hand is, like the "spreading out" in Isa. lxv. 2, significant of striving
to beckon to the wandering, and to bring them near. Regarding
72 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
bywiq;hi, viz. Onz;xA, to make the ear stiff (R. wq), arrigere, incorrectly
explained by Schultens, after the Arab. kiashab, polire, by aurem
purgare, vid. Isaiah, p. 257, note.
Ver. 25. fraPA is synonymous with wFanA, 1. 8; cf. iv. 15 UhferAP;, turn
from it. Gesenius has inaccurately interpreted the phrase wxr frp
of the shaving off of the hair, instead of the letting it fly loose. frp
means to loosen ( =to lift up, syn. lHehe), to release, to set free; it
combines the meanings of loosening and making empty, or at liberty,
which is conveyed in Arab. by ; and . The latter means
intrans., to be set free, therefore to be or to become free from
occupation or business; with of an object, to be free from it,
i.e. to have accomplished it, to have done with it (Fl.). Thus:
since ye have dismissed (missum fecistis) all my counsel (hcAfe as hdAle,
from CfayA, ), i.e. what I always would advise to set you right.
hbAxA combines in itself the meanings of consent, i. 10, and compli-
ance, i. 30 (with l;), and, as here, of acceptance. The principal
clause begins like an echo of Ps. ii. 4 (cf. Jer. xx. 7).
Vers. 26, 27. qHaWA, as xxxi. 25 shows, is not to be understood
with B;; B; is that of the state or time, not of the object. Regarding
dyxe, calamitas opprimens, obruens (from dUx= , to burden, to
oppress), see at Ps. xxxi. 12. xbo, is related to as arriving to
approaching; Mk,D;H;pa is not that for which they are in terror,—for
those who are addressed are in the condition of carnal security,—but
that which, in the midst of this, will frighten and alarm them. The
Chethîb hvxw is pointed thus, hvAxEwa) (from vxawA=hxAwA, as hvAxEra, hvAfEza after
the form hbAhExa, hbAxEDa); the Kerî substitutes for this infinitive name
the usual particip. hx,wo (where then the Vav is ryty, "superfluous"),
crashing (fem. of hx,wo), then a crash and an overthrow with a
crash; regarding its root-meaning (to be waste, and then to sound
hollow), see under Ps. xxxv. 8. hpAUs (from JUs = hpAsA), sweeping
forth as a (see x. 25) whirlwind. The infinitive construction of
27a is continued in 27b in the finite. "This syntactical and logical
attraction, by virtue of which a modus or tempos passes by v or by
the mere parallel arrangement (as ii. 2) from one to another,
attracted into the signification and nature of the latter, is peculiar
to the Hebr. If there follows a new clause or section of a clause
where the discourse takes, as it were, a new departure, that attrac-
tion ceases, and the original form of expression is resumed; cf. i.
22, where after the accent Athnach the future is returned to, as here
CHAP. I. 28-31. 73
27c the infinitive construction is restored" (FL). The allite-
rating words hqAUcv; hrAcA, cf. Isa. xxx. 6, Zeph. i. 15, are, related to
each other as narrowness and distress (Hitzig); the Mashal is fond
of , the stave-rhyme.1
Vers. 28-31. Then—this sublime preacher in the streets con-
tinues—distress shall teach them to pray:
28 Then shall they call on me, and I will not answer;
They shall early seek after me, and not find me;
29 Because that they hated knowledge,
And did not choose the fear of Jahve.
30 They have not yielded to my counsel,
Despised all my reproof:
31 Therefore shall they eat of the fruit of their way,
And satiate themselves with their own counsels.
In the full emphatic forms, ynin;xurAq;yi, they shall call on me, ynin;ruHEway;,
they shall seek me, and ynin;xucAm;yi, they shall find me, the suffix yni may
be joined to the old plur. ending ûn, (Gesenius, Olshausen, Böttcher);
but open forms like Uhn;k,rEbAy;, He will bless him, ynin;dAB;kay;, He will
honour me (from yni.daB;kay;;), and the like, rather favour the conclusion
that n is epenthetic (Ew. § 250, b).2 The address here takes the
form of declaration: Stultos nuns indignos censet ulteriori alloquio
(Mich.). It is that laughter and scorn, ver. 26, which here sounds
forth from the address of the Judge regarding the incorrigible. rHewi
is denom. of rHawa, to go out and to seek with the morning twilight,
as also rq.eBi, Ps. xxvii. 5, perhaps to appear early, and usually (Arab.)
bakar (I. II. IV.), to rise early, to be zealous (Lane: "He hastened
to do or accomplish, or attain the thing needed"). Zöckler, with
HitZig, erroneously regards vers. 29, 30 as the antecedent to ver. 31.
With Ulk;xyiv; "and they shall eat," the futt. announcing judgment
are continued from ver. 28; cf. Deut. xxviii. 46-48. The conclusion
after yKi tHaTa, "therefore because," or as usually expressed (except
1 Jul. Ley, in his work on the Metrical Forms of Hebrew Poetry, 1866, has
taken too little notice of these frequently occurring alliteration staves; Lagarde
communicated to me (8th Sept. 1846) his view of the stave-rhyme in the Book
of Proverbs, with the remark, " Only the Hebr. technical poetry is preserved to
us in the O. T. records; but in such traces as are found of the stave-rhyme, there
are seen the echoes of the poetry of the people; or notes passing over from it."
2 In the Codd. ynin;xurAq;yi is written; in this case the Metheg indicates the tone
syllable: vid. Torath Emeth, p. 7 note, p. 21 note; and Accentssystem, ii. § 1, note.
In ynin;rouHEway; the Rebia is to be placed over the r. In the Silluk-word ynin;xucAm;yi it
appears undoubtedly that the form is to be spoken as Milel, i.e. with tone on
the penult.
74 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
here and Deut. iv. 37, cf. Gen. iv. 25), rw,xE tHaTa (a]nq ] w$n), is other-
wise characterized, Deut. xxii. 29, 2 Chron. xxi. 12 ; and besides,
rwx tHt stands after (e.g. 1 Sam. xxvi. 21; 2 Kings xxii. 17; Jer.
xxix. 19) oftener than before the principal clause. rHaBA combines
in itself the meanings of eligere and diligere (FI.). The construc-
tion of l; hbAxA (to be inclining towards) follows that of the analogous
l; fmawA (to hear). Each one eats of the fruit of his way¾good fruit
of good ways (Isa. iii. 10), and evil fruit of evil ways. " The Nmi,
31b, introduces the object from which, as a whole, that which one
eats, and with which he is satisfied, is taken as a part, or the object
from which, as from a fountain, satisfaction flows forth" (Fl.). In
correct texts, Ulk;xyov; has the accent Dechî, and at the same time
Munach as its servant. Regarding the laws of punctuation, accord-
ing to which Mh,ytecofEmo.miU (with Munach on the tone-syllable, Tarcha
on the antepenult, and Metheg before the Chateph-Pathach) is to be
written, see Baer's Torah Emeth, p. 11, Accentssystem, iv. § 4.
Norzi accents the word incorrectly with Rebia Magrash. With
the exception of Prov. xxii. 22, the pluralet1 tOcfeOm has always the
meaning of ungodly counsels.
Vers. 32, 33. The discourse is now summarily brought to a close:
32 For the perverseness of the simple slays them,
And the security of fools destroys them.
33 But whoever hearkeneth to me dwells secure,
And is at rest from fear of evil.
Of the two interpretations of bUw, a turning towards (with lx, and
the like, conversion) or a turning away (with yreHExame or lfame, deser-
tion), in hbUwm; the latter (as in the post-Bib. hbAUwT;, repentance, the
former) is expressed; apostasy from wisdom and from God are con-
joined. hvAl;wa is here carnalis securitas; but the word may also denote
the external and the internal peace of the righteous, as NnAxEwa, whence
NnAxEl;wa, Job xxi. 23, as a superlative is formed by the insertion of the l
of vlewA, is taken in bonam et malam partem. NnAxEwa is, according to
the Masora (also in Jer. xxx. 10, xlvi. 27, xlviii. 11), 3d perf. Pilel
(Ewald, § 120, a), from the unused NxawA, to be quiet: he has attained
to full quietness, and enjoys such. The construction with Nmi follows
the analogy of Nmi Haynihe (to give rest from), Nmi FqawA (to rest from), and
the like. The negative interpretation of Nmi, sine ullo pacore mali
1 [A plur. denoting unity in the circumstances, and a similarity in the rela-
tions of time and space.]
CHAP. II. 75
(Sehultens, Ewald), is unnecessary; also Job xxi. 9 may be ex-
plained by " peace from terror," especially since MOlwA is derived
froM the root lw, extrahere. hfArA dHaPa, "fear of evil," one may per-
haps distinguish from fr dHp as the genitive of combination.
THIRD INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, II.
EARNEST STRIVING AFTER WISDOM AS THE WAY TO THE FEAR OF
GOD AND TO VIRTUE.
The admonition so far has almost wholly consisted of warning
and threatening. The teacher, directing back to the discipline of
the paternal home, warns against fellowship in the bloody deeds
of the covetous, which issue in self-murder; and Wisdom holds up
before her despisers the mirror of the punishment which awaits
them. Now the admonition becomes positive. The teacher de-
scribes separately the blessings of the endeavour after wisdom;
the endeavour after wisdom, which God rewards with the gift of
wisdom, leads to religious and moral knowledge, and this guards
men on the way of life from all evil. The teacher accordingly
interweaves conditions and promises:
1 My son, if thou receivest my words,
And keepest my commandments by thee;
2 So, thou inclinest thine ear unto wisdom,
Turnest thine heart to understanding;¾
3 Yea, if thou callest after knowledge,
To understanding directest thy voice;
4 If thou seekest her as silver,
And searchest for her as for treasures:
5 Then shalt thou understand the fear of Jahve,
And find the knowledge of God.
6 For Jahve giveth wisdom:
From His mouth cometh knowledge and understanding.
7 He preserves for the upright promotion;
A Shield for such as walk in innocence.
8 For He protects the paths of justice,
And guards the way of His saints.
The first Mxi, with that which it introduces, vers. 1, 2, is to be in-
terpreted as an exclamation, "O that!" (O si), and then as an
optative, as Ps. lxxxi, 9, exxxix. 19. zxA . . . yKi; vers. 3-5, with
76 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
the inserted connecting clauses, would then be confirmatory, "for
then." But since this poet loves to unfold one and the same
thought in ever new forms, one has perhaps to begin the conditional
premisses with ver. 1, and to regard Mxi yKi as a new commence-
ment. Hitzig takes this Mx yk in the sense of imo: "much more
if thou goest to meet her, e.g. by curious inquiry, not merely per-
mittest her quietly to come to thee." Mxi would then preserve its
conditional meaning; and yKi, as in Job xxxi. 18, Ps. cxxx. 4, since
it implies an intentional negative, would receive the meaning of
imo. But the sentences ranged together with Mxi are too closely
related in meaning to admit such a negative between them. yKi
will thus be confirmatory, not mediately, but immediately; it is the
“for = yes” of confirmation of the preceding conditions, and takes
them up again (Ewald, § 356 b, cf. 330 b) after the form of the
conditional clause was given up. The NpacA, which in i. 11, 18 is
the synonym of hpAcA, speculari, presents itself here, 1b, 7a, as the
synonym of NmaFA, whence MynimoF;ma, synon. of MyniUpc, recondita; the
group of sounds, Jc, Mc, MF (cf. also Jd, in Arab. dafan, whence
dafynat, treasure), express shades of the root representation of
pressing together. The inf. of the conclusion bywiq;hal;, to incline
(Gr. Venet. w[j a]kro&?to), is followed by the accus. of the object
j~n,z;xA, thine ear, for buwqj properly means to stiffen (not to purge,
as Schultens, nor to sharpen, as Gesenius thinks); cf. under Ps.
x. 17. With hmAk;HA are interchanged hnAybi, which properly means
that which is distinguished or separated, and hnAUbT;, which means
the distinguishing, separating, appellations of the capacity of dis-
tinguishing in definite cases and in general; but it does not repre-
sent this as a faculty of the soul, but as a divine power which
communicates itself as the gift of God (charisma).
Vers. 3-8. Instead of Mxi yKi there is an old yrqt lxl (read not so,
but thus), Mxe yk (if thou callest understanding mother), which sup-
poses the phrase Mxi yk (LXX.) as traditional. If Mxe were intended
(according to which the Targ. in the Bibl. rabbinical but not in
Norzi's text, translates), then 3b would correspond; vid. vii. 4, cf.
Job xvii. 14. Thus: Yea, if thou callest for understanding, i.e.
callest her to thee (xviii. 6), invitest her to thee (ix. 15). The q of
wqeBi is, with the exception of the imper. (e.g. Uwq;.Ba), always with-
out the Dagesh. Ver. 4b belongs to the ideas in the Book of Job
found in these introductory discourses, cf. Job iii. 21, as at ver.
1 Regarding this formula, see Strack's Prolegomena, pp. 66-70.
CHAP. IL 3-8. 77
14, Job iii. 22 (Ewald, Sprüche, p. 49). WpaHA (WPeHi), scrutari,
poceeds, as spaHE shows, from the primary meaning of a ditch, and
is thus in its root-idea related to rpaHA (to dig, search out). In the
principal clause of ver. 5 the ‘h txar;yi, as Ps. xix. 10, is the fear of
Jahve as it ought to be, thus the reverence which is due to Him,
the worshipping of Him as revealed. h and Myhilox< are inter-
changed as Mywidoq; and 'h at ix. 10. tfaDa is knowledge proceeding
from practice and experience, and thus not merely cognition
(Kenntnis), but knowledge (Erkenntnis). The thoughts revolve in
a circle only apparently. He who strives after wisdom earnestly
and really, reaches in this way fellowship with God; for just as He
gives wisdom it is nowhere else than with Him and it never comes
from any other source than from Him. It comes (ver. 6) vyPimi
(LXX. erroneously vynAPAmi), i.e. it is communicated through the
medium of His word, Job xxii. 22, or also (for lo<goj and pneu?ma
lie here undistinguished from one another) it is His breath (Book
of Wisdom vii. 25: a]tmi>j th?j tou? Qeou? duna<mewj kai> a]po<r]r[oia th?j
tou? pantokra<toroj do<chj ei]likrinh<j; the inspiration (tmwn) of the
Almighty (according to Job xxxii. 8) gives men understanding.
In ver. 7a, whether to NpacAv; (Chethib) or NPoc;yi (Kerî) is read, the mean-
ing is the same. The former is the expression of the completed
fact, as h[toi<masen, 1 Cor. ii. 9, and is rightly preferred by LXX.
an Syr., for one reluctantly misses the copula (since the thought
is new in comparison with ver. 6). Mrwyla should be written with
the accent Dechî. The Chokma-word (besides in Proverbs and
Job, found only in Mic. vi. 9 and Isa. xxviii. 29) hy.AwiUT is a Hiphil
formation (with the passing over of ô into û, as in hgAUT) from hwAOh
(whence the pr. names hwAOy and hyAv;waOy) = (Arab.) wasy and âsy, to
re-establish, to advance, Hiph. of hwAyA=hwAvA, to stand, and thus means
furtherance, i.e. the power or the gift to further, and concretely
that which furthers and profits, particularly true wisdom and true
fortune.1 The derivation from wye (viii. 21) is to be rejected, because
“the formation would be wholly without analogy, so much the more
because the y this word does not represent the place of the v, as
1 I was formerly in error in regarding the word as a Hophal formation, and
in assigning to it the primary signification of being in a state of realized
existence, of reality, in contradistinction to appearance only. The objection of
J. D. Michaelis, Supplem. p. 1167, Non placent in linguis ejusmodi etyma meta-
physica, etc., does not apply here, since the word is a new one coined by the
Chokma, but all the shades of meaning are naturally derived from the funda-
78 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
is seen from the Arab. and the Syr. " (Fl.);1 and
the derivation of hwAvA = hvAwA, to be smooth (Hitzig), passes over
without any difficulty into another system of roots. In the
passage under consideration (ver. 7), hy.AwiUT signifies advancement
in the sense of true prosperity. The parallel passage 7a clothes
itself in the form of an apposition: (He) a shield (NgemA, n. instr. of
to cover) for Mto ykel;ho, pilgrims of innocence (Fl.), i.e. such as
walk in the way (the object-accus., as vi. 12, for which in x. 9 B;)
of innocence. MTo is whole, full submission, moral faultlessness,
which chooses God with the whole heart, seeks good without ex-
ception: a similar thought is found in Ps. lxxxiv. 12. rcon;li, 8a, is
such an inf. of consequence as bywiq;hal; (ver. 2), and here, as there,
is continued in the finite. The "paths of justice" are understood
with reference to those who enter them and keep in them; parallel,
"the way of His saints" (dysiHA, he who cherishes ds,H,, earnest
inward love to God), for that is just hqAdAc;-Hraxo (xii. 28): they are
tOqdAc; yklh (Isa. xxxiii. 15). Instead of the Mugrash, the conjunc-
tive Tarcha is to be given to j`r,d,v;.
Vers. 9-11. With the zxA repeated, the promises encouraging
to the endeavour after wisdom take a new departure:
9 Then shalt thou understand righteousness, and justice,
And uprightness; every way of good.
10 For wisdom will enter into thine heart,
And knowledge will do good to thy soul;
11 Discretion will keep watch over thee,
Understanding will keep thee.
______________________________________________________
mental signification "furtherance" (cf. Seneca, Deus stator stabilitorque est).
"hywOt, from Arab. âsy and wasy, to further by word and deed, to assist by
counsel and act, to render help, whence the meanings auxilium, salus, and
prudens consilium, sapientia, easily follow; cf. Ali's Arab. proverb,
¾ ‘He furthers thee, who does not trouble himself about thee.'"
1 The Arab. (almost only in the negative = ), of the
same signification as wye, with which the Aram. tyxi (ytayxi) is associated, pre-
supposes an ( = ), to be founded, to found, and is rightly regarded
by the Arabs as an old segolate noun in which the verbal force was compre-
hended.
2 The Arab. and are confounded in common usage (Wetstein,
Deutsch. Morgeul. Zeitschr. xxii. 19), but the roots wv and vw are different;
wv and wx, on the contrary, are modifications of one root.
CHAP. II. 9-11. 79
Regarding the ethical triad MyriwAyme [righteousness, rightness],
FPAw;mi [judgment], and qd,c, [rectitude], vid. i. 3. Seb. Schmid is
wrong in his rendering, et omnis via qua bonum aditur erit tibi
plana, which in comparison with Isa. xxvi. 7 would be feebly
expressed. J. H. Michaelis rightly interprets all these four con-
ceptions as object - accusatives; the fourth is the summarizing
asyndeton (cf. Ps. viii. 7) breaking off the enumeration: omnem
denique or1itam boni; Jerome, bonam: in this case, however, bOF
would be genitive (vid. xvii. 2). lGAf;ma is the way in which the
chariot rolls along; in lgf there are united the root-conceptions
of that which is round (lg) and rolling (lg). Whether yKi, ver. 10,
is the argumentative "because" (according to the versions and
most interpreters) or "for" ("denn," J. H. Michaelis, Ewald, and
others), is a question. That with yKi="for" the subject would
precede the verb, as at vers. 6, 21, and i. 32 (Hitzig), determines
nothing, as ver. 18 shows. On the one hand, the opinion that yKi=
"because " is opposed by the analogy of the yKi, ver. 6, following
zxA, ver. 5; the inequality between vers. 5-8 and ver. 9 ff. if the
new commencement, ver. 9, at once gives place to another, ver. 10;
the relationship of the subject ideas in vers. 10, 11, which makes
ver. 11 unsuitable to be a conclusion from ver. 10. On the contrary,
the promise not only of intellectual, but at the same time also of
practical, insight into the right and the good, according to their
whole compass and in their manifoldness, can be established or
explained quite well as we thus read vers. 10, 11: For wisdom will
enter (namely, to make it a dwelling-place, xiv. 33; cf. John xiv.
23) into thine heart, and knowledge will do good to thy soul
namely, by the enjoyment which arises from the possession of
knowledge, and the rest which its certainty yields). tfaDa, gnw?sij,
is elsewhere fem. (Ps. cxxxix. 6), but here, as at viii. 10, xiv. 6, in
the sense of to> gnw?nai, is masc. In ver. 11 the contents of the
Nybt zx (ver. 9) are further explained. lfa rmawA, of watching (for Job
vi. 16 is to be interpreted differently), is used only by our poet
(here and at vi. 22). Discretion, i.e. the capacity of well-con-
sidered action, will hold watch over thee, take thee under pro-
tection; understanding, i.e. the capacity in the case of opposing
rules to make the right choice, and in the matter of extremes
to choose the right medium, will be bestowed upon thee. In
hKAr,c;n;Ti, as in Ps. lxi. 8, cxl. 2, 5, Dent. xxxiii. 9, etc., the first
stem letter is not assimilated, in order that the word may have a
80 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
fuller sound; the writing hKA¾,. for j~¾, is meant to affect the
eye.1
Vers. 12-15. As in vers. 10 11 the NybiTA zxA ("then shalt thou
understand," ver. 5) is expanded so now the watching, preserving,
is separately placed in view:
12 To deliver thee from an evil way,
From the man who speaks falsehood;
13 (From those) who forsake the ways of honesty
To walk in ways of darkness,
14 Who rejoice to accomplish evil,
Delight in malignant falsehood—
15 They are crooked in their paths,
And perverse in their ways.
That frA j~r,D, is not genitival, via mali, but adjectival, via mala, is
evident from bvF-xl jrd, xvi. 29. From the evil way, i.e. conduct,
stands opposed to the false words represented in the person of the
deceiver; from both kinds of contagium wisdom delivers. tOkPuh;Ta
(like the similarly formed tOlBuh;Ta, occurring only as plur.) means
misrepresentations, viz. of the good and the true, and that for the
purpose of deceiving (xvii. 20), fallaciae, i.e. intrigues in conduct,
and lies and deceit in words. Fl. compares Arab. ifk, a lie, and
affak, a liar. j~l;yc,.hal; has Munach, the constant servant of Dechî,
instead of Metheg, according to rule (Accentssystem, vii. § 2). Mybiz;foha
(ver. 13) is connected with the collective wyxi (cf. Judg. ix. 55);
we have in the translation separated it into a relative clause with
the abstract present. The vocalization of the article fluctuates,
yet the expression Mybzfha, like ver. 17 tbzfha, is the better estab-
lished (Michlol 53b); Mybiz;foha is one of the three words which retain
their Metheg, and yet add to it a Munach in the tone-syllable
(vid. the two others, Job xxii. 4, xxxix..26). To the "ways of
honesty" (Geradheit) (cf. the adj. expression, Jer. xxxi. 9), which
does not shun to come to the light, stand opposed the "ways of
darkness," the e@rga tou? sko<touj, Rom. xiii. 12, which designedly
conceal themselves from God (Isa. xxix. 15) and men (Job xxiv.
15, xxxviii. 13, 15).
Ver. 14. In this verse the regimen of the Nmi, 12b, is to be
regarded as lost; the description now goes on independently.
Whoever does not shrink back from evil, but gives himself up to
deceit, who finally is at home in it as in his own proper life-element,
1 For the right succession of the accents here, see Torath Emeth, p. 49, § 5;
Accentuationssystem, xviii. § 3.
CHAP. IL 16-19. 81
and rejoices, yea, delights in that which he ought to shun as some-
thing destructive and to be rejected. The neut. frA is frequently
an attributive genit., vi. 24, xv. 26, xxviii. 5; cf. bOF, xxiv. 25,
which here, since tOkPuh;ta are those who in themselves are bad, does
not separate, but heightens: perversitates non simplices aut vulgares,
sed pessimae et ex omni parte vitioscae (J. H. Michaelis). With
rw,xE (oi!tinej), ver. 15, this part is brought to a conclusion.
Fleischer, Bertheau, and others interpret Mh,yteHor;xA, as the accus.
of the nearer definition, as skolio>j to>n nou?n, ta>j pra<ceij; but
should it be an accus., then would we expect, in this position of
the words, Uwq;.fi (Isa. lix. 8; Prov. x. 9, cf. ix. 15). Mywiq.;fi is the
pred.; for Hraxo, like j`r,D,, admits of both genders. MyziOln;U carries in
it its subject Mhe; zUl, like the Arab. l’d, l'dh, is a weaker form of
CUl, flectere, inclinare, intrans. recedere: they are turned aside,
inclined out of the way to the right and left in their walk (B;; as
xvii. 20).
Vers. 16-19. With the resumption of j~l;yci.hal;, the watchful pro-
tection which wisdom affords to its possessors is further specified
in these verses:
16 To save thee from the strange woman,
From the stranger who useth smooth words;
17 Who forsakes the companion of her youth,
And forgets the covenant of her God;
18 For she sinks down to death together with her house,
And to the shadow of Hades her paths¾
19 All they who go to her return not again,
And reach not the paths of life
The subject here continued is the fourfold wisdom named in vers.
10, 11. rzA signifies alienus, which may also be equivalent to alius
populi, but of a much wider compass—him who does not belong to
a certain class (e.g. the non-priestly or the laity), the person or
thing not belonging to me, or also some other than I designate; on
the other hand, yrik;nA, peregrines, scarcely anywhere divests itself of
the essential mark of a strange foreign origin. While thus hrAzA hw.Axi
is the non-married wife, hy.Arik;nA designates her as non-Israelitish.
Prostitution was partly sanctioned in the cultus of the Midianites,
Syrians, and other nations neighbouring to Israel, and thus was
regarded as nothing less than customary. In Israel, on the contrary,
the law (Dent. xxiii. 18 f.) forbade it under a penalty, and therefore
it was chiefly practised by foreign women (xxiii. 27, and cf. the
82 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
exception, Ruth ii. 10),1—an inveterate vice, which spread itself
particularly from the latter days of Solomon, along with general
ungodliness, and excusing itself under the polygamy sanctioned
by the law, brought ruin on the state. The Chokma contends
against this, and throughout presents monogamy as alone corre-
sponding to the institution and the idea of the relation. Desig-
nating marriage as the "covenant of God," it condemns not only
adulterous but generally promiscuous intercourse of the sexes,
because unhallowed and thus unjustifiable, and likewise arbitrary
divorce. Regarding the ancient ceremonies connected with the
celebration of marriage we are not specially informed; but from
(ver. 17, Mal. ii. 14 (Ewald, Bertheau, Hitzig, but not Köhler), it
appears that the celebration of marriage was a religious act, and
that they who were joined together in marriage called God to
witness and ratify the vows they took upon themselves. The perf.
in the attributive clause hqAyliH<h, hAyr,mAxE proceeds on the routine
acquired in cajoling and dissembling: who has smoothed her
words, i.e. learned to entice by flattering words (FL).
Vers. 17-19. JUl.xa, as here used, has nothing to do with the
phylarch-name, similar in sound, which is a denom. of Jl,x,; but it
comes immediately from JlaxA, to accustom oneself to a person or
cause, to be familiar therewith (while the Aram. JlaxE, Jliy;, to learn,
Pa. to teach), and thus means, as the synon. of fare, the companion
or familiar associate (vid. Schultens). Parallels such as Jer. iii. 4
suggested to the old interpreters the allegorical explanation of the
adulteress as the personification of the apostasy or of heresy.
Ver. 18a the LXX. translate: e@qeto ga>r para> t&? qna<t& to>n
oi#kon au]th?j: she (the dissolute wife) has placed her house beside
death (the abyss of death). This hHAwA [e@qeto] is perhaps the
original, for the text as it lies before us is doubtful, though, rightly
understood, admissible. The accentuation marks h.tAyBe; as the sub-
ject, but tyiBa is elsewhere always masc., and does not, like the rarer
Hraxo, ver. 15, admit in usage a double gender; also, if the fem.
usage were here introduced (Bertheau, Hitzig), then the predicate,
even though htyb were regarded as fem., might be, in conformity
with rule, Hwa, as e.g. Isa. ii. 17. hHAwA is, as in Ps. xliv. 26, 3d pr.
of HaUw, Arab. sâkh, to go down, to sink; the emendation hHAwA
1 In Talmudic Heb. tymirAxE (Aramean) has this meaning for the Biblical
hy.Arik;nA.
CHAP. II. 20-22. 83
(Joseph Kimchi) does not recommend itself on this account, that
hHawA and HHawA mean, according to usage, to stoop or to bend down;
and to interpret (Ralbag, hlypwh) hHAwA transitively is inadmissible.
For that reason Aben Ezra interprets htyb as in apposition: to
death, to its house; but then the poet in that case should say lOxw;-lx,,
for death is not a house. On the other hand, we cannot perceive
in htyb an accus. of the nearer definition (J. H. Michaelis, FL);
the expression would here, as 15a, be refined without purpose.
Böttcher has recognised htyb as permutative, the personal subject:
for she sinks down to death, her house, i.e. she herself, together
with all that belongs to her; cf. the permutative of the subject,
Job xxix. 3, Isa. xxix. 23 (vid. comm. l.c.), and the more particular
statement of the object, Ex. ii. 6, etc. Regarding Myxipr;, shadows
of the under-world (from hpArA, synon. hlAHA, weakened, or to become
powerless), a word common to the Solomonic writings, vid. Com-
ment. on Isaiah, p. 206. What ver. 18b says of the person of the
adulteress, ver. 19 says of those who live with her htyb her house-
companions. hAyx,BA "those entering in to her," is equivalent to
hAyl,xe MyxiBA; the participle of verbs eundi et veniendi takes the
accusative object of the finite as gen. in st. constr., as e.g. i. 12,
ii. 7, Gen. xxiii. 18, ix. 10 (cf. Jer. x. 20). The NUbUwy, with the
tone on the ult., is a protestation: there is no return for those who
practise fornication,1 and they do not reach the paths of life from
which they have so widely strayed.2
Vers. 20-22. With Nfamal; there commences a new section, co-ordi-
nating itself with the j~l;yc.ihal; ("to deliver thee") of vers. 12, 16,
unfolding that which wisdom accomplishes as a preserver and guide:
20 So that thou walkest in the good way,
And keepest the right paths.
21 For the upright shall inhabit the land,
And the innocent shall remain in it.
22 But the godless are cut off out of the land,
And the faithless are rooted out of it.
1 One is here reminded of the expression in the AEneid, vi. 127-129:
Revocare gradunz superasque evadere ad auras,
Hoc opes, hoc labor est.
See also an impure but dreadful Talmudic story about a dissolute Rabbi,
b. Aboda zara, 17a.
2 In correct texts vgywy-xlv has the Makkeph. Vid. Torath Emeth, p. 41;
Accentuationssystem, xx. § 2.
84 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Wisdom—thus the connection—will keep thee, so that thou shalt
not fall under the seductions of man or of woman; keep, in order
that thou . . . Nfamal; (from Nfama = hn,fEma, tendency, purpose) refers to
the intention and object of the protecting wisdom. To the two
negative designations of design there follows, as the third and last,
a positive one. MybiOF (contrast to MyfirA, xiv. 19) is here used in a
general ethical sense: the good (Guten, not Gütigen, the kind).
rmawA, with the object of the way, may in another connection also
mean to keep oneself from, cavere ab (Ps. xvii. 4); here it means:
carefully to keep in it. The promise of ver. 21 is the same as in
the Mashal Ps. xxxvii. 9, 11, 22; cf. Prov. x. 30. Cr,xA is Canaan,
or the land which God promised to the patriarchs, and in which He
planted Israel, whom He had brought out of Egypt; not the earth,
as Matt. v. 5, according to the extended, unlimited N. T. circle of
vision. Urt;UAyi (Milel) is erroneously explained by. Schultens: funi-
eulis bene firmis irroborabunt in terra. The verb rtayA, Arab. watar,
signifies to yoke (whence rt,y,, a cord, rope), then intrans. to be
stretched out in length, to be hanging over (vid. Fleischer on Job
xxx. 11); whence rt,y,, residue, Zeph. ii. 9, and after which the
LXX. here renders u[poleifqh<sontai, and Jerome permanebunt.
In 22b the old translators render UHs.;yi as the fut. of the pass. Hs.ani,
Deut. xxviii. 63; but in this case it would be UHs;nA.yi. The form
UHs.;yi, pointed UHs.ayi, might be the Niph. of HHasA, but HHasA can neither be
taken as one with HsanA, of the same meaning, nor with Hitzig is it to
be vocalized UHs.;yu (Hoph. of Hsn); nor, with Böttcher (§ 1100, p.
453), is UHs.;yi. to be regarded as a veritable fut. Niph. UHs.;yi is, as at
xv. 25, Ps. Ili. 7, active: evellant; and this, with the subj. remain
ing indefinite (for which J. H. Michaelis refers to Hos. xii. 9), is
equivalent to evellentur. This indefinite "they" or "one" ("man"),
Fleischer remarks, can even be used of God, as here and Job vii.
3,—a thing which is common in Persian, where e.g. the expression
rendered hominem ex pulvere fecerunt is used instead of the fuller
form, which would be rendered homo a Deo ex pulvere factus est.
Mydig;OB bears (as dg,B, proves) the primary meaning of concealed, i.e.
malicious (treacherous and rapacious, Isa. xxxiii. 1), and then
faithless men.1
1 Similar is the relation in Arab. of labbasa to libâs (wUbl;); it means to make
thing unknown by covering it; whence telbîs, deceit, nulebbis, a falsifier.
CHAP. III. 1-4. 85
FOURTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, III. 1-18.
EXHORTATION TO LOVE AND FAITHFULNESS, AND SELF-SACRI-
FICING DEVOTION TO GOD, AS THE TRUE WISDOM.
The foregoing Mashal discourse seeks to guard youth .against
ruinous companionship; this points out to them more particularly
the relation toward God and man, which alone can make them
truly happy, vers. 1-4.
1 My son, forget not my doctrine,
And let thine heart keep my commandments;
2 For length of days, and years of life,
And peace, will they add to thee.
3 Let not kindness and truth forsake thee:
Bind them about thy neck,
Write them on the tablet of thy heart,
4 And obtain favour and true prudence
In the eyes of God and of men.
The admonition takes a new departure. ytirAOT and ytaOc;mi refer
to the following new discourse and laws of conduct. Here, in the
midst of the discourse, we have rco.y not rco.n;yi; the non-assimi-
lated form is found only in the conclusion, e.g. ii. 11, v. 2. The
plur. UpysiOy (ver. 2) for hnAp;seOT (they will bring, add) refers to the
doctrine and the precepts; the synallage has its ground in this, that
the fem. construction in Hebrew is not applicable in such a case;
the vulgar Arab. also has set aside the forms jaktubna, taktubna.
"Extension of days" is continuance of duration, stretching itself
out according to the promise, Ex. xx. 12; and "years of life" (ix.
11) are years—namely, many of them—of a life which is life in
the full sense of the word. Myyi.Hi has here the pregnant significa-
tion vita vitalis, bi<oj biwto<j (Fl.). MOlwA (R. lw) is pure well-being,
free from all that disturbs peace or satisfaction, internal and exter-
nal contentment.
Ver. 3. With this verse the doctrine begins; lxa (not xlo) shows
that 3a does not continue the promise of ver. 2. ds,H, (R. sH,
stringere, afficere) is, according to the prevailing usage of the lan-
guage, well-affectedness, it may be of God toward men, or of men
toward God, or of men toward one another—a loving disposition, of
the same meaning as the N. T. a]ga<ph (vid. e.g. Hos. vi. 6). tm,x,
(from tn,m,xE), continuance, a standing to one's promises, and not
86 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
falsifying just expectations; thus fidelity, pi<stij, in the inter-
related sense of fides and fidelitas. These two states of mind and
of conduct are here contemplated as moral powers (Ps. lxi. 8, xliii.
3), which are of excellent service, and bring precious gain; and 4b
shows that their ramification on the side of God and of men, the
religious and the moral, remains radically inseparable. The suffix
M¾e does not refer to the doctrine and the precepts, but to these
two cardinal virtues. If the disciple is admonished to bind them
about his neck (vid. i. 9, cf. iii. 22), so here reference is made, not
to ornament, nor yet to protection against evil influences by means
of them, as by an amulet1 (for which proofs are wanting), but to
the signet which was wont to be constantly carried (Gen. xxxviii. 18,
cf. Cant. viii. 6) on a string around the neck. The parallel member
3c confirms this; 3b and 3c together put us in mind of the Tephil-
lim (phylacteries), Ex. xiii. 16, Deut. vi. 8, xi. 18, in which what is
here a figure is presented in external form, but as the real figure
of that which is required in the inward parts. HaUl (from HaUl, Arab.
l'ah, to begin to shine, e.g. of a shooting star, gleaming sword; vid.
Wetzstein, Deutsch. morgenl. Zeitzschr. xxii. 151 f.) signifies the
tablet prepared for writing by means of polish; to write love and
fidelity on the tablet of the heart, is to impress deeply on the heart
the duty of both virtues, so that one will be impelled to them from
within outward (Jer. xxxi. 33).
Ver. 4. To the admonitory imper. there follows here a second,
as iv. 4, xx. 13, Amos v. 4, 2 Chron. xx. 20, instead of which also
the perf. consec. might stand; the counsellor wishes, with the good
to which he advises, at the same time to present its good results.
lk,We is (1 Sam. xxv. 3) the appearance, for the Arab. shakl means
forma, as uniting or binding the lineaments or contours into one
figure, sxh?ma, according to which bOF lk,We may be interpreted of
the pleasing and advantageous impression which the well-built
external appearance of a man makes, as an image of that which
his internal excellence produces; thus, favourable view, friendly
judgment, good reputation (Ewald, Hitzig, Zöckler). But every-
where else (xiii. 15; Ps. cxi. 10; 2 Chron. xxx. 22) this phrase
means good, i.e. fine, well-becoming insight, or prudence; and lkW
1 Fleischer is here reminded of the giraffe in the Jardin des Plantes, the head
of which was adorned by its Arabic keeper with strings and jewels, the object
of which was to turn aside the ‘ain (the bad, mischievous look) from the precious
beast.
CHAP. III. 5-8. 87
has in the language of the Mishle no other meaning than intel-
lectus, which proceeds from the inwardly forming activity of the
mind. He obtains favour in the eyes of God and man, to whom
favour on both sides is shown; he obtains refined prudence, to
whom it is on both sides adjudicated. It is unnecessary, with
Ewald and Hitzig, to assign the two objects to God and men. In
the eyes of both at the same time, he who carries love and faith-
fulness in his heart appears as one to whom NHe and tOF lk,We must
be adjudicated.
Vers. 5-8. Were "kindness and truth" (ver. 3) understood only
in relation to men, then the following admonition would not be
interposed, since it proceeds from that going before, if there the
quality of kindness and truth, not only towards man, but also
towards God, is commended:
5 Trust in Jahve with thy whole heart,
And lean not on thine own understanding.
6 In all thy ways acknowledge Him,
And He will make plain thy paths.
7 Be not wise in thine own eyes;
Fear Jahve, and depart from evil.
8 Health will then come to thy navel,
And refreshing to thy bones.
From God alone comes true prosperity, true help. He knows the
right way to the right ends. He knows what benefits us. He is
able to free us from that which does us harm: therefore it is our
duty and our safety to place our confidence wholly in Him, and to
trust not to our own judgment. The verb HFaBA, Arab. batihi, has
the root-meaning expandere, whence perhaps, by a more direct way
than that noted under Ps. iv. 6, it acquires the meaning confidere,
to lean with the whole body on something, in order to rest upon it,
strengthened by lfa if one lean wholly—Fr. se reposer sur quelqu'un;
Ital. riposarsi sopra alcuno,—like Nfew.Ahi with lx, to lean on anything,
so as to be supported by it; with lfa, to support oneself on anything
(Fl.). Impl (the same in form as UhxeWA, Num. xi. 12) is not fully
represented by "acknowledge Him;" as in 1 Chron. xxviii. 9 it is
not a mere theoretic acknowledgment that is meant, but earnest
penetrating cognizance, engaging the whole man. The practico-
mystical UhfedA, in and of itself full of significance, according to O.
and N. T. usage, is yet strengthened by toto corde. The heart is
the central seat of all spiritual soul-strength; to love God with the
whole heart is to concentrate the whole inner life on the active
88 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
contemplation of God, and the ready observance of His will. God
requites such as show regard to Him, by making plain their path
before them, i.e. by leading them directly to the right end, remov-
ing all hindrances out of their way. j~yt,Hor;xo has Cholem in the first
syllable (vid. Kimchi's Lex).1 "Be not wise in thine own eyes"
is equivalent to ne tibi sapiens videare; for, as J. H. Michaelis
remarks, confidere Deo est sapere, sibi vero ac suae sapientiae, desipere.
"Fear God and depart from evil" is the twofold representation of
the eu]se<beia, or practical piety, in the Chokma writings: Prov. xvi.
6, the Mashal psalm xxxiv. 10, 15, and Job xxviii. 28 cf. i. 2.
For frame rsA, the post-biblical expression is xF;He xrey;.
Ver. 8. The subject to yhiT; (it shall be) is just this religious-
moral conduct. The conjectural reading j~r;WAb;li (Clericus), j~r;wel;
=j~r;xew;li (Ewald, Hitzig), to thy flesh or body, is unnecessary; the
LXX. and Syr. so translating, generalize the expression, which is
not according to their taste. rwo, from rrawA, Arab. sarr, to be fast,
to bind fast, properly, the umbilical cord (which the Arabs call surr,
whence the denom. sarra, to cut off the umbilical cord of the new-
born); thus the navel, the origin of which coincides with the
independent individual existence of the new-born, and is as the
firm centre (cf. Arab. saryr, foundation, basis, Job, p. 487) of the
existence of the body. The system of punctuation does not, as a
rule, permit the doubling of r, probably on account of the pre-
vailing half guttural, i.e. the uvular utterance of this sound by the
men of Tiberias.2 j~r.c,wAl; here, and j`r.ewA at Ezek. xvi. 4, belong to the
exceptions; cf. the expanded duplication in j`rer;wA, Cant. vii. 3, to
which a chief form rr,wo is as little to be assumed as is a rrAhA to
yrer;ha. The a!p. gegr., tUxp;ri healing, has here, as xPer;ma, iv. 22, xvi.
24, and hpAUrT;, Ezek. xlvii. 12, not the meaning of restoration from
sickness, but the raising up of enfeebled strength, or the confirm
ing of that which exists; the navel comes into view as the middle
point of the vis vitalis. yUq.wi is a Piel formation, corresponding to
the abstract Kal formation tUxp;ri; the Arab. used transit.
(to give to drink), also (cf. Pu. Job xxi. 24) and like
1 In the st. constr. ii. 19, and with the grave suff. ii. 15, ŏ instead of ō is in
order; but Ben-Asher's ytHor;xA, Job xiii. 27, cf. xxxiii. 11, is an inconsistency.
2 See my work, Physiologie u. Musik in ihrer Bedeutung für Grammatik beson-
ders die hebräische, pp. 11-18.
CHAP. III. 9, 10. 89
the Hebr. hqAw;hi (Hiph. of hqAwA, to drink); the infin. means, to
the obliterating of the proper signification, distribution, benefac-
tion, showing friendship, but in the passage before us is to be
explained after Job xxi. 24 (the marrow of his bones is well
watered; Arnheim—full of sap) and xv. 30. Bertheau and Hitzig
erroneously regard ver. 8 as the conclusion to ver. 7, for they
interpret tvxpr as the subject; but had the poet wished to be so
understood, he should have written yhit;U. Much rather the subject
is devotion withdrawn from the evil one and turned to God, which
externally proves itself by the dedication to Him of earthly pos-
sessions.
Ver. 9 Honour Jahve with thy wealth,
And with the first-fruits of all thine increase:
10 Then shall thy barns be filled with plenty,
And thy vats overflow with must.
It may surprise us that the Chokma, being separated from the
ceremonial law, here commends the giving of tithes. But in the
first place, the consciousness of the duty of giving tithes is older
than the Mosaic law, Gen. xxviii. 22; in this case, the giving of
tithes is here a general ethical expression. rW.efi and rWefEma do not
occur in the Book of Proverbs; in the post-biblical phraseology
the tithes are called ha.bon.Aha ql,He, the portion of the Most High.
dBeKi, as the Arab. wakkra, to make heavy, then to regard and deal
with as weighty and solemn (opp. ll.eqi, to regard and treat as light,
from llaqA Arab. hân, to be light). NOh, properly lightness in the
sense of aisance, opulency, forms with dBeKa an oxymoron (fac Jovam
gravem de levitate tua), but one aimed at by the author neither at
i. 13 nor here. Nmi (in j~n,Ohme and 'reme, ver. 9) is in both cases par-
titive, as in the law of the Levitical tenths, Lev. xxvii. 30, and of
the Challa (heave-offering of dough), Num. xv. 21, where also
tywixre. (in Heb. vii. 4, a]kroqi<nia) occurs in a similar sense, cf.
Num. xviii. 12 (in the law of the Theruma or wave-offering of
the priests), as also hxAUbT; in the law of the second tenths, Deut.
xiv. 22, cf. Num. xviii. 30 (in the law of the tenths of the priests).
Ver. 10. With v apodosis imperativi the conclusion begins.
satisfaction, is equivalent to fulness, making satisfied, and that, too,
richly satisfied; wOryTi also is such an accusative, as verbs of filling
govern it, for CraPA, to break through, especially to overflow, signifies
to be or become overflowingly full (Job i. 10). MsAxA (from MsaxA,
90 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Chald. NsaxE, Syr. âsan, to lay up in granaries) is the granary, of the
same meaning as the Arab. âkhzan (from khazan=NsaHA), Isa. xxiii.
18, recondere), whence the Spanish magazen, the French and
German magazin. bq,y, (from bqayA, Arab. wakab, to be hollow) is
the vat or tub into which the must flows from the wine-press (tn.a
or hrAUP), la<kkoj or u[polh<nion. Cf. the same admonition and promise
in the prophetic statement of Mal. iii. 10-12.
Vers. 11, 12. The contrast here follows. As God should not
be forgotten in days of prosperity, so one should not suffer himself
to be estranged from Him by days of adversity.
11 The school of Jahve, my son, despise thou not,
Nor loathe thou His correction;
12 For Jahve correcteth him whom He loveth,
And that as a father his son whom he loveth
Vid. the original passage Job v. 17 f. There is not for the Book
of Job a more suitable motto than this tetrastich, which expresses
its fundamental thought, that there is a being chastened and tried
by suffering which has as its motive the love of God, and which
does not exclude sonship.1 One may say that ver. 11 expresses
the problem of the Book of Job, and ver. 12 its solution. rsaUm
paidei<a, we have translated "school," for rs.ayi, paideu<ein, means in
reality to take one into school. Ahndung [punishment] or Rüge
[reproof] is the German word which most corresponds to the Hebr.
hHAkEOT or tHakaOT. B; CUq (whence here the prohibitive CqoTA with lxa)
means to experience loathing (disgust) at anything, or aversion
(vexation) toward anything. The LXX. (cited Heb. xii. 5 f.),
mhde> e]klu<ou, nor be faint-hearted, which joins in to the general
thought, that we should not be frightened away from God, or let
ourselves be estranged from Him by the attitude of anger in which
He appears in His determination to inflict suffering. In 12a the
accentuation leaves it undefined whether hOAhy; as subject belongs to
the relative or to the principal clause; the traditional succession of
accents, certified also by Ben Bileam, is hvhy bhxy rwx tx, yk, for this
passage belongs to the few in which more than three servants
(viz. Mahpach, Mercha, and three Munachs) go before the Ath-
nach.2 The further peculiarity is here to be observed, that tx,
1 Here Procop. rightly distinguishes between paidei<a and timwri<a.
2 Vid. Toroth Emeth, p. 19; Accentuationssystem, vi. § 6; the differences
between Ben-Asher and Ben-Naphtali in the Appendixes to Biblia Rabbinica;
Dachseles Biblia Accentuata, and Pinner's Prospectus, p. 91 (Odessa, 1815).
CHAP. III. 13-15. 91
although without the Makkeph, retains its Segol, besides here only
in Ps. xlvii. 5, lx. 2. 12b is to be interpreted thus (cf. ix. 5b):
“and (that) as a father the son, whom he loves." The v is ex-
planatory, as 1 Sam. xxviii. 3 (Gesenius, § 155, la), and hc,r;yi
(which one may supplement by Otxo or OB) is a defining clause
having, the force of a clause with rwx. The translation, et ut pater
qui filio bene cupit, is syntactically (cf. Isa. xl. 11) and accentually
(vid. 13b) not less admissible, but translating "and as a father he
holds his son dear," or with Hitzig (after Jer. xxxi. 10, a passage
not quite syntactically the same), "and holds him dear, as a father
his son" (which Zöckler without syntactical authority prefers on
account of the 2d modus, cf. e.g. Ps. li. 18), does not seem a
right parallel clause, since the giving of correction is the chief
point, and the love only the accompanying consideration (xiii. 24).
According to our interpretation, HaykiOy is to be carried forward in
the mind from 12a. The LXX. find the parallel word in bxky,
for they translate mastigoi? de> pa<nta ui[o>n o{n parade<xetai, and
thus have read bxekey; or bxik;yav;.
Vers. 13-15. Such submission to God, the All-wise, the All-
directing, who loves us with fatherly affection, is wisdom, and
such wisdom is above all treasures.
13 Blessed is the man who has found wisdom,
And the man who has gained understanding;
14 For better is her acquisition than the acquisition of silver,
And her gain than fine gold.
15 More precious is she than corals;
And all thy jewels do not equal her value.
The imperfect qypiyA, which as the Hiph. of qUp, exire, has the general
meaning educere, interchanges with the perfect xcAmA. This bring-
ing forth is either a delivering up, i.e. giving out or presenting,
Isa. lviii. 10, Ps. cxl. 9, cxliv. 13 (cf. qpan;, Arab. nafaki, to give
out, to pay out), or a fetching out, getting out, receiving, viii. 35,
xii. 2, xviii. 22. Thus 13a reminds one of the parable of the
treasure in the field, and 13b of that of the goodly pearl for which
the e@mporoj who sought the pearl parted with all that he had.
Here also is declared the promise of him who trades with a
merchant for the possession of wisdom; for h.rAH;sa and rHas; (both,
as Isa. xxiii. 3, 18, xlv. 15, from rHasa, the latter after the forms
frEz, fFan;, without our needing to assume a second primary form,
rHAsA) go back to the root-word rHasA, to trade, go about as a trader,
92 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS,
with the fundamental meaning e]mporeu<esqai (LXX.); and also
the mention of the pearls is not wanting here, for at all events the
meaning "pearls" has blended itself with MyniyniP;, which is a favourite
word in the Mashal poetry, though it be not the original meaning
of the word. In 14b Js,K, is surpassed by CUrHA (besides in the
Proverbs, found only in this meaning in Ps. lxviii. 14), which
properly means ore found in a mine, from CraHA, to cut in, to dig
up, and hence the poetic name of gold, perhaps of gold dug out
as distinguished from molten gold. Hitzig regards xruso<j as
identical with it; but this word (Sanskr. without the ending hir,
Zend. zar) is derived from ghar, to glitter (vid. Curtius). h.tAxAUbT;
we have translated "gain," for it does not mean the profit which
wisdom brings, the tribute which it yields, but the gain, the pos-
session of wisdom herself.
Ver. 15. As regards MyniyniP;, for which the Kethîb has MyyiiniP;, the
following things are in favour of the fundamental meaning
“corals,” viz.: (1.) The name itself, which corresponds with the
Arab. ; this word, proceeding from the root-idea of shooting
forth, particularly after the manner of plants, means the branch
and all that raises or multiplies itself branch-like or twig-like
(Fleischer). (2.) The redness attributed to the Mynynp, Lam. iv. 7,
in contradistinction to the pure whiteness attributed to snow and
milk (vid. at Job xxviii. 18). The meaning of the word may, how-
ever, have become generalized in practice (LXX. in loc. li<qwn
polutelw?n, Graec. Venet. liqidi<wn); the meaning "pearls," given
to it in the Job-Targum by Rashi, and particularly by Bochart,
lay so much the nearer as one may have wrought also corals
and precious stones, such as the carbuncle, sardius, and sapphire,
into the form of pearls. hrAqAy;, in consequence of the retrogression
of the tone, has Munach on the penult., and that as an exception, as
has been remarked by the Masora, since in substantives and proper
names terminating in h¾A the rvHx gvsn, i.e. the receding of the tone,
does not elsewhere appear, e.g. xyni hpAyA, Gen. xii. 14, xyhi hrABA,
Cant. vi. 9, xyhi hrAcA, Jer. xxx. 7. "CP,He is first abstr., a being in-
clined to something, lust, will, pleasure in anything, then also
concr., anything in which one has pleasure, what is beautiful,
precious; cf. , hence precious stones"
(Fleischer). hvAwA, with B;, means to be an equivalent (purchase-price,
CHAP. III. 16-18. 93
exchange) for anything; the most natural construction in Arab. as
well as in Hebr. is that with l;, to be the equivalent of a thing (vid.
at Job xxxiii. 27); the B; is the Beth pretii, as if one said in Arab.:
biabi anta thou art in the estimate of my father, I give it for thee.
One distinctly perceives in vers. 14, 15, the echo of Job xxviii.
This tetrastich occurs again with a slight variation at viii. 10, 11.
The Talmud and the Midrash accent it so, that in the former the
expression is MycpH-lkv, and in the latter jycpH-lkv, and they explain
the latter of precious stones and pearls (tvylgrmv tvbvF Mynbx).
Vers. 16-18. That wisdom is of such incomparable value is
here confirmed:
16 Length of days is in her right hand;
In her left, riches and honour.
17 Her ways are pleasant ways,
And all her paths are peace.
18 A tree of life is she to those that lay hold upon her,
And he who always holdeth her fast is blessed.
As in the right hand of Jahve, according to Ps. xvi. 11, are plea-
sures for evermore, so Wisdom holds in her right hand "length of
days," viz. of the days of life, thus life, the blessing of blessings;
in her left, riches and honour (viii. 18), the two good things which,
it is true, do not condition life, but, received from Wisdom, and
thus wisely, elevate the happiness of life—in the right hand is the
chief good, in the left the prosqh<kh, Matt. vi. 33. Didymus: Per
sapientiae dextram divinarum rerum cognitio, ex qua immortalitatis
vita oritur, significatur; per sinistram autem rerum humanarum
notitia, ex qua gloria opumque abundantia nascitur. The LXX.,
as between 15a and 15b, so also here after ver. 16, interpolate two
lines: "From her mouth proceedeth righteousness; justice and
mercy she bears upon her tongue,"—perhaps translated from the
Hebr., but certainly added by a reader.
Ver. 17. Mfano-yker;Da are ways on which one obtains what is agree-
able to the inner and the outer man, and which it does good to
enjoy. The parallel MOlwA is not a genitive to tObytin;; to be supplied;
the paths Wisdom are themselves MOlwA, for she brings well-being
on all sides and deep inward satisfaction (peace). In regard to hbAytin;,
via eminens, elata, Schultens is right (vid. under i. 15);1 hAyt,Obytin;
has Munach, and instead of the Metheg, Tarcha, vid. under i. 31b.
1 The root is not bt, to grope, but tn; whence Arab. natt, to bubble up,
natâ, to raise oneself, to swell up, etc.
94 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
The figure of the tree of life the fruit of which brings immortality,
is, as xi. 30, xv. 4 (cf. xiii. 12), Rev. ii. 7, taken from the history
of paradise in the Book of Genesis. The old ecclesiastical saying,
Lignum vitae crux Christi, accommodates itself in a certain measure,
through Matt. xi. 19, Luke xi. 49, with this passage of the Book of
Proverbs. B; qyziH<h, means to fasten upon anything, more fully
expressed in Gen. xxi. 18, to bind the hand firm with anything,
to seize it firmly. They who give themselves to Wisdom, come to
experience that she is a tree of life whose fruit contains and com-
municates strength of life, and whoever always keeps fast hold of
Wisdom is blessed, i.e. to be pronounced happy (Ps. xli. 3, vid. under
Ps. cxxxvii. 8). The predicate rw.Axum;, blessed, refers to each one of
the hAyk,m;To, those who hold her, cf. xxvii. 16, Num. xxiv. 9. It is the
so-called distributive singular of the predicate, which is freely used
particularly in those cases where the plur. of the subject is a parti-
ciple (vid. under ver. 35).
FIFTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, III. 19-26.
THE WORLD-CREATIVE WISDOM AS MEDIATRIX OF DIVINE
PROTECTION.
O son, guard against seducers (i. 8 ff.); listen to the warning
voice of Wisdom (i. 20 ff.); seek after Wisdom: she is the way to
God, comes from God, and teaches thee to shun the wicked way
and to walk in the way that is good (ii.); thou shalt obtain her if,
renouncing self-confidence, thou givest thyself unreservedly to God
(iii. 1-18)—these are the four steps, so far, of this introductory
parai<nesij. Each discourse contributes its own to present vividly
and impressively what Wisdom is and what she procures, her nature
and her blessings. From her hand come all good gifts of God to
men. She is the tree of life. Her place between God and men is
thus that of a mediatrix.
Vers. 19, 20. This place of a mediatrix—the speaker here now
continues—she had from the beginning. God's world-creating
work was mediated by her:
19 Jahve hath by wisdom founded the earth,
Established the heavens by understanding.
CHAP. III. 19, 20. 95
20 By His knowledge the water-floods broke forth,
And the sky dropped down dew.
That wisdom is meant by which God planned the world-idea, and
now also wrought it out; the wisdom in which God conceived the
world ere it was framed, and by which also He gave external
realization to His thoughts; the wisdom which is indeed an attri-
bute of God and a characteristic of His actions, since she is a
property of His nature, and His nature attests itself in her, but
not less, as appears, not from this group of tetrastichs, but from
all that has hitherto been said, and from the personal testimony,
viii. 22 ff., of which it is the praeludium, she goes forth as a divine
power to which God has given to have life in herself. Considered
apart from the connection of these discourses, this group of verses,
as little as Jer. x. 2, Ps. civ. 24, determines regarding the attribu-
tive interpretation; the Jerusalem Targum, I., when it translates,
Gen. i. 1, tywxrb by xmAk;UHB; (xtAm;k;UHB), combines viii. 22 with such
passages as this before us. dsayA (here with the tone thrown back)
properly signifies, like the Arab. wasad, to lay fast, to found, for one
gives to a fact the firm basis of its existence. The parallel Pil. of NUK
(Arab. kân, cogn. Nhk, see on Isaiah, p. 691) signifies to set up, to
restore; here equivalent to, to give existence.
Ver. 20. It is incorrect to understand 20a, with the Targ., of
division, i.e. separating the water under the firmament from the
water above the firmament; fqab;ni is spoken of water, especially of its
breaking forth, Gen. vii. 11, Ex. xiv. 21, cf. Ps. lxxiv. 15, properly
dividing itself out, i.e. welling forth from the bowels of the earth;
it means, without distinguishing the primordial waters and the later
water-floods confined within their banks (cf. Job xxxviii. 8 f., Ps.
civ. 6-8), the overflowing of the earth for the purpose of its pro-
cesses of cultivation and the irrigation of the land. tOmOhT; (from
MUh =hmAhA, to groan, to roar) are chiefly the internal water stores
of the earth, Gen. xlix. 25, Ps. xxxiii. 7. But while 20a is to be
understood of the waters under the firmament, 20b is to be inter-
preted of those above. MyqiHAw; (from qHawA, Arab. shiaki, comminuere,
attenuare) properly designates the uppermost stratum of air thinly
and finely stretching itself far and wide, and then poetically the
clouds of heaven (vid. under Ps. lxxvii. 18). Another name, MypirifE,
comes from JrafA, which is transposed from JfarA (here used in 20b),
Arab. r'af, to drop, to run. The lFA, added on the object accusative
represents synecdochically all the waters coming down from heaven
96 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
and fructifying the earth. This watering proceeds from above
(vpfrv); on the contrary, the endowing of the surface of the earth
with great and small rivers is a fundamental fact in creation
(vfqbn).
Vers. 21-22. From this eminence, in which the work of creation
presents wisdom, exhortations are now deduced, since the writer
always expresses himself only with an ethical intention regarding
the nature of wisdom
21 My son, may they not depart from thine eyes—
Preserve thoughtfulness and consideration,
22 And they will be life to thy soul
And grace to thy neck.
If we make the synonyms of wisdom which are in 21b the subject
per prolepsin to UzluyA-lxa (Hitzig and Zöckler), then 19-20 and 21-22
clash. The subjects are wisdom, understanding, knowledge, which
belong to God, and shall from Him become the possession of those
who make them their aim. Regarding zUl. obliquari, deflectere, see
under ii. 15, cf. iv. 21; regarding hy.AwiTu (here defective after the
Masora, as rightly in Vened. 1515, 1521, and Nissel, 1662), see at
ii. 7; UzluyA: for hnAz;loTA, see at iii. 2b. The LXX. (cf. Heb. ii. 1)
translate without distinctness of reference: ui[e> mh> parar]r[u^>j
(pararu^?j), let it not flow past, i.e. let it not be unobserved, hold
it always before thee; the Targ. with the Syr. render lz.ani xlo, ne
vilescat, as if the words were UlUzyA-lxa. In 22a the synallage generis
is continued: Uyh;yiv; for hnAyy,h;til;. Regarding troG;r;Ga, see at i. 9. By
wisdom the soul gains life, divinely true and blessed, and the
external appearance of the man grace, which makes him pleasing
and gains for him affection.
Vers. 23-26. But more than this, wisdom makes its possessor in
all situations of life confident in God:
23 Then shalt thou go thy way with confidence,
And thy foot shall not stumble.
24 When thou liest down, thou art not afraid,
But thou layest thyself down and hast sweet sleep.
25 Thou needest not be afraid of sudden alarm,
Nor for the storm of the wicked when it breaketh forth.
26 For Jahve will be thy confidence
And keep thy foot from the snare.
The HFab.;A (cf. our "bei guter Laune" = in good cheer), with l of
the condition, is of the same meaning as the conditional adverbial
accusative HFaB,, x. 9, i. 33. Ver. 23b the LXX. translate o[ de>
CHAP. III. 23-26. 97
pou<j sou ou] mh> prosko<y^, while, on the contrary, at Ps. xci. 12
they make the person the subject (mh<pote prosko<y^j to>n k.t.l.);
here also we retain more surely the subject from 23a, especially
since for the intrans. of JganA (to smite, to push) a Hithpa. JGenat;hi is
used Jer. xiii. 16. In ver. 24 there is the echo of Job xi. 18, and
in ver. 25 of Job v. 21. 24b is altogether the same as Job v. 24b:
et decumbes et suavis erit somnus tuus. si decubueris, suavis erit.
The hypothetic perf., according to the sense, is both there and at
Job xi. 18 (cf. Jer. xx. 9) oxytoned as perf. consec. Similar examples
are vi. 22, Gen. xxxiii. 13, 1 Sam. xxv. 31, cf. Ewald, § 357a. hbAr;fA
(of sleep as Jer. xxxi. 26) is from brefA, which in Hebr. is used of
pleasing impressions, as the Arab. ‘ariba of a lively, free disposition.
hnAwe, somnus (nom. actionis from NweyA, with the ground-form sina
preserved in the Arab. lidat, vid. Job, p. 284, note), agrees in
inflexion with hnAwA, annus. lxa ver. 25a, denies, like Ps. cxxi. 3,
with emphasis: be afraid only not = thou hast altogether nothing to
fear. Schultens rightly says: Subest species prohibitionis et tanquam
abominationis, ne tale quicquam vel in suspicionem veniat in mentemve
cogitando admittatur. dHaPa here means terror, as i. 26 f., the terrific
object; Mxot;Pi (with the accus. om) is the virtual genitive, as xxvi. 2
MnA.Hi (with accus. am). Regarding hxAwo, see under i. 27. The
genitive MyfiwAr; may be, after Ps. xxxvii. 17, the genit. subjecti, but
still it lies nearer to say that he who chooses the wisdom of God as
his guiding star has no ground to fear punishment as transgressors
have reason to fear it; the hxAwo is meant which wisdom threatens
against transgressors, i. 27. He needs have no fear of it, for
wisdom is a gift of God, and binds him who receives it to the
giver: Jahve becomes and is henceforth his confidence. Regard-
ing b essentiae, which expresses the closest connection of the subject
with the predicate which it introduces, see under Ps. xxxv. 2. As
here, so also at Ex. xviii. 4, Ps. cxviii. 7, cxlvi. 5, the predicate is a
noun with a pronominal suffix. ls,K, is, as at Ps. lxxviii. 7, Job
xxxi. 24, cognate to HFAb;mi and hv,q;mi,1 the object and ground of con-
fidence. That the word in other connections may mean also fool-
hardiness, Ps. xlix. 14, and folly, Eccles. vii. 25 (cf. regarding
lysiK;, which in Arab. as belîd denotes the dull, in Hebr. fools, see
under i. 22), it follows that it proceeds from the fundamental con-
1 According to Malbim, hvAq;Ti is the expectation of good, and ls,K,, confidence
in the presence of evil.
98 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
ception of fulness of flesh and of fat, whence arise the conceptions
of dulness and slothfulness, as well as of confidence, whether con-
fidence in self or in God (see Schultens i.e., and Wünsche's Hosea,
p. 207 f.). dk,l, is taking, catching, as in a net or trap or pit, from
dkalA, to catch (cf. Arab. lakida, to fasten, III. IV. to hold fast);
another root-meaning, in which Arab. lak connects itself with nak,
jn, to strike, to assail (whence al-lakdat, the assault against the
enemy, Deutsch. Morgenl. Zeitsch. xxii. J40), is foreign to the Hebr.
Regarding the Nm of dklm, Fleischer remarks: "The Nm after verbs
of guarding, preserving, like rmw and rcn, properly expresses that
one by those means holds or seeks to hold a person or thing back
from something, like the Lat. defendere, tueri aliquem ab hostibus, a
periculo."1
SIXTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, III. 27-35.
EXHORTATION TO BENEVOLENCE AND RECTITUDE.
The promise in which it terminates, designates the close of the fifth
discourse. The sixth differs from it in this, that, like none of the
preceding, it adds proverb to proverb. The first series recommends
love to one's neighbour, and the second warns against fellowship
with the uncharitable.
Vers. 27, 28. The first illustration of neighbourly love which
is, recommended, is readiness to serve:
1 Hitzig rejects iii. 22-26 as a later interpolation. And why? Because iii.,
which he regards as a complete discourse, consists of twice ten verses beginning
with yniB;. In addition to this symmetry other reasons easily reveal themselves to
his penetration. But the discourses contained in chap. i.-ix. do not all begin
with ynb (vid. i. 20); and when it stands in the beginning of the discourse, it is
not always the first word (vid. i. 8); and when it occurs as the first word or in
the first line, it does not always commence a new discourse (vid. i. 15 in the
middle of the first, iii. 11 in the middle of the fourth); and, moreover, the Hebr.
poetry and oratory does not reckon according to verses terminated by Soph
Pasuk, which are always accented distichs, but they in reality frequently consist
of three or more lines. The rejected verses are in nothing unlike those that
remain, and which are undisputed; they show the same structure of stichs, con-
sisting for the most part of three, but sometimes also only of two words (cf.
iii. 22b with i. 9b, 10b), the same breadth in the course of the thoughts, and the
same accord with Job and Deuteronomy.
CHAP. III. 27, 28. 99
27 Refuse no manner of good to him to whom it is due
When it is in thy power to do it.
28 Say not to thy neighbour, "Go, and come again,
To-morrow I will give it," whilst yet thou hast it.
Regarding the intensive plur. vylAfAB; with a sing. meaning, see
under i. 19. The form of expression without the suffix is not ylefEBa
but bOF lfaBa; and this denotes here, not him who does good (lfb as
Arab. dhw, or siahiab), but him to whom the good deed is done (cf.
xvii. 8), i.e. as here, him who is worthy of it (lfb as Arab. âhl),
him who is the man for it (Jewish interp.: vl yvxr xvhw ym). We
must refuse nothing good (nothing either legally or morally good)
to him who has a right to it (Nmi fnamA as Job xxii. 7, xxxi. 16),1 if
we are in a condition to do him this good. The phrase ydiyA lxel;-wy,,
Gen. xxxi. 29, and frequently, signifies: it is belonging to (prac-
ticable) the power of my hand, i.e. I have the power and the means
of doing it. As dze signifies the haughty, insolent, but may be also
used in the neuter of insolent conduct (vid. Ps. xix. 14), so lxe
signifies the strong, but also (although only in this phrase) strength.
The Keri rejects the plur. j~yd,yA, because elsewhere the hand always
follows lxel; in the singular. But it rejects the plur. j~yf,rel; (ver. 28)
because the address following is directed to one person. Neither of
these emendations was necessary. The usage of the language per-
mits exceptions, notwithstanding the usus tyrannus, and the plur.
jyfrl may be interpreted distributively: to thy fellows, it may be
this one or that one. Hitzig also regards jyfrl as a singular; but
the mas. of hyAf;ra, the ground-form of which is certainly raj' hf,re,
or shorter, fare bUwvA j`le does not mean: forth! go home again! but:
go, and come again. bUw, to come again, to return to something, to
seek it once more.2 The v of j`TAxi wyev; is, as 29b, the conditional:
quum sit penes te, sc. quad ei des. "To-morrow shall I give" is
less a promise than a delay and putting off, because it is difficult
for him to alienate himself from him who makes the request. This
1 Accentuate bvF fnmt-lx, not bvF-fnmt-lx. The doubling of the Mak-
keph is purposeless, and, on the contrary, the separating of bvF from vylfbm
by the Dechi (the separating accent subordinate to. Athnach) is proper. It is
thus in the best MSS.
2 Thus also (Arab.) raj' is used in Thaalebi's Confidential Companion, p. 24,
line 3, of Fingers ed. Admission was prevented to one Haschmid, then angry
he sought it once more; he was again rejected, then he sought it not again
(Arab. flm yraj'), but says, etc. Flügel has misunderstood the passage.
Fleischer explains raj', with reference to Prov. iii. 28, by revenir à la charge.
100 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
holding fast by one's own is unamiable selfishness; this putting off
in the fulfilment of one's duty is a sin of omission—ou] ga>r oi#daj,
as the LXX. adds, ti< te<cetai h[ e]piou?sa.
Ver. 29. A second illustration of neighbourly love is harmlessness:
Devise not evil against thy neighbour,
While he dwelleth securely by thee.
The verb wraHA, xara<ssein, signifies to cut into, and is used of the
faber ferrarius as well as of the tignarius (Isaiah, p. 463), who
with a cutting instrument (wreHo, Gen. iv. 22) works with metal or
wood, and from his profession is called wreHo. But the word means
as commonly to plough, i.e. to cut with the plough, and wreHo is
used also of a ploughman, and, without any addition to it, it always
has this meaning. It is then a question whether the metaphorical
phrase hfArA wraHA signifies to fabricate evil, cf. dolorum faber, men-
dacia procudere, yeudw?n kai> a]patw?n te<ktwn, and the Homeric kaka>
fresi> bussodomeu<ein (Fleischer and most others), or to plough evil
(Rashi, Ewald, etc.). The Targ., Syriac, and Jerome translate
bwH, without deciding the point, by moliri; but the LXX. and
Graecus Venet. by tektai<nein. The correctness of these render-
ings is not supported by Ezek. xxi. 36, where tyHiw;ma ywerAHA are not
such as fabricate destruction, but smiths who cause destruction;
also wyriHEma, 1 Sam. xxiii. 9, proves nothing, and probably does not at
all appertain to wrH incidere (Keil), but to wrH silere, in the sense
of dolose moliri. On the one hand, it is to be observed from Job
iv. 8, Hos. x. 13, cf. Ps. cxxix. 3, that the meaning arare malum
might connect itself with hfArA wraHA; and the proverb of Sirach vii.
12, mh> a]rotri<a yeu?doj e]p ] a]delf&? sou, places this beyond a doubt.
Therefore in this phrase, if one keeps before him a clear perception
of the figure, at one time the idea of fabricating, at another that
of ploughing, is presented before us. The usage of the language
in the case before us is more in favour of the latter than of the
former. Whether txe bwayA, means to dwell together with, or as
Böttcher, to sit together with, after Ps. i. 1, xxvi. 4 f., need not
be a matter of dispute. It means in general a continued being
together, whether as sitting, Job ii. 13, or as dwelling, Judg. xvii.
11.1 To take advantage of the regardlessness of him who imparts
1 Accentuate HFb,l bwevy-xvhv. It is thus in correct texts. The Rebia
Mugrash is transformed, according to the Accentuationssystem, xviii. § 2.
CHAP. III. 30-32. 101
to us his confidence is unamiable. Love is doubly owing to him
who resigns himself to it because he believes in it.
Ver. 30. A third illustration of the same principle is peaceable-
ness:
Contend not with a man without a cause,
When he has inflicted no evil upon thee.
Instead of bUrTA, or as the Kerî has amended it byriTA, the abbreviated
form broTA or breTA; would be more correct after lxa; bUr or byri (from
br, to be compact) means to fall upon one another, to come to
hand-blows, to contend. Contending and quarrelling with a
man, whoever he may be, without sufficient reason, ought to be
abandoned; but there exists no such reason if he has done me no
harm which I have to reproach him with. hfArA lmaGA with the accus.
or dat. of the person signifies to bring evil upon any one, malum
inferre, or also referre (Schultens), for lmaGA (cogn. rmaGA) signifies to
execute, to complete, accomplish,—both of the initiative and of the
requital, both of the anticipative and of the recompensing action;
here in the former of these senses.
Vers. 31, 32. These exhortations to neighbourly love in the
form of warning against whatever is opposed to it, are followed by
the warning against fellowship with the loveless:
31 Be not envious toward the man of violence,
And have no pleasure in all his ways.
32 For an abhorrence to Jahve is the perverse,
But with the upright is His secret.
The conceptions of jealousy and envy lie in xn.eqi (derived by Schul-
tens from xnAqA, Arab. kanâ, intensius rubere) inseparable from each
other. The LXX., which for xnqt reads hnqt (kth<s^), brings the
envy into 31b, as if the words here were rHat;Ti-lxav;, as in Ps. xxxvii.
1, 7 (there the LXX. has mh> parazh<lou, here mhde> zhlw<s^j).
There is no reason for correcting our text in accordance with this
(substituting rHat;Ti for rHab;Ti as Hitzig does), because vykArAD;-lkAB; would
be too vague an expression for the object of the envy, while
rHbt-lx altogether agrees with it; and the contrary remark, that
lKoBa rHaB; is fundamentally no rHb, fails, since (1) rHb frequently ex-
presses pleasure in anything without the idea of choice, and (2)
"have not pleasure in all his ways" is in the Hebrew style equiva-
lent to "in any one of his ways;" Ewald, § 323b. He who does
"violence to the law" (Zeph. iii. 4) becomes thereby, according to
the common course of the world, a person who is feared, whose autho-
102 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
rity, power, and resources are increased, but one must not therefore
envy him, nor on any side take pleasure in his conduct, which in
all respects is to be reprobated; for the inflexus, tortuosus (vid.
ii. 15), who swerves from the right way and goes in a crooked
false way, is an object of Jahve's abhorrence, while, on the contrary,
the just, who with a right mind walks in the right way, is Jahve's
dOs—an echo of Ps. xxv. 14. dOs (R. ds, to be firm, compressed)
means properly the being pressed together, or sitting together (cf.
the Arab. wisâd, wisâdt, a cushion, divan, corresponding in form
to the Hebr. dOsy;) for the purpose of private communication and
conversation (dseUAhi), and then partly the confidential intercourse,
as here (cf. Job xxix. 4), partly the private communication, the
secret (Amos iii. 7). LXX., e]n de> dikai<oij [ou]] sunedria<zei. Those
who are out of the way, who prefer to the simplicity of right-doing
all manner of crooked ways, are contrary to God, and He may have
nothing to do with them; but the right-minded He makes partakers
of His most intimate intercourse, He deals with them as His friends.
Ver. 33. The prosperity of the godless, far from being worthy
of envy, has as its reverse side the curse:
The curse of Jahve is in the house of the godless,
And the dwelling of the just He blesseth.
hrAxEm; (a curse), like hl.Asim; (a highway, from llasA is formed from
rraxA (cf. Arab. harr, detestari, abhorrere, a word-imitation of an in-
terjection used in disagreeable experiences). The curse is not
merely a deprivation of external goods which render life happy,
and the blessing is not merely the fulness of external possessions;
the central-point of the curse lies in continuous disquiet of con-
science, and that of the blessing in the happy consciousness that
God is with us, in soul-rest and peace which is certain of the grace
and goodness of God. The poetic hv,nA (from hvn = Arab. nwy, teten-
dit aliquo) signifies the place of settlement, and may be a word
borrowed from a nomad life, since it denotes specially the pasture-
ground; cf. xxiv. 15 (Fleischer). While the curse of God rests in
the house of the wicked (vid. Köhler on Zech. v. 4), He blesses,
on the contrary, the dwelling-place of the righteous. The LXX.
and Jerome read j`raboy;, but j`rebAy; is more agreeable, since God con-
tinues to be the subject.
Ver. 34. His relation to men is determined by their relation to
Him.
CHAP. III. 34. 103
As for the scorners, He scorneth them,
But to the lowly He giveth grace.
Most interpreters render the verse thus: "If the scorner He
(even He, in return) scorneth, so He (on the other hand) giveth
grace to the lowly." For the sequence of the words in the conse-
quence, in which the precedence of the verb is usual, e.g. Lev.
xii. 5, we are referred to xxiii. 18, cf. xxiv. 14; but why had the
poet placed the two facts in the relation of condition and conse-
quence? The one fact is not the consequence but the reverse of
the other, and accordingly they are opposed to each other in co-
ordinated passages, Ps. xviii. 26 f. The Vav in such antitheses has
generally the meaning of "and on the other hand," e.g. Job viii.
20, while the LXX., Targ., Syriac, and Jerome altogether pass
over the Mxi as if it did not exist. Ziegler translates: "Truly! the
scorner He scorneth; "but an affirmative Mxi, does not exist, the
asseveration after the manner of an oath is negative. Bertheau's
expedient would be more acceptable, by which he makes the whole
of ver. 34 the protasis to ver. 35; but if this were intended, another
subject would not enter into ver. 35. Thus 34a and 34b are two
independent parallel passages; Mycil.ela-Mxi is the protasis: if as re-
gards the scorners, i.e. if His conduct is directed to the scorners, so
He scorneth. The l denotes relation, and in this elliptical usage is
like the l of superscription, e.g. Jer. xxiii. 9. xUh is the emphatic
au]to<j: He on the contrary, and in a decisive way (Ewald, § 314ab).
Instead of CyliyA, there might have been used Mceyliy; (for Cylihe, where
it occurs as a governing word, has the accusative, xix. 28, Ps.
cxix. 51), but we do not miss the object: if it relates to scorners
(thus also Löwenstein translates), so it is He in return who
scorneth. The LXX. renders it: ku<rioj u[perhfa<noij a]ntita<ssetai
tapeinoi?j de> di<dwsi xa<rin; cf. Jas. iv. 6, 1 Pet. v. 5. xUh is used
as a name of God (Deutsch. Morgenl. Zeitschr. xvi. 400), on which
account it is rendered like hvhy by ku<rioj. A u[perh<fanoj (appearing
above others, i e. overbearing) is the Cle, according to the definition
xxi. 24. The expression of the talio is generalized in a]ntita<s-
setai (resists them). For Myynf the Kerî has MyvinAfE: vnAfA (from hnAfA,
the ground-form vnafA, Arab. 'anaw) is the lowly (tapeino<j), or he
who bends himself, i.e. the gentle and humble, the patient, and
the passive ynifA, he who is bowed down, the suffering; but the limits
of the conception are moveable, since in ynf is presupposed the
possession of fruit-virtues gained in the school of affliction.
104 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 35. This group of the proverbs of wisdom now suitably
closes with the fundamental contrast between the wise and fools:
The wise shall inherit honour,
But fools carry away shame.
If we take Myliysik;U as the object, then we can scarcely interpret the
clause: shame sweeps fools away (Umbreit, Zöckler, Bertheau),
for Myrihe [Hiph. of MUr] signifies (Isa. lvii. 14, Ezek. xxi. 31) "to
raise up anything high and far," not "to sweep away." Prefer-
able is the rendering: tou>j d ] a!fronaj u[yoi? a]timi<a (Graec. Venet.,
and similarly Jerome), i.e. only to it do they owe their celebrity as
warning examples (Ewald), to which Oetinger compares "whose
glory is in their shame," Phil. iii. 19;1 but NOlqA is the contrary of
dObKA (glory, Hab. ii. 16), and therefore is as much an object con-
ception as is the latter, 35a. If it is the object, then if we take Myrime
from rme after the form of Nle, Neh. xiii. 21 = Myriymim; (Hos. iv. 7),
it might be rendered: Yet fools exchange shame (Löwenstein).
But rUm, like the Arab. mrr, transire, means properly to pass over
or to wander over; it is intransitive, and only in Hiph. signifies
actively to exchange. Myrime thus will be the participle of Myrihe; the
plur. taken distributively (fools = whoever is only always a fool) is
connected with the singular of the predicate. This change in the
number is here, however, more difficult than at iii. 18, and in other
places, where the plur. of the part. permits the resolution into a
relative clause with quicunque, and more difficult than at xxviii. 1,
where the sing. of the predicate is introduced by attraction;
wherefore Myrm may be an error in transcribing for Mymyrm or
ymyrm (Böttcher). J. H. Michaelis (after the Targ. and Syr.) has
properly rendered the clause: "stulti tollunt ignominiam tanquam
portionern suam," adding "quae derivato nomine hmvrt dicitur."
Myrh signifies, in the language of the sacrificial worship and of
worship generally, to lift off from anything the best portion, the
legitimate portion due to God and the priesthood (vid. at iii. 9);
for which reason Rashi glosses Myrm by vl wyrpm, and Ralbag by
vl hybgm. See xiv. 29. Honour is that which the wise inherit, it
falls to them unsought as a possession, but fools receive shame as
the offal (viz. of their foolish conduct). The fut. and part. are sig-
nificantly interchanged. The life of the wise ends in glory, but
1 Jona Gerundi renders it otherwise: "But shame raises the fools high;" i.e.
only the infamous, he who has no sense of honour, makes much advancement
out of fools.
CHAP. IV. 1-4. 105
fools inherit shame; the fruit of their conduct is shame and ever-
more shame.
SEVENTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, IV.—V. 6.
RECOLLECTIONS OF HIS FATHER'S HOUSE.
The means are not yet exhausted by which the teacher of wisdom
seeks to procure acceptance for his admonitions and warnings, and
to give them emphasis. He has introduced the importance of his
person in order that he might gain the heart of the disciple, and
has presented as speaker, instead of himself, the revered person of
Wisdom herself, who seeks to win, by means of warnings and
promises, the souls of men.
Chap. iv. 1-4. He now confirms and explains the command to
duty which he has placed at the beginning of the whole (i. 8).
This he does by his own example, for he relates from the history
of his own youth, to the circle of disciples by whom he sees himself
surrounded, what good doctrine his parents had taught him re-
garding the way of life:
1 Hear, ye sons, the instruction of a father,
And attend that ye may gain understanding;
2 For I give to you good doctrine,
Forsake not my direction!
3 For I was a son to my father,
A tender and only (son) in the sight of my mother.
4 And he instructed me, and said to me:
"Let thine heart hold fast my words:
Observe my commandments and live!"
That MyniBA in the address comes here into the place of yniB; hitherto
used, externally denotes that ynb in the progress of these discourses
finds another application: the poet himself is so addressed by his
father. Intentionally he does not say Mk,ybixE (cf. i. 8): he does not
mean the father of each individual among those addressed, but
himself, who is a father in his relation to them as his disciples;
and as he manifests towards them fatherly love, so also he can lay
claim to paternal authority over them. tfadalA is rightly vocalized,
not tfadal;. The words do not give the object of attention, but the
design, the aim. The combination of ideas in hnAyBi tfaDa (cf. i. 2),
106 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
which appears to us singular, loses its strangeness when we remem-
ber that tfd means, according to its etymon, deposition or reception
into the conscience and life. Regarding Hqal,, apprehension, recep-
tion, lesson = doctrine, vid. i. 5. yTitanA is the perf., which denotes
as fixed and finished what is just now being done, Gesenius,
§ 126, 4. bzafA, is here synonym of wFanA, i. 8, and the contrary of
dmawA, xxviii. 4. The relative factum in the perfect, designating
the circumstances under which the event happened, regularly pre-
cedes the chief factum ynirey.ova; see under Gen. i. 2 f. Superficially
understood, the expression 3a would be a platitude; the author
means that the natural legal relation was also confirming itself as a
moral one. It was a relation of many-sided love, according to 3a:
he was esteemed of his mother—ynep;li, used of the reflex in the
judgment, Gen. x. 9, and of loving care, Gen. xvii. 18, means
this—as a tender child, and therefore tenderly to be protected (j`ra
as Gen. xxxiii. 13), and as an only child, whether he were so in
reality, or was only loved as if he were so. dyHiyA (Aq., Sym.,
Theod., monogenh<j) may with reference to number also mean unice
dilectus (LXX. a]gapw<menoj); cf. Gen. xxii. 2, j~dyHiy; (where the
LXX. translate to>n a]gaphto<n, without therefore having j~dydiy;.
before them). ynpl is maintained by all the versions; yneb;li is not a
variant.1 The instruction of the father begins with the jussive,
which is pointed2 -j`mAt;yi to distinguish it from j`mot;yi on account of
the ŏ. The LXX. has incorrectly e]reide<tw, as if the word were jmsy;
Symmachus has correctly katexe<tw. The imper. hyeH;v, is, as vii. 2,
Gen. xx. 7, more than hy,H;tiv;; the teacher seeks, along with the
means, at the same time their object: Observe my commandments,
and so become a partaker of life! The Syriac, however, adds
j~yn,yfe NOwyxiK; ytirAOtv; [and my instruction as the apple of thine eye], a
clause borrowed from vii. 2.
Vers. 5, 6. The exhortation of the father now specializes itself:
5 Get wisdom, get understanding;
Forget not and turn not from the words of, my mouth.
1 In some editions yneb;li is noted as Kerî to ynpl, but erroneously and contrary
to the express evidence of the Masora, which affirms that there are two passages
in which we ought to read not ynpl, but ynbl, viz. Ps. lxxx. 3 and Prov. iv. 3.
2 The writing of -j`mAt;yi with the grave Metheg (Gaja) and Kamets-Chatuph
(ŏ) is that of Ben Asher ; on the other hand, -j`mot;yi with Cholem (ō) and the
permanent Metheg is that of Ben Naphtali; vid. Michlol 21a (under the verbal
form 25), § 30.
CHAP. IV. 7-9. 107
6 Forsake her not, so shall she preserve thee;
Love her, so shall she keep thee.
Wisdom and understanding are (5a) thought of as objects of
merchandise (cf. xxiii. 23, iii. 14), like the one pearl of great
price, Matt. xiii. 46, and the words of fatherly instruction (5b),
accordingly, as offering this precious possession, or helping to the
acquisition of it. One cannot indeed say correctly yp-yrem;xime Hkwt-lx,
but yp-yrmx rmow.;mi Hkwt-lx (Ps. cii. 5); and in this sense HKaw;Ti-lxa
goes before, or also the accus. object, which in hkwt-lx the author
has in his mind, may, since he continues with FTe-lxa, now not
any longer find expression as such. That the yp-yrmx are the
means of acquiring wisdom is shown in ver. 6, where this continues
to be the primary idea. The verse, consisting of only four words,
ought to be divided by Mugrash;1 the Vav (v) in both halves of
the verse introduces the apodosis imperativi (cf. e.g. iii. 9 f., and
the apodosis prohibitivi, iii. 21 f.). The actual representation of
wisdom, ver. 5, becomes in ver. 6 personal.
Vers. 7-9. Referring to ver. 5, the father further explains that
wisdom begins with the striving after it, and that this striving is
itself its fundamental beginning:
7 The beginning of wisdom is "Get wisdom,"
And with [um, at the price of] all thou hast gotten get understanding.
8 Esteem her, so shall she lift thee up;
She will bring thee honour if thou dost embrace her.
9 She will, put on thine head a graceful garland,
She will bestow upon thee a glorious diadem.
In the motto of the book, i. 7, the author would say that the fear
of Jahve is that from which all wisdom takes its origin. hOAhy; txar;yi
(i. 7) is the subject, and as such it stands foremost. Here he
means to say what the beginning of wisdom consists in. hmAk;TA tywixre
is the subject, and stands forth as such. The predicate may also
be read hmAk;HA-hnoq; (=tOnq;), after xvi. 16. The beginning of wis-
dom is (consists in) the getting of wisdom; but the imperative
hneq;, which also Aq., Sym., Theod. (kth?sai), Jerome, Syr., Targ.
express (the LXX. leaves ver. 7 untranslated), is supported by 7b.
Hitzig, after Mercier, De Dieu, and Döderlein, translates the verse
1 According to correct readings in codd. and older editions, j~r,mwtv has
also indeed Rebia Mugrash, and hAb,hAx<, Mercha (with Zinnorith); vid. Torath
Emeth, p. 47, §'.6 ; Accentuationssystem, xviii. § 1, 2 ; and regarding the Zin-
norith, see Liber Psalmorum Hebraicus by S. Baer, p. xii.
108 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
thus: "the highest thing is wisdom; get wisdom," which Zöckler
approves of; but the reasons which determine him to this render-
ing are subtleties: if the author had wished himself to be so
understood, he ought at least to have written the words hmAk;HAha tywixre.
But hmAk;HA tywixre is a genitive of relation, as is to be expected from
the relativity of the idea tywixre, and his intention is to say that the
beginning of wisdom consists in the proposition hmAk;HA hneq; (cf. the
similar formula, Eccles. xii. 13); this proposition is truly the lapis
philosophorum, it contains all that is necessary in order to becom-
ing wise. Therefore the Greek sofi<a called itself modestly filo-
sofi<a for a]rxh> au]th?j the Book of Wisdom has, vi. 18, h[ a]lhqesta<th
paidei<aj e]piqumi<a. In 7b the proposition is expressed which con-
tains the specificum helping to wisdom. The B; denotes price:
give all for wisdom (Matt. xiii. 46, 44); no price is too high, no
sacrifice too great for it.
Ver. 8. The meaning of the a[p. gegr. lsel;si is determined by
MmeOr in the parallel clause; llasA signifies to raise, exalt, as a way or
dam by heaping up; the Pilpel, here tropical: to value or estimate
highly. Böttcher interprets well: hold it high in price, raise it
(as a purchaser) always higher, make offer for it upon offer. The
LXX. (approved by Bertheau), perixara<kwson au]th<n, circum-
vallate it, i.e. surround it with a wall (hlAl;so)—a strange and here
unsuitable figure. Hold it high, says the author, and so it will
reward1 thee with a high place, and (with chiastic transposition of
the performance and the consequence) she will honour2 thee if
(e]a<n) thou lovingly embracest her. qBeHi is used of embracing, in
the pressure of tender love, as in the Canticles ii. 6, viii. 3; the
Piel is related to the Kal as amplexari to amplecti. Wisdom
exalts her admirers, honours her lovers, and makes a man's appear-
ance pleasant, causing him to be reverenced when he approaches.
Regarding NHe-tyav;li, vid. i. 9. NGemi, to deliver up (Gen. xiv. 20), to
give up (Hos. xi. 8), is connected in the free poetic manner with
two accusatives, instead of with an accus. and dat. LXX. has
u[peraspi<s^, but one does not defend himself (as with a shield) by
a wreath or crown.
1 Löwenstein has rightly jmmEvrtv, vid. my preface to Baer's Genesis, p. vii.
2 We read jd;Bekt, not j~r;B,kt (Hahn) or j~d;Bekt (Löwenstein); the tone
lies on the penult., and the tone-syllable has the point Tsere, as in j~d;ne.yv;, Deut.
xxxii. 7; vid. Michlol 66b.
CHAP. IV. 10-17. 109
Vers. 10-12. There is no reason for the supposition that the
warning which his father gave to the poet now passes over into
warnings given by the poet himself (Hitzig); the admonition of
the father thus far refers only in general to the endeavour after
wisdom, and we are led to expect that the good doctrines which
the father communicates to the son as a viaticum will be further
expanded, and become more and more specific when they take a
new departure.
10 Hearken, my son, and receive my sayings,
So shall the years of life be increased to thee.
11 In the way of wisdom have I taught thee,
Guided thee in the paths of rectitude.
12 When thou goest, thy step shall not be straitened;
And if thou runnest, thou shalt not stumble.
Regarding Hqa (of HqalA) of appropriating reception and taking up
in succum et sanguinem, vid. i. 3; regarding Myy.iHa tOnw;, years not
merely of the duration of life, but of the enjoyment of life, iii. 2;
regarding lGAf;ma (hlAGAf;ma), path (track), ii. 9; regarding the B; of
hrAOh, of the department and subject of instruction, Ps. xxv. 8.
The perfects, ver. 11, are different from yTitanA, 2a; they refer to
rules of life given at an earlier period, which are summarily re-
peated in this address. The way of wisdom is that which leads to
wisdom (Job xxviii. 23); the paths of rectitude, such as trace out
the way which is in accordance with the rule of the good and the
right. If the youth holds to this direction, he will not go on in
darkness or uncertainty with anxious footsteps; and if in youthful
fervour he flies along his course, he will not stumble on any un-
foreseen obstacle and fall. rcye is as a metaplastic fut. to rracA or
rUc, to be narrow, to straiten, formed as if from rcayA. The Targ.
after Aruch,1 jHrx qnwt xl thou shalt not need to bind together
(constringere) or to hedge up thy way.
Vers. 13-17. The exhortations attracting by means of promises,
now become warnings fitted to alarm:
13 Hold fast to instruction, let her not go;
Keep her, for she is thy life.
14 Into the path of the wicked enter not,
And walk not in the way of the evil.
1 [R. Nathan ben Jechiel, A.D. 1106, who is usually styled by the Jewish
writers j`UrfA lfaBa, Auctor Aruch, author of a Talmudical Lexicon.]
110 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
15 Avoid it, enter not into it;
Turn from it and pass away.
16 For they cannot sleep unless they do evil,
And they are deprived of sleep unless they bring others to ruin.
17 For they eat the bread of wickedness,
And they drink the wine of violence.
Elsewhere rsAUm means also self-discipline, or moral religious edu-
cation, i. 3; here discipline, i.e. parental educative counsel. Jr,T, is
the segolated fut. apoc. Hiph. (indic. hP,r;Ta) from tarp, cf. the
imper. Hiph. Jr,h, from harp. hAr,c.;ni is the imper. Kal (not Piel, as
Aben Ezra thinks) with Dagesh dirimens; cf. the verbal substan-
tive hrAc.;ni, Ps. cxli. 3, with similar Dagesh, after the form hhAq;.yi, Gen.
xlix, 10. hrAc.;ni (elsewhere always masc.) is here used in the fem.
as the synonym of the name of wisdom: keep her (instruction),
for she is thy life,1 i.e. the life of thy life. In ver. 14 the godless
(vid. on the root-idea of fwArA under Ps. i. 1) and the habitually
wicked, i.e. the vicious, stand in parallelism; xOB and rw.exi are re-
lated as entering and going on, ingressus and progressus. The
verb rwaxA signifies, like rwayA, to be straight, even, fortunate, whence
rw,x, = Arab. yusâr, happiness, and to step straight out, ix. 6, of
which meanings rw.exi is partly the intensive, as here, partly the
causative, xxiii. 19 (elsewhere causative of the meaning, to be
happy, Gen. xxx. 13). The meaning progredi is not mediated by
a supplementary vydAfAc; the derivative rUwxE (rUw.xa), a step, shows
that it is derived immediately from the root-idea of a movement in a
straight line. Still less justifiable is the rendering by Schultens, ne
vestigia imprimas in via malorum; for the Arab. âththr is denom. of
ithr, rtaxE, the primitive verb roots of which, athr, rtx = rwaxA, are lost.
Ver. 15. On UhferAP;, avoid it (the way), (opp. zHaxA, Job xvii. 9;
j`maTA, Ps. xvii. 5), see under i. 25. hFAWA, elsewhere (as the Arab.
shatt, to be without measure, insolent) used in malam partem, has
here its fundamental meaning, to go aside. vylAfAme (expressed in
French by de dessus, in Ital. by di sopra) denotes: so that thou
comest not to stand on it. rbafA means in both cases transire, but
the second instance, "to go beyond (farther)" (cf. 2 Sam. xv. 22,
and under Hab. i. 11), coincides with "to escape, evadere."
Ver. 16. In the reason here given the perf. may stand in the con-
1 Punctuate xyhi yKi; the Zinnorith represents the place of the Makkeph, vid.
Torath Emeth, p. 9.
CHAP. IV. 17-19. 111
ditional clauses as well as in Virgil's Et si non aliqua nocuisses,
mortuus esses; but the fut., as in Eccles. v. 11, denotes that they
(the MyfirA and the MyfiwAr;) cannot sleep, and are deprived of their
sleep, unless they are continually doing evil and bringing others
into misery; the interruption of this course of conduct, which has
become to them like a second nature, would be as the interruption
of their diet, which makes them ill. For the Kal UlOwk;yi, which
here must have the meaning of the person sinning (cf. ver. 19),
and would be feeble if used of the confirmed transgressors, the
Kerî rightly substitutes the Hiphil Ulywik;ya, which occurs also 2 Chron.
xxv. 8, there without an object, in the meaning to cause to fall, as
the contrast of rzafA (to help).
Ver. 17. The second yKi introduces the reason of their bodily
welfare being conditioned by evil-doing. If the poet meant: they
live on bread which consists in wickedness, i.e. on wickedness as
their bread, then in the parallel sentence he should have used the
word smAHA; the genitives are meant of the means of acquisition:
they live on unrighteous gain, on bread and wine which they
procure by wickedness and by all manner of violence or injustice.
On the etymon of smAHA (Arab. hiamas, durum, asperum, vehementem
esse), vid. Schultens; the plur. MysimAHE belongs to a more recent
epoch (vid. under 2 Sam. xxii. 49 and Ps. xviii. 49). The change
in the tense represents the idea that they having eaten such bread,
set forth such wine, and therewith wash it down.
Vers. 18, 19. The two ways that lie for his choice before the
youth, are distinguished from one another as light is from dark-
ness:
18 And the path of the just is like the brightness of the morning light,
Which shines more and more till the perfect day.
19 The way of the wicked is deep darkness,
They know not at what they stumble.
The Hebr. style is wont to conceal in its Vav (v) diverse kinds of
logical relations, but the Vav of 18a may suitably stand before
19a, where the discontinuance of this contrast of the two ways
is unsuitable. The displacing of a Vav from its right position is
not indeed without example (see under Ps. xvi. 3); but since
ver. 19 joins itself more easily than ver. 18 to ver. 17 without
missing a particle, thus it is more probable that the two verses are
to be transposed, than that the v of Hraxov; (ver. 17) is to be prefixed to
j`r,D, (ver. 18). Sinning, says ver. 16, has become to the godless as
112 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
a second nature, so that they cannot sleep without it; they must
continually be sinning, adds ver. 17, for thus and not otherwise do
they gain for themselves their daily bread. With reference to this
fearful self-perversion to which wickedness has become a necessity
and a condition of life, the poet further says that the way of the
godless is hlApexEKA,1 as deep darkness, as the entire absence of light:
it cannot be otherwise than that they fall, but they do not at all
know whereat they fall, for they do not at all know wickedness
as such, and have no apprehension of the punishment which from
an inward necessity it brings along with it; on the contrary, the
path of the just is in constantly increasing light—the light of
knowledge, and the light of true happiness which is given2 in and
with knowledge. On hm,.Ba vid. under Isa. ii. 22; it is lOwk;mi, ska<n-
dalon, that is meant, stumbling against which (cf. Lev. xxvi. 37)
they stumble to their fall. h.gano,3 used elsewhere than in the Bible,
means the morning star (Venus), (Sirach 1. 4, Syr.); when used
in the Bible it means the early dawn, the light of the rising sun,
the morning light, 2 Sam. xxiii. 4, Isa. lxii. 1, which announces
itself in the morning twilight, Dan. vi. 20. The light of this
morning sunshine is rOxvA j`leOh in, going and shining, i.e. becoming
ever brighter. In the connection of rOxvA j`leOh it might be a question
1 In good MSS. and printed copies the k has the Pathach, as Kimchi states the
rule in Michlol 45a: Htp hlpxKa lk, Htp MynbxKa lk.
2 Hitzig inverts the order of vers. 18 and 19, and connects the yKi of 16a
immediately with ver. 19 (for the way of the wicked . . .). He moreover
regards vers. 16, 17 as an interpolation, and explains ver. 16 as a gloss trans-
forming the text of ver. 19. "That the wicked commit wickedness," says
Hitzig, "is indeed certain (1 Sam. xxiv. 14), and the warning of ver, 15
ought not to derive its motive from their energy in sinning." But the warning
against the way of the wicked is founded not on their energy in sinning, but on
their bondage to sin: their sleep, their food and drink—their life both when
they sleep and when they wake—is conditioned by sin and is penetrated by
sin. This foundation of the warning furnishes what is needed, and is in
nothing open to objection. And that in vers. 16 and 19 UfreyA xlo, and Ufd;yA xlo
UlOwk;yi and UlweKAyi, hlAz;g;ni and hlApExEKA seem to be alike, does not prove that ver.
16 originated as a parallel text from ver. 19—in the one verse as in the other
the thoughts are original.
3 Böttcher, under 2 Sam. xxiii. 4, explains h.gano of the brightness striking
against, conquering (cf. Hgn, Jgn) the clouds; but ferire or percutere lies nearer
(cf. fganA, Ezek. xvii. 10, hkAnA, Ps. cxxi. 6, and the Arab. darb, used of strong
sensible impressions), as Silius, iv. 329, says of the light: percussit lumine
campos.
CHAP. IV. 20-22. 113
whether rOx is regarded as gerundive (Gen. viii. 3, 5), or as
participle (2 Sam. xvi. 5, Jer. xli. 6), or as a participial adjective
(Gen. xxvi. 13, Judg. iv. 24); in the connection of rOxvA j`OlhA, on the
contrary, it is unquestionably the gerundive: the partic. denoting
the progress joins itself either with the partic., Jon. i. 11, or with
the participial adjective, 2 Sam. iii. 1, 2 Chron. xvii. 12, or with
another adjective formation, 2 Sam. xv. 12, Esth. ix. 4 (where
lOdGAv; after ldeGAv; of other places appears to be intended as an adjective,
not after 2 Sam. v. 10 as gerundive). Thus rOxvA, as also bOFvA, 1
Sam. ii. 26, will be participial after the form wOB, being ashamed
(Ges. § 72, 1); cf. sOB, Zech. x. 5, MOq, 2 Kings xvi. 7. "MOy.ha NOkn;
quite corresponds to the Greek to> staqhro>n th?j h[me<raj, h[ staqhra>
meshmbri<a (as one also says to> staqhro>n th?j nukto<j), and to the
Arabic and . The figure is probably de-
rived from the balance (cf. Lucan's Pharsalia, lib. 9: quum car-
dine summo Stat librata dies): before and after midday the
tongue on the balance of the day bends to the left and to the
right, but at the point of midday it stands directly in the midst"
(Fleischer). It is the midday time that is meant, when the clear-
ness of day has reached its fullest intensity,—the point between
increasing and decreasing, when, as we are wont to say, the
sun stands in the zenith (=Arab. samt, the point of support,
i.e. the vertex). Besides Mark iv. 28, there is no biblical pas-
sage which presents like these two a figure of gradual develop-
ment. The progress of blissful knowledge is compared to that
of the clearness of the day till it reaches its midday height, having
reached to which it becomes a knowing of all in God, xxviii. 5,
1 John ii. 20.
Vers. 20-22. The paternal admonition now takes a new de-
parture
20 My son, attend unto my words,
Incline thine ear to my sayings.
21 Let them not depart from thine eyes;
Keep them in the midst of thine heart.
22 For they are life to all who get possession of them,
And health to their whole body.
Regarding the Hiph. zyli.Hi (for zylhe), ver. 21, formed after the
Chaldee manner like Nyli.hi, Hayni.hi, rGys.ihi, vid. Gesenius, § 72, 9;—Ewald,
§ 114, c, gives to it the meaning of "to mock," for he interchanges
114 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
it with Cylhe, instead of the meaning to take away, efficere ut recedat
(cf. under ii. 15). This supposed causative meaning it has also
here: may they = may one (vid. under ii. 22) not remove them
from thine eyes; the object is (ver. 20) the words of the paternal
admonition. Hitzig, indeed, observes that "the accusative is not
supplied; "but with greater right it is to be remarked that Uzyli.ya
(fut. Hiph. of zUl) and UzUlyA (fut. Kal of id.) are not one and the
same, and the less so as zyli.hi is not, like Nyl.ihi, intrinsically transi-
tive. Here and there UzyliyA: occurs, but the masoretical and gram-
matical authorities (e.g. Kimchi) demand Uzyl.iiya. The plur. Mh,yxec;mol;
is continued, 22b, in the sing., for that which is said refers to
each one of the many (iii. 18, 28, 35). xcAmA is fundamentally an
active conception, like our "fiden," to find; it means to attain, to
produce, to procure, etc. xPer;ma means, according as the m is
understood of the "that = ut" of the action or of the "what" of
its performance, either health or the means of health; here, like
tUxp;ri, iii. 8, not with the underlying conception of sickness, but
of the fluctuations connected with the bodily life of man, which
make needful not only a continual strengthening of it, but also its
being again and again restored. Nothing preserves soul and body
in a healthier state than when we always keep before our eyes and
carry in our hearts the good doctrines; they give to us true guidance
on the way of life: "Godliness has the promise of this life, and
of that which is to come." 1 Tim. iv. 8.
Vers. 23-27. After this general preface the exhortation now
becomes special:
23 Above all other things that are to be guarded, keep thy heart,
For out from it life has its issues.
24 Put away from thee perverseness of mouth,
And waywardness of lips put far from thee.
25 Thine eyes should look straight forward,
And thine eyelids look straight to the end before thee.
26 Make even the path of thy feet,
And let all thy ways be correct.
27 Turn not aside to the right and to the left;
Remove thy foot from evil.
Although rmAw;mi in itself and in this connection may mean the
object to be watchfully avoided (cavendi) (vid. under ii. 20b):
thus the usage of the language lying before us applies it, yet
only as denoting the place of watching or the object observandi;
so that it is not to be thus explained, with Raschi and others: before
CHAP. IV. 23-27. 115
all from which one has to protect himself (ab omni re cavenda),
guard thine heart; but: before all that one has to guard (prae omni
re custodienda), guard it as the most precious of possessions com-
mitted to thy trust. The heart, which according to its etymon
denotes that which is substantial (Kernhafte) in man (cf. Arab.
lubb, the kernel of the nut or almond), comes here into view not
as the physical, but as the intellectual, and specially the ethical
centrum.
Ver. 24. The tOxcAOT are the point of a thing, e.g. of a boundary,
from which it goes forth, and the linear course proceeding from
thence. If thus the author says that the Myy.iHa tOxc;OT go out from
the heart,1 he therewith implies that the life has not only its
fountain in the heart, but also that the direction which it takes is
determined by the heart. Physically considered, the heart is the
receptacle for the blood, in which the soul lives and rules; the
pitcher at the blood-fountain which draws it and pours it forth;
the chief vessel of the physically self-subsisting blood-life from
which it goes forth, and into which it disembogues (Syst. der bib.
Psychol. p. 232). What is said of the heart in the lower sense
of corporeal vitality, is true in the higher sense of the intellectual
soul-life. The Scripture names the heart also as the intellectual
soul-centre of man, in its concrete, central unity, its dynamic
activity, and its ethical determination on all sides. All the
radiations of corporeal and of soul life concentrate there, and
again unfold themselves from thence; all that is implied in the
Hellenic and Hellenistic words nou?j, lo<goj, sunei<dhsij, qumo<j, lies
in the word kardi<a; and all whereby rWABA (the body) and wp,n, (the
spirit, anima) are affected comes in ble into the light of conscious-
ness (Id. p. 251). The heart is the instrument of the thinking,
willing, perceiving, life of the spirit; it is the seat of the knowledge
of self, of the knowledge of God, of the knowledge of our relation
to God, and also of the law of God impressed on our moral nature;
it is the workshop of our individual spiritual and ethical form of
life brought about by self-activity,--the life in its higher and in
its lower sense goes out from it, and receives from it the impulse
of the direction which it takes; and how earnestly, therefore, must
we feel ourselves admonished, how sacredly bound to preserve the
heart in purity (Ps. lxxiii. 1), so that from this spring of life may
1 The correct form here is Un.m,.mi-yKi, with the Makkeph to yk.
116 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
go forth not mere seeming life and a caricature of life, but a true
life well-pleasing to God! How we have to carry into execution
this careful guarding of the heart, is shown in ver. 24 and the
golden rules which follow. Mouth and lips are meant (ver. 24)
as instruments of speech, and not of its utterance, but of the speech
going forth from them. tUwq.;fi, distorsio, refers to the mouth
(vi. 12), when what it speaks is disfiguring and deforming, thus
falsehood as the contrast of truth and love (ii. 12); and to the lips
tUzlA, when that which they speak turns aside from the true and
the right to side-ways and by-ways. Since the Kametz of such
abstracta, as well of verbs v"f, like tUmrA, Ezek. xxxii. 5, as of
verbs h”l like tUlGA, Isa. xlv. 13, tUzHA, Isa. xxviii. 18, is elsewhere
treated as unalterable, there, lies in this tUzl; either an inconsistency
of punctuation, or it is presupposed that the form was vocal-
ized like tUbw;=tybiw;, Num. xxi. 29.
Ver. 25. Another rule commends gathering together (concen-
tration) in opposition to dissipation. It is also even externally
regarded worthy of consideration, as Ben-Sira, ix. 5, expresses it:
mh> perible<pou e]n r[u<maij po<lewj— purposeless, curious staring
about operates upon the soul, always decentralizing and easily
defiling it. But the rule does not exhaust itself in this meaning
with reference to external self-discipline; it counsels also straight-
forward, unswerving directness toward a fixed goal (and what else
can this be in such a connection than that which wisdom places
before man?), without the turning aside of the eye toward that
which is profitless and forbidden, and in this inward sense it falls
in with the demand for a single, not squinting eye, Matt. vi. 22,
where Bengel explains a[plou?j by simplex et bonus, intentus in
caelum, in Deum, unite. Hkano (R. jn) means properly fixing, or
holding fast with the look, and dg,n, (as the Arab. najad, to be clear,
to be in sight, shows) the rising up which makes the object stand
conspicuous before the eyes; both denote here that which lies
straight before us, and presents itself to the eye looking straight
out. The naming of the MyPifap;fa (from Jfep;fi, to flutter, to move
tremblingly), which belongs not to the seeing apparatus of the
eye but to its protection, is introduced by the poetical parallelism;
for the eyelids, including in this word the twinkling, in their move-
ment follow the direction of the seeing eye. On the form Urwiy;ya
(fut. Hiph. of rwayA, to be straight), defective according to the Masora,
with the Jod audible, cf. Hos. vii. 12, 1 Chron. xii. 2, and under
CHAP. IV. 23-27. 117
Gen. viii. 17; the softened form rywiyhe does not occur, we find
only rywiy;hi or rywiOh.
Ver. 26. The understanding of this rule is dependent on the right
interpretation of sle.Pa, which means neither "weigh off " (Ewald)
nor "measure off" (Hitzig, Zöckler). sle.Pi has once, Ps. lviii. 3,
the meaning to weigh out, as the denom. of sl,P,, a level, a steel-
yard;1 everywhere else it means to make even, to make level, to
open a road: vid. under Isa. xxvi. 7, xl. 12. The admonition
thus refers not to the careful consideration which measures the
way leading to the goal which one wishes to reach, but to the
preparation of the way by the removal of that which prevents
unhindered progress and makes the way insecure. The same
meaning appears if sl.ePi, of cognate meaning with NKeTi, denoted
first to level, and then to make straight with the level (Fleischer).
We must remove all that can become a moral hindrance or a dan-
gerous obstacle in our life-course, in order that we may make
right steps with our feet, as the LXX. (Heb. xii. 13) translate.
26b is only another expression for this thought. OKr;Da NykihA (2 Chron.
xxvii. 6) means to give a direction to his way; a right way, which
keeps in and facilitates the keeping in the straight direction, is
accordingly called NOknA j`r,D,; and "let all thy ways be right" (cf.
Ps. cxix. 5, LXX. kateuqunqei<hsan) will thus mean: see to it
that all the ways which thou goest lead straight to the end.
Ver. 27. In closest connection with the preceding, 27a cautions
against by-ways and indirect courses, and 27b continues it in the
briefest moral expression, which is here frAme j~l;g;ra rsehA instead of rUs
frAme, iii. 7, for the figure is derived from the way. The LXX. has
other four lines after this verse (27), which we have endeavoured
to retranslate into the Hebrew (Introd. p. 47). They are by no
means genuine; for while in 27a right and left are equivalent to
by-ways, here the right and left side are distinguished as that of
truth and its contrary; and while there [in LXX.] the o]rqa>j
troxia>j poiei?n is required of man, here it is promised as the
operation of God, which is no contradiction, but in this similarity
of expression betrays poverty of style. Hitzig disputes also the
genuineness of the Hebrew ver. 27. But it continues explanatorily
ver. 26, and is related to it, yet not as a gloss, and in the general
1 The Arabic word teflis, said to be of the same signification (a balance), and
which is given in the most recent editions of Gesenius' Lexicon, has been
already shown, under Job xxxvii. 16 to be a word devoid of all evidence.
118 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
relation of 26 and 27a there comes a word, certainly not unwel-
come, such as 27b, which impresses the moral stamp on these
thoughts.
That with ver. 27 the admonition of his father, which the poet,
placing himself back into the period of his youth, reproduces, is
not yet concluded, the resumption of the address yniB;, v. 1, makes
evident; while on the other hand the address MyniBA in v. 7 shows
that at that point there is advance made from the recollections of
his father's house to conclusions therefrom, for the circle of young
men by whom the poet conceives himself to be surrounded. That
in v. 7 ff. a subject of the warning with which the seventh address
closes is retained and further prosecuted, does not in the connection
of all these addresses contradict the opinion that with v. 7 a new
address begins. But the opinion that the warning against adultery
does not agree (Zöckler) with the designation j`ra, iv. 3, given to
him to whom it is addressed, is refuted by 1 Chron. xxii. 5, 2
Chron. xiii. 7.
Chap. v. 1-6. Here a fourth rule of life follows the three already
given, iv. 24, 25, 26-27:
1 My son, attend unto my wisdom,
And incline thine ear to my prudence,
2 To observe discretion,
And that thy lips preserve knowledge.
3 For the lips of the adulteress distil honey,
And smoother than oil is her mouth;
4 But her end is bitter like wormwood,
Sharper than a two-edged sword.
5 Her feet go down to death,
Her steps cleave to Hades.
6 She is far removed from entering the way of life,
Her steps wander without her observing it.
Wisdom and understanding increase with the age of those who
earnestly seek after them. It is the father of the youth who here
requests a willing ear to his wisdom of life, gained in the way of
many years' experience and observation. In ver. 2 the inf. of the
object is continued in the finitum, as in ii. 2, 8. tOm.zim; (vid. on its
etymon under i. 4) are plans, projects, designs, for the most part
in a bad sense, intrigues and artifices (vid. xxiv. 8), but also used
of well-considered resolutions toward what is good, and hence of
the purposes of God, Jer. xxiii. 20. This noble sense of the word
hm.Azim;, with its plur., is peculiar to the introductory portion (i.-ix.)
CHAP. V. 1-6. 119
of the Book of Proverbs. The plur. means here and at viii. 12
(placing itself with tOmk;HA and tOnUbT;, vid. p. 68) the reflection and
deliberation which is the presupposition of well-considered action,
and rmow; is thus not otherwise than at xix. 8, and everywhere so
meant, where it has that which is obligatory as its object: the
youth is summoned to careful observation and persevering ex-
emplification of the quidquid agas, prudenter agas et respite finem.
In 2b the Rebia Mugrash forbids the genitive connection of the
two words j~yt,pAW; tfadav;; we translate: et ut scientiam labia tua tuean-
tur. Lips which preserve knowledge are such as permit nothing
to escape from them (Ps. xvii. 3b) which proceeds not from the
knowledge of God, and in Him of that which is good and right,
and aims at the working out of this knowledge; vid. Köhler on
Mal. ii. 7. j~yt,pAW;, (from hpAWA, Arab. shafat, edge, lip, properly that
against which one rubs, and that which rubs itself) is fem., but
the usage of the language presents the word in two genders (cf. 3a
with xxvi. 23). Regarding the pausal Urcon;yi for Urco.yi, vid. under iii.
1, ii. 11. The lips which distil the honey of enticement stand
opposite to the lips which distil knowledge; the object of the ad-
monition is to furnish a protection against the honey-lips.
Ver. 3. hrAzA denotes the wife who belongs to another, or who
does not belong to him to whom she gives herself or who goes
after her (vid. ii. 16). She appears here as the betrayer of youth.
The poet paints the love and amiableness which she feigns with
colours from the Canticles, iv. 11, cf. v. 16. tp,no denotes the honey
flowing of itself from the combs (MypiUc), thus the purest and
sweetest; its root-word is not JUn, which means to shake, vibrate,
and only mediately (when the object is a fluid) to scatter, sprinkle,
but, as Schultens has observed, a verb tpanA = Arab. nafat, to bubble,
to spring up, nafath, to blow, to spit out, to pour out. Parchon
places the word rightly under tpanA (while Kimchi places it under JUn)
after the form twBo), and explains it by trvvkh ym Myxcyh wbd tvlH
qvsyr Mdvq (the words xcvyh wbd should have been used): the honey
which flows from the cells before they are broken (the so-called
virgin honey). The mouth, j`He= Arab. hiink (from j`naHA, Arab.
hanak, imbuere, e.g., after the mariner of Beduins, the mouth of the
newly-born infant with date-honey), comes into view here, as at
viii. 7, etc., as the instrument of speech: smoother than oil (cf.
Ps. lv. 22), it shows itself when it gives forth amiable, gentle,
impressive words (ii. 16, vi. 24); also our "schmeicheln" (= to
120 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
flatter, caress) is equivalent to to make smooth and fair; in the
language of weavers it means to smooth the warp.
Vers. 4, 5. In verse 4 the reverse of the sweet and smooth
external is placed opposite to the attraction of the seducer, by
whose influence the inconsiderate permits himself to be carried
away: her end, i.e. the last that is experienced of her, the final
consequence of intercourse with her (cf. xxiii. 32), is bitter as
wormwood, sharp as a two-edged sword. The O. T. language
regards bitterness and poison as related both in meaning and in
reality; the word hnAfEla (Aq. a]yi<nqion = wormwood) means in
Arab. the curse. tOy.Pi br,H, is translated by Jerome after the
LXX., gladius biceps; but tOy.PiyPi means double-edged, and ynew; br,H,
tOype (Judg. iii. 16) means a double-edged sword. Here the plur.
will thus poetically strengthen the meaning, like ci<foj polu<stomon,
that which devours, as if it had three or four edges (F1.). The
end in which the disguised seduction terminates is bitter as the
bitterest, and cutting as that which cuts the most : self-condemna-
tion and a feeling of divine anger, anguish of heart, and destructive
judgment. The feet of the adulteress go downward to death. In
Hebr. this descendentes ad mortem is expressed by the genitive of
connection; tv,mA is the genitive, as in rOb yder;Oy, i. 12; elsewhere the
author uses lx, tOdr;Oy, vii. 27, ii. 18. Death, tv,mA (so named from
the stretching of the corpse after the stiffness of death), denotes
the condition of departure from this side as a punishment, with
which is associated the idea of divine wrath. In (sinking,
abyss, from lxwA, R. lw, xala?n, vid. under Isa. v. 14), lie the ideas
of the grave as a place of corruption, and of the under-world as
the place of incorporeal shadow-life. Her steps hold fast to Hades
is equivalent to, they strive after Hades and go straight to it;
similar to this is the Arab. expression, hdhâ âldrb yâkhdk âly âlbld:
this way leads straight forward to the town (Fl.).
Ver. 6. If we try to connect the clause beginning with NP, with
5b as its principal sentence: she goes straight to the abyss, so that
by no means does she ever tread the way of life (thus e.g. Schultens),
or better, with 6b: never more to walk in the way of life, her
paths fluctuate hither and thither (as Gr. Venet. and Kamphausen
in Bunsen's Bibelwerk, after Bertheau and Ewald, translate); then
in the former case more than in the latter the difference of the
subject opposes itself, and in the latter, in addition, the fdAte xlo, only
disturbing in this negative clause. Also by the arrangement of
CHAP. V. 1-6. 121
the words, 6a appears as an independent thought. But with Jewish
expositors (Rashi, Aben-Ezra, Ralbag, Malbirn, etc.) to interpret
sle.paT; after the Talmud (b. Moëd katan 9a) and Midrash, as an
address is impracticable; the warning: do not weigh the path
of life, affords no meaning suitable to this connection—for we
must, with Cartwright and J. H. Michaelis, regard 6a as the
antecedent to 6b: ne forte semitam vitae ad sequendum eligas, to per
varios deceptionum maeandros abripit ut non noveris, ubi locorum sis;
but then the continuation of the address is to be expected in 6b.
No, the subject to slpt is the adulteress, and NP, is an intensified
xlo. Thus the LXX., Jerome, Syr., Targ., Luther, Geier, Nolde,
and among Jewish interpreters Heidenheim, who first broke with
the tradition sanctioned by the Talmud and the Midrash, for he
interpreted 6a as a negative clause spoken in the tone of a question.
But NP, is not suitable for a question, but for a call. Accordingly,
Böttcher explains: viam vitae ne illa complanare studeat! (sle.Pi in
the meaning complanando operam dare). But the adulteress as such,
and the striving to come to the way of life, stand in contradiction:
an effort to return must be meant, which, because the power of
sin over her is too great, fails; but the words do not denote that,
they affirm the direct contrary, viz. that it does not happen to the
adulteress ever to walk in the way of life. As in the warning the
independent NP, may be equivalent to cave ne (Job xxxii. 13), so also
in the declaration it may be equivalent to absit ut, for NPe (from
hnAPA, after the forms NBe = Arab. banj, Cfe= Arab. 'asij) means turning
away, removal. Thus: Far from taking the course of the way of
life (which has life as its goal and reward)—for sle.Pi, to open, to
open a road (Ps. lxxviii. 50), has here the meaning of the open
road itself—much rather do her steps wilfully stagger (Jer. xiv.
10) hither and thither, they go without order and without aim, at
one time hither, at another time thither, without her observing it;
i.e. without her being concerned at this, that she thereby runs into
the danger of falling headlong into the yawning abyss. The un-
consciousness which the clause fdate xlo expresses, has as its object
not the falling (Ps. xxxv. 8), of which there is here nothing directly
said, but just this staggering, vacillation, the danger of which she
does not watch against. OfnA. has Mercha under the f with Zinnorith
preceding; it is Milra [an oxytone] (Michlol 111b); the punctuation
varies in the accentuation of the form without evident reason:
122 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Olsh. § 233, p. 285. The old Jewish interpreters (and recently
also Malbim) here, as also at ii. 16, by the hrAzA [strange woman]
understand heresy (tvnym), or the philosophy that is hostile to
revelation; the ancient Christian interpreters understood by it
folly (Origen), or sensuality (Procopius), or heresy (Olympiodorus),
or false doctrine (Polychronios). The LXX., which translates,
ver. 5, hylgr by th?j a]frosu<nhj oi[ po<dej, looks toward this allegorical
interpretation. But this is unnecessary, and it is proved to be
false from v. 15-20, where the hrAzA is contrasted with the married
wife.
EIGHTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, V. 7-23.
WARNING AGAINST ADULTERY AND COMMENDATION OF
MARRIAGE.
With v. 1-6, which like iv. 20 commences it once more, the
seventh discourse is brought to a conclusion. The address yniB; is
three times repeated in similar connections, iv. 10, 20, v. 1. There
is no reason for breaking off the fatherly admonition (introduced
with the words, "And he said to me," iv. 4), which was addressed
to the author in the period of his youth, earlier than here, where
the author again resumes the MynibA Ufm;wi with which he had begun
(iv. 1) this seventh narrative address. That after the father has
ceased speaking he does not express himself in a rounded manner,
may be taken as a sign that toward the end he had become more
and more unmindful of the rôle of the reporter, if this MynibA hTAfav;
following, with which he realizes for his circle of hearers the
admonition which had been in part addressed to himself, does not
prove the contrary.
Vers. 7-11. The eighth discourse springs out of the conclusion
of the seventh, and connects itself by its reflective hAyl,fAme so closely
with it that it appears as its continuation; but the new beginning
and its contents included in it, referring only to social life, secures
its relative independence. The poet derives the warning against
intercourse with the adulteress from the preceding discourse, and
grounds it on the destructive consequences.
7 And now, ye sons, hearken unto me,
And depart not from the words of my mouth.
CHAP. V. 7-11. 123
8 Hold thy path far from her neighbourhood,
And come not to the door of her house!
9 That thou mayest not give the freshness of thy youth to another,
Nor thy years to the cruel one;
10 That strangers may not sate themselves with thy possessions,
And the fruit of thy toils come into the house of a stranger,
11 And thou groanest at the end,
When thy flesh and thy body are consumed.
Neither here nor in the further stages of this discourse is there any
reference to the criminal punishment inflicted on the adulterer,
which, according to Lev. xx. 10, consisted in death, according to
Ezek. xvi. 40, cf. John viii. 5, in stoning, and according to a later
traditional law, in strangulation (qn,H,). Ewald finds in ver. 14 a
play on this punishment of adultery prescribed by law, and reads
from ver. 9 f. that the adulterer who is caught by the injured
husband was reduced to the state of a slave, and was usually
deprived of his manhood. But that any one should find pleasure
in making the destroyer of his wife his slave is a far-fetched idea,
and neither the law nor the history of Israel contains any evidence
for this punishment by slavery or the mutilation of the adulterer, for
which Ewald refers to Grimm's Deutsche Rechtsaltertümer. The
figure which is here sketched by the poet is very different. He
who goes into the net of the wanton woman loses his health and
his goods. She stands not alone, but has her party with her, who
wholly plunder the simpleton who goes into her trap. Nowhere is
there any reference to the husband of the adulteress. The poet
does not at all think on a married woman. And the word chosen
directs our attention rather to a foreigner than to an Israelitish
woman, although the author may look upon harlotry as such as
heathenish rather than Israelitish, and designate it accordingly.
The party of those who make prostitutes of themselves consists of
their relations and their older favourites, the companions of their
gain, who being in league with her exhaust the life-strength and
the resources of the befooled youth (Fl.). This discourse begins
with hTAfav;, for it is connected by this concluding application (cf. vii.
24) with the preceding.
Vers. 8, 9. In verse 8, one must think on such as make a gain
of their impurity. lfame, Schultens remarks, with reference to
Ezek. xxiii. 18, crebrum in rescisso omni commercio: Nmi denotes the
departure, and lfa the nearness, from which one must remove himself
to a distance. Regarding dOh (ver. 9), which primarily, like our
124 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Pracht (bracht from brechen = to break) [pomp, magnificence],
appears to mean fulness of sound, and then fulness of splendour,
see under Job xxxix. 20; here there is a reference to the freshness
or the bloom of youth, as well as the years, against the sacrifice of
which the warning is addressed—in a pregnant sense they are the
fairest years, the years of youthful fulness of strength. Along
with MyriHexa the singulare-tantum yrizAk;xa (vid. Jer. 1. 42) has a collective
sense; regarding the root-meaning, rid. under Isa. xiii. 9. It is
the adj. relat. of rzAk;xa after the form bzAk;xa, which is formed not
from rzA j`xa, but from an unknown verb rzaKA. The ancients referred
it to death and the devil; but the yrzkx belongs to the covetous
society, which impels ever anew to sin, which is their profit, him
who has once fallen into it, and thus brings bodily ruin upon him:
they are the people who stand far aloof from this their sacrifice,
and among them are barbarous, rude, inexorably cruel monsters
(Unmensehen) (Graecus Venetus, t&? a]panqrw<p&), who rest not till
their victim is laid prostrate on the ground and ruined both bodily
and financially.
Ver. 10. This other side of the ruin ver. 10 presents as an image
of terror. For dOh refers to the person in his stately appearance,
but HaKo to his possessions in money and goods; for this word, as well
as in the strikingly similar passage Hos. vii. 9, is used as the
synonym of lyiHa (Gen. xxxiv. 29, etc.), in the sense of ability,
estate. This meaning is probably mediated by means of a meto-
nymy, as Gen. iv. 12, Job xxxi. 39, where the idea of the capability
of producing is passed over into that of the produce conformable
to it; so here the idea of work-power passes over into that of the
gain resulting therefrom. j~yb,cAfEva (and thy toils) is not, like j~H,Ko,
the accusative governed by UfB;W;yi; the carrying over of this verb
disturbs the parallelism, and the statement in the passage besides
does not accord therewith, which, interpreted as a virtual predi-
cate, presents 10b as an independent prohibitive clause: neve sint
labores tui in domo peregrini, not peregrina; at least yrik;nA according
to the usage of the language is always personal, so that yrik;nA tybe
(cf. Lam. v. 2), like yrkn wOblm, Zeph. i. 8, is to be explained after
yrik;nA ryfi, Judg. xix. 12. bc,f, (from =bcafA, Arab. 'asiab, to bind fast,
to tie together, then to make effort, poiei?n, laborare) is difficult
work (x. 22), and that which is obtained by it; Fleischer compares
the Ital. i miei sudori, and the French mes sueurs.
Ver. 11. The fut. UfB;W;yi and the Uyh;yi needed to complete 10b are
CHAP. V. 12-14. 125
continued in ver. 11 in the consec. perf. MhanA, elsewhere of the
hollow roaring of the sea, Isa. v. 30, the growling of the lion,
xxviii. 15, here, as also Ezek. xxiv. 23, of the hollow groaning of
men; a word which echoes the natural sound, like MUh, hmAhA. The
LXX., with the versions derived from it, has kai> metamelhqh<s^,
i.e. TAm;Haniv; (the Niph. MHani, to experience the sorrow of repentance,
also an echo-word which imitates the sound of deep breathing)—a
happy quid pro quo, as if one interchanged the Arab. naham,
fremere, anhelare, and nadam, paenitere. That wherein the end
consists to which the deluded youth is brought, and the sorrowful
sound of despair extorted from him, is stated in 11b: his flesh is
consumed away, for sensuality and vexation have worked together
to undermine his health. The author here connects together two
synonyms to strengthen the conception, as if one said: All thy tears
and thy weeping help thee nothing (Fl.); he loves this heaping
together of synonyms, as we have shown at p. 33. When the
blood-relation of any one is called OrWAB; rxew;, Lev. xviii. 6, xxv. 49,
these two synonyms show themselves in subordination, as here in
close relation. rxew; appears to be closely connected with Myriyriw;,
muscles and sinews, and with rwo, the umbilical cord, and thus to
denote the flesh with respect to its muscular nature adhering to
the bones (Mic. iii. 2), as rWABA denotes it with respect to its tangible
outside clothed with skin (vid. under Isaiah, p. 418).
Vers. 12-14. The poet now tells those whom he warns to hear
how the voluptuary, looking back on his life-course, passes sentence
against himself.
12 And thou sayest, "Why have I then hated correction,
And my heart despised instruction!
13 And I have not listened to the voice of my teachers,
Nor lent mine ear to my instructors?
14 I had almost fallen into every vice
In the midst of the assembly and the congregation!"
The question 12a (here more an exclamation than a question) is
the combination of two: How has it become possible for me?
How could it ever come to it that . . . Thus also one says in Arab.:
Kyf f'alat hadhâ (Fl.). The regimen of j`yxe in 12b is becoming
faint, and in 13b has disappeared. The Kal CxanA (as i. 30, xv. 5)
signifies to despise; the Piel intensively, to contemn and reject
(R Cn; pungere).
Ver.. 13. B; fmawA signifies to cleave to anything in hearing, as
126 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
b; hxARA is to do so in seeing; l; fmawA yet more closely corresponds
with the classic e]pakou<ein, obedire, e.g. Ps. lxxxi. 9; lOqB; fmawA is the
usual phrase for "hearken!"
Ver. 14. Ffam;Ki with the perf. following is equivalent to: it
wanted but a little that this or that should happen, e.g. Gen.
xxvi. 10. It is now for the most part thus explained: it wanted but
a little, and led astray by that wicked companionship I would have
been drawn away into crime, for which I would then have been
subjected to open punishment (Fl.). Ewald understands frA directly
of punishment in its extreme form, stoning; and Hitzig explains
frA-lkA by "the totality of evil," in so far as the disgraceful death of
the criminal comprehends in it all other evils that are less. But
frA-lkAB; means, either, into every evil, misfortune, or into every
wickedness; and since fra, in contradistinction to bl (Hitzig com-
pares Ezek. xxxvi. 5), is a conception of a species, then the meaning
is equivalent to in omni genere mali. The reference to the death-
punishment of the adulteress is excluded thereby, though it cannot
be denied that it might be thought of at the same time, if he who
too late comes to consider his ways were distinctly designated in
the preceding statements as an adulterer. But it is on the whole
a question whether fr-lkb is meant of the evil which follows sin as
its consequence. The usage of the language permits this, cf.
2 Sam. xvi. 8, Ex. v. 19, 1 Chron. vii. 23, Ps. x. 6, but not less
the reference to that which is morally bad, cf. Ex. xxxii. 22 (where
Keil rightly compares with 1 John v. 19); and ytiyyihA (for which in
the first case one expected yTil;panA fell into, vid. xiii. 17, xvii. 20,
xxviii. 14) is even more favourable to the latter reference. Also
hdAfev; lhAqA j~OtB; (cf. on the heaping together of synonyms under 11b),
this paraphrase of the palam ac publice, with its j`OtB; (cf. Ps. cxi. 1,
2 Chron. xx. 14), looks rather to a heightening of the moral self-
accusation. He found himself in all wickedness, living and moving
therein in the midst of the congregation, and thereby giving offence
to it, for he took part in the external worship and in the practices
of the congregation, branding himself thereby as a hypocrite.
That by the one name the congregation is meant in its civil aspect,
and by the other in its ecclesiastical aspect, is not to be supposed:
in the congregation of the people of the revealed law, the political
and the religious sides are not so distinguished. It is called without
distinction lhAqA and hdAfe (from dfayA). Rather we would say that lhq
is the whole ecclesia, and hdf the whole of its representatives; but
CHAP. V. 15-17. 127
also the great general council bears sometimes the one name
(Ex. xii. 3, cf. 21) and sometimes the other (Deut. xxxi. 30, cf. 28)
—the placing of them together serves thus only to strengthen the
conception.
Vers. 15-17. The commendation of true conjugal love in the
form of an invitation to a participation in it, is now presented
along with the warning against non-conjugal intercourse, height-
ened by a reference to its evil consequences.
15 Drink water from thine own cistern,
And flowing streams from thine own fountain.
16 Shall thy streams flow abroad,
The water-brooks in the streets!
17 Let them belong to thyself alone,
And not to strangers with thee.
One drinks water to quench his thirst; here drinking is a figure
of the satisfaction of conjugal love, of which Paul says, 1 Cor. vii.
9, krei?sso>n e]sti gamh?sai h} purou?sqai, and this comes into view
here, in conformity with the prevailing character of the O. T., only
as a created inborn natural impulse, without reference to the
poisoning of it by sin, which also within the sphere of married life
makes government, moderation, and restraint a duty. Warning
against this degeneracy of the natural impulse to the pa<qoj
e]piqumi<aj authorized within divinely prescribed limits, the apostle
calls the wife of any one to> e[autou? skeu?oj (cf. 1 Pet. iii. 7). So
here the wife, who is his by covenant (ii. 17), is called "cistern"
(rOB)1 and "fountain" (rxeB;) of the husband to whom she is married.
The figure corresponds to the sexual nature of the wife, the expres-
sion for which is hbAqen;; but Isa. li. 1 holds to the natural side of the
figure, for according to it the wife is a pit, and the children are
brought out of it into the light of day. Aben-Ezra on Lev. xi. 36
rightly distinguishes between rvb and rxb: the former catches the
rain, the latter wells out from within. In the former, as Rashi in
Erubin ii. 4 remarks, there are Mysnvkm Mym, in the latter MyyH Mym.
The post-biblical Hebrew observes this distinction less closely (vid.
Kimchi's Book of Roots), but the biblical throughout; so far the
Kerî, Jer. vi. 7, rightly changes rvb into the form ryiBa corresponding
to the Arab. byar. Therefore rvb is the cistern, for the making of
which bcaHA, Jer. ii. 13, and rxb the well, for the formation of which
1 The LXX. translate a]po> sw?n a]ggei<wn, i.e. j~yr,vAK;mi (vid. Lagarde).
128 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
rph, Gen. xxi. 30, and hrk, xxvi. 25, are the respective words usually
employed (vid. Malbim, Sifra 117b). The poet shows that he
also is aware of this distinction, for he calls the water which one
drinks from the rvb by the name Mym, but on the other hand that
out of the rxb by the name Myliz;On; running waters, fluenta; by this
we are at once reminded of Cant. iv. 15, cf. 12. The rvb offers
only stagnant water (according to the Sohar, the rvb has no water
of its own, but only that which is received into it), although coming
down into it from above; but the rxb has living water, which
wells up out of its interior 15b, intentionally for the mere
Nm), and is fresh as the streams from Lebanon (lzanA, properly labi,
to run down, cf. lzaxA, placide ire, and generally ire; , loco cedere,
desinere; IV., to cause to glide back, deglutire, of the gourmand).
What a valuable possession a well of water is for nomads the
history of the patriarchs makes evident, and a cistern is one of the
most valuable possessions belonging to every well-furnished house.
The figure of the cistern is here surpassed by that of the fountain,
but both refer to the seeking and finding satisfaction (cf. the
opposite passage, xxiii. 27) with the wife, and that, as the expressive
possessive suffixes denote, with his legitimate wife.
Ver. 16. Here we meet with two other synonyms standing in
a similar relation of progression. As Nyifa denotes the fountain as to
its point of outflow, so NyAf;ma (n. loci) means water flowing above on
the surface, which in its course increases and divides itself into
several courses; such a brook is called, with reference to the water
dividing itself from the point of outflow, or to the way in which it
divides, gl,P, (from glaPA, Job xxxviii. 25), Arab. faloj (as also the
Ethiop.) or falj, which is explained by nahar saghayr (Fl.).1 We
cannot in this double figure think of any reference to the genera-
tive power in the sperma; similar figures are the waters of Judah,
Isa. xlviii. 1, and the waters of Israel flowing forth as if from a
bucket, Num. xxiv. 7, where vfrz is the parallel word to Mym, cf. also
the proper name bxAOm (from Om = YOm from hvAmA, diffluere), aqua h.e.
semen patris, and lxAOm, Deut. xxviii. 30,= Arab. sajal (whence sajl
=yliD;, situla), which is set aside by the Kerî. Many interpreters
1 The latter idea (vid. under Ps. i. 3) lies nearer, after Job xxxviii. 25: the
brook as dividing channels for itself, or as divided into such; falj (falaj)
signifies, according to the representation Isa. lviii. 8, also like fajr, the morning-
light (as breaking forth from a cleft).
CHAP. V. 15-17. 129
have by hcAUH and tObHor;BA been here led into the error of pressing
into the text the exhortation not to waste the creative power in
sinful lust. The LXX. translates UcpuyA by u[perekxei<sqw; but
Origen, and also Clemens Alexandrines, used the phrase mh> u[per-
ekxei<sqw, which is found in the Complut., Ald., and several codd.,
and is regarded by Lagarde, as also Cappellus, as original: the
three Gottingen theologians (Ewald, Bertheau, and Elster) accord-
ingly make the emendation UcpuyA-lxa. But that mh< of the LXX.
was not added till a later period; the original expression, which
the Syro-Hexapl. authorizes, was diaskorpize<sqwsan without mh<, as
also in the version of Aquila, diaskorpize<sqwsan without mh< (vid.
Field). The Hebrew text also does not need lx. Clericus, and
recently Hitzig, Zöckler, Kamphausen, avoid this remedy, for they
understand this verse interrogatively—an expedient which is for
the most part and also here unavailing; for why should not the
author have written vcpy Mxi? Schultens rightly remarks: nec
negationi nec interrogationi ullus hic locus, for (with Fleischer and
von Hofmann, Schriftbeweis, ii. 2, 402) he regards ver. 16 as a
conclusion: tunc exundabunt; so that he strengthens the summons
of ver. 15 by the promise of numerous descendants from unvio-
lated marriage. But to be so understood, the author ought to have
written vcpyv;. So, according to the text, vcpy as jussive continues
the imper. htew; (15a), and the full meaning according to the
connection is this: that within the marriage relation the generative
power shall act freely and unrestrained. CUH and tObHor; denote
(i. 20) the space free from houses, and the ways and places which
lead towards and stretch between them; CUH (from CUH, Arab. khass,
to split, seorsim ponere) is a very relative conception, according as
one thinks of that which is without as the contrast of the house,
the city, or the country. Here CvH is the contrast of the person,
and thus that which is anywhere without it, whereto the exercise of
its manly power shall extend. The two figurative expressions are
the description of the libero flumine, and the contrast, that restriction
of self which the marriage relation, according to 1 Cor. vii. 3-5,
condemns.
Ver. 17. That such matters as these are thought of, is manifest
from this verse. As frz comprehends with the cause (sperma) the
effect (posterity), so, in ver. 16, with the effusio roboris virilis is
connected the idea of the beginnings of life. For the subjects of
ver. 17 are the effusiones seminis named in ver. 16. These in their
130 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
effects (ver. 17) may belong to thee alone, viz. to thee alone
(j~D;b;l;, properly in thy separateness) within thy married relation,
not, as thou hast fellowship with other women, to different family
circles, Aben-Ezra rightly regards as the subject, for he glosses
thus: Myrwkh Mynbh Mhw Myglph, and Immanuel well explains j~l;-Uyh;yi
by jl vsHyty. The child born out of wedlock belongs not to the
father alone, he knows not to whom it belongs; its father must for
the sake of his honour deny it before the world. Thus, as Grotius
remarks: ibi sere ubi prolem metas. In Nyxv the vyhy is continued.
It is not thus used adverbially for xl, as in the old classic Arabic
lyas for l’ (Fl.), but it carries in it the force of a verb, so that vyhy,
according to rule, in the sense of vyh xlv= vyhy xlv, continues it.
Vers. 18-20. With ver 18 is introduced anew the praise of conjugal
love. These three verses, 18-21, have the same course of thought as 15-17.
18 Let thy fountain be blessed,
And rejoice in the wife of thy youth.
19 The lovely hind and the graceful gazelle—
May her bosom always charm thee;
In her love mayest thou delight thyself evermore.
20 But why wilt thou be fascinated with a stranger,
And embrace the bosom of a foreign woman?
Like rvb and rxb, rOqmA is also a figure of the wife; the root-word is
rUq, from rq, rk, the meanings of which, to dig and make round,
come together in the primary conception of the round digging out
or boring out, not rUq = rraqA, the Hiph. of which means (Jer. vi. 7)
to well out cold (water). It is the fountain of the birth that is
meant (cf. rOqmA, of the female hvAr;f,, e.g., Lev. xx. 18), not the pro-
creation (LXX., h[ sh> fle<y, viz. fle>y goni<mh); the blessing
wished for by him is the blessing of children, which j`UrBA; so much
the more distinctly denotes if j`raBA, Arab. barak, means to spread
out, and j`reBe thus to cause a spreading out. The Nmi, 18b, explains
itself from the idea of drawing (water), given with the figure of a
fountain; the word twxB; found in certain codices is, on the contrary,
prosaic (Fl.). Whilst Nmi HmW is found elsewhere (Eccles. ii. 20,
2 Chron. xx. 27) as meaning almost the same as B; HmW; the former
means rejoicing from some place, the latter in something. In the
genitive connection, "wife of thy youth" (cf. ii. 17), both of these
significations lie: thy youthful wife, and she who was chosen by
thee in thy youth, according as we refer the suffix to the whole
idea or only to the second member of the chain of words.
CHAP. V. 18-20. 131
Ver. 19. The subject, 19a, set forth as a theme courts love for
her who is to be loved, for she presents herself as lovely. tl,y.,xa is
the female of the stag, which may derive its name ly.Axa from the
weapon-power of its horns, and hlAfEya (from lfayA, Arab. w'al, to climb),
that of the wild-goat (lfeyA); and thus properly, not the gazelle, which
is called ybic; on account of its elegance, but the chamois. These
animals are commonly used in Semitic poetry as figures of female
beauty on account of the delicate beauty of their limbs and their
sprightly black eyes. MybihAxE signifies always sensual love, and is
interchanged in this erotic meaning (vii. 18) with MydiOD. In 19b
the predicate follows the subject. The Graec. Venet. translates as
if the word were hydvd, and the Syr. as if it were hykrd, but Aquila
rightly translates ti<tqoi au]th?j. As ti<tqoj is derived (vid. Curtius,
Griech. Etymologie, Nr. 307) from dhâ, to suck (causative, with anu,
to put to sucking), so dDa, dwa, dTa, Arab. thady (commonly in dual
thadjein), from hdAwA, Arab. thdy, rigare, after which also the verb
j~UUray; is chosen: she may plentifully give thee to drink; figuratively
equivalent to, refresh or (what the Aram. yUira precisely means)
fascinate1 thee, satisfy thee with love. MyDiDa also is an erotic word,
which besides in this place is found only in Ezekiel (xxiii. 3, 8, 21).
The LXX. obliterates the strong sensual colouring of this line.
In 19c it changes hn,.w;Ti into hgWt, pollosto>j e@s^, perhaps also
because the former appeared to be too sensual. Moses ha-Darshan
(in Rashi) proposes to explain it after the Arab. , to cover, to
cast over, to come over anything (III. = qsf, to employ oneself
with something): engage thyself with her love, i.e. be always
devoted to her in love. And Immanuel himself, the author of a
Hebrew Divan expatiating with unparalleled freedom in erotic
representations, remarks, while he rightly understands hgwt of the
fascination of love: hggw vtwxb vlypx vqwh tdmth xrvq, he calls the
husband's continual caressing of the wife an error. But this moral
side-glance lies here at a distance from the poet. He speaks here
of a morally permissible love-ecstasy, or rather, since dymt excludes
that which is extraordinary, of an intensity of love connected with
the feeling of superabundant happiness. hgAwA properly signifies to
err from the way, therefore figuratively, with b of a matter, like
1 Many editions have here -lkAB;; but this Dagesh, which is contrary to rule,
is to be effaced.
132 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
delirare ea, to be wholly captivated by her, so that one is no longer
in his own power, can no longer restrain himself—the usual word
for the intoxication of love and of wine, xx. 1 (Fl.).
Ver. 20. The answer to the Why? in this verse is: no reason-
able cause,—only beastly sensuality, only flagitious blindness can
mislead thee. The b of hrAzAb; is, as 19b and Isa. xxviii. 7, that of
the object through which one is betrayed into intoxication. qHe
(thus, according to the Masora, four times in the O. T. for qyHe)
properly means an incision or deepening, as (from , cohibere),
the front of the body, the part between the arms or the female
breasts, thus the bosom, Isa. xl. 11 (with the swelling part of the
clothing, sinus vestis, which the Arabs call jayb), and the lap; qBeHi (as
iv. 8), to embrace, corresponds here more closely with the former of
these meanings; also elsewhere the wife of any one is called vqyH twx
or vqyHb tbkwh, as she who rests on his breast. The ancients, also
J. H. Michaelis, interpret vers. 15-20 allegorically, but without
thereby removing sensual traces from the elevated N. T. conscious-
ness of pollution, striving against all that is fleshly; for the castum
cum Sapientia conjugium would still be always represented under
the figure of husband and wife dwelling together. Besides, though
hrz might be, as the contrast of hmkH, the personified lust of the
world and of the flesh, yet 19a is certainly not the hmkH, but a
woman composed of flesh and blood. Thus the poet means the
married life, not in a figurative sense, but in its reality—he de-
signedly describes it thus attractively and purely, because it bears
in itself the preservative against promiscuous fleshly lust.
Vers. 21-23. That the intercourse of the sexes out of the married
relationship is the commencement of the ruin of a fool is now
proved.
21 For the ways of every one are before the eyes of Jahve,
And all his paths He marketh out.
22 His own sins lay hold of him, the evil-doer,
And in the bands of his sins is he held fast.
23 He dies for the want of correction,
And in the fulness of his folly he staggers to ruin.
It is unnecessary to interpret hkano as an adverbial accusative:
straight before Jahve's eyes; it may be the nominative of the
predicate: the ways of man (for wyxi is here an individual, whe-
ther man or woman) are an object (properly, fixing) of the eyes
CHAP. V. 21-23. 133
of Jahve. With this the thought would suitably connect itself:
et omnes orbitas ejus ad amussim examinat; but sle.Pi, as the denom.
of sl,P,, Ps. lviii. 3, is not connected with all the places where the
verb is united with the obj. of the way, and Ps. lxxviii. 50 shows
that it has there the meaning to break through, to open a way
(from lp, to split, cf. Talmudic wl.Apum;, opened, accessible, from wlp,
perfodere, fodiendo viam, aditum sibi aperire). The opening
of the way is here not, as at Isa. xxvi. 7, conceived of as the setting
aside of the hindrances in the way of him who walks, but generally
as making walking in the way possible: man can take no step in
any direction without God; and that not only does not exempt him
from moral responsibility, but the consciousness of this is rather
for the first time rightly quickened by the consciousness of being
encompassed on every side by the knowledge and the power of
God. The dissuasion of ver. 20 is thus in ver. 21 grounded in the
fact, that man at every stage and step of his journey is observed and
encompassed by God: it is impossible for him to escape from the
knowledge of God or from dependence on Him. Thus opening all
the paths of man, He has also appointed to the way of sin the
punishment with which it corrects itself: "his sins lay hold of him,
the evil-doer." The suffix vy¾A does not refer to wyxi of ver. 21,
where every one without exception and without distinction is
meant, but it relates to the obj. following, the evil-doer, namely,
as the explanatory permutative annexed to the "him" according
to the scheme, Ex. ii. 6; the permutative is distinguished from
the apposition by this, that the latter is a forethought explanation
which heightens the understanding of the subject, while the former
is an explanation afterwards brought in which guards against a
misunderstanding. The same construction, xiv. 13b, belonging to
the syntaxis ornata in the old Hebrew, has become common in the
Aramaic and in the modern Hebrew. Instead of UhUdK;l;yi (ver. 22),
the poet uses poetically OnduK;l;yi; the interposed n may belong to the
emphatic ground-form NUdBAl;yi, but is epenthetic if one compares
forms such as Onb;qA (R. bqo) Num. xxiii. 13 (cf. p. 73). The OtxFA.Ha
governed by yleb;Ha laquei (dyleb;H,, tormina), is either gen. exeg.: bands
which consist in his sin, or gen. subj.: bands which his sin unites,
or better, gen. possess.: bands which his sin brings with it. By
these bands he will be held fast, and so will die: he (xUh referring
to the person described) will die in insubordination (Symm. di ]
134 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
a]paideusi<an), or better, since Nyxe and bro are placed in contrast: in
want of correction. With the hn.,w;yi (ver. 23b), repeated purposely
from ver. 20, there is connected the idea of the overthrow which
is certain to overtake the infatuated man. In ver. 20 the sense
of moral error began already to connect itself with this verb.
tl,U,xi is the right name of unrestrained lust of the flesh. tlvx is
connected with lUx, the belly; lvx, Arab. âl, to draw together, to
condense, to thicken (Isaiah, p. 424). Dummheit (stupidity) and
the Old-Norse dumba, darkness, are in their roots related to each
other. Also in the Semitic the words for blackness and darkness
are derived from roots meaning condensation. lvyx is the mind
made thick, darkened, and become like crude matter.
NINTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, VI. 1-5.
WARNING AGAINST INCONSIDERATE SURETYSHIP.
The author does not return to the subject of chastity till the
twelfth discourse, vi. 20 ff. Between the eighth and the twelfth
three other groups of moral proverbs are introduced, which are
neither connected with one another nor with the eight discourses
which precede them. Must we therefore, with Hitzig and Kamp-
hausen, hold vi. 1-5, 6-11, 12-19, to be an interpolation here
introduced from some other place? We find here the fondness
for synonyms and words similar in sound peculiar to the author of
the introduction, vi. 2, 3, 5, and meet with the same interchange of
words, vi. 4, cf. iv. 25, and figurative expressions, vi. 18, cf. iii. 29
(wrH), word-formations, vi. 10 (qBuHi), cf. iii. 8 (yUq.wi) ideas, vi. 12,
cf. iv. 28 (hp tvwqf), vi. 14, cf. ii. 12, 14 (tvkpht), and constructions,
vi. 12 (hp tvwqf jlvh), cf. ii. 7 (Mt yklh); like delineations of charac-
ter, vi. 18b, cf. i. 16, and threatenings, vi. 15, cf. i. 26 f., iii. 25—as
many marks of identity of the authorship as could be expected.
And what had moved the interpolators to introduce the three
groups of proverbs, vi. 1-5, 6-11, 12-19, just here? In vain
does Hitzig seek to extract from chap. v. certain words and ideas
common to it with chap. vi. which shall make it clear that the
groups of proverbs in question are here an interpolation; the points
of contrast are not prominent. If now the poet has already in iii.
CHAP. VI. 1-5. 135
1-18, but still more in iii. 27 ff., connected together all manner
of rules of life without any close or visible connection, it is not
strange if at vi. 1, where besides the ynb denotes the new section,
he breaks off to a new subject out of the fulness of his matter;
and the connection wanting between vi. 1 and v. 23, as well as
between iii. 27 and iii. 26, does not therefore warrant critical
suspicion.
Vers. 1-5. The author warns against suretyship; or rather, he
advises that if one has made himself surety, he should as quickly
as possible withdraw from the snare.
1 My son, if thou hast become surety for thy neighbour,
Hast given thy hand for another:
2 Thou art entangled in the words of thy mouth,
Ensnared in the words of thy mouth.
3 Do this then, my son, and free thyself—
For thou hast come under the power of thy neighbour—
Go, instantly entreat and importune thy neighbour.
4 Give no sleep to thine eyes,
And no slumber to thine eyelids;
5 Tear thyself free like a gazelle from his hand,
And as a bird from the hand of the fowler.
The chief question here is, whether l; after brafA introduces him for
whom or with whom one becomes surety. Elsewhere brf (R. br,
whence also braxA, nectere, to twist close and compact) with the
accusative of the person means to become surety for any one, to
represent him as a surety, xi. 15, xx. 16 (xxvii. 13), Gen. xliii. 9,
xliv. 33 (as with the accusative of the matter, to pledge anything, to
deposit it as a pledge, Jer. xxx. 21, Neh. v. 3, =MyWi, Arab. wad’a,
Job xvii. 3); and to become surety with any one is expressed,
xvii. 18, by ynep;li brf. The phrase l; brf is not elsewhere met with,
and is thus questionable. If we look to ver. 3, the fare (hf,re) men-
tioned there cannot possibly be the creditor with whom one has
become surety, for so impetuous and urgent an application to him
would be both purposeless and unbecoming. But if he is meant
for whom one has become surety, then certainly j~f,rel; is also to be
understood of the same person, and is thus dat. commodi; similar
to this is the Targumic lfa xtAUbr;fa, suretyship for any one, xvii. 18,
xxii. 26. But is the rzA, 1b, distinguished from jfr, the stranger
with whom one has become surety? The parallels xi. 15. xx. 16,
where rz it denotes the person whom one represents, show that in both
lines one and the same person is meant; rz is in the Proverbs
136 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
equivalent to rHexa, each different from the person in the discourse,
v. 17, xxvii. 2,—thus, like jfr, denotes not the friend, but generally
him to whom one stands in any kind of relation, even a very ex-
ternal one, in a word, the fellow-creatures or neighbours, xxiv. 28
(cf. the Arab. sahbk and kiarynk, which are used as vaguely and
superficially). It is further a question, whether we have to explain
1b: if thou hast given thine hand to another, or for another. Here
also we are without evidence from the usage of the language; for
the phrase JKa fqaTA, or merely fqaTA, appears to be used of striking the
hand in suretyship where it elsewhere occurs without any further
addition, xvii. 18, xxii. 26, xi. 15; however, Job xvii. 3, dyal; fqat;ni
appears the same: to strike into the hand of any one, i.e. to give
to him the hand-stroke. From this passage Hitzig concludes that
the surety gave the hand-stroke, without doubt in the presence of
witnesses, first of all of the creditor, to the debtor, as a sign that
he stood for him. But this idea is unnatural, and the "without
doubt" melts into air. He on whose hand the stroke falls is always
the person to whom one gives suretyship, and confirms it by the
hand-stroke. Job also, l.c., means to say: who else but Thou, O
Lord, could give to me a pledge, viz. of my innocence? If now
the rz, ver. 1b, is, as we have shown, not the creditor,1 but the
debtor, then is the l the dat. commodi, as la, and the two lines per-
fectly correspond. fqaTA properly means to drive, to strike with a re-
sounding noise, cogn. with the Arab. wak'a, which may be regarded
as its intrans. (FL); then particularly to strike the hand or with the
hand. He to whom this hand-pledge is given for another remains
here undesignated. A new question arises, whether in ver. 6, where
wqaOn (illaqueari) and dKal;ni (comprehendi) follow each other as Isa.
viii. 15, cf. Jer. 1. 24, the hypothetical antecedent is continued or
not. We agree with Schultens, Ziegler, and Fleischer against the
continuance of the Mxi. The repetition of the j~ypi yrem;xiB; (cf. ii. 14)
serves rightly to strengthen the representation of the thought: thou,
thou thyself and no other, hast then ensnared thyself in the net;
but this strengthening of the expression would greatly lose in force
1 A translation by R. Joseph Joel of Fulda, 1787, whose autograph MS. Baer
possesses, renders the passage not badly thus:—"My son, if thou hast become
surety for thy friend, and hast given the hand to another, then thou art bound
by thy word, held by thy promise. Yet do what I say to thee, my son: Be at
pains as soon as thou canst to get free, otherwise thou art in the power of thy
friend; shun no trouble, be urgent with thy friend."
CHAP. VI. 1-5. 137
by placing ver. 2 in the antecedent, while if ver. 2 is regarded as
the conclusion, and thus as the principal proposition, it appears in
its full strength.
Ver. 3. The new commencement needs no particle denoting a
conclusion; the xOpxe, making the summons emphatic (cf. 2 Kings
x. 10, frequently in interrogative clauses), connects it closely
enough. txzo, neut., refers to what follows. The v before lcenA.hi is
explanatory, as we say in familiar language: Be so good as tell me,
or do me the favour to come with me; while no Frenchman would
say, Faites-moi le (ce) plaisir et venez avec moi (Fl.).1 The clause
tAxbA yKi2 is not to be translated: in case thou art fallen into the
hand of thy neighbour; for this is represented (vers. 1, 2) as having
already in fact happened. On two sides the surety is no longer
sui juris: the creditor has him in his hand; for if the debtor does
not pay, he holds the surety, and in this way many an honourable
man has lost house and goods, Sirach xxix. 18, cf. viii. 13;—and the
debtor has him, the surety, in his hand; for the performance which
is due, for which the suretyship avails, depends on his conscientious-
ness. The latter is here meant: thou hast made thy freedom and
thy possessions dependent on the will of thy neighbour for whom
thou art the surety. The clause introduced with yKi gives the reason
for the call to set himself free (lcenA.hi from lcn, R. lc, lw, to draw
out or off); it is a parenthetical sentence. The meaning of sPerat;hi
is certain. The verb sparA (WparA, spar;) signifies to stamp on, calcare,
conculcare; the Kamûs3 explains rafas by rakad balarjal. The
Hithpa. might, it is true, mean to conduct oneself in a trampling
manner, to tread roughly, as xBenat;hi, and the medial Niph. xBAni, to
conduct oneself speaking (in an impassioned manner); but Ps. lxviii.
31 and the analogy of sseOBh;hi favour the meaning to throw one-
self in a stamping manner, i.e. violently, to the ground, to trample
upon oneself,—i.e. let oneself be trampled upon, to place oneself in
the attitude of most earnest humble prayer. Thus the Graec. Venet.
1 For the right succession of the accents here (three serviles before the Pazer),
vid. Torath Emeth, p. 30; Accentuationssystem, xii. § 4. According to Ben-
Naphtali, Mercha is to be given to the txzo.
2 The Zinnorith before the Mahpach in these words represents at the same
time the Makkeph. But Ben-Naphtali differs here from Ben-Asher, for he
adopts the Makkeph and rejects the Zinnorith; vid. Torath Emeth, p. 16, and
my Psalmencomm. Bd. ii. (1860), p. 460, note 2.
3 [El-Feyroozábádee's Kâmus, a native Arabic Lexicon; vid. Lane's Arab.
Lex. Bk. i. pt. 1, p. xvii.]
138 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
path<qhti, Rashi ("humble thyself like to the threshold which is
trampled and trode upon"), Aben-Ezra, Immanuel ("humble thy-
self under the soles of his feet"); so Cocceius, J. H. Michaelis, and
others: conculcandum to praebe. bhar;U is more controverted. The
Talmudic-Midrash explanation (b. Joma, 87a; Bathra, 173b, and
elsewhere): take with thee in great numbers thy friends (bhar;
=hBer;ha), is discredited by this, that it has along with it the expla-
nation of sprth by (dy) sPa rTeha, solve palmam (manus), i.e. pay
what thou canst. Also with the meaning to rule (Parchon, Imma-
nuel), which bhr besides has not, nothing is to be done. The
right meaning of B; bharA is to rush upon one boisterously, Isa. iii. 5.
bharA means in general to be violently excited (Arab. rahiba, to be
afraid), and thus to meet one, here with the accusative: assail
impetuously thy neighbour (viz. that he fulfil his engagement).
Accordingly, with a choice of words more or less suitable, the LXX.
translates by paro<cune, Symm., Theodotion by paro<rmhson, the
Graec. Venet. by e]ni<sxuson, the Syr. (which the Targumist copies)
by grg (solicita), and Kimchi glosses by: lay an arrest upon him with
pacifying words. The Talmud explains j~yf,re as plur.;1 but the plur.,
which was permissible in iii. 28, is here wholly inadmissible: it is
thus the plena scriptio for j~f,re with the retaining of the third radical
of the ground-form of the root-word (yfarA=hfArA), or with y as mater
lectionis, to distinguish the pausal-form from that which is without
the pause; cf. xxiv. 34. LXX., Syr., Jerome, etc., rightly translate
it in the sing. The immediateness lying in j`le (cf. u!page, Matt.
v. 24) is now expressed as a duty, ver. 4 f. One must not sleep and
slumber (an expression quite like Ps. cxxxii. 4), not give himself
quietness and rest, till the other has released him from his bail by
the performance of that for which he is surety. One must set
himself free as a gazelle or as a bird, being caught, seeks to dis-
entangle itself by calling forth all its strength and art.
Ver. 5. The naked dy.Ami is not to be translated "immediately;"
for in this sense the word is rabbinical, not biblical. The versions
(with exception of Jerome and the Graec. Venet.) translate as if the
word were HPami [out of the snare]. Bertheau prefers this reading,
and Böttcher holds dy.Aca [a hunter] to have fallen out after dym. It
is not a parallelism with reservation; for a bird-catcher is not at
1 There is here no distinction between the Kethîb and the Kerî. The Masora
remarks, "This is the only passage in the Book of Proverbs where the word is
written with Yod (y);" it thus recognises only the undisputed jyf,r.
CHAP. VI. 6-8. 139
the same time a gazelle-hunter. The author, if he has so written,
has conceived of dym, as at 1 Kings xx. 42, as absolute, and connected
it with lcen.Ahi tear thyself free like the gazelle from the hand into
which thou hast fallen (Hitzig); according to which, the section
should be accentuated thus: dym ybck lcnh. ybic; Aram. ybiF;, Arab.
zaby, is the gazelle (Arab. ghazâl), so called from its elegance;
rOPci, the bird, from its whistling (rpc, Arab. siafar, R. Jc, cf. Arab.
saffârat, the whistling of a bird), Arab. safar, whistler (with
prosthesis, 'asiafwar, warbler, Psalm. p. 794). The bird-catcher is
called wOqyA (from wqyA, after the form lkoyA, cog. wOq, Isa. xxix. 21,
wqanA, R. wq), after the form dOgBA (fem. hdAOnBA), or wUqyA; one would
think that the Kametz, after the form kâtwl (vid. under Isa. i. 17),
must here be fixed, but in Jer. v. 26 the word is vocalized MywiUqy;.
TENTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, VI. 6-11.
CALL TO THE SLUGGARD TO AWAKE.
Altera paraenesis (remarks J. H. Michaelis) ad debitorem potius
directa, sicut prima ad fidejussorem. But this connection is a
subtle invention. These brief proverbial discourses, each of which
forms a completed whole, have scarcely been a priori destined for
this introduction to the Salomonic Book of Proverbs edited by the
author; but he places them in it; and that he so arranges them
that this section regarding sluggards follows that regarding sureties,
may have been occasioned by accidental points of contact of the
one with the other (cf j`le, 6a, with 3b; tOnwe. . . tOmUnT;,ver. 10, with
ver. 4), which may also further determine the course in which the
proverbs follow each other.
Vers. 6-8. As Elihu (Job xxxv. 11) says that God has set the
beasts as our teachers, so he sends the sluggard to the school of the
ant (Ameise), so named (in Germ.) from its industry (Emsigkeit):
6 Go to the ant, sluggard;
Consider her ways, and be wise!
7 She that hath no judge,
Director, and ruler:
8 She prepareth in summer her food,
Has gathered in harvest her store.
140 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
The Dechî written mostly under the j`le separates the inseparable.
The thought, Go to the ant, sluggard! permits no other distinction
than in the vocative; but the Dechî of hlmn-lx, j`le is changed into
Munachl on account of the nature of the Athnach-word, which
consists of only two syllables without the counter-tone. The ant has
for its Hebrew-Arabic name hlAmAn;, from the R. Mn (Isaiah, p. 687),
which is first used of the sound, which expresses the idea of the
low, dull, secret,—thus of its active and yet unperceived motion;
its Aramaic name in the Peshîto, , and in the Targ.
xnAmAw;m;Uw (also Arab. sumsum, simsim, of little red ants), designates
it after its quick activity, its busy running hither and thither (vid.
Fleischer in Levy's Chald. Wörterb. ii. 578). She is a model of
unwearied and well-planned labour. From the plur. hAyk,rAD; it is to
be concluded that the author observed their art in gathering in and
laying up in store, carrying burdens, building their houses, and the
like (vid. the passages in the Talmud and Midrash in the Hamburg
Real-Encyclopädie für Bibel und Talmud, 1868, p. 83 f.). To the
ant the sluggard (lcefA, Aram. and Arab. lFf, with the fundamental
idea of weight and dulness) is sent, to learn from her to be
ashamed, and to be taught wisdom.
Ver. 7. This relative clause describes the subject of ver. 8 more
fully: it is like a clause with yKi MGa, quamquam.2 The community of
ants exhibits a peculiar class of workers; but it is not, like that of
bees, composed of grades terminating in the queen-bee as the head.
The three offices here named represent the highest judiciary, police,
and executive powers; for NyciqA (from hcAqA, to distinguish, with
the ending in vid. Jesurun, p. 215 s.) is the judge; rFewo) (from
rFw, Arab. satir, to draw lines, to write) is the overseer (in war the
director, controller), or, as Saalschütz indicates the province of the
schotrim both in cities and in the camp, the office of police; lwem
(vid. Isaiah, p. 691), the governors of the whole state organism
subordinated to the schoftim and the schotrim. The Syr., and the
Targ. slavishly following it, translate Nycq by xDAc;Ha (harvest), for
they interchange this word with rycq.
Ver. 8. In this verse the change of the time cannot be occasioned
by this, that CyiqA and ryciqA are distinguished as the earlier and the
1 Cod. 1294 accentuates hlmn-lx jle and that, according to Ben-Asher's
rule, is correct.
2 Ver. 7 is commonly halved by Rebia; but for the correct accentuation, vid.
Torath Emeth, p. 48, § 3.
CHAP. VI. 9-11. 141
later period of the year; for Cyqa (=Arab. kiayt, from kiât, to be
glowing hot, cf. Arab. kghyyti of the glow of the mid-day heat)
is the late summer, when the heat rises to the highest degree; but
the son of the Shunammite succumbed to the sun-stroke in the time
of harvest (2 Kings iv. 18 f.). Löwenstein judiciously remarks
that NykiTA refers to immediate want, hrAg;xA that which is future;
or, better, the former shows them engaged in persevering industry
during the summer glow, the latter as at the end of the harvest,
and engaged in the bringing home of the winter stores. The words
of the procuring of food in summer are again used by Agur, Prov.
xxx. 25; and the Aramaic fable of the ant and the grasshopper,1
which is also found among those of AEsop and of Syntipas, serves
as an illustration of this whole verse. The LXX. has, after the
"Go to the ant," a proverb of five lines, h} poreu<qhti pro>j th>n
me<lissan. Hitzig regards it as of Greek origin; and certainly, as
Lagarde has shown, it contains idiomatic Greek expressions which
would not occur to a translator from the Hebrew. In any case,
however, it is an interpolation which disfigures the Hebrew text
by overlading it.
Vers. 9-11. After the poet has admonished the sluggard to
take the ant as an example, he seeks also to rouse him out of
his sleepiness and indolence:
9 How long, O sluggard, wilt thou lie?
When wilt thou rise up from thy sleep?
10 "A little sleep, a little slumber,
A little folding of the hands to rest!"
11 So comes like a strong robber thy poverty,
And thy want as an armed man.
Vers. 9, 10. The awakening cry, ver. 9, is not of the kind that
Paul could have it in his mind, Eph. v. 14. lcefA has, as the voca-
tive, Pasek after it, and is, on account of the Pasek, in correct
editions accentuated not with Munach, but Mercha. The words,
ver. 10, are not an ironical call (sleep only yet a little while, but
in truth a long while), but per mimesin the reply of the sluggard
with which he turns away the unwelcome disturber. The plurals
with Ffam; sound like self-delusion: yet a little, but a sufficient! To
fold the hands, i.e. to cross them over the breast, or put them into
the bosom, denotes also, Eccles. iv. 5, the idler. qUBHi, complicatio
1 Vid. Goldberg's Chofes Matmonim, Berlin 1845; and Landsberger's Berlin
Graduation Thesis, Fabulae aliquot Aramaeae, 1846, p. 28.
142 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
(cf. in Livy, compressis quod aiunt manibus sidere; and Lucan, ii. 292,
compressas tenuisse mantes), is formed like yUq.wi, iii. 8, and the inf.
bkaw; like rsaHE, x. 21, and xvi. 19. The perf. consec. connects
itself with the words heard from the mouth of the sluggard, which
are as a hypothetical antecedent thereto: if thou so sayest, and
always again sayest, then this is the consequence, that suddenly
and inevitably poverty and want come upon thee. That j`le.ham;
denotes the grassator, i.e. vagabond (Arab. dawwar, one who
wanders much about), or the robber or foe (like the Arab. 'aduww,
properly transgressor finium), is not justified by the usage of the
language; j`l,he signifies, 2 Sam. xii. 4, the traveller, and j`l.eham; is
one who rides quickly forward, not directly a kako>j o[doipo<roj
(LXX.).
Ver. 11. The point of comparison, 11a, is the unforeseen, as in
quick march or assault (Böttcher), and 11b the hostile and irre-
trievable surprise; for a man in armour, as Hitzig remarks, brings
no good in his armour: he assails the opponent, and he who is with-
out defence yields to him without the possibility of withstanding
him. The LXX. translate; Ngm wyxk by w!sper a]gaqo>j dromeu<j (cf.
dromeu<j = grx-ynm, Job vii. 6, LXX., Aq.), for what reason we know
not. After ver. 11 they interpose two other lines: "but if thou
art assiduous, thy harvest will come to thee as a fountain, but want
will go away w!sper kako>j dromeu<j." Also this "bad runner"
we must let go; for Lagarde's retranslation, gmonA wyxiB; wHAk; jrsHmv,
no one can understand. The four lines, vers. 10, 11, are re-
peated in the appendix of Words of the Wise, xxiv. 33 f.; and if
this appendix originated in the time of Hezekiah, they may have
been taken therefrom by the poet, the editor of the older Book of
Proverbs. Instead of j`l.eham;ki, j`lehat;mi is there used (so comes for-
ward thy poverty, i.e. again and again, but certainly moving for-
ward); and instead of jrsHm, jyrsHm is written, as also here, ver. 6,
for jt,nwm is found the variant jyt,nwm with Jod as mater lectionis of
the pausal Segol.
ELEVENTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, VI. 12-19.
WARNING AGAINST DECEIT AND MALICE.
There follows now a third brief series of instructions, which run
CHAP. VI. 12-15. 143
to a conclusion with a deterring prospect similar to the fore-
going.
12 A worthless man, a wicked man,
Is he who practiseth falsehood with his mouth;
13 Who winketh with his eyes, scrapeth with his foot,
Pointeth with his fingers.
14 Malice is in his heart,
He deviseth evil at all times,
He spreadeth strife.
15 Therefore suddenly his destruction shall come,
Suddenly shall he be destroyed, and there is no remedy.
It is a question, what is the subject and what the predicate in
ver. 12. Thus much is clear, that upon him who is here described
according to his deceitful conduct the sentence of condemnation
shall fall. He who is so described is thus subject, and lfaya.liB; MdAxA
is without doubt predicate. But does the complex subject begin
with Nv,xA wyxi? Thus e.g. Hitzig "A worthless man is the wicked
man who . . . " But the interchange of Mdx and wyx is a sign of
parallel relation; and if 12b belonged attributively to Nvx wyx, then
since Nv,xAhA wyxi is not used, it ought at least to have been continued
by j`leOhha. The general moral categories, 12a, are thus predicates,
as was indeed besides probable; the copious division of the subject
demands also in point of style a more developed predicate. xvi.
27 is simpler in plan, and also logically different. There the
expression is, as is usual, lfylb wyxi. Since Nvx Mdx is not possible,
the author uses instead lfylb. This word, composed of yliB; and lfaya
(from lfayA, lfavA, to be useful, to be good for), so fully serves as one
word, that it even takes the article, 1 Sam. xxv. 25. It denotes
worthlessness, generally in a chain of words in the genitive, but
also the worthless, Job xxxiv. 18; and it is to be so taken here,
for MdAxA does not form a constructivus, and never governs a geni-
tive. lfylb is thus a virtual adjective (as nequam in homo nequam);
the connection is like that of fwArA Mdx) xi. 7, and elsewhere, although
more appositional than this pure attributive. Synonymous with
lfylb is Nv,xA (from an, to breathe), wickedness, i.e. want of all moral
character. Thus worthless and wicked is he who practises deceit
with his mouth (cf. iv. 24), i.e. who makes language the means of
untruthfulness and uncharitableness. hP, tUwq;fi is meant in a moral
sense) but without excluding that distortion of the mouth which
belongs to the mimicry of the malicious. It is the accus. of the
object; for j`lahA is also bound in a moral sense with the accusative
144 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
of that which one practises, i.e. dealing with, exercises himself in,
ii. 7, xxviii. 18, Isa. xxviii. 15.
Ver. 13. VynAyfeB; CreOq is translated according to the sense: who
winks (nictat) with his eyes; but that is not the proper meaning of
the word, for Crq is used not only of the eyes, x. 10 (cf. xvi. 30,
qui oculos morsicat or connivet), Ps. xxxv. 19, but also of the lips,
xvi. 30. Thus Löwenstein's explanation: who opens up the eyes,
is incorrect. The verb Crq unites in it the meanings of , to
pinch off with a sharp implement, and with a blunt instru-
ment (Arab. mikradi pincers). It means to pince, to nip, as Arab.
kiarsi pincer,—e.g. kiarsi balskyn alarsasat, he cuts off with the knife
the leaden seal,—hence frequently, to nip together the eyes, pro-
vincially: to wink ("zwickern," frequent. of "zwicken," to nip) with
the eyes—the action of the deceiver, who thereby gives the sign to
others that they help or at least do not, hinder him from banter-
ing and mocking, belying and deceiving a third person (Fl.); cf.
Ali’s proverb, "O God, pardon to us the culpable winking with the
eye (ramzat)," and Fleischer's notes thereon, the Proverbs of Ali,
p. 100 f.
That the words which follow, vylAG;raB; lleOm, are meant of discourse,
i.e. the giving of signs, with the feet, and, so to say, significant oratio
pedestris (LXX., Aben-Ezra, Bertheau, Hitzig, and others), is very
improbable, since the usage of language has set apart the Piel lle.mi
for the meaning loqui, and llvm admits another suitable signification,
for lleOm means in Talmudic fricare, confricarel—e.g. tvlylm llvmh, he
who grinds the parched ears of corn (b. Beza 12b; Ma‘seroth, iv. 5),
—after which Syr., Targ., MketA (stamping), Aq. tri<bwn, Symm.
prostri<bwn, Jerome, (qui) terit pede, and Rashi Jwpwm (grinding,
scratching); it means one who scrapes with his feet, draws them
backwards and forwards on the ground in order thereby to give a
sign to others; also the Arab. levem et agilem esse, which as the
synonym of is is connected with of of the way, signifies pro-
perly to move the feet quickly hither and thither (Fl.).1 hr,mo
1 The root-idea of the Arab. mall is unquietness of motion; the Arab. noun
mallt signifies the glow with its flickering light and burning: glowing ashes,
inner agitation, external haste; Arab. malil (llemA) is the feverish patient, but
also one quickly hastening away, and generally an impatient or hasty person
(vid. Wetstein in Baudissin in his Job. Tischendorfianus, vii. 6). The grinding
CHAP. VI. 12-15. 145
appears here, in accordance with its primary signification (projicere,
sc. brachium or digitum = monstrare), connected with vytAfoB;c;x,B;;
another expression for this scornful, malicious daktulodeiknei??n is
fBac;x, Hlaw;, Isa. lviii. 9.
Ver. 14. In this verse is continued the description of the subject,
only once returning to the particip. The clauses are arranged
independently, but logically according to the complex conception
of the subject. tOkPuh;Ta are just the knaveries, i.e. the malicious
wickedness which comes to light in word and deportment as tvwqf
hp. Regarding the double figure of the smithy and of agriculture
underlying wrH, machinari, vid. at iii. 29, and regarding the omis-
sion of the xUh to wreHo, at Ps. vii. 10. The phrase Myndm Hale.wi (as
ver. 19, xvi. 28), to let loose disputes, so that they break forth,
reminds us rather of the unfettering of the winds by AEolus than
of the casting in of the apple of discord. Instead of Myndm the
Kerî has MyniyAd;mi; on the other hand, MynidAm; remains uncorrected
vi. 19, x. 12. The form MyniyAd;mi occurs once, xviii. 18, and its
constr. yney;d;mi once, xix. 13. Everywhere else the text has Mynvdm,
for which the Kerî has MynyAd;mi, xviii. 19, xxi. 9, 19, xxiii. 29, xxv.
24, xxvi. 21, xxvii. 15. The forms NyAd;mi and NdAm; are also recognised:
the former stands alone without any analogous example; the latter
is compared at least with dcAm;, Arab. masâd (Psalmen, p. 163, 3).
Probably these two forms are warranted by Gen. xxv. 2, cf. xxxvii.
28, 36, where NyAd;mi and NdAm; occur as the names of two sons of
Abraham by Keturah. But the national name MyniyAd;m;, is no reason
for the seven times laying aside of the regular form Mynvdm, i.e. MyniOdm;
which is the plur. of NOdmA after the forms MyriOxm;, MyriOfm;, although
MyniUdm;, after the forms MywiUbm;, MyqiUcm;, is also found.
Ver. 15. With the 14th verse the description terminates. A
worthless and a wicked person is he who does such things. The
point lies in the characteristic out of which the conclusion is drawn:
therefore his ruin will suddenly come upon him, etc. Regarding
dyxe, the root-meaning of which is illustrated by Amos ii. 13, vid. at
i. 26. Mxot;Pi is an old accus, of an absol. xt,Pe, of the same meaning
as ftaP,, used as an adverbial accus., both originating in the root-idea
of splitting, opening, breaking out and breaking forth. "Shall be
is made by means of a quick movement hither and thither; and so also is speak-
ing, for the instrument of speech, particularly the tongue, is set in motion.
Only the meaning praeidere, circumcidere, does not connect itself with that root-
idea: lm in this signification appears to be a nüance of rm, stringere.
146 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
broken to pieces" (as a brittle potter's vessel, Ps. ii. 9, Isa. xxx. 14,
Jer. xxix. 11) is a frequent figure for the destruction (rb,w,) of an
army (cf. Arab. ânksar âjysh), of a city or a state, a man. Nyxev;
continues the rbew.Ayi as xxix. 1: there shall be as it were no means
of recovery for his shattered members (FL). Without the Vav this
xPer;ma Nyxe would be a clause conceived of accusatively, and thus
adverbially: without any healing.
Vers. 16-19. What now follows is not a separate section (Hitzig),
but the corroborative continuation of that which precedes. The
last word (Myndm, strife) before the threatening of punishment, 14b,
is also here the last. The thought that no vice is a greater
abomination to God than the (in fact satanical) striving to set men
at variance who love one another, clothes itself in the form of the
numerical proverb which we have already considered, pp. 12, 13.
From that place we transfer the translation of this example of a
Midda:¾
16 There are six things which Jahve hateth,
And seven are an abhorrence to His soul:
17 Haughty eyes, a lying tongue,
And hands that shed innocent blood;
18 An heart that deviseth the thoughts of evil,
Feet that hastily run to wickedness,
19 One that uttereth lies as a false witness,
And he who soweth strife between brethren.
The sense is not, that the six things are hateful to God, and the
seventh an abomination to Him besides (Löwenstein); the Midda-
form in Amos i. 3—ii. 6, and in the proverb in Job v. 19, shows
that the seven are to be numbered separately, and the seventh is
the non plus ultra of all that is hated by God. We are not to
translate: sex haecce odit, for hm.Ahe, hn.Ahe (Mhe, Nhe) points backwards and
hitherwards, but not, as hl.,xe forwards to that immediately following;
in that case the words would be hlx ww, or more correctly hlxh ww.
But also Hitzig's explanation, "These six things (viz. vers. 12-15)
Jahve hateth," is impossible; for (which is also against that haecce)
the substantive pronoun hmh, hnh (hmhhA, hnhhA) is never, like the
Chald. NOm.hi (Om.hi), employed as an accus. in the sense of Mh,t;x,, Nh,t;x,,
it is always (except where it is the virtual gen. connected with a
preposition) only the nom., whether of the subject or of the predi-
cate; and where it is the nom. of the predicate, as Deut. xx. 15,
Isa. li. 19, substantival clauses precede in which hnh (hmh) repre-
CHAP. VI. 16 19. 147
sents the substantive verb, or, more correctly, in which the logical
copula resulting from the connection of the clause itself remains
unexpressed. Accordingly, 'h xneWA, is a relative clause, and is
therefore so accentuated here, as at xxx. 15 and elsewhere: sex
(sunt) ea quae Deus odit, et septem (sunt) abominatio animae ejus.
Regarding the statement that the soul of God hates anything, vid.
at Isa. i. 14. Mtvbfvt, an error in the writing occasioned by the
numeral (vid. xxvi. 25), is properly corrected by the Kerî; the
poet had certainly the singular in view, as iii. 32, xi. 1, when he
wrote tbfvt. The first three characteristics are related to each
other as mental, verbal, actual, denoted by the members of the
body by means of which these characteristics come to light. The
virtues are taken all together as a body (organism), and meekness
is its head. Therefore there stands above all, as the sin of sins, the
mentis elatae tumor, which expresses itself in elatum (grande) super-
cilium: tOmrA Myinayfe, the feature of the MrA, haughty (cf. Ps. xviii. 28
with 2 Sam. xxii. 28), is the opposite of the feature of the Mynyf Hwa,
Job xxii. 29; is in the O. T. almost always (vid. Cant. iv. 9)
fern., and adjectives of course form no dual. The second of these
characteristics is the lying tongue, and the third the murderous
hands. ypinA-MDA is innocent blood as distinguished from yqin.Aha MDa the
blood of the innocent, Deut. xix. 13.1
Ver. 18. The fourth characteristic is a deceitful heart. On wreHo,
vid. ver. 14, iii. 29, and on Ny,xA, ver. 12. The fifth: feet running
with haste to evil; hfArAlA as frAlA in Isa. lix. 7, echoing the distisch
i. 16, as here, 17b and 18b. The connection CUrlA rhami, propere
cucurrit (contrast l; rhaxe), is equivalent to rhema CrA.
Ver. 19. The sixth: "A speaker of lies, a tongue of falsehood,"
is hateful to God. It is one subject which is thus doubly charac-
terized. MybizAK; are fictions, and rq,w,, is the disfiguring (deformatio)
of the actual facts. They are purposely placed together in this
connection. The derivations of these synonyms are obscure;
Fürst gives to the former the root-idea of spinning (properly knot-
ting together), and to the latter that of painting. Mynzk is introduced
1 The writing MDA follows the Masoretic rule, vid. Kimchi, Michlol 205b, and
Heidenheim under Deut. xix. 10, where in printed editions of the text (also in
Norzi's) the irregular form yqn MDa is found. Besides, the Metheg is to be given
to -MDA, so that one may not read it dom, as e.g. tvxm-wwe, Gen. vii. 11, that
one may not read it -ww,.
148 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
to support rqw.1 It would also be verbally permissible to interpret
rq,w, dfe in the sense of rqw tUdfe, like xxv. 18, as in apposition to
Mybzk; but in the nearest parallel, xiv. 15, the idea is personal, for it
is said of the rqw df that he breathes out lies. In that place there
can be no doubt that the clause is a verbal one, and HaypiyA: finitum, viz.
Hiph. of HUP. This Hiph. signifies elsewhere also sufflare, xx. 8,
afflare, Ps. x. 5, Ezek. xxi. 36, perflare, Cant. iv. 16, anhelare
(desiderare), Ps. xii. 6, Hab. ii. 3, but with Mybzk; effare, a synonym
to rB,Di, as fayBihi and JyFi.hi, which has (cf. xii. 17) no secondary mean-
ing in use, but is mostly connected with Mybzk, not without reference
to the fact that that which is false is without reality and is nothing
more than Hvrv lbh. But what kind of a form is Hypy, where it
is not, as xiv. 5, the predicate of a verbal clause, but in connection
with Mybzk, as here and at xiv. 25, xix. 5, 9 (once with hnvmx, xii. 17),
is the subject of a substantival clause? That which lies nearest is
to regard it as a noun formed from the fut. Hiph. Such formations
we indeed meet only among proper names, such as ryxiyA, NykiyA, MyqiyA;
however, at least the one n. appell. byriyA (an adversary) is found,
which may be formed from the Hiph. as well as from the Kal.
But should not the constr. of Hypy after the form byry be Haypiy;? One
does not escape from this consideration by deriving Hypy, after the
forms faygiyA, lyHiyA, dydiyA, wywiyA, and the like, from a secondary verb HpayA, the
existence of which is confirmed by Jer. iv. 31, and from which also
HapeyA, Ps. xxvii. 12, appears to be derived, although it may be reduced
also, after the form breyA (with byriyA), to Haypihe. But in this case also one
expects as a connecting form Haypiy; like dydiy;, as in reality Hapey; from -HpeyA
(cf. lbexE, yhemeW;, from lbexA, HameWA). Shall it now be assumed that the
Kametz is treated as fixed? This were contrary to rule, since it is
not naturally long. Thus the connection is not that of the genitive.
But if Hypy were a substantive formed with the preformative of the
second modus like FUql;ya [1 Sam. xvii. 40], or were it a participial
intensive form of active signification such as xybinA, then the verbal
force remaining in it is opposed to the usage of the language.
There remains nothing further, therefore, than to regard HaypiyA, as an
attributive put in the place of a noun: one who breathes out; and
there is a homogeneous example of this, for in any other way we
cannot explain JysiOy, Eccles. i. 18. In 19b the numeral proverb
reaches its point. The chief of all that God hates is he who takes
1 Isaak Albo thus distinguishes these synonyms in his dogmatic, bearing the
title Myrqf rps, ii. 27.
CHAP. VI. 20-22. 149
a fiendish delight in setting at variance men who stand nearly
related. Thus this brief proverbial discourse rounds itself off,
coming back again to 14b as a refrain.
TWELFTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, VI. 20 ff.
WARNING AGAINST ADULTERY, BY REFERENCE TO ITS FEARFUL
CONSEQUENCES.
After these three smaller sections, the teacher of wisdom returns
here to the theme of the eighth: Warning against sins of the flesh,
whose power and prevalence among men is so immeasurably great,
that their terrible consequences cannot sufficiently be held up before
them, particularly before youth.
20 Keep, my son, the commandment of thy father,
And reject not the instruction of thy mother.
21 Bind them to thy heart evermore,
Fasten them about thy neck.
The suff. -ēm refers to the good doctrine (cf. vii. 3) pointed out by
hvAc;mi and hrAOT; the masc. stands, as is usual (e.g. i. 16, v. 2), instead
of the fem. Regarding the figure, reminding us of the Tefillin
and of Amuletes for perpetual representation, vid. under iii. 3.
Similarly of persons, Cant. viii. 6. The verb dnafA (only here and
Job xxxi. 36) signifies to bend, particularly to bend aside (Arab.
’ind, bending off, going aside; accus. as adv., aside, apud), and to
bend up, to wind about, circumplicare.
Ver. 22. The representation of the good doctrine is now personi-
fied, and becomes identified with it.
When thou walkest, it will guide thee;
When thou liest down, it will keep watch over thee;
And when thou wakest, it will talk with thee.
The subject is the doctrine of wisdom, with which the representa-
tion of wisdom herself is identified. The futures are not expressive
of a wish or of an admonition, but of a promise; the form of the
third clause shows this. Thus, and in the same succession as in
the schema Deut. vi. 7, cf. xi. 19, are the three circumstances of
the outward life distinguished: going, lying down, and rising up.
The punctuation jklht;hiB;, found here and there, is Ben-Naphtali's
150 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
variant; Ben-Asher and also the Textus rec. reject the Metheg in
this case, vid. Baer's Metheg-Setzung, § 28. The verb hhAnA, with its
Hiph. in a strengthened Kal-signification, is more frequently found
in the Psalms than in the Proverbs; the Arab. shows that it
properly signifies to direct (dirigere), to give direction, to move in
a definite direction. rmawA with lfa, to take into protection, we had
already ii. 11; this author has favourite forms of expression, in the
repetition of which he takes delight. With lying down, sleeping
is associated. tAOcyqihEva is, as Ps. cxxxix. 18, the hypoth. perf., accord-
ing to Ewald, § 357a: et ut expergefactus es, ilia to compellabit.
Bertheau incorrectly: she will make thee thoughtful. But apart
from the fact that there is no evidence of the existence of this Hiph.
in the language of the Bible, the personification demands a clearer
figure. HayWi (HaUW) signifies mental speech and audible speech (Gen.
xxiv. 63, poet., in the Talmudic1 a common word); with b, speaking
concerning something (fabulari de), Ps. lxix. 13; with the accus.,
that which is said of a thing, Ps. exlv. 5, or the address, briefly
for l; HyW, Job xii. 8 (as NGemi with accus. iv. 9= l; Ngm): when thou
art awake, wisdom will forthwith enter into conversation with thee,
and fill thy thoughts with right matter, and give to thy hands the
right direction and consecration.
Ver. 23. Since in xyhi the idea of wisdom and of wholesome
doctrine lie in one another, the author can proceed with proof:
For a lamp is the commandment, and instruction a light (Jerome, et
lex lux);
And a way of life, disciplinary reproofs.
That hrvt has here not the positive, specifically Israelitish sense,
but the generalized sense of instruction in conformity with truth
regarding the will of God and the duty of man, vid. p. 42. This
instruction mediated by man, but of divine origin, is rOx, light, which
enlightens the man who submits to it ; and the commandment,
hvAc;mi, which directs men in every case to do what is right, and
forbids that which is wrong (including the prohibition Lev. iv. 2),
is rne, a lamp which, kindled at that light, enlightens all the darkness
of ignorance with reference to human conduct and its consequences.
1 The conjecture thrown out by Wetstein, that (Arab.) shykh is equivalent to
HyWm (Hysm), speaker, is untenable, since the verb shakh, to be old, a so-called
munsarif, i.e. conjugated throughout, is used in all forms, and thus is certainly
the root of shykh.
CHAP. VI. 24-26. 151
rvx and rn are related to each other as general and particular,
primary and derivative. Löwenstein accentuates incorrectly hrAOtv;
rOx instead of rOx hrAOtv; (as the Cod. 1294 and the 3 Erfurt Codd.);
vid. on the retrogression of the tone, not existing here, under iii. 15.
The gen. rsAUm denotes the object or character of the admonition:
not disciplinary in the external sense of the word, but rather moral,
having in view discipline in the sense of education, i.e. moral
edification and elevation. Such corrections are MyyiiHa j`r,D,, the way
to true life, direction how to obtain it.
Ver. 24. The section thus closes:
To keep thee from the vile woman,
From the flattery of the strange tongue.
Regarding the genitive connection frA tw,xe, a woman of a wicked
character, vid. under ii. 14; and regarding the adjectival connec-
tion hyrkn Nvwl, under ver. 17; the strange tongue is the tongue
(NOwl;) of the strange (foreign) woman (vid. p. 81), alluring with
smooth words (ii. 16). Ewald, Bertheau: from her of a smooth
tongue, the stranger, as Symm., Theod., a]po> leioglw<ssou ce<nhj;
but tqal;H, is a substantive (Gen. xxvii. 10, and as a fem. adject.
form is without an example. Rather NOwlA tqlH is to be regarded as
the first member and hyrkn as the second of the st. constr., for the
former constitutes one idea, and Nvwl on this account remains un-
abbreviated; cf. Ps. lxviii. 22, Isa. xxviii. 1; but (1) this syntactical
phenomenon is yet problematical, rid. Friedr. Philippi, Wesen und
Ursprung des St. Constr. p. 17; and (2) the supposition of such an
anomaly is here unnecessary.
The proaemium of these twelve proverbial discourses is now at an
end. Wisdom herself begins striking the note of the Decalogue:
25 Long not for her beauty in thy heart,
And let her not catch thee with her eyelids;
26 Because for a harlot one cometh down to a piece of bread,
And a man's wife lieth in wait for a precious soul.
The warning 25a is in the spirit of the "thou shalt not covet,"
Ex. xx. 17, and the e]n t^? kardi<% au]tou?, Matt. v. 28, of the Preacher
on the Mount. The Talmudic proverb hrybfm vwq hrybf ydvhrh
(Joma 29a) means only that the imagination of the sinful act
exhausts the body even more than the act itself. The warning,
"let her not catch thee with her eyelids," refers to her (the adul-
teress's) coquettish ogling and amorous winking. In the reason
152 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
added, beginning with –dfeb; yKi (thus it is to be punctuated), there is
the appositional connection hnAOz hw.Axi Gesen. § 113; the idea of hnvz
goes over into 26b. "MH,l, rKaKi, [=rKAr;Ki R. rk, to round, vid. at
Gen. xlix. 51 properly a circle of bread, is a small round piece of
bread, such as is still baked in Italy (pagnotta) and in the East
(Arab. kiursi) here an expression for the smallest piece" (F1.).
dfaB; (constr. of dfaBa), as Job ii. 4, Isa. xxxii. 14, is used in the
sense of u[pe<r, pro, and with dfa there is connected the idea of the
corning down to this low point. Ewald, Bertheau explain after
the LXX., timh> ga>r po<rnhj o!sh kai> e[no>j a@rtou, gunh> de> a]ndrw?n
timi<aj yuxa>j a]greu<ei. But nothing is said here of price (re-
ward); the parallelism is synonymous, not antithetic: he is doubly
threatened with loss who enters upon such a course. The adul-
terer squanders his means (xxix. 3) to impoverishment (vid. the
mention of a loaf of bread in the description of poverty 1 Sam.
ii. 36), and a man's wife (but at the same time seeking converse
with another) makes a prey of a precious soul; for whoever con-
sents to adulterous converse with her, loses not perhaps his means,
but certainly freedom, purity, dignity of soul, yea, his own person.
dUc comprehends—as NOdyci fisher's town [Zidon], Arab. siyâd, hunter
and fisher, show—all kinds of hunting, but in Hebr. is used only
of the hunting of wild beasts. The root-meaning (cf. hy.Adic;) is to
spy, to seize.
Vers. 27-29. The moral necessity of ruinous consequences
which the sin of adultery draws after it, is illustrated by examples
of natural cause and effect necessarily connected:
27 Can one take fire in his bosom
And his clothes not be burned?
28 Or can any one walk over burning coals
And his feet not be burned?
29 So he that goeth to his neighbour's wife,
No one remains unpunished that toucheth her.
We would say: Can any one, without being, etc.; the former is the
Semitic "extended (paratactic)1 construction." The first wyxi has
the conjunctive Shalsheleth. htAHA signifies to seize and draw forth
a brand or coal with the fire-tongs or shovel (hTAH;ma, the instrument
for this); cf. Arab. khât, according to Lane, "he seized or snatched
1 [The parataktiko>j xro<noj denotes the imperfect tense, because it is still
extended to the future.]
CHAP. VI. 30, 31. 153
away a thing; "the form hT,h;ya is Kal, as hn,HEya (vid. Köhler, De
Tetragrammate, 1867, p. 10). qyHe (properly indentation) is here
not the lap, but, as Isa. xl. 11, the bosom.
Ver. 28. A second example of destructive consequences naturally
following a certain course is introduced with Mxi of the double
question. MyliHAn., (from lHAn.,, after the form MHAP,, but for which
is used) is the regular modification of gahihialîm (Gesen. § 27, 2).
The fem. vylAg;rav; is followed here (cf. on the other hand i. 16) by the
rhythmically full-sounding form hnAyv,KAti (retaining the distinction
of gender), from hvAKA, Arab. kwy, to burn so that a brand-mark
(yKi, Isa. iii. 24, cauterium) remains.
Ver. 29. The instruction contained in these examples here
follows: to> ei]j pu?r kai> ei]j gunai?ka e]mpesei?n i@son u[pa<rxei (Pytha-
goras in Maximi Eclog. c. 39). lx, xOB is here, as the second in
Ps. li. 1, a euphemism, and B; fganA to come in contact with,
means, as lx, fgn, to touch, Gen. xx. 6. He who goes in to his
neighbour's wife shall not do so with impunity (yqina). Since both
expressions denote fleshly nearness and contact, so it is evident he
is not guiltless.
Vers. 30, 31. The thief and the adulterer are now placed in
comparison with one another, in such a way that adultery is sup-
posed to be a yet greater crime.
30 One does not treat the thief scornfully if he steals
To satisfy his craving when he is hungry;
31 Being seized, he may restore sevenfold,
Give up the whole wealth of his house.
For the most part 30a is explained: even when this is the case, one
does not pass it over in the thief as a bagatelle. Ewald remarks:
l zUB stands here in its nearest signification of overlooking, whence
first follows that of contemning. But this "nearest" signification
is devised wholly in favour of this passage;—the interpretation,
"they do not thus let the thief pass," is set aside by Cant. viii.
1, 7; for by 31b, cf. Cant. viii. 7b, and 34a, cf. Cant. viii. 6a, it is
proved that from ver. 30 on, reminiscences from the Canticles,
which belong to the literature of the Chokma, find their way into
the Mashal language of the author. Hitzig's correct supposition,
that l zUB always signifies positive contemning, does not necessitate
the interrogative interpretation: "Does not one despise the thief
if . .?" Thus to be understood, the author ought to have written
yk Jx or Yk Mg. Michaelis rightly: furtum licet merito pro infami
154 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
in republica habetur, tames si cum adulterio comparatur, minus pro-
brosum est. Regarding wp,n, in the sense of appetite, and even
throat and stomach, vid. Psychologie, p. 204. A second is, that the
thief, if he is seized (but we regard xcAm;niv; not as the hypoth. perf.,
but as the part. deprehensus), may make compensation for his
crime. The fut. Mle.way; thus to be understood as the potential lies
near from this, that a sevenfold compensation of the thing stolen
is unheard of in the Israelitish law; it knows only of a twofold,
fourfold, fivefold restoration, Ex. xxi. 37, xxii. 1-3, 8 (cf. Saal-
schütz, Mos. Recht, p. 554 ff.). This excess over that which the
law rendered necessary leads into the region of free-will: he (the
thief, by which we are now only to think of him whom bitter
necessity has made such) may make compensation sevenfold, i.e.
superabundantly; he may give up the whole possessions (vid. on
NOh at i. 13) of his house, so as not merely to satisfy the law, but to
appease him against whom he has done wrong, and again to gain for
himself an honoured name. What is said in vers. 30 and 31 is per-
fectly just. One does not contemn a man who is a thief through
poverty, he is pitied; while the adulterer goes to ruin under all circum-
stances of contempt and scorn. And: theft may be made good, and
that abundantly; but adultery and its consequences are irreparable.
Vers. 32, 33. Here there is a contrast stated to ver. 30:
32 He who commits adultery (adulterous mulicrem) is beside himself,
A self-destroyer—who does this.
33 He gains stripes and disgrace,
And his reproach is never quenched.
JxanA, which primarily seems to mean excedere, to indulge in excess,
is, as also in the Decalogue, cf. Lev. xx. 10, transitive: o[ moixeu<wn
gunai?ka. Regarding being mad (herzlos=heartless) =amens
(excors, vecors), vid. Psychologie, p. 254. Owp;na tyHiw;ma is he who
goes to ruin with wilful perversity. A self-murderer—i.e. he intends
to ruin his position and his prosperity in life—who does it, viz. this,
that he touches the wife of another. It is the worst and most
inextinguishable dishonouring of oneself. Singularly Behaji: who
annihilates it (his soul), with reference to Deut. xxi. 12, Eccles. iv.
17, where hWf would be equivalent to lFe.Bi, katargei?n which is
untrue and impossible.1 fgan, refers to the corporal punishment in-
1 Behaji ought rather to have referred to Zeph. iii. 19, Ezek. vii. 27, xxii.
14; but there tx hWf means agere cum aliquo, as we say: mit jemadom
abrechnen (to settle accounts with any one).
CHAP. VI. 34, 35. 155
flicted on the adulterer by the husband (Deut. xvii. 8, xxi. 5); Hitzig,
who rejects ver. 32, refers it to the stripes which were given to the
thief according to the law, but these would be called hKAma (tOKma).
The punctuation NOlqAv;-fgan, is to be exchanged for NOlqAv; fgan, (Löwen-
stein and other good editors). xcAmA has a more active signification
than our "finden" (to find): consequitur, tugxa<nei.
Vers. 34, 35. One who has been stolen from is to be appeased;
but not the injured husband.
34 For jealousy is the fury of a husband,
And he spareth not in the day of vengeance.
35 He regardeth not any ransom,
And is not contented though thou offerest to him gifts ever so great.
The connection marks hxAn;qi as the subject; for it respects carnal
intercourse with another's wife. Jealousy is not usually hmAHe, the
glow of anger (from MHayA, as hnAwe from NweyA), but rb,GA-tmaHE (constr. as
tnaw;), the glow of a man's anger, who with the putting forth of all
his manly strength will seek satisfaction to his wounded honour.
rb,G,, here significant for wyxi, with the fundamental idea of strength,
firmness; cf. Arab. jabr, to make fast, to put right again some-
thing broken in pieces, particularly a broken vessel, hence Algebra,
properly the operation by which an incomplete magnitude is com-
pleted (Fl.). The following lOm.H;ya-xlov; (with the orthophonic Dagesh,
as ver. 25 dmo.H;ya, and with Makkeph) is connected with rbg, with
definite reference to the man whom the faithless guest has made a
cuckold. When the day comes in which the adultery brought to
light demands and admits of vengeance, then, wounded in his right
and in his honour, he knows no mercy; he pays no regard to any
atonement or recompense by which the adulterer seeks to appease
him and induce him not to inflict the punishment that is due: he
does not consent, even though thou makest ever so great the gift
whereby thou thinkest to gain him. The phrase MynipA xWAnA, pro<swpon
lamba<nein, signifies elsewhere to receive the countenance, i.e. the
appearance and the impression of a man, i.e. to let it impress one
favourably; here it is used of the rp,Ko, i.e. the means by which
covering, i.e. non-punishment, pardon of the crime, impunity of
the guilty, is obtained. Regarding hbAxA, to consent to, vid. at i. 10.
dHawo, Aram. dHaUw, is a gift, particularly bribery. That the language
may again finally assume the form of an address, it beautifully
rounds itself off.
156 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
THIRTEENTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURE, VII.
WARNING AGAINST ADULTERY BY THE REPRESENTATION OF ITS
ABHORRENT AND DETESTABLE NATURE AS SEEN IN AN
EXAMPLE.
The fearful desolation which adultery, and in general the sin of
uncleanness, occasions in the life of the individual who is guilty of
it, as well as in society, does not suffer the author of this discourse,
directed to youth, to abandon his theme, which he has already
treated of under different aspects. He takes up his warning once
more, strengthens it by an example he himself had witnessed of
one who fell a sacrifice to this sin, and gives it a very impressive
conclusion, ver. 24 ff.
The introduction first counsels in general to a true appreciation
of these well-considered life-rules of wisdom.
1 My son, keep my words,
And treasure up my commandments with thee.
2 Keep my commandments, and thou shalt live;
And my instruction as the apple of thine eye.
3 Wind them about thy fingers,
Write them on the tablet of thy heart.
The LXX. has after ver. 1 another distich; but it here disturbs
the connection. Regarding NpacA, vid. at ii. 1; j`TAxi refers, as there,
to the sphere of one's own character, and that subjectively. Regard-
ing the imper. hy,H;v,, which must here be translated according to its
sense as a conclusion, because it comes in between the objects
governed by rmow;, vid. at iv. 4. There hyeH;v, is punctuated with Silluk;
here, according to Kimchi (Michlol 125a), with Segol-Athnach,
hy,H;v,, as in the Cod. Erfurt. 2 and 3, and in the editions of Athias
and Clodius, so that the word belongs to the class Hntxb NyHtp (with
short instead of long vowel by the pausal accent): no reason for
this is to be perceived, especially as (iv. 4) the Tsere (ê from aj)
which is characteristic of the imper. remains unchanged. Regard-
ing NyifahA NOwyxi, Arab. insân el-’ain, the little man of the eye, i.e. the
apple of the eye, named from the miniature portrait of him who
looks into it being reflected from it, vid. at Ps. xvii. 8; the ending
ôn is here diminutive, like Syr. achuno, little brother, beruno, little
son and the like. On ver. 3, vid. at vi. 21, iii. 3. The dy lw Nylypt
1 [Nylypt, prayer-fillets, phylacteries.]
CHAP. VII. 4, 5. 157
were wound seven times round the left arm and seven times round
the middle finger. The writing on the table of the heart may be
regarded as referring to Deut. vi. 9 (the Mezuzoth).1
Vers. 4, 5. The subject-matter, of this earnest warning are the
admonitions of the teacher of wisdom, and through him of Wisdom
herself, who in contrast to the world and its lust is the worthiest
object of love, and deserves to be loved with the purest, sincerest
love:
4 Say to wisdom: "Thou art my sister!"
And call understanding "Friend;"
5 That they may keep thee from the strange woman,
From the stranger who useth smooth words.
The childlike, sisterly, and friendly relationship serves also to pic-
ture forth and designate the intimate confidential relationship to
natures and things which are not flesh and blood. If in Arabic
the poor is called the brother of poverty, the trustworthy the
brother of trustworthiness, and abu, um (Mxe), achu, ucht, are used
in manifold ways as the expression for the interchangeable relation
between two ideas; so (as also, notwithstanding Ewald, § 273b, in
many Hebr. proper names) that has there become national, which
here, as at Job xvii. 14, xxx. 29, mediated by the connection of the
thoughts, only first appears as a poetic venture. The figurative
words of ver. 4 not merely lead us to think of wisdom as a personal
existence of a higher order, but by this representation it is itself
brought so near, that Mxe easily substitutes itself, ii. 3, in the place
of Mxi. ytHoxE of Solomon's address to the bride brought home is
in its connection compared with Book of Wisdom viii. 2. While
the ôth of tOHxA by no means arises from abstr. ûth, but achôth is
derived from achajath, fdaOm (as Ruth ii. 1, cf. tfadaOm, iii. 2), here by
Mugrash fdAOm, properly means acquaintance, and then the person
known, but not in the superficial sense in which this word and the
Arab. ma'arfat are used (e.g. in the Arabic phrase quoted by
Fleischer, kanna asihiaab siarna m'aaraf—nous étions amis, nous
en sommes plus que de simples connaissances), but in the sense of
familiar, confidential alliance. The infin. j~r;mAw;li does not need for
its explanation some intermediate thought to be introduced: quod
eo conducet tibi ut (Mich.), but connects itself immediately as the
purpose: bind wisdom to thyself and thyself to wisdom thus
1 [=the door-posts, afterwards used by the Jews to denote the passages of
Scripture written on the door-posts.]
158 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
closely that thou mayest therewith guard thyself. As for the rest,
vid. ii. 16; this verse repeats itself here with the variation of one
word.
How necessary it is for the youth to guard himself by the help
of wisdom against the enticements of the wanton woman the
author now shows by a reference to his own observation.
6 For through the window of my house,
From behind the lattice I looked out;
7 Then saw I among the simple ones,
Discerned among the young people, a youth devoid of
understanding.
yKi refers indeed to the immediately following clause, yet it actually
opens up the whole following exemplification. The connection
with ver. 5 would be closer if instead of the extended Semitic
construction it were said: nam quum . . . prospicerem vidi, etc.
NOl.Ha (from llaHA, to bore through) is properly a place where the
wall is bored through. bnAw;x, (from bnawA=Arab. shaniba, to be
agreeable, cool, fresh) is the window-lattice or lattice-window, i.e.
lattice for drawing down and raising up, which keeps off the rays
of the sun. Jqaw;ni signifies primarily to make oneself long in order
to see, to stretch up or out the neck and the head, karadokei?n,
Arab. atall, atal’a, and tatall'a of things, imminere, to overtop, to
project, to jut in; cf. Arab. askaf of the ostrich, long and bent, with
respect to the neck stretching it up, sakaf, abstr. crooked length.
And dfaB; is thus used, as in Arab. duna, but not b'ad, is used: so
placed, that one in relation to the other obstructs the avenue to
another person or thing: "I looked forth from behind the lattice-
window, i.e. with respect to the persons or things in the room,
standing before the lattice-window, and thus looking out into the
open air" (Fleischer). That it was far in the night, as we
learn at ver. 9, does not contradict this looking out; for apart
from the moon, and especially the lighting of the streets, there
were star-lit nights, and to see what the narrator saw there was
no night of Egyptian darkness. But because it was night 6a is
not to be translated: I looked about among those devoid of ex-
perience (thus e.g. Löwenstein); but he saw among these, observed
among the youths, who thus late amused themselves without, a
young man whose want of understanding was manifest from
what further happened. Bertheau: that I might see, is syntacti-
cally impossible. The meaning of xr,xevA is not determined by the
CHAP. VII. 8, 9. 159
hnAybixA following, but conversely hnAybixA stands under the operation
of vA (=hnybxAvA, Neh. xiii. 7), characterizing the historic aorist.
Regarding ytiP;, vid. at i. 4. MyniBAba is the masc. of tOnBA, Arab. benât
in the meaning maiden. MyniBAba has in correct texts, according to
the rules of the accents, the b raphatum.1
Now follows, whither he saw the young fop [Laffen] then go
in the darkness.
8 Going up and down the street near her corner,
And he walked along the way to her house,
9 In the twilight, when the day declined,
In the midst of the night and deep darkness.
We may interpret rbefo as appos.: juvenem amentem, ambulantem, or
as the predicate accus.: vidi juvenern . . . ambulantem; for that one
may so express himself in Hebrew (cf. e.g. Isa. vi. 1, Dan. viii. 7),
Hitzig unwarrantably denies. The passing over of the part. into
the finite, 8b, is like ii. 14, 17, and that of the inf. i. 27, ii. 8. qUw,
Arab. suk (dimin. suweikia, to separate, from sikkat, street, alley),
still means, as in former times, a broad street, a principal street, as
well as an open place, a market-place where business is transacted,
or according to its etymon: where cattle are driven for sale. On
the street he went backwards and forwards, yet so that he kept
near to her corner (i.e. of the woman whom he waited for), i.e. he
never withdrew himself far from the corner of her house, and
always again returned to it. The corner is named, because from
that place he could always cast a look over the front of the house
to see whether she whom he waited for showed herself. Regarding
h.nAPi for h.tAnA.Pi vid. at Ps. xxvii. 5 : a primary form NPe has never been
in use; Myni.Pi; Zech. xiv. 10, is plur. of hnA.Pi. lc,xe (from lcaxA Arab.
wasl, to bind) is, as a substantive, the side (as the place where one
thing connects itself with another), and thus as a preposition it
means (like juxta from jungere) beside, Ital. allato. j`r,d,v; is the
object. accus., for thus are construed verbs eundi (e.g. Hab. iii. 12,
Num. xxx. 17, cf. xxi. 22).
Ver. 9. The designations of time give the impression of progress
to a climax; for Hitzig unwarrantably denies that Jw,n, means the
twilight; the Talmud, Berachoth 3b, correctly distinguishes yrt
ypwn two twilights, the evening and the morning twilight. But
the idea is not limited to this narrow sense, and does not need this,
1 Regarding the Targ. of vii. 6, 7, vid. Perles, Etymologische Studien, 1871,
P. 9.
160 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
since the root-word JwanA (vid. at Isa. xl. 24) permits the extension
of the idea to the whole of the cool half (evening and night) of
the entire day; cf. the parallel of the adulterer who veils himself
by the darkness of the night and by a mask on his countenance,
Job xxiv. 15 with Jer. xiii. 16. However, the first group of
synonyms, MOy br,f,B; Jw,n,B; (with the Cod. Frankf. 1294, to be thus
punctuated), as against the second, appears to denote an earlier
period of the second half of the day; for if one reads, with Hitzig,
MOy brofEBa (after Judg. xix. 9), the meaning remains the same as
with MOy br,f,B;, viz. advesperascente die (Jerome), for brafA = Arab.
gharab, means to go away, and particularly to go under, of the sun,
and thus to become evening. He saw the youth in the twilight,
as the day had declined (ke<kliken, Luke xxiv. 29), going back-
awards and forwards; and when the darkness of night had reached
its middle, or its highest point, he was still in his lurking-place.
hlAy;la NOwyxi apple of the eye of the night, is, like the Pers. dili scheb,
heart of the night, the poetic designation of the middle of the
night. Gusset incorrectly: crepusculuin in quo sicut in oculi pupilla
est nigredo sublustris et quasi mistura lucis ac tenebrarum. Nvwyx is,
as elsewhere bl, particularly the middle; the application to the
night was specially suitable, since the apple of the eye is the black
part in the white of the eye (Hitzig). It is to be translated
according to the accus., in papilla noctis et caligine (not caliginis);
and this was probably the meaning of the poet, for a b is obviously
to be supplied to hlApexEva.
Finally, the young man devoid of understanding sees his waiting
rewarded: like meets like.
10 And, lo, a woman coming to meet him,
In the attire of an harlot and of subtle heart.
11 Boisterous is she, and ungovernable;
Her feet have no rest in her own house.
12 At one time before her door, at another in the street,
And again at every corner she places herself on the watch.
"Ver. 12 (Hitzig) expresses what is wont to be, instead of a single
event, ver. 11, viz. the custom of a street harlot. But she who is
spoken of is not such an one; lurking is not applicable to her (cf.
Job xxxi. 9), and, ver. 11, it is not meant that she is thus inclined."
But Hitzig's rendering of ver. 11, "she was boisterous . . . in her
house her feet had no rest," is inaccurate, since neither xyhiv; nor
Unk;wA is used. Thus in vers. 11 and 12 the poet gives a charac-
CHAP. VII. 10-12. 161
teristic of the woman, introduced by hn.ehiv; into the frame of his picture,
which goes beyond that which then presented itself to his eyes. We
must with ver. 12 reject also ver. 11; and even that would not be
a radical improvement, since that characteristic lying behind the
evident, that which was then evident begins with ble tracun;U (and
subtle in heart). We must thus suppose that the woman was not
unknown to the observer here describing her. He describes her
first as she then appeared. tywi Hitzig regards as equivalent to tyviw;,
similitude (from hvAwA), and why? Because tywi, does not mean "to
lay against," but "to place." But Ex. xxxiii. 4 shows the contrary,
and justifies the meaning attire, which the word also has in Ps.
lxxiii. 6. Meîri less suitably compares 2 Kings ix. 30, but rightly
explains Nvqt (dressing, ornament), and remarks that tyw elliptical is
equivalent to tywiB;. It is not the nominative (Bertheau), but the
accusative as tynbt, Ps. cxliv. 12, Ewald, § 279d. How Hitzig
reaches the translation of bl trcnv by "and an arrow in her heart"
(et saucia corde1), one can only understand by reading his com-
mentary. The usage of the language, iv. 23, he remarks, among
other things, would stamp her as a virtuous person. As if a
phrase like ble rcanA could be used both sensu bono and sensu malo!
One can guard his heart when, he protects it carefully against
moral danger, or also when he purposely conceals that which is in
it. The part. rUcnA signifies, Isa. i. 8, besieged (blockaded), Ezek.
xvi. 12, protected, guarded, and Isa. xlviii. 6, lxv. 4, concealed,
hidden. Ewald, § 187b, refers these three significations in the
two passages in Isaiah and in the passage before us to rracA, Niph.
rconA (as lkonA); but (1) one would then more surely take rUc (cf.
lOm.ni, Mygibun; as the verbal stem; (2) one reaches the idea of the
concealed (thel hidden) easier from that of the preserved than
from that of the confined. As one says in Lat. homo occultus,
tectus, abstrusus, in the sense of kruyi<nouj, so it is said of that
woman bl trcun, not so much in the sense of retenta con h.e. quae
quod in corde haberet non pandebat, Fr. retenue (Cocc.), as in the
sense of custodita cor, quae intentionem cordis mentemque suam callide
novit premere (Mich.): she is of a hidden mind, of a concealed
nature.; for she feigns fidelity to her husband and flatters her
paramours as her only beloved, while in truth she loves none, and
each of them is to her only a means to an end, viz, to the indul-
gence of her Worldly sensual desire. For, as the author further
1 Virgil's AEneid, iv. 1.
162 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
describes her, she is hy.Amiho (fem. of hm,ho = ymaho as i. 21, Isa. xxii. 2),
tumultuosa, externally as internally impetuous, because full of
intermingling lust and deceit (opp. h[su<xioj, 1 Pet. iii. 4, 1 Tim.
ii. 11), and tr,rAso, self-willed, not minding the law of duty, of
discretion, or of modesty (from rrasA, Arab. sharr, pervicacem, malum
esse). She is the very opposite of the noiseless activity and the
gentle modesty of a true house-wife, rude, stubborn, and also
vagrant like a beast in its season (Hos. iv. 14): in domo ipsius
residere nequeunt pedes ejus; thus not oi]kouro<j or oi]kourgo<j (Tit.
ii. 5), far removed from the genuine woman-like ei@sw h!suxon me<nein
do<mwn1—a radt, as they call such a one in Arab. (Wünsche on Hos.
xii. 1), or as she is called in Aram. xrABA tqap;nA.
Ver. 12. This verse shows how she conducts herself when she
wanders abroad. It is no common street-walker who is designated
(no "Husterin," Arab. kiahibt, after which also the female demon-
name (Arab.) se'alâ is explained), but that licentious married wife,
who, no better than such a strumpet when she wanders abroad,
hunts after lovers. The alternating MfaPa (properly a stroke)
Fleischer compares with the Arab. synonyms, marrt, a going over,
karrt, a going back, una volta, una fiata, une fois (Orelli, Synon.
der Zeit and Ewigkeit, p. 51). Regarding CUH, vid. at v. 16:
it is the free space without, before the house-door, or also before
the gate of the city; the parallelism speaks here and at i. 20 more
in favour of the former signification.
Ver. 13. After this digression the poet returns to the subject,
and further describes the event as observed by himself.
And she laid hold on him and kissed him;
Put on a bold brow and said to him.
The verb qwanA is here, after its primary signification, connected with
the dat.: osculum fixit ei. Thus also Gen. xxvii. 26 is construed,
and the Dagesh in Ol. is, as there, Dag. forte conj., after the law for
which the national grammarians have coined the technical name
qyHrm ytx (veniens e longinquo, "coming out of the distance," i.e.
the attraction of a word following by one accented on the penult.).
The penult.-accenting of hqAw;nA, is the consequence of the retrogres-
sion of the accent (rvHx gvsn), which here, where the word from the
first had the penult. only with Metheg, and thus with half a tone,
brings with it the dageshing of the vl following, as the original
1 Eurip. Herac.
CHAP. VII. 14, 15. 163
penultima-accenting of hqAyziH<h,v; does of the vb which follows it, for
the reading Ob by Löwenstein is contrary to the laws of punctuation
of the Textus receptus under consideration here.1 As vb and vl
have received the doubling Dagesh, so on the other hand, according
to Ewald, § 193b, it has disappeared from hzAfehe (written with
Raphe accor ing to Kimchi, Michlol 145a). And as hqwn has
the tone thrown'' back, so the proper pausal rmaxTova is accented on
the ult., but ithout attracting the vl following by dageshing, which
is the case only when the first of the two words terminates in the
sound of ā (āh). vynp zfehe is said of one who shows firmness or
hardness of ountenance (Arab. slabt alwajh), i.e. one who shows
shamelessness, or, as we say, an iron forehead (F1.).
She laid hold on him and kissed him, both of which actions were
shameless, a d then, assuming the passivity and modesty befitting
the woman, nd disregarding morality and the law, she said to the
youth:
14 "To bring peace-offerings was binding upon me,
To-day have I redeemed my vows.
15 Therefore am I come out to meet thee,
To seek thy face, and have found thee."
We have translated MymilAw; yHeb;zi "peace-offerings," proceeding on the
principle that Ml,w, (sing. only Amos v. 22, and on the Phoenician
altar at Marseilles) denotes contracting friendship with one (from
MlawA, to hold friendly relationship), and then the gifts having this
in view; for the idea of this kind of offering is the attestation and
confirmation of communion with God. But in view of the deriva-
tives Mynimol;wa and MUl.wi, it is perhaps more appropriate to combine
Ml,w, with Mle.wi, to discharge perfectly, and to translate it thank-
payment-offering, or with v. Hofmann, a due-offering, where not
directly thank-offering; for the proper eucharistic offering, which
is the expression of thanks on a particular occasion, is removed
from the species of the Shelamim by the addition of the words
hdAOT-lfa (Lev. vii. 12-25). The characteristic of the Shelamim is
the division of the flesh of the sacrifice between Jahve and His
priests on the one side, and the person (or persons) bringing it on
the other side: only one part of the flesh of the sacrifice was
Jahve's, consumed by fire (Lev. iii. 16); the priests received one
part; those who brought the offering received back another part
1 Vid. Baer's Torath Emeth, p. 29 sq., and Psalmen-Commentar under Ps. lii. 5.
164 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
as it were from the altar of God, that they might eat it with holy
joy along with their household. So here the adulteress says that
there was binding upon her, in consequence of a vow she had
taken, the duty of presenting peace-offerings, or offerings that
were due; to-day (she reckons the day in the sense of the dies
civilis from night to night) she has performed her duties, and the
rd,n, ymel;wa have have yielded much to her that she might therewith regale
him, her true lover; for with NKe-lfa, she means to say that even the
prospect of the gay festival which she can prepare for him moved her
thus to meet him. This address of the woman affords us a glimpse
into the history of the customs of those times. The Shelamim meals
degenerated in the same manner as our Kirmsen.1 Secularization
lies doubly near to merrymaking when the law sanctions this, and
it can conceal itself behind the mask of piety. Regarding a
more exact word for wq.eBi, vid. at i. 28. To seek the countenance of
one is equivalent to to seek his person, himself, but yet not without
reference to the wished-for look [aspectus] of the person.
Thus she found him, and described to him the enjoyment which
awaited him in eating and drinking, then in the pleasures of
love.
16 "My bed have I spread with cushions,
Variegated coverlets, Egyptian linen;
17 I have sprinkled my couch
With myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon.
18 Come then, we will intoxicate ourselves with love till the morning,
And will satisfy ourselves in love."
The noun Wr,f,, from WrafA, = Arab. 'arash, aedifieare, fabricari, signi-
fies generally the wooden frame; thus not so much the bed within
as the erected bed-place (cf. Arab. 'arsh, throne, and 'arysh,
arbour). This bedstead she had richly and beautifully cushioned,
that it might be soft and agreeable. dbarA, from br, signifies to lay
on or apply closely, thus either vincire (whence the name of the
necklace, Gen. xli. 42) or sternere (different from dparA, Job xvii.
13, which acquires the meaning sternere from the root-meaning to
raise up from under, sublevare), whence MyDibar;ma, cushions, pillows,
stragulae. Böttcher punctuates MyDiBar;ma; incorrectly; the b remains
aspirated, and the connection of the syllables is looser than in hB,r;ma;
Ewald, § 88d. The tObFuHE beginning the second half-verse is
in no case an adjective to Mydbrm, in every case only appos., pro-
1 [Kirmse = anniversary of the dedication of a church, village fête.]
CHAP. VII. 16-18. 165
bably an independent conception; not derived from bFaHA (cogn.
bcaHA), to hew wood (whence Arab. hiatiab, fire-wood), according to
which Kimchi, and with him the Graec. Venet. (pericu<stoij), under-
stands it of the carefully polished bed-poles or bed-boards, but
from bFaHA= Arab. khatieba, to be streaked, of diverse colours (vid.
under Ps. c liv. 12), whence the Syriac machtiabto, a figured
(striped, chec ered) garment. Hitzig finds the idea of coloured
or variegated here unsuitable, but without justice ; for the pleasant-
ness of a bed is augmented not only by its softness, but also by the
impression w ich its costliness, makes on the eye. The following
Myirac;mi NUfxe stands in an appositional relation to tvbFH, as when one
says in Arabic taub-un dîbâq’-un, a garment brocade = of brocade.
NUfxe (after the Syr. for NUFx<, as NUmxe) signifies in the Targum the
cord (e.g. Jer xxxviii. 6), like the Arab. tiunub, Syr. (e.g. Isa. liv. 2)
tûnob; the root is NF, not in the sense of to bind, to wind (Dietr.),
but in the sense of to stretch; the thread or cord is named from
the extension in regard to length, and NvFx is thus thread-work,
whether in weaving or spinning.1 The fame of Egyptian manu-
factures is still expressed in the Spanish aclabtea, fine linen cloth,
which is equivalent to the modern Arabic el-kiobtiîje (kiibtiije); they
had there particularly also an intimate acquaintance with the dye
stuffs found in the plants and fossils of the country (Klemm's
Culturgeschichte, v. 308-310).
Vers. 17, 18. These verses remind us of expressions in the
Canticles. There, at iv. 14, are found the three names for spicery
as here, and one sees that Mylhx rm in are not to be connected geni-
tively: there are three things, accented as in the title-verse i. 3.
The myrrh, rmo (Balsamodendron myrrha), belongs, like the frank-
incense, to the species of the Amyris, which is an exotic in
Palestine not less than with us; the aromatic quality in them does
not arise fron the flowers or leaves, so that Cant. i. 13 leads us
to think of a bunch of myrrh, but from the resin oozing through
the bark (Gummi myrrho or merely myrrha), consisting of bright
glossy red or golden-yellow grains more or less transparent.
MylihAxE (used by Balaam, Num. xxiv. 6) is the Semitic Old-Indian
name of the aloë, agaru or aguru; the aromatic quality is in the
wood of the Aquilaria agallocha, especially its root (agallochum or
1 Hence perhaps the Greek o]qo<nh, which Fick in his Vergl. Wörterbuch con-
nects with the Arab. verb-root vadh, to bind, wind, clothe, but not without
making thereto interrogation marks.
166 BOOK OF PROVERBS.
lignum aloes) dried in the earth,—in more modern use and com-
merce the inspissated juice of its leaves. NOmn.Aqi is kinna<mwmon (like
rmo, a Semitic word1 that had come to the Greeks through the
Phoenicians), the cinnamon, i.e. the inner rind of the Laurus cin-
namomum. The myrrh is native to Arabia; the aloë, as its name
denotes, is Indian; the cinnamon in like manner came through
Indian travellers from the east coast of Africa and Ceylon (Tapro-
bane). All these three spices are drugs, i.e. are dry apothecaries'
wares; but we are not on that account to conclude that she per-
fumed (Hitzig) her bed with spices, viz. burnt in a censer, an
operation which, according to Cant. iii. 6, would rather be desig-
nated yTir;F.aqi. The verb JUn (only here as Kal) signifies to lift
oneself up (vid. under Ps. xlviii. 13), and transitively to raise and
swing hither and thither (=JyniHe); here with a double accusative,
to besprinkle anything out of a vessel moved hither and thither.
According to this sense, we must think of the three aromas as
essences in the state of solution; cf. Ex. xxx. 22-33, Esth. ii. 12.
Hitzig's question, "Who would sprinkle bed-sheets with perfumed
and thus impure water?" betrays little knowledge of the means by
which even at the present day clean linen is made fragrant. The
expression MydOd hvArA sounds like Mydvd rkawA, Cant. v. 1, although
there Mydvd is probably the voc., and not, as here, the accus.; hvArA is
the Kal of hUAri, v. 19, and signifies to drink something copiously in
full draughts. The verbal form slafA for ClafA is found besides only
in Job xx. 18, xxxix. 13; the Hithpa. signifies to enjoy oneself
greatly, perhaps (since the Hithpa. is sometimes used recipro-
cally, vid. under Gen. ii. 25) with the idea of reciprocity (Targ.
dHal; dHa). We read boohabim with Chateph-Kametz after Ben-
Asher (vid. Kimchi's Lex.); the punctuation MybihAxEBA is that of
Ben-Naphtali.
The adulteress now deprives the youth of all fear; the circum-
stances under which her invitation is given are as favourable as
possible.
19 "For the man is not at home,
He has gone on a long journey.
1 Myrrh has its name rmo from the bitterness of its taste, and MnaqA appears to
be a secondary formation from hnAq;, whence hn,qA, reed; cf. the names of the
cinnamon, cannella, Fr. cannelle. Cinnamum (ki<nnamon) is only a shorter form
for cinnamomum. Pliny, Hist. Nat. xii. 19 (42), uses both forms indiscrimi-
nately.
CHAP. VII 19, 20. 167
20 He has taken the purse with him;
He will not return home till the day of the full moon."
It is true that the article stands in wyxihA, Arab. alm'ar-fat, i.e. serves
to define the word: the man, to whom here kat ] ]coxh<n and alone
reference can be made, viz. the husband of the adulteress (Fl.);
but on the other side it is characteristic that she does not say ywiyxi
(as e.g. Gen. xxix. 32), but ignores the relation of love and duty
in which she is placed to him, and speaks of him as one standing
at a distance from her (Aben-Ezra). Erroneously Vogel reads tyiBaBa
after the Targ. instead of OtybeB;. We say in Hebr. vtybb vnyx, il n'est
pas chez soi, as we say OdyAB; Hqal;, il a pris avec soi (cf. Jer. xxxviii.
10). qOHrAme Hitzig seeks to connect with the verb, which, after
Isa. xvii. 13, xxii. 3, is possible; for the Hebr. qvHrm (qHAr;m,.mi), far
off, has frequently the meaning from afar, for the measure of
length is determined not from the point of departure outward, but
from the end, as e.g. Homer, Il. ii. 456: e!kaqen de< te fai<netai
au]gh<, from afar the gleam is seen, i.e. shines hither from the dis-
tance. Sinimilarly we say in French, il vient du coté du nord, he
comes from the north, as well as il va du coté du nord, he goes
northwards. But as we do not say: he has gone on a journey far
off, but: on a distant journey, so here qvHrm is virtually an adj.
(vid. under Isa. v. 26) equivalent to hqAOHr; (Num. ix. 10): a
journey which is distant= such as from it he has a long way back.
Michaelis has well remarked here: ut timorem ei penitus adimat,
veluti per gradus incedit. He has undertaken a journey to a
remote point, but yet more: he has taken money with him, has
thus business to detain him; and still further: he has even deter-
mined the distant time of his return. Js,K,ha-rOrc; (thus to be written
after Ben-Asher, rid. Baer's Torath Emeth, p. 41) is the purse
(from rracA, to bind together), not one of many, but that which is his
own. The terminus precedes 20b to emphasize the lateness; vid.
on xs,K, under Ps. bucxi. 4. Graec. Venet. t^? h[me<r% tou? kairou?, after
Kimchi and others, who derive xsk (hsk) from the root r); to
reckon, and regard it as denoting only a definite time. But the two
passages require a special idea; and the Syr. kiêso, which in 1 Kings
xii. 32, 2 Chron. vii. 10, designates the time from the 15th day
of the month, shows that the word denotes not, according to the
Talmud, the new moon (or the new year's day), when the moon's
disk begins to cover itself, i.e. to fill (hskty), but the full moon,
when it is covered, i.e. filled; so that thus the time of the night-
168 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
scene here described is not that of the last quarter of the moon
(Ewald), in which it rises at midnight, but that of the new
moon (Hitzig), when the night is without moonlight. Since
the derivation of the word from xsk (hsk), to cover, gives the
satisfactory idea of the covering or filling of the moon's disk, we
do not seek after any other; Dietrich fixes on the root-idea of
roundness, and Hitzig of vision (xsk= hbs, hkW; vid., on the con-
trary, under Ps. cxliii. 9). The l is that of time at which, in
which, about which, anything is done; it is more indefinite than B;
would be. He will not return for some fourteen days.
The result:—
21 She beguiled him by the fulness of her talking,
By the smoothness of her lips she drew him away.
Here is a climax. First she brought him to yield, overcoming
the resistance of his mind to the last point (cf. 1 Kings xi. 3);
then drove him, or, as we say, hurried him wholly away, viz. from
the right path or conduct (cf. Deut. xiii. 6, 11). With UTF.ahi
(=Uht;Fa.hi) as the chief factum, the past imperf. is interchanged,
21b. Regarding Hqal,, see above, p. 56. Here is the rhetoric of
sin (Zöckler); and perhaps the Hql of 20a has suggested this anti-
phrastic Hqal, to the author (Hitzig), as ql,He (the inverted Hqal,), formed
like lp,w, which is the abstr. of lpAwA as that is of qlAHA) and Un.H,yDiTa are
reciprocally conditioned, for the idea of the slippery (Ps. lxxiii. 18)
connects itself with qlH.
What followed:—
22 So he goes after her at once
As an ox which goeth to the slaughter-house,
And as one bereft of reason to the restraint of fetters,
23 As a bird hastens to the net,
Without knowing that his life is at stake—
Till the arrow pierces his liver.
The part. j`leOh (thus to be accentuated according to the rule in
Baer's Torath Emeth, p. 25, with Mercha to the tone-syllable and
Mahpach to the preceding open syllable) preserves the idea of the
fool's going after her. Mxot;Pi (suddenly) fixes the point, when he
all at once resolves to betake himself to the rendezvous in the
house of the adulteress, now a kepfwqei<j, as the LXX. translates,
i.e., as we say, a simpleton who has gone on the lime-twig. He
follows her as an ox goes to the slaughter-house, unconscious that
CHAP. VII. 22, 23. 169
he is going (thither to be slaughtered; the LXX. ungrammatically
destroying the attributive clause: w!sper de> bou?j e]pi> sfafh>n
a@getai. The difficulties in sk,f,k;U (thus punctuated, after Kimchi,
with a double Segol, and not skfekv, as is frequently the case) multi-
ply, and it is not to be reconciled with the traditional text. The ox
appears to require another beast as a side-piece; and accordingly
the LXX., Syr., and Targ. find in skf a dog (to which from
lyvx they also pick out lyAxa, a stag), Jerome a lamb (et quasi agnus
Wb,k,), Bashi a venomous serpent (perhaps after e@xij?), Löwen-
stein and Malbim a rattlesnake (lcel;cam; wHn after sKefi); but all this
is mere conjecture. Symmachus' skirtw?n (e]pi> desmw?n a@frwn) is
without support, and, like the favourite rendering of Schelling, et
sicut saliens in vinculum cervus (lyx), is unsuitable on account of
the unsemitic position of the words. The noun sk,f,, plur. MysikAfE,
signifies, Isa. iii. 18, an anklet as a female ornament (whence ver. 16
the denom. sKefi, to make a tinkling of the anklets). In itself the
word only means the fetter, compes, from skafA, Arab. 'akas, 'akash,
contrahere, constringere (vid. Fleischer under Isa. lix. 5); and that
it can also be used of any kind of means of checking free move-
ment, the Arab. 'ikâs, as the name of a cord with which the camel
is made fast by the head and forefeet, shows. With this significa-
tion the interpretation is: et velut pedicâ (=skfbkv) implicatus ad
castigationem stulti, he follows her as if (bound) with a fetter to the
punishments of the fool, i.e. of himself (Michaelis, Fleischer, and
others). Otherwise Luther, who first translated "in a fetter,"
but afterwards (supplying l;, not b;): "and as if to fetters, where
one corrects fools." But the ellipsis is harsh, and the parallelism
leads us to expect a living being in the place of skf. Now since,
according to Gesenius, my, fetter, can be equivalent to a fettered
one neither at Isa. xvii. 5, xxi. 17, nor Prov. xxiii. 28 (according to
which skf must at least have an active personal signification), we
transpose the nouns of the clause and write sk,f, rsaUm-lx, lyvix<k,v;, he
follows her as a fool (Psychol. p. 292) to correction (restraint)
with fetters; or if lyvx is to be understood not so much physically
as morally, and refers to self-destroying conduct (Ps. cvii. 7): as a
madman, i.e. a criminal, to chains. The one figure denotes the
fate into which he rushes, like a beast devoid of reason, as the loss
of life; and the other denotes the fate to which he permits him-
self to be led by that woman, like a criminal by the officer, as
the loss of freedom and of honour.
170 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 23. The confusion into which the text has fallen is con-
tinued in this verse. For the figure of the deadly arrow connects
itself neither with that of the ox which goes to the slaughter-house,
nor with that of the madman who is put in chains: the former is
not killed by being shot; and with the latter, the object is to render
him harmless, not to put him to death. The LXX. therefore
converts lyvx into lyx, a stag, and connects the shooting with an
arrow with this: h} w[j e@lafoj toceu<mati peplhgw>j ei]j to> h$par.
But we need no encroachment on the text itself, only a correct
placing of its members. The three thoughts, ver. 23, reach a
right conclusion and issue, if with HPA-lx, rOPci rhemaK; (here Mercha-
mahpach) a new departure is begun with a comparison: he follows
her with eager desires, like as a bird hastens to the snare (vid.
regarding Hp, a snare, and wqeOm, a noose, under Isa. viii. 15).
What then follows is a continuation of 22a. The subject is again
the youth, whose way is compared to that of an ox going to the
slaughter, of a culprit in chains, and of a fool; and he knows not
(non novit, as iv. 19, ix. 18, and according to the sense, non curat,
iii. 6, v. 6) that it is done at the risk of his life (Owp;nab; as 1 Kings
ii. 23, Num. xvii. 3), that his life is the price with which this
kind of love is bought (xUh, neut., as not merely Eccles. ii. 1 and
the like, but also e.g. Lev. x. 3, Esth. ix 1)—that does not concern
him till (dfa = rwx df or yk df) the arrow breaks or pierces through
(Hale.Pi as Job. xvi. 13) his liver, i.e. till he receives the death-wound,
from which, if not immediately, yet at length he certainly dies.
Elsewhere the part of the body struck with a deadly wound is
called the reins or loins (Job, etc.), or the gall-bladder (Job xx.
25); here the liver, which is called dbeKA, Arab. kebid, perhaps as the
organ in which sorrowful and painful affections make themselves
felt (cf. AEschylus, Agam. 801: dh?gma lu<phj e]f ] h$par prosik-
nei?tai), especially the latter, because the passion of sensual love,
according to the idea of the ancients, reflected itself in the liver.
He who is love-sick has jecur ulcerosum, (Horace, Od. i. 25. 15);
he is diseased in his liver (Psychol. p. 268). But the arrow is not
here the arrow of love which makes love-sick, but the arrow of
death, which slays him who is ensnared in sinful love. The be-
fooled youth continues the disreputable relation into which he
has entered till it terminates in adultery and in lingering disease
upon his body, remorse in his soul, and dishonour to his name,
speedily ending in inevitable ruin both spiritually and temporally.
CHAP. VII. 24-27. 171
Vers. 24, 25. With hTAfav;, as at v. 7, the author now brings his
narrative to a close, adding the exhortation deduced from it:
24 And now, ye children, give ear unto me,
And observe the words of my mouth
25 Let not thine heart incline to her ways,
And stray not in her paths.
The verb hFAWA (whence jēsti, like jēt, iv. 15, with long ē from î) the
author uses also of departure from a wicked way (iv. 15); but here,
where the portraiture of a faithless wife (a hFAOs) is presented, the
word used in the law of jealousy, Num. v., for the trespass of an
wyx twx is specially appropriate. hFW is interchanged with hfATA
(cf. Gen. xxi. 14): wander not on her paths, which would be the
consequence of straying on them. Theodotion: kai> mh> planhq^?j
e]n a]trapoi?j au]th?j, with kia<, as also Syr., Targ., and Jerome.
The Masora reckons this verse to the 25 which have lx at the
beginning and lxv at the middle of each clause (vid. Baer in the
Luth. Zeitshrift, 1865, p. 587); the text of Norzi has therefore correctly
lxv;, which is found also in good MSS. (e.g. the Erfurt, 2 and 3).
Vers. 26, 27. The admonition, having its motive in that which
goes before, is now founded on the emphatic finale:
26 For many are the slain whom she hath caused to fall,
And many are her slain.
27 A multiplicity of ways to hell is her house,
Going down to the chambers of death.
The translation "for many slain has she laid low" (Syr., Targ.,
Jerome, Luther) is also syntactically possible; for MyBira can be
placed before its substantive after the manner of the demonstra-
tives and numerals (e.g. Neh. ix. 28, cf. dHx, Cant. iv. 9), and the
accentuation which requires two servants (the usual two Munachs)
to the Athnach appears indeed thus to construe it. It is otherwise
if Mybr here meant magni (thus e.g. Ralbag, and recently Bertheau),
and not multi; but Mybr and MymicufE stand elsewhere in connection
with each other in the signification many and numerous, Ps.
xxxv. 18, Joel ii. 2, Mic. iv. 3. "Her slain" are those slain by
her; the part. pass. is connected with the genitive of the actor, e.g.
ix. 18; cf. (Arab.) katyl âlmhiabbt, of one whom love kills (Fl.).
With ver. 27 cf. ii. 18, ix. 18. In 27a, h.tAyBe is not equivalent to
htybb after viii. 2, also not elliptical and equivalent to htyb ykrd;
the former is unnecessary, the latter is in no case established by Ps.
172 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
xlv. 7, Ezra x. 13, nor by Deut. viii. 15, 2 Kings xxiii. 17 (see, on
the other hand, Philippi's Status Constructus, pp. 87-93). Rightly
Hitzig has: her house forms a multiplicity of ways to hell, in so
far as adultery leads by a diversity of ways to hell. Similarly the
subject and the predicate vary in number, xvi. 25, Ps. cx. 3, Job
xxvi. 13, Dan. ix. 23, and frequently. If one is once in her house,
he may go in this or in that way, but surely his path is to destruc-
tion: it consists of many steps to hell, such as lead down (jrd, fem.
Isa. xxxvii. 34, masc. Isa. xxx. 21) to the extreme depths of death
(cf. Job ix. 9, "chambers of the south" = its remotest regions
veiling themselves in the invisible); for rd,H, (Arab. khiddr) is the
part of the tent or the house removed farthest back, and the most
private (Fl.). These tv,mA-yred;Ha, cf. lOxw; yqem;fi, ix. 18, approach to
the conception of Mn.OhiyGe, which is afterwards distinguished from
lvxw.
FOURTEENTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE VIII.
A DISCOURSE OF WISDOM CONCERNING HER EXCELLENCE AND
HER GIFTS.
The author has now almost exhausted the ethical material; for
in this introduction to the Solomonic Book of Proverbs he works it
into a memorial for youth, so that it is time to think of concluding
the circle by bending back the end to the beginning. For as in
the beginning, i. 20 ff., so also here in the end, he introduces
Wisdom herself as speaking. There, her own testimony is delivered
in contrast to the alluring voice of the deceiver; here, the daughter
of Heaven in the highways inviting to come to her, is the contrast
to the adulteress lurking in the streets, who is indeed not a per-
sonification, but a woman of flesh and blood, but yet at the same
time as the incarnate a a]pa<th of worldly lust. He places opposite
to her Wisdom, whose person is indeed not so sensibly perceptible,
but who is nevertheless as real, coming near to men in a human
way, and seeking to win them by her gifts.
1 Doth not Wisdom discourse,
And Understanding cause her voice to be heard?
2 On the top of the high places in the way,
In the midst of the way, she has placed herself.
CHAP. VIII. 1-3. 173
3 By the side of the gates, at the exit of the city,
At the entrance to the doors, she calleth aloud.
As hn.ehi points to that which is matter of fact, so xlohE calls to a con-
sideration of it (cf. xiv. 22); the question before the reader is
doubly justified with reference to i. 20 ff. With hmkH, hnvbt is
interchanged, as e.g. ii. 1-6; such names of wisdom are related to
its principal name almost as Myhlx, Nvylf, and the like, to hvhy. In
describing the scene, the author, as usual, heaps up synonyms which
touch one another without coming together.
Ver. 2. By Mymirom; Hitzig understands the summit of a mountain,
and therefore regards this verse as an interpolation; but the "high
places" are to be understood of the high-lying parts of the city.
There, on the way which leads up and down, she takes her stand.
ylefE= , old and poetic for lfa, signifies here "hard by, close to,"
properly, so that something stands forward over the edge of a thing,
or, as it were, passes over its borders (Fl.). The tyBe, Hitzig, as
Bertheau, with LXX., Targ., Jerome, interpret prepositionally as
a strengthening of NyBe (in the midst); but where it once, Ezek. i. 27,
occurs in this sense, it is fully written l; tyBe. Here it is the accus.
loci of the substantive; "house of the ascent" (Syr. bêth urchotko)
is the place where several ways meet, the uniting point, as jrdh Mxe
(Ezek. xxi. 26), the point of departure, exit; the former the cross-
way, as the latter the separating way. Thus Immanuel: the place
of the frequented streets; Meîri: the place of the ramification
(more correctly, the concentration) of the ways. hbAcA.ni signifies
more than hmAqA (she raises herself) and hdAm;fA (she goes thither); it
means that she plants herself there.
Ver. 3. In this verse Bertheau finds, not inappropriately, the
designations of place: on this side, on that side, and within the
gate. dyal;, at the hand, is equivalent to at the side, as Ps. cxl. 6.
ypil;, of the town, is the same as Htap,l;, ix. 14, of the house: at the
mouth, i.e. at the entrance of the city, thus where they go out and
in. There are several of these ways for leaving and entering a city,
and on this account MyHitAp; xObm; are connected: generally where one
goes out and in through one of the gates (doors). xObmA, fully
represented by the French avenue, the space or way which leads to
anything (Fl.). There she raises her voice, which sounds out far
and wide; vid. concerning hn.AroTA (Graec. Venet. incorrectly, after
Rashi, a]lala<cousi), at i. 20.
174 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Now begins the discourse. The exordium summons general
attention to it with the emphasis of its absolute truth:
4 "To you, ye men, is my discourse addressed,
And my call is to the children of men!
5 Apprehend, O ye simple ones, what wisdom is;
And, ye fools, what understanding is.
6 Hear, for I will speak princely things,
And the opening of my lips is upright.
7 For my mouth uttereth truth,
And a wicked thing is an abomination to my lips.
8 The utterances of my mouth are in rectitude,
There is nothing crooked or perverse in them.
9 To the men of understanding they are all to the point,
And plain to those who have attained knowledge."
Hitzig rejects this section, 4-12, as he does several others in viii.
and ix., as spurious. But if this preamble, which reminds us of
Elihu, is not according to every one's taste, yet in respect of the
circle of conception and thought, as well as of the varying develop,
ment of certain fundamental thoughts, it is altogether after the
manner of the poet. The terminology is one that is strange to us;
the translation of it is therefore difficult; that which is given above
strives at least not to be so bad as to bring discredit on the poet.
The tautology and flatness of ver. 4 disappears when one under-
stands Mywiyxi and MdAxA yneB; like the Attic a@ndrej and a@nqrwpoi; vid.
under Isa. ii. 9, liii. 3 (where Mywiyxi, as here and Ps. cxli. 4, is
equivalent to wyxi yneB;, Ps. xlix. 3, iv. 3). Wisdom turns herself
with her discourses to high and low, to persons of standing and to
the proletariat. The verbal clause 4a interchanges with a noun
clause 4b, as frequently a preposition with its noun (e.g. ver. 8a)
completes the whole predicate of a semistich
Ver. 5. Regarding hmAr;xA, calliditas, in a good sense, vid. at i. 4;
regarding MyixtAP;, those who are easily susceptible of good or bad,
according to the influence that is brought to bear upon them, vid.
also i. 4; and regarding MyliysiK; the intellectually heavy, dull persons
in whom the flesh burdens the mind, vid. at i. 22. ble is parallel
with hmrf, for the heart (according to its Semitic etymon, that which
remains fast, like a kernel, the central-point) is used for the under-
standing of which it is the seat (Psychol. p. 249), or heartedness
=intelligence (cf. vi. bl-rsH. vi. 32 = a@nnouj or a@logoj). We take hmrf
and bl as objective, as we have translated: that which is in both,
and in which they consist, Thus NybihA, which is a favourite word
CHAP. VIII. 4-9. 175
with this author, has both times the simple transitive meaning
of the gain of understanding into the nature and worth of both;
and we neither need to interpret the second UnybihA in the double
transitive meaning, "to bring to understanding," nor, with Hitzig,
to change it into UnykihA1 [direct, i.e. applicate].
Ver. 6. That to which Wisdom invites, her discourse makes
practicable, for she speaks of Mydiygin;. Hitzig interprets this word
by conspicua, manifest truths, which the Graec. Venet. understands
to be e]nanti<a, after Kimchi's interpretation: truths which one makes
an aim and object (dg,n,) on account of their worth. Fürst, however,
says that dygn, from dganA, Arab. najad, means to be elevated, exalted,
and thereby visible (whence also dyGihi, to bring to light, to bring
forward); and that by Mydygn, as the plur. of this dygn, is to be under-
stood princeps in the sense of principalia, or praestantia (LXX.
semna<; Theodot. h[gemonika<; Jerome, de rebus magnis) (cf. no<moj
basiliko<j of the law of love, which surpasses the other laws, as kings
do their subjects), which is supported by the similar expression,
xxii. 20. But that we do not need to interpret Mydygn as abstr., like
MyriwAyme, and as the acc. adverb.: in noble ways, because in that case
it ought to be tvdygn (Berth.), is shown by xxii. 20, and also xvi. 13;
cf. on this neuter use of the masc., Ewald, § 172a. "The opening
of my lips (i.e. this, that they open themselves, not: that which
they disclose, lay open) is upright" is to be regarded as metonyinia
antecedentis pro conseq.: that which I announce is . . .; or also as
a poetic attribution, which attributes to a subject that which is
produced by it (cf. iii. 17b): my discourse bearing itself right,
brings to light (FL). xxiii. 16, cf. 31, is parallel both in the
words and the subject; MyrwAyme, that which is in accordance with
fact and with rectitude, uprightness (vid. at 1. 3), is a word com-
mon to the introduction (i.-ix.), and to the first appendix to the
first series of Solomonic Proverbs (xxii. 17-xxiv. 22), with the
Canticles. In Cant. v. 16 also, as here (cf. v. 3, Job vi. 30), the
word palate [Gaumen] is used as the organ of speech.
Ver. 7. yKi continues the reason (begun in ver. 6) for the
Hearken! (cf. i. 15-17, iv. 16 f.); so that this second reason is
co-ordinated with the first (Fl.). Regarding tm,x<, vid. at iii. 3;
hgAhA, here of the palate (cf. Ps. xxxvii. 30), as in xv. 28 of the
heart, has not hitherto occurred. It signifies quiet inward medita-
tion, as well as also (but only poetically) discourses going forth from
1 Vid. the Hebr. Zeitschrift, CvlHh, 1856, p. 112.
176 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
it (rid. at Ps. i. 2). The contrary of truth, i.e. moral truth, is fwar,,
wickedness in words and principles,—a segolate, which retains its
Segiol also in pausa, with the single exception of Eccles. iii. 16.
Vers. 8, 9. The B; of qd,c,B; is that of the close connection of a
quality with an action or matter, which forms with a substantive
adverbia as well as virtual adjectiva, as here: cum rectitudine (con-
juncta i. e. vera) sunt amnia dicta oris mei (Fl.); it is the b of the
distinctive attribute (Hitzig), certainly related to the b essentiae
(iii. 26, according to which Schultens and Bertheau explain),
which is connected with the abstract conception (e.g. Ps. xxxiii. 4),
but also admits the article designating the gender (vid. at Ps.
xxix. 4). The opposite of qd,c, (here in the sense of veracitas,
which it means in Arab.) is wq.efiv; lTAp;ni, dolosum ac perversum.
wq.efi (of. Gesen. § 84, 9) is that which is violently bent and
twisted, i.e. estranged from the truth, which is, so to speak,
parodied or caricatured. Related to it in meaning, but proceed-
ing from a somewhat different idea, is ltpn. ltaPA, used primarily
of threads, cords, ropes, and the like, means to twist them, to twine
them over and into one another, whence lytiPA, a line or string made
of several intertwisted threads (cf. , a wick of a candle or
lamp); Niph., to be twisted, specifically luctari, of the twisting of
the limbs, and figuratively to bend and twist oneself, like the
crafty (versutus) liars and deceivers, of words and thoughts which
do not directly go forth, but by the crafty twistings of truth and
rectitude, opp. rwy, Nvkn (Fl.). There is nothing of deception or
error in the utterances of wisdom; much rather they are all MyHikon;,
straight out from her (cf. Isa. lvii. 2), going directly out, and
without circumlocution directed to the right end for the intelligent,
the knowing (cf. Neh. x. 29); and MyriwAy;, straight or even, giving
no occasion to stumble, removing the danger of erring for those
who have obtained knowledge, i.e. of good and evil, and thus the
ability of distinguishing between them (Gesen. § 134, 1),—briefly,
for those who know how to estimate them.
Her self-commendation is continued in the resumed address:
10 "Receive my instruction, and not silver,
And knowledge rather than choice gold!
11 For wisdom is better than corals,
And all precious jewels do not equal her.
12 I, Wisdom, inhabit prudence,
And the knowledge of right counsels is attainable by me."
CHAP. VIII. 10-12. 177
Instead of Js,KA-xlov; influenced by UHq;, is Jsk-lxav; with UHq;Ti to be
supplied; besides, with most Codd. and older editions, we are to
accentuate yrisAUm UHq; with the erasure of the Makkeph. "Such
negations and prohibitions," Fleischer remarks, "are to be under-
stood comparatively: instead of acquiring silver, rather acquire
wisdom. Similar is the old Arabic the fire, and not
the disgrace! Also among the modern Arabic proverbs collected
by Burckhardt, many have this form, e.g. No. 34, alhiajamat balafas
wala alhajat alanas, Better to let oneself be cut with the axe than
to beg for the favour of another" 10b is to be translated, with
Jerome, Kimchi, and others: and knowledge is more precious than
fine gold (rHAb;ni, neut.: auro pretiosius); and in view of xvi. 16, this
construction appears to be intended. But Fleischer has quite
correctly affirmed that this assertatory clause is unsuitably placed as
a parallel clause over against the preceding imperative clause, and,
what is yet more important, that then ver. 11 would repeat idem per
idem in a tautological manner. We therefore, after the Aramaic and
Greek translators, take rHbn Jsk together here as well as at ver. 19,
inasmuch as we carry forward the vHq: et seientiam prae auro lectis-
simo, which is also according to the accentuation. Equally pregnant
is the Nm in CUrHAme of the passage iii. 14, 15, which is here varied.
Ver. 12 follows ver. 11 = iii. 15 as a justification of this
estimating of wisdom above all else in worth. Regarding ynixE with
Gaja, vid. the rule which the accentuation of this word in the three
so-called metrical books follows in Merx' Archiv, 1868, p. 203 (cf.
Baer's Torath Emeth, p. 40). We translate: ego sapientia incolo
sollertiam, for the verb NkawA is construed with the accuastive of the
object, ii. 21, x. 30, Ps. xxxvii. 3 (cf. rUg, Ps. v. 5), as well as with
b, Gen. xxvi. 2, Ps. lxix. 37. Wisdom inhabits prudence, has
settled down, as it were, and taken up her residence in it, is at
borne in its whole sphere, and rules it Bertheau not unsuitably
compares oi]kw?n with mo<noj e@xwn, 1 Tim. vi. 16. Regarding tOm.zim;,
vid. i. 4, v. 2. It denotes well-considered; carefully thought out
designs, plans, conclusions, and tfada is here the knowledge that is
so potent. This intellectual power is nothing beyond wisdom, it is
in her possession on every occasion; she strives after it not in vain,
her knowledge is defined according to her wish. Wisdom describes
herself here personally with regard to that which she bestows on
men who receive her.
178 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Far remote is the idea that 13a is dependent on xcAm;x, (I acquire)
(Löwenstein, Bertheau). With this verse begins a new series of
thoughts raising themselves on the basis of the fundamental clause
13a. Wisdom says what she hates, and why she hates it:
13 “The fear of Jahve is to hate evil;
Pride and arrogancy, and an evil way
And a deceitful mouth, do I hate."
If the fear of God is the beginning of wisdom (ix. 10, i. 7), then
wisdom, personally considered, stands before all else that is to be said
of her in a relation of homage or reverence toward God corresponding
to the fear of God on the part of man; and if, as the premiss 13a
shows, the fear of God has as its reverse side the hatred of evil,
then there arises what Wisdom says in ytixneW (I hate) of herself.
Instead of the n. actionis txan;Wi (hatred), formed in the same way
with txar;yi, which, admitting the article, becomes a substantive, the
author uses, in order that he might designate the predicate as such
(Hitzig), rather the n. actionis txnoW;, which is indeed also a noun,
but is not used substantively; txnoW; as txlom;, Jer. xxix. 10. txroq;,
Judg. viii. 1, is equivalent to tx,noW; like tw,by;, the becoming dry,
tl,koy;, the being able; cf. (Arab.) shanat, hating, malât, well-being,
kiarât, reading (Fl.). The evil which Wisdom hates is now parti-
cularized as, vi. 16-19, the evil which Jalive hates. The virtue of
all virtues is humility; therefore Wisdom hates, above all, self-
exaltation in all its forms. The paronomasia NOxGv; hxAGe (pride and
haughtiness) expresses the idea in the whole of its contents and
compass (cf. Isa. xv. 6, iii. 1, and above at i. 27). hxAGe (from hx,Ge,
the nominal form), that which is lofty = pride, stands with NOxGA, as
Job iv. 10, h.bogA that which is high =arrogance. There follows the
viam mali, representing the sins of walk, i.e. of conduct, and os
fallax (vid. at ii. 12), the sins of the mouth. Hitzig rightly rejects
the interpunctuation frA, and prefers frA. In consequence of this
Dechî (Tiphcha init.), tkoPuh;ta ypU have in Codd. and good editions
the servants Asla and Illuj (vid. Baer's Torath Emeth, p. 11);
A ben-Ezra and Moses Iiimchi consider the Asla erroneously as
disjunctive, and explain ypiU by et os= axioma meum, but Asla is
conjunctive, and has after it the t raphatum.
After Wisdom has said what she hates, and thus what she is not,
she now says what she is, has, and promises:
CHAP. VIII. 14-16. 179
14 "Mine is counsel and promotion;
I am understanding, mine is strength.
15 By me kings reign,
And rulers govern justly.
16 By me princes rule, and nobles—
All judges of the earth."
Whoever gives anything must himself possess it; in this sense
Wisdom claims for herself counsel, promotion (in the sense of
offering and containing that which is essentially and truly good;
vid. concerning hyA.wiUt, ii. 7), and energy (vid. Eccles. vii. 19). But
she does not merely possess hnAybi; this is much rather her peculiar
nature, and is one with her. That ver. 14 is formed after Job xii.
13, 16 (Hitzig) is possible, without there following thence any
argument against its genuineness. And if ver. 15 f., and Isa.
xxxii. 1, x. 1, stand in intentional reciprocal relation, then the
priority is on the side of the author of the Proverbs. The connec-
tion gives to the laconic expression its intended comprehensiveness.
It is not meant that Wisdom has the highest places in the state to
give, but that she makes men capable of holding and discharging
the duties of these.
Ver. 15b. Here we are led to think of legislation, but the usage
of the language determines for the Po. qqeHo only the significations
of commanding, decreeing, or judging; qd,c, is the object. accus.,
the opposite of Nv,xA-yqeq;Hi (decrees of unrighteousness), Isa. x. 1. Nz,ro
is a poetic word, from NzarA= Arab. razuna, to be heavy, weighty,
then to be firm, incapable of being shaken, figuratively of majestic
repose, dignity (cf.. and dObKA) in the whole external habitus, in
speech and action such as befits one invested with power (Fl.).
Ver. 16a. We may not explain the second clause of this verse:
et ad ingenua impelluntur quicunque terrae imperant, for bydinA is adj.
without such a verbal sense. But besides, Mybydn is not pred., for
which it is not adapted, because, with the obscuring of its ethical
signification (from bdanA, to impel inwardly, viz. to noble conduct,
particularly to liberality), it also denotes those who are noble only
with reference to birth, and not to disposition (Isa. xxxii. 8). Thus
Mybydn is a fourth synonym for the highly exalted, and Crx yFpw-lk is
the summary placing together of all kinds of dignity; for FpawA unites
in itself references to government, administration of justice, and
rule. lk is used, and not lkv—a so-called asyndeton summativum.
180 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Instead of Cr,xA (LXX.) there is found also the word qd,c, (Syr.,
Targ., Jerome, Graec. Venet., adopted by Norzi after Codd. and
Neapol. 1487). But this word, if not derived from the conclusion
of the preceding verse, is not needed by the text, and gives a
summary which does not accord with that which is summed up
(Myklm, Mynzr, MyrW, Mybydn); besides, the Scripture elsewhere calls
God Himself qdc Fpvw (Ps. ix. 5; Jer. xi. 20). The Masoretic
reading1 of most of the editions, which is also found in the Cod.
Hillel (yllh rps2), merits the preference.
The discourse of Wisdom makes a fresh departure, as at ver. 13:
she tells how, to those who love her, she repays this love:
17 "I love them that love me,
And they that seek me early find me.
18 Riches and honour are with me,
Durable riches and righteousness.
19 Better is my fruit than pure and fine gold,
And my revenue (better) than choice silver.
20 In the way of righteousness do I walk,
In the midst of the paths of justice.
21 To give an inheritance to them that love me
And I fill their treasuries."
The Chethîb hAyb,hExo (ego hos qui eam amant redamo), Gesenius,
Lehrgeb. § 196, 5, regards as a possible synallage (eam = me), but
one would rather think that it ought to be read (hvhy = ) ‘h ybehExo.
The ancients all have the reading ybahExo. bhaxe (=bhax<x, with the
change of the éĕ into ê, and the compression of the radical x; cf.
rmaxo, xbeTo, i. 10) is the form of the fut. Kal, which is inflected UbhExeT;,
i. 22. Regarding rHawi (the Graec. Venet. well: of oi[ o]rqri<zonte<j moi),
vid. i. 28, where the same epenthet. fut. form is found.
Ver. 18. In this verse part of iii. 16 is repeated, after which yTixi
is meant of possession (mecum and penes me). Regarding NOh, vid.
i. 13; instead of the adjective rqAyA. there, we have here qtefA. The
verb qtafA signifies promoveri, to move forwards, whence are derived
the meanings old (cf. aetas provecta, advanced age), venerable for
age, and noble, free (cf. qyTifa, Isa. xxviii. 9, and Arab. 'atyki, man-
1 If the Masoretes had read qd,c, yFpw, then would they have added the
remark tyl ("it does not further occur"), and inserted the expression in their
Register of Expressions, which occurs but once, Masora finalis, p. 62.
2 [One of the most ancient and celebrated Codd. of the Heb. Scriptures,
called Hillel from the name of the man who wrote it. Vid. Strack's Prolegomena,
p. 112. It was written about A.D. 600.]
CHAP. VIII. 17-21. 181
missus), unbound, the bold. Used of clothing, qyrifA (Isa. xxiii. 18)
expresses the idea of venerable for age. qtefA) used of possessions
and goods, like the Arab. 'âtaki, denotes such goods as increase
during long possession as an inheritance from father to son, and
remain firm, and are not for the first time gained, but only need
to be inherited, opes perennes et firmae (Schultens, Gesenius'
Thesaur., Fleischer), although it may be also explained (which is,
however, less probable with the form qtefA) of the idea of the vener-
able from opes superbae (Jerome), splendid opulence. hqAdAc; is
here also a good which is distributed, but properly the distributing
goodness itself, as the Arab. siadakat, influenced by the later use of
the Hebrew hqdc (dikaiosu<nh=e]lehmosu<nh), denotes all that which
God of His goodness causes to flow to men, or which men bestow
upon men (FL). Righteousness is partly a recompensative good-
ness, which rewards, according to the law of requital, like with
like; partly communicative, which, according to the law of love
without merit, and even in opposition to it bestows all that is good,
and above all, itself; but giving itself to man, it assimilates him to
itself (rid. Ps. xxiv. 7), so that he becomes qydc, and is regarded as
such before God and men, ver. 19.
The fruit and product of wisdom (the former a figure taken
from the trees, iii. 18; the latter from the sowing of seed, iii. 9)
is the gain and profit which it yields. With CUrHA, viii. 10, iii. 14,
zPA is here named as the place of fine gold, briefly for zpAUm bhAzA, solid
gold, gold separated from the place of ore which contains it, or gene-
rally separated gold, from zzaPA, violently to separate metals from base
mixtures; Targ. Nyziyrib;Ox xbAhEDa, gold which has stood the fire-test,
obrussa, of the crucible, Greek o@bruzon, Pers. ebrîz, Arab. ibrîz.
In the last clause of this verse, as also in 10b, rHAb;ni is to be inter-
preted as pred. to ytixAUbt;, but the balance of the meaning demands
as a side-piece to the zpmv CvrHm (19a) something more than the
mere Js,k,. In 20f. the reciprocal love is placed as the answer of
love under the point of view of the requiting righteousness. But
recompensative and communicative righteousness are here com-
bined, where therefore the subject is the requital of worthy pure
love and loving conduct, like with like. Such love requires re-
ciprocal love, not merely cordial love, but that which expresses
itself outwardly.
Vers. 20, 21. In this sense, Wisdom says that she acts strictly
according to justice and rectitude, and adds (21) wherein this her
182 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
conduct manifests itself. The Piel j`l.ehi expresses firm, constant
action; and j`OtB; means that she turns from this line of conduct
on no side. lyHin;hal; is distinguished from lyHnhB;, as ut possidendam
tribuam from possidendam tribuendo; the former denotes the
direction of the activity, the latter its nature and manner; both
combine if we translate ita ut . .1 Regarding the origin of wye,
vid. at ii. 7; it denotes the being founded, thus substantia, and
appears here, like the word in mediaeval Latin and Romanic (Ital.
sustanza, Span. substancia), and like ou]si<a and u!parcij (ta> u[pa<r-
xonta) in classic Greek, to denote possessions and goods. But since
this use of the word does not elsewhere occur (therefore Hitzig
explains wy=yl wy, I have it [= presto est]), and here, where
Wisdom speaks, wy connects itself in thought with hy.AwiUT, it will at
least denote real possession (as we also are wont to call not every
kind of property, but only landed property, real possession), such
possession as has real worth, and that not according to commercial
exchange and price, but according to sound judgment, which ap-
plies a higher than the common worldly standard of worth. The
Pasek between ybhx and wy is designed to separate the two Jods
from each other, and has, as a consequence, for ybahx lyHnhl the
accentuation with Tarcha and Mercha (vid. Accentssystem, vi. § 4;
cf. Torath Emeth, p. 17, § 3). The carrying forward of the inf.
with the finite, 21b, is as i. 27, ii. 2, and quite usual.
Ver. 22. Wisdom takes now a new departure, in establishing
her right to be heard, and to be obeyed and loved by men. As
the Divine King in Ps. ii. opposes to His adversaries the self-
testimony: "I will speak concerning a decree! Jahve said unto
me: Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten Thee;" so
Wisdom here unfolds her divine patent of nobility: she originates
with God before all creatures, and is the object of God's love and
joy, as she also has the object of her love and joy on God's earth,
and especially among the sons of men:
"Jahve brought me forth as the beginning of His way,
As the foremost of His works from of old."
The old translators render yninAqA (with Kametz by Dechî; vid. under
Ps. cxviii. 5) partly by verbs of creating (LXX. e@ktise, Syr.
1 Biesenthal combines the etymologically obscure lyHnh with lHanA: to make
to flow into, so that lHanA denotes inheritance in contradistinction to acquisition;
while hlAHEna, in contradistinction to hw.Aryu;, denotes the inheritance rather of
many than of the individual.
CHAP. VIII. 22. 183
Targ. ynixrAB;), partly by verbs of acquiring (Aquila, Symmachus,
Theodotion, Venet. e]kth<sato; Jerome, possedit); Wisdom appears
also as created, certainly not without reference to this passage,
Sir. i. 4, prote<ra pa<ntwn e@ktistai sofi<a; i. 9, au]to>j e@ktisen
au]th<n; xxiv. 8, o[ kti<saj me. In the christological controversy this
word gained a dogmatic signification, for they proceeded generally
on the identity of sofi<a u[postatikh< (sapientia substantialis) with
the hypostasis of the Son of God. The Arians used the e@ktise< me
as a proof of their doctrine of the filius non genitus, sed factus, i.e.
of His existence before the world began indeed, but yet not from
eternity, but originating in time; while, on the contrary, the ortho-
dox preferred the translation e]kth<sato and understood it of the
co-eternal existence of the Son with the Father, and agreed with
the e@ktise of the LXX. by referring it not to the actual existence,
but to the position, place of the Son (Athatiasius: Deus me creavit
regent or caput operum suorum; Cyrill.: non condidit secundum
substantiam, sed constituit me totius universi principium et funda-
mentum). But (1) Wisdom is not God, but is God's; she has
personal existence in the Logos of the N. T., but is not herself the
Logos; she is the world-idea, which, once projected, is objective to
God, not as a dead form, but as a living spiritual image; she is
the archetype of the world, which, originating from God, stands
before God, the world of the idea which forms the medium between
the Godhead and the world of actual existence, the communicated
spiritual power in the origination and the completion of the world
as God designed it to be. This wisdom the poet here personifies;
he does not speak of the personal Logos, but the further progress of
the revelation points to her actual personification in the Logos.
And (2) since to her the poet attributes an existence preceding the
creation of the world, he thereby declares her to be eternal, for to
be before the world is to be before time. For if he places her at
the head of the creatures, as the first of them, so therewith he does
not seek to make her a creature of this world having its commence-
ment in time; he connects her origination with the origination of
the creature only on this account, because that à priori refers and
tends to the latter; the power which was before heaven and earth
were, and which operated at the creation of the earth and of the
heavens, cannot certainly fall under the category of the creatures
around and above us. Therefore (3) the translation with e@ktisen
has nothing against it, but it is different from the kti<sij of the
184 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
heavens and the earth, and the poet has intentionally written not
ynixrAB;, but ynnq. Certainly hnq, Arab. kinâ, like all the words used
of creating, refers to one root-idea: that of forging (vid. under
Gen. iv. 22), as xrb does to that of cutting (vid. under Gen. i. 1);
but the mark of a commencement in time does not affix itself to hnq
in the same way as it does to xrb, which always expresses the
divine production of that which has not hitherto existed. hnq com-
prehends in it the meanings to create, and to create something for
oneself, to prepare, parare (e.g. Ps. cxxxix. 13), and to prepare
something for oneself, comparare, as kti<zein and kta?sqai, both
from kshi, to build, the former expressed by struere, and the latter
by sibi struere. In the yninAQA, then, there are the ideas, both that
God produced wisdom, and that He made Himself to possess it;
not certainly, however, as a man makes himself to possess wisdom
from without, iv. 7. But the idea of the bringing forth is here
the nearest demanded by the connection. For OKr;Da tywixre is not
equivalent to vkrd tywxrB; (Syr., Targ., Luther), as Jerome also
reads: Ita enim scriptum est: ADONAI CANANI BRESITH DERCHO
(Ep. cxl. ad Cyprian.); but it is, as Job xl. 19 shows, the second
accusative of the object (LXX., Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion).
But if God made wisdom as the beginning of His way, i.e. of His
creative efficiency (cf. Rev. iii. 14 and Col. i. 15), the making is
not to be thought of as acquiring, but as a bringing forth, reveal-
ing this creative efficiency of God, having it in view; and this is
also confirmed by the ytllvH (genita sum; cf. Gen. iv. 1, ytynq,
genui) following. Accordingly, vylAfAp;mi Md,q, (foremost of His works)
has to be regarded as a parallel second object. accusative. All the
old translators interpret Mdq as a preposition [before], but the
usage of the language before us does not recognise it as such; this
would be an Aramaism, for MdAqA, Dan. vii. 7, frequently MdAqI-Nmi
(Syr., Targ.), is so used. But as Md,q, signifies previous existence
in space, and then in time (vid. Orelli, Zeit und Ewigkeit, p. 76),
so it may be used of the object in which the previous existence
appears, thus (after Sir. i. 4): prote<ran tw?n e@rgwn au]tou? (Hitzig).
Ver. 23. A designation of the When? expressed first by NxAme
(Isa. xlviii. 8, cf. xl. 21), is further unfolded:
"From everlasting was I set up,
From the beginning, from the foundations of the earth."
That yTik;s.ani cannot be translated: I was anointed =consecrated,
vid. at Ps. ii. 6. But the translation also: I was woven = wrought
CHAP. VIII 24-26. 185
(Hitzig, Ewald, and previously one of the Greeks, e]dia<sqhn), does
not commend itself, for Mqa.ru (Ps. cxxxix. 15), used of the embryo, lies
far from the metaphorical sense in which j`sanA = Arab. nasaj, texere,
would here be translated of the origin of a person, and even of such a
spiritual being as Wisdom; yTid;sano as the LXX. reads (e]qemeliwse<
me), is not once used of such. Rightly Aquila, katesta<qhn; Sym-
machus, prokexei<rismai; Jerome, ordinata sum. Literally, but
unintelligibly, the Gr. Venet. ke<xumai, according to which (cf. Sir.
i. 10) Böttcher: I was poured forth = formed, but himself acknow-
ledging that this figure is not suitable to personification; nor is it
at all likely that the author applied the word, used in this sense of
idols, to the origin of Wisdom. The fact is, that j`sanA, used as seldom
of the anointing or consecration of kings as j`Us, passes over, like
qcayA (qyc,ihi), qUc (qUcmA, a pillar), and gcayA (gyci.hi), from the meaning of
pouring out to that of placing and appointing; the mediating idea
appears to be that of the pouring forth of the metal, since jysn, Dan.
xi. 8, like j`s,ne, signifies a molten image. The Jewish interpreters
quite correctly remark, in comparing it with the princely name j`ysinA
[cf. Ps. lxxxiii. 12] (although without etymological insight), that a
placing in princely dignity is meant. Of the three synonyms of
aeternitas a parte ante, MlAOfme points backwards into the infinite
distance, wxrome into the beginning of the world, Cr,xA-ymed;q.ami not into
the times which precede the origin of the earth, but into the oldest
times of its gradual arising; this ymdq it is impossible to render, in
conformity with the Hebr. use of language: it is an extensive
plur. of time, Böttcher, § 697. The Nmi repeated does not mean
that the origin and greatness of Wisdom are contemporaneous with
the foundation of the world; but that when the world was founded,
she was already an actual existence.
This her existence before the world began is now set forth in
yet more explicit statements:
24 "When there were as yet no floods was I brought forth,
When as yet there were no fountains which abounded with water;
25 For before the mountains were settled,
Before the hills was I brought forth,
26 While as yet He had not made land and plains,
And the sum of the dust of the earth."
The description is poetical, and affords some room for imagination.
By tOmOhT; are not intended the unrestrained primeval waters, but,
as also iii. 20, the inner waters, treasures of the earth; and conse-
186 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
quently by tOnyAf;ma, not the fountains of the sea on this earth (Ewald,
after Job xxxviii. 16), but the springs or places of springs (for NyAf;ma is
n. loci Nyifa, a well as an eye of the earth; vid. Gen. xvi. 7), by means
of which the internal waters of the earth communicate themselves
to the earth above (cf. Gen. vii. 11 with xlix. 25). MymA-yDeBAk;ni
(abounding with water) is a descriptive epitheton to tOnyAf;ma, which,
notwithstanding its fem. plur., is construed as masc. (cf. v. 16).
The Masora does not distinguish the thrice-occurring ydbkn ac-
cording to its form as written (Isa. xxiii. 8, 9). The form yDeBAb;ni
(which, like MyTiBA, would demand Metheg) is to be rejected; it is
everywhere to be written yDeBak;ni (Ewald, § 214b) with Pathach, with
Dagesh following; vid. Kimchi Michlol 61b. Kimchi adds the
gloss Mybr Mym ynyfm, which the Gr. Venet., in accordance with the
meaning of dbkn elsewhere, renders by phgai?j dedocasme<nwn u[da<twn
(as also Böttcher: the most honoured the most lordly); but
Meîri, Immanuel, and others rightly judge that the adjective is
here to be understood after Gen. xiii. 2, Job xiv. 21 (but in this
latter passage dbk does not mean "to be numerous"): loaded
endowed in rich measure.
Ver. 25. Instead of NyxeB;, in (yet) non-existence (24), we have
here Mr,F,, a subst. which signifies cutting off from that which
already exists (vid. at Gen. ii. 5), and then as a particle nondum
or antequam, with B; always antequam, and in ver. 26 xlo-dfa, so long
not yet (this also originally a substantive from hdAfA, in the sense of
progress). With UfBAF;hA (were settled) (as Job xxxviii. 6, from 7;9,
to impress into or upon anything, imprimere, infigere) the question
is asked: wherein? Not indeed: in the depths of the earth, but
as the Caraite Ahron b. Joseph answers, Myh fqrq lx, in the bottom
of the sea; for out of the waters they rise up, Ps. civ. 8 (cf. at
Gen. i. 9).
Ver. 26. tOcUHv; Cr,x, is either, connecting the whole with its part:
terra cum campis, or Crx gains by this connection the meaning
of land covered with buildings, while tvcvH the expanse of un-
occupied land, or the free field outside the towns and villages (cf.
rBa, Arab. barrytt) (Fl.), vid. Job v. 10, xxiii. 17 (where we have
translated "in the steppe far and wide"); and regarding the
fundamental idea, vid. above at v. 16. Synonymous with Crx, as
contrast to tOcvH, is lbeTe, which like lUby; (produce, wealth) comes
from lbayA, and thus denotes the earth as fruit-bearing (as hmAdAxE
properly denotes the humus as the covering of earth). Accordingly,
CHAP VIII. 27. 187
with Ewald, we may understand by tOrp;fa wxro "the heaps of the
many clods of the fertile arable land lying as if scattered on the
plains." Hitzig also translates: "the first clods of the earth." We
do not deny that tvrpf may mean clods of earth, i.e. pieces of earth
gathered together, as Job xxviii. 6, bhz trop;fa, gold ore, i.e. pieces
of earth or ore containing gold. But for clods of earth the Heb.
language has the nouns bg,r, and hpArAg;m,; and if we read together
tOrp;fa plur. of the collective rpAfA (dust as a mass), which comes as
from a n. unitatis hrApAfE, and wxro, which, among its meanings in
poetry as well as in prose, has also that of the sum, i.e. the chief
amount or the total amount (cf. the Arab. râs âlmâl, the capital, to>
kefa<laion), then the two words in their mutual relation yield the
sense of the sum of the several parts of the dust, as of the atoms
of dust (Cocceius; Schultens, summam pulverum orbis habitabilis);
and Fleischer rightly remarks that other interpretations, as ab initio
pulveris orbis, praecipua quaeque orbis terrarum, caput orbis terrarum
(i.e. according to Rashi, the first man; according to Umbreit, man
generally), leave the choice of the plur. tvrqf unintelligible. Be-
fore these creatures originated, Wisdom was, as she herself says,
and emphatically repeats, already born; yTil;lAOH is the passive of
the Pilel lleOH, which means to whirl, to twist oneself, to bring
forth with sorrow (Aquila, Theodotion, w]dinh<qhn; Graec. Venet.
24a, pe<plasmai, 25b, w]di<nhmai), then but poet. generally to beget,
to bring forth (xxv. 23, xxvi. 10).
Ver. 27. But not only did her existence precede the laying of
the foundation of the world; she was also actively taking part in
the creative work:
"When He prepared the heavens, I was there,
When He measured out a circle for the mirror of the multitude of waters."
Again a sentence clothed with two designations of time. The
adv. of place MwA is used, chiefly poetically, for ZzxA, eo tempore (Arab.
thumm, in contradistinction to thamm eo loco); but here it has the
signification of place, which includes that of time: Wisdom was
there when God created the world, and had then already long
before that come into existence, like as the servant of Jahve, Isa.
xlviii. 16, with just such ynixA MwA, says that He is there from the
time that the history of nations received a new direction, beginning
with Cyrus. NykihA signifies to give a firm position or a definite
direction. Thus Job xxviii. 27 of Wisdom, whom the Creator
places before Himself as a pattern (ideal); here, as Jer. x. 12, Ps.
188 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
lxv. 7, of the setting up, restoring throughout the whole world. In
the parallel member, gUH, corresponding to MyimawA, appears necessarily
to designate the circle or the vault of the heavens (Job xxii. 14),
which, according to the idea of the Hebrews, as in Homer, rests as
a half-globe on the outermost ends of the disc of the earth sur-
rounded with water, and thus lies on the waters. Vid. Hupfeld
under Ps. xxiv. 2. This idea of the ocean girdling the earth is
introduced into the O. T. without its being sanctioned by it. The
LXX. (kai> o!te a]fw<rize to>n e[autou? qro<non e]p ] a]ne<mwn) appears to
understand Mvht of the waters above; but Mvht never has this
meaning, MyA (Job ix. 8, xxxvi. 30) might rather be interpreted of the
ocean of the heavens. The passage in accordance with which this
before us is to be expounded is Job xxvi. 10: He has set a limit for
the surface of the waters, i.e. describing over them a circle setting
bounds to their region. So here, with the exchange of the func-
tions of the two words: when He marked out a circle over the
surface of the multitude of waters, viz. to appoint a fixed region
(hv,q;mi, Gen. i. 10) for them, i.e. the seas, fountains, rivers, in which
the waters under the heavens spread over the earth. qqaHA signifies
incidere, figere, to prescribe, to measure off, to consign, and directly
to mark out, which is done by means of firm impressions of the
graver's tools. But here this verb is without the Dagesh, to dis-
tinguish between the infinitive and the substantive Oq.Hu (his statute
or limit); for correct texts have OqHuB; (Michlol 147 a); and although
a monosyllable follows, yet there is no throwing back of the tone,
after the rule that words terminating in o in this case maintain their
ultima accentuation (e.g. lx OmWm, Num. xxiv. 23). Fleischer also
finally decides for the explanation: quum delinearet circulum super
abysso, when He marked out the region of the sea as with the circle.
In 28, 29, these two features of the figure of the creation of the
world return (the beginning of the firmament, and the embank-
ment of the under waters); hence we see that the discourse here
makes a fresh start with a new theme:
28 "When He made firm the ether above,
When He restrained the fountains of the waters;
29 When He set to the sea its bounds,
That the waters should not pass their limits;
When He settled the pillars of the earth;
30 Then was I with Him as director of the work,
And was delighted day by day,
Rejoicing always before Him,
CHAP. VIII. 28-31. 189
31 Rejoicing in His earth,
And having my delight in the children of men."
We have, with Symmachus, translated MyqiHAw;) (from qHawA, Arab.
shaki, to grind, to make thin) by ai]qe<ra, for so the fine transparent
strata of air above the hanging clouds are called—a poetic name of
the firmamentum fayqirA. The making firm Cm.exa is not to be understood
locally, but internally of the spreading out of the firmament over
the earth settled for continuance (an expression such as Ps.
lxxviii. 23). In 28b the Masora notices the plur. tOnyfi instead of
tOnyfe with tyl as unicum (cf. Michlol 191a); the transition of the
sound is as in tAyliGA from galajta. The inf. zOzfE appears on the first
look to require a transitive signification, as the LXX. and the
Targ., the Graec. Venet. and Luther (da er festiget die Brünnen
der tieffen = when He makes firm the fountains of the deep) have
rendered it. Elster accordingly believes that this signification must
be maintained, because B; here introduces creative activity, and in
itself is probably the transitive use of zzafA, as the Arab. 'azz shows:
when He set His zfo against the Myz.ifa Myima (Isa. xliii. 16). But the
absence of the subject is in favour of the opinion that here, as every-
where else, it is intransitive; only we may not, with Hitzig, trans-
late: when the fountains of the flood raged wildly; but, since 28b,
if not a creative efficiency, must yet express a creative work, either
as Ewald, with reference to zvfm, fortress: when they became firm,
or better as Fleischer, with reference toMyzf Mym: when they broke
forth with power, with strong fulness. Whether the suff. of Oq.Hu
29a, refers back to the sea or to Jahve, is decided after the parallel
vyPi. If this word is equivalent to its coast (cf. Ps. civ. 9), then
both suffixes refer to the sea; but the coast of the sea, or of a river,
is called not hpAWA, not hP,, which only means ostium (mouth), not ora.
Also Isa. xix. 7 will require to be translated: by the mouth of
the Nile; and that yp, Ps. cxxxiii. 2, may denote the under edge,
arises from this, that a coat has a mouth above as well as
below, i.e. is open. Thus both suff. are to be referred to God,
and vyp is to be determined after Job xxiii. 12. The clause
beginning with Mymv corresponds in periodizing discourse to a
clause with ut, Ewald, § 338. OqUHB; is the same form, only written
plene, as ver. 27, OqHuB; = Oq.HuB; = Oqq;HAB;.1
1 One might regard it as modified from vqqHb; but that yrAUw, Ps. xcii. 12, is
modified from yrArEwo, or yrAOh, Gen. xlix. 26, from yrarEha, is by no means certain.
190 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 30. In this sentence, subordinating to itself these designa-
tions of time, the principal question is as to the meaning of
Hofmann's interpretation (Schrzftbew. i. 97) "continually" (inf.
absol. in an adverbial sense) is a judicious idea, and NmaxA, to endure,
remains indeed in tm,x, (stability); but in this sense, which Nmax<n,
represents, it is not otherwise used. Also xTAn;mayhem; (believing, trust-
ing) of the Targ. (Graec. Venet. pi<stij, as if the word used were NUmaxe)
is linguistically inadmissible; the Hebr. Nymix<h, corresponds to the
Aram. haimēn. One of these two only is possible: NOmxA means
either opifex or alumnus. The meaning alumnus (Aquila, tiqhnou-
me<nh; Meîri and Malbim, lxh qyHb Nvmx, e]n t&? ko<lp& tou? qeou?)
would derive the word from NmaxA, to support, make firm, take care of;
the form ought to have a passive sense (Symm. Theod. e]sthrig-
me<nh), as lOdGA, twined, pressed, strong, great, and be pointed dqonA,
(with a moveable ā, different from the form dOgBA, COmHA, Isa. i. 17);
and NOmxA, in the meaning nursling, foster-child, favourite (Schultens,
Euchel, Elster, and others, also Rashi and Kimchi, who all find in
Nvmx the meaning of education, lvdyg), would place itself with NUmxA,
fostered, Lam. iv. 5, Nmexo, fosterer, tn,m,xo foster-mother. This is
the meaning of the word according to the connection, for Wisdom
appears further on as the child of God; as such she had her joy
before Him; and particularly God's earth, where she rejoiced with
the sons of men, was the scene of her mirth. But on this very
account, because this is further said, we also lose nothing if Nvmx
should be interpreted otherwise. And it is otherwise to be inter-
preted, for Wisdom is, in consequence of Ynnq (viii. 22), and ytllvH,
which is twice used (viii. 24, 25), God's own child; but the designa-
tion Nvmx would make Him to be the Nmexo of Wisdom; and the child
which an Nmexo bears, Num. xi. 12, and fosters, Esth. ii. 7, is not
his own. Hence it follows that liar in this signification would be
an a!pac lego<menon; on the other hand, it really occurs elsewhere,
Jer. lii. 15 (vid. Hitzig i.e.), in the sense of opifex. This sense,
which recommends itself to Ewald, Hitzig, Bertheau, and Zöckler,
lies also at the foundation of the a[rmo<zousa of the LXX., xnqtm
of the Syr., the cuncta componens of Jerome, and the designation
of Wisdom as h[ tw?n pa<ntwn texni?tij of the Book of Wisdom vii.
21. The workmaster is called NOmxA, for which, Cant. vii. 2, NmAxA, or
rather Nm.AxA (ommân), Aram. and Mishn. NmaUx; not, perhaps, as he
whom one entrusts with something in whom one confides or may
confide in a work (vid. Fleischer, loc.), but from NmaxA, to be firm, as
CHAP. VIII. 28-51. 191
one who is strong in his art, as perhaps also the right hand, which
has the name NymiyA as being the artifex among the members. The
word occurs also as an adjective in the sense of "experienced,
skilful," and does not form a fem. according to the use of the word
in this case before us, only because handicraft (tUnmAUx) belongs to
men, and not to women; also in the Greek, dhmiourgo<j, in the
sense of ta> dhmo<sia (ei]j to> dhmo<sion) e]rgazo<menoj, has no fem.;
and in Lat., artifex is used as a substantive (e.g. in Pliny: artifex
omnium natura), like an adj. of double gender. It is thus alto-
gether according to rule that we read NOmxA and not hnAOmxA (after
the form hdAOgBA); also we would make a mistake if we translated
the word by the German "Werkmeisterin" [work-mistress, direc-
tress] (Hitzig), for it is intended to be said that she took up the
place of a workmaster with Him, whereby chiefly the artistic per-
formances of a wrAHA[artificer] are thought of. This self-designation
of Wisdom is here very suitable; for after she has said that she
was brought forth by God before the world was, and that she was
present when it was created, this Nvmx now answers the question as
to what God had in view when He gave to Wisdom her separate
existence, and in what capacity she assisted in the creation of the
world: it was she who transferred the creative thoughts originally
existing in the creative will of God, and set in motion by His
creative order, from their ideal into their real effectiveness, and,
as it were, artistically carried out the delineations of the several
creatures; she was the mediating cause, the demiurgic power
which the divine creative activity made use of, as is said, iii. 19,
"Jahve has by Wisdom founded the earth," and as the Jerusalem
Targ. Gen. i. 1, in connection with Prov. viii. 22, translates:
xfAr;xa tyav; xy.Amaw; tya yAy; xrAb; xmAk;UHb;;.
But—this is now the question—does the further unfolding of the
thoughts here agree with this interpretation of Nvmx? That we may
not misunderstand what follows, we must first of all represent to
ourselves, that if Nvmx meant the foster-child, Wisdom could not yet,
in what follows, be thought of as a little child (Num. xi. 12), for
that would be an idea without any meaning; to rejoice [spielen=
play] is certainly quite in accordance with youth, as 2 Sam. ii. 14
shows (where ynpl qHW is said of the sportive combat of youthful
warriors before the captain), not exclusively little children. So,
then, we must guard against interpreting MyfiUwfEwa, with the LXX.
and Syr., in the sense of vyfAUwfEwa,—an interpretation which the
192 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Targ., Jerome, the Graec. Venet., and Luther have happily avoided;
for mention is not made here of what Wisdom is for Jahve, but of
what she is in herself. The expression is to be judged after Ps.
cix. 4 (cf. Gen. xii. 2), where Hitzig rightly translates, "I am
wholly prayer;" but Böttcher, in a way characteristic of his mode
of interpretation, prefers, "I am ointment" (vid. Neue Aehrenlese,
No. 1222). The delight is meant which this mediating participa-
tion in God's creating work imparted to her—joy in the work in
which she was engaged. The pluralet. Myfvwfw is to be understood
here, not after Jer. xxxi. 20, but after Isa. xi. 8, Ps. cxix. 70,
where its root-word, the Pilpel fwafEwi (proceeding from the primary
meaning of caressing, demulcere), signifies intransitively: to have his
delight somewhere or in anything, to delight oneself,—a synonym
to the idea of play (cf. Aram. xfAw;, Ethpe. to play, Ethpa. to chatter);
for play is in contrast to work, an occupation which has enjoy-
ment in view. But the work, i.e. the occupation, which aims to do
something useful, can also become a play if it costs no strenuous
effort, or if the effort which it costs passes wholly into the back-
ground in presence of the pleasure which it yields. Thus Wisdom
daily, i.e. during the whole course of creation, went forth in pure
delight; and the activity with which she translated into fact the
creative thoughts was a joyful noise in the sight of God, whose
commands she obeyed with childlike devotion; cf. 2 Sam. vi. 21,
where David calls his dancing and leaping before the ark of the
covenant a in ‘h ynep;li qHeWa. But by preference, her delight was in the
world, which is illustrated from the Persian Minokhired, which
personifies Wisdom, and, among other things, says of her: "The
creation of the earth, and its mingling with water, the springing up
and the growth of the trees, all the different colours, the odour, the
taste, and that which is pleasing in everything—all that is chiefly
the endowment and the performance of Wisdom."1 She also there
says that she was before all celestial and earthly beings, the first
with Ormuzd, and that all that is celestial and earthly arose and
also remains in existence by her. But the earth was the dearest
object of her delight in the whole world; to help in establishing it
(iii. 19) was her joyful occupation; to fashion it, and to provide it
with the multiplicity of existences designed for it, was the most
pleasant part of her creative activity. For the earth is the abode
of man, and the heart-pleasure of Wisdom was with (-tx,, prep.)
1 Vid. Spiegel's Grammatik der Pârsispracke, p. 162, cf. 182.
CHAP. VIII. 31, 32. 193
the children of men; with them she found her high enjoyment,
these were her peculiar and dearest sphere of activity.
Ver. 31. Since the statements of Wisdom, as to her participation
in the creation of the world, are at this point brought to a close, in
this verse there is set forth the intimate relation into which she
thus entered to the earth and to mankind, and which she has con-
tinued to sustain to the present day. She turned her love to the
earth for the sake of man, and to man not merely as a corporeal, but
especially as a spiritual being, to whom she can disclose her heart,
and whom, if he receives her, she can bring back to God (Book of
Wisdom vii. 27). There are not here express references to Gen.
i. or ii. In MOy MOy (day for day, as Gen. xxxix. 10, cf. Esth. ii. 4,
MOyvA MOy) we have not to think of the six days of creation. But
inasmuch as the whole description goes down to MdAxA yneB; as its
central-point, it denotes that creation came to its close and its goal
in man. The connection of Cr,x, lBete is as Job xxxvii. 12, where
hcAr;xa for Cr,x, is wholly, as hlAy;la, hsAr;Ha, and the like, an original
accusative.
Ver. 32. After that Wisdom has shown in vers. 22-31 how
worthy her fellowship is of being an object of desire from her
mediating place between God and the world, she begins with this
verse (as vii. 24, v. 7) the hortatory (paränetische) concluding part
of her discourse:
"And now, ye sons, hearken unto me,
And salvation to those who keep my ways!"
The LXX. omits ver. 33, and obviates the disturbing element
of yrew;xav;, 32b, arising from its v;, by a transposition of the stichs.
But this yrwxv is the same as the kai> maka<rioj, Matt. xi. 6; the
organic connection lies hid, as Schleiermacher (Hermeneutik, p. 73)
well expresses it, in the mere sequence; the clause containing the
proof is connected by v; with that for which proof is to be assigned,
instead of subordinating itself to it with yki. Such an exclamatory
clause has already been met with in iii. 13; there MdAxA follows as
the governed genitive, here a complete sentence (instead of the
usual participial construction, ykrd yrem;wo) forms this genitive, Gesen.
§ 123, 3, Anm. 1.
The summons 32a, and its reason 32b, are repeated in these
verses which follow:
33 "Hear instruction, and be wise,
And withdraw not.
194 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
34 Blessed is the man who hears me,
Watching daily at my gates,
Waiting at the posts of my doors!
35 For whosoever findeth me has found life,
And has obtained favour from Jahve;
36 And whosoever misseth me doeth wrong to himself;
All they who hate me love death."
The imper. UmkAHEva, 33a (et sapite), is to be judged after iv. 4,
hyeH;vi, cf. the Chethîb, xiii. 20; one sees this from the words
UfrAp;Ti-lxav; which follow, to which, after xv. 32, as at iv. 13, to
Jr,T,-lxa, rsAUm is to be placed as object: and throw not to the winds
(ne missam faciatis; vid. regarding frp at i. 25), viz. instruction (disciplinam).
Ver. 34. The yrew;xa here following Ufm;wi is related to it as assign-
ing a motive, like the yrew;xav; (ver. 32b) following vfmw; according to
the Masora, we have to write yrew;xa with Mercha, and on the first
syllable Gaja (vid. Baer's Torath Emeth, pp. 26, 29; cf. under Ps.
i. 1). dqow;li signifies to watch, not in the sense of ad vigilandum,
but vigilando, as Isa. v. 22, xxx. 1; Ewald, § 380d. In contradis-
tinction to ryfihe and Cyqihe, which denote watching as the consequence
of wakefulness or an interruption of sleep, dqawA signifies watching
as a condition, and that as one which a person willingly maintains
(Psychol. p. 275), the intentional watching (cf. Arab. shakiidha, to
fix penetrating eyes upon anything), with lfa, of the place and object
and aim (Jer. v. 6; cf. lf ryfh, Job viii. 6). The plurals tOtlAD;
(fores, as tOmHo, Jer. i. 18, maenia) and MyHitAP; are amplifying plurs.
of extension, suggesting the idea of a palace or temple; tzoUzm; (postes
portae, in quibus cardines ejus moventur, from zUz, to move hither and
thither) is intended to indicate that he to whom the discourse refers
holds himself in closest nearness to the entrance, that he might not
miss the moment when it is opened, or when she who dwells there
presents herself to view. "The figure is derived from the service
of a court: Wisdom is honoured by her disciples, as a queen
or high patroness; cf. Samachschari's Golden Necklaces, Pr. 35:
Blessed is the man who knocks only at God's door, and who
departs not a nail's breadth from God's threshold" (Fl.).
Ver. 35. This verse gives the reason for pronouncing those
happy who honour Wisdom. The Chethîb is Myy.iHa yxec;mo yxac;mo yki, but
the passing over into the sing. 35b is harsh and objectionable; the
Kerî, rightly regards the second yxcm as a mistaken repetition of the
first, and substitutes MyyH xcAmA yxic;mo yk, with which the yxiF;Hov; (ver.
CHAP. IX. 195
36a) of the antithesis agrees. Regarding yxic;mo, for which, less
accurately, yxic;mo (only with the Dechî without Metheg) is generally
written, vid. Accentuationssystem, vii. § 2. qypihe, to get out = reach,
exchanged with xcAmA, iii. 13 (vid. there); according to its etymon, it
is connected with Nmi, of him from or by whom one has reached
anything; here, as xii. 2, xviii. 22, God's favour, favorem a Nova
impetravit.
Ver. 36. yxiF;Ho may, it is true, mean "my sinning one=he who sins
against me (yli xFeHo)," as ymaqA is frequently equivalent to ylafA MymiqA; but
the contrast of yxic;mo places it beyond a doubt that xFH stands here
in its oldest signification: to miss something after which one runs
(xix. 2), seeks (Job v. 24), at which one shoots (Hiph. Judg. xx. 16),
etc., id non attingere quod petitur, Arab. âkhita, to miss, opposite to
âsiab, to hit (Fl.). Just because it is the idea of missing, which,
ethically applied, passes over into that of sin and guilt (of fault,
mistake, false step, “Fehls, Fehlers, Fehltritts"), xFH can stand
not only with the accusative of the subject in regard to which one
errs, Lev. v. 16, but also with the accusative of the subject which
one forfeits, i.e. misses and loses, xx. 2, cf. Hab. ii. 10; so that
not only Owp;na sxemo, xv. 32 (animam suam nihili facit), but also
Owp;na xFeOH, xx. 2 (animam suam pessumdat), is synonymous with
Owp;na smeHo (animae suae h. e. sibi ipsi injuriam facit). Whoever
misses Wisdom by taking some other way than that which leads to
her, acts suicidally: all they who wilfully hate (Piel) wisdom love
death, for wisdom is the tree of life, iii. 18; wisdom and life are
one, 35a, as the Incarnate Wisdom saith, John viii. 51, "If a man
keep my sayings, he shall never see death." In the Logos,
Wisdom, has her self-existence; in Him she has her personification,
her justification, and her truth.
FIFTEENTH INTRODUCTORY MASHAL DISCOURSE, IX.
A DOUBLE INVITATION: THAT OF WISDOM, AND THAT OF HER
RIVAL, FOLLY.
The preceding discourse pronounces those happy who, having
taken their stand at the portal of Wisdom, wait for her appearance
and her invitation. There is thus a house of Wisdom as there is a
196 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
house of God, Ps. lxxxiv. 11; and if now the discourse is of a house
of Wisdom, and of an invitation to a banquet therein (like that in
the parable, Matt. xxii., of the invitation to the marriage feast of
the king's son), it is not given without preparation:
1 Wisdom hath builded for herself an house,
Hewn out her seven pillars;
2 Hath slaughtered her beasts, mingled her wine;
Hath also spread her table;
3 Hath sent out her maidens; she waiteth
On the highest points of the city.
Regarding tOmk;HA., vid. at i. 20. It is a plur. excellentiae, which is a
variety of the plur. extensivus. Because it is the expression of a
plural unity, it stands connected (as for the most part also Myhlx,
Deus) with the sing. of the predicate. The perfects enumerate all
that Wisdom has done to prepare for her invitation. If we had a
parable before us, the perf. would have run into the historical Hlaw;Tiva;
but it is, as the xrAq;Ti shows, an allegorical picture of the arrange-
ment and carrying out of a present reality. Instead of tyiBa h.lA htAn;BA
there is h.tAybe htAn;BA, for the house is already in its origin repre-
sented as hers, and lb is to be translated: she has hewn out her
seven pillars (Hitzig); more correctly: her pillars, viz. seven (after
the scheme hfArA MtABAdi, Gen. xxxvii. 2); but the construction is closer.
hfbw is, altogether like Ex. xxv. 37, the accusative of the second
object, or of the predicate after the species of verba, with the idea:
to make something, turn into something, which take to themselves
a double accusative, Gesen. § 139, 2: excidit columnas suas ita ut
septem essent. Since the figure is allegorical, we may not dispense
with the interpretation of the number seven by the remark, "No
emphasis lies in the number" (Bertheau). First, we must con-
template architecturally the house with seven pillars: "They are,"
as Hitzig rightly remarks, "the pillars of the NOrD;s;mi (porch) [vid.
Bachmann under Judg. iii. 23, and Wetstein under Ps. cxliv. 12,
where bFaHA is used of the cutting out and hewing of wood, as
bcaHA of the cutting out and hewing of stone] in the inner court,
which bore up the gallery of the first (and second) floors: four of
these in the corners and three in the middle of three sides; through
the midst of these the way led into the court of the house-floor [the
area]." But we cannot agree with Hitzig in maintaining that, with
the seven pillars of viii. and ix., the author looks back to the first
seven chapters (Arab. âbwab, gates) of this book; we think other-
CHAP. IX. 1-3. 197
wise of the component members of this Introduction to the Book of
Proverbs; and to call the sections of a book "gates, Myrfw," is a late
Arabico-Jewish custom, of which there is found no trace whatever
in the O. T. To regard them also, with Heidenheim (cf. Dante's
Prose Writings, translated by Streckfuss, p. 77), as representing the
seven liberal arts (tvmKH fbw) is impracticable; for this division of
the artes liberales into seven, consisting of the Trivium (Grammar,
Rhetoric, and Dialectics) and Quadrivium (Music, Arithmetic,
Geometry, and Astronomy), is not to be looked for within the old
Israelitish territory, and besides, these were the sciences of this
world which were so divided; but wisdom, to which the discourse
here refers, is wholly a religious-moral subject. The Midrash
thinks of the seven heavens (Myfyqr hfbw), or the seven climates or
parts of the earth (tvcrx hfbw), as represented by them; but both
references require artificial combinations, and have, as also the refer-
ence to the seven church-eras (Vitringa and Chr. Ben. Michaelis),
this against them, that they are rendered probable neither from
these introductory proverbial discourses, nor generally from the
O. T. writings. The patristic and middle-age reference to the seven
sacraments of the church passes sentence against itself; but the
old interpretation is on the right path, when it suggests that the
seven pillars are the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost. The seven-
foldness of the manifestation of the Spirit, already brought near
by the seven lamps of the sacred candelabra (the hrAOnm;), is estab-
lished by Isa. xi. 2 (vid. l.c.); and that Wisdom is the possessor and
dispenser of the Spirit she herself testifies, i. 23. Her Spirit is the
"Spirit of wisdom;" but at the same time, since, born of God, she
is mediatrix between God and the world, also the "Spirit of Jahve."
He is the "spirit of understanding," the "spirit of counsel,"
and the "spirit of might" (Isa. xi. 2); for she says, viii. 14,
"Counsel is mine, and reflection; I am understanding, I have
strength." He is also the "spirit of knowledge," and the "spirit
of the fear of the Lord" (Isa. xi. 2); for fear and the knowledge
of Jahve are, according to ix. 14, the beginning of wisdom, and
essentially wisdom itself.
Ver. 2. If thus the house of Wisdom is the place of her fellow-
ship with those who honour her, the system of arrangements made
by her, so as, to disclose and communicate to her disciples the
fulness of her strength and her gifts, then it is appropriate to
understand by the seven pillars the seven virtues of her nature
198 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
communicating themselves (apocalyptically expressed, the e[[pta>
pneu<mata), which bear up and adorn the dwelling which she
establishes among men. Flesh and wine are figures of the
nourishment for the mind and the heart which is found with
wisdom, and, without asking what the flesh and the wine specially
mean, are figures of the manifold enjoyment which makes at
once strong and happy. The segolate n. verbale HbaF,, which vii.
22 denoted the slaughtering or the being slaughtered, signifies
here, in the concrete sense, the slaughtered ox; Michaelis rightly
remarks that HbF, in contradistinction to Hbz, is the usual word for
mactatio extrasacrificialis. Regarding Nyiya j`samA, vid. under Isa.
v. 22; it is not meant of the mingling of wine with sweet scents
and spices, but with water (warm or cold), and signifies simply to
make the wine palatable (as kerannu<nai, temperare); the LXX.
e]ke<rasen ei]j krath?ra, krath<r is the name of the vessel in which
the mixing takes place; they drank not a@kraton, but kekeras-
me<non a@kraton, Rev. xiv. 10. The frequently occurring phrase
NhAl;wu j`rafA signifies to prepare the table (from Hla.wu), properly the
unrolled and outspread leather cover), viz. by the placing out of
the dishes (vid. regarding j`rafA, under Gen. xxii. 9).
Ver. 3. The verb xrAqA, when a feast is spoken of, means to
invite; Myxiruq;, ver. 18 (cf. 1 Sam. ix. 13, etc.), are the guests.
hAyt,OrfEna) the LXX. translates tou>j e[auth?j dou<louj, but certainly
here the disciples are meant who already are in the service of
Wisdom; but that those who are invited to Wisdom are thought
of as feminine, arises from the tasteful execution of the picture.
The invitation goes forth to be known to all far and wide, so that
in her servants Wisdom takes her stand in the high places of the
city. Instead of wxroB;, viii. 2, i. 21, there is used here the expres-
sion yPen.a-lfa. We must distinguish the Semitic JGa, (= ganf), wings,
from Jng = Jnk, to cover, and JGa; (= gaff or ganf), the bark, which is
derived either from JpaGA or JnaGA, , convezus, incurvus et ex-
trinsecus gibber fuit, hence originally any surface bent outwards or
become crooked (cf. the roots cap, caf, bg Jg Jk bq, etc.), here the
summit of a height (Fl.); thus not super alis (after the analogy of
pteru<gion, after Suidas = a]krwth<rion), but super dorsis (as in Lat.
we say dorsum montis, and also viae).
Now follows the street-sermon of Wisdom inviting to her
banquet:
CHAP. IX. 4-6. 199
4 "Who is simple? let him come hither!"
Whoso wanteth understanding, to him she saith:
5 "Come, eat of my bread,
And drink of the wine which I have mingled!
6 Cease, ye simple, and live,
And walk straight on in the way of understanding."
The question ytip, ymi (thus with Munach, not with Makkeph, it is to
be written here and at ver. 16; vid. Baer's Torath Emeth, p. 40),
quis est imperitus, is, as Ps. xxv. 12, only a more animated expres-
sion for quisquis est. The retiring into the background of the
tOrfAn; (servants), and the immediate appearance of Wisdom herself,
together with the interruption, as was to be expected, of her con-
nected discourses by the Ol. hrAm;xA, are signs that the pure execution
of the allegorical representation is here at an end. Hitzig seeks,
by the rejection of vers. 4, 5, 7-10, to bring in a logical sequence;
but these interpolations which he cuts out are yet far more incon-
ceivable than the proverbial discourses in the mouth of Wisdom,
abandoning the figure of a banquet, which besides are wholly
in the spirit of the author of this book. That Folly invites to her,
ver. 16, in the same words as are used by Wisdom, ver 4, is not
strange; both address themselves to the simple (vid. on ytiP; at i. 4)
and those devoid of understanding (as the youth, vii. 7), and seek
to bring to their side those who are accessible to evil as to good,
and do not fully distinguish between them, which the emulating
devertat huc of both imports. The fourth verse points partly back-
wards, and partly forwards; 4a has its introduction in the xrqt of
ver. 3; on the contrary, 4b is itself the introduction of what
follows. The setting forth of the nom. absolutus ble-rsaHE is con-
ditioned by the form of 4a; the ymi (cf. 4a) is continued (in 4b)
without its needing to be supplied: excors (= si quis est excors)
dicit ei (not dixit, because syntactically subordinating itself to the
xrqt). It is a nominal clause, whose virtual predicate (the devoid
of understanding is thus and thus addressed by her) is in ver. 16.
Ver. 5. The plur. of the address shows that the simple (in-
experienced) and the devoid of understanding are regarded as
essentially one and the same class of men. The B; after MHalA and
htAwA proceeds neither from the idea of eating into (hewing into)
anything, nor from the eating with anything, i.e. inasmuch as one
makes use of it, nor of pampering oneself with anything (as b; hxArA);
Michaelis at last makes a right decision (cf. Lev. xxii. 11, Judg.
200 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
xiii. 16, Job xxi. 25, and particularly B; MHalA, Ps. cxli. 4): com-
municationem et participationein in re fruenda denotat; the LXX.
fa<gete tw?n e]mw?n a@rtwn. The attributive yTik;samA stands with back-
ward reference briefly for vyTik;sam;. That Wisdom, ver. 2, offers
flesh and wine, but here presents bread and wine, is no contradic-
tion, which would lead us, with Hitzig, critically to reject vers. 4
and 5 as spurious; MH,l, is the most common, all-comprehensive
name for nourishment. Bertheau suitably compares Jahve's in-
vitation, Isa lv. 1, and that of Jesus, John vi. 35.
Ver. 6. That MyxitAp; is a plur. with abstract signification (accord-
ing to which the four Greek and the two Aramaean translations
render it; the Graec.Venet., however, renders tou>j nhpi<ouj) is impro-
bable; the author forms the abstr. ver. 13 otherwise, and the expres-
sion here would be doubtful. For Myxtp is here to be rendered
as the object-accus.: leave the simple, i.e. forsake this class of
men (Ahron b. Joseph; Umbreit, Zöckler); or also, which we prefer
(since it is always a singular thought that the "simple" should
leave the "simple"), as the vocative, and so that Ubz;fi means not
absolutely "leave off" (Hitzig), but so that the object to be
thought of is to be taken from Myxtp: give up, leave off, viz. the
simple (Immanuel and others; on the contrary, Rashi, Meiri, and
others, as Ewald, Bertheau, decide in favour of Myxtp as n. abstr.).
Regarding UyH;vi, for et vivetis, vid. iv. 4. The LXX., paraphrasing :
i!na ei]j to>n ai]w?na basileu<shte. rwaxA is related to rUwxE (rUw.xa) as
j`raDA to j`r,D,; the Piel, not in its intrans. (vid. iv. 14) but in its
trans. sense (Isa. i. 17, iii. 12, etc.), shows that the idea of going
straight out and forwards connects itself therewith. The peculi-
arity of the ytp is just the absence of character.
In what now follows the discourse of Wisdom is continued; where-
fore she directs her invitation to the simple, i.e. those who have not
yet decided, and are perhaps susceptible of that which is better:
7 "He who correcteth a scorner draweth upon himself insult;
And he who communicateth instruction to a scorner, it is a dishonour
to him.
8 Instruct not a scorner, lest he hate thee;
Give instruction to the wise, so he will love thee.
9 Give to the wise, and he becomes yet wiser;
Give knowledge to the upright, and he gains in knowledge."
Zöckler thinks that herewith the reason for the summons to the
"simple" to forsake the fellowship of men of their own sort, is
CHAP. 1X. 7-9. 201
assigned (he explains 6a as Apron b. Joseph: Myxtph Nm vdrph); but
his remark that, under the term "simple," mockers and wicked per-
son. are comprehended as belonging to the same category, confounds
two sharply distinguished classes of men. Cle, is the freethinker
who mocks at religion and virtue (vid. i. 22), and fwArA the godless
who shuns restraint by God and gives himself up to the unbridled
impulse to evil. The course of thought in ver. 7 and onwards
shows why Wisdom, turning from the wise, who already are hers,
directs herself only to the simple, and those who are devoid of
understanding: she must pass over the Cle and fwArA because she
can there hope for no receptivity for her invitation; she would,
contrary to Matt. vii. 6, "give that which is holy to the dogs, and
cast her pearls before swine." rsayA, paideu<ein (with the prevailing
idea of the bitter lesson of reproof and punishment), and HaykiOh,
e]le<gxein, are interchangeable conceptions, Ps. xciv. 10; the is
her exponent of the object (to bring an accusation against any
one), as ver. 8, xv. 12 (otherwise as Isa. ii. 4, xi. 4, where it is the
dat. commodi: to bring unrighteousness to light, in favour of the
injured). Cle rseyo is pointed with Mahpach of the penultima, and
thus with the tone thrown back. The Pasek, placed in some
editions between the two words, is masoretically inaccurate. He
who reads the moral to the mocker brings disgrace to himself; the
inco rigible replies to the goodwill with insult. Similar to the Ol Haqelo
here is Myrime tollit =reportat, iii. 35, iv. 27. In 7b OmUm is by no
means the object governed by HaykiOmU and he who shows to the
godless his fault (Meîri, Arama, Löwenstein: vmvm=vmvm-lf and
thus also the Graec. Venet. mw?mon e[aut&?, scil. lamba<nei); plainly
vmvm is parallel with Nvlq. But vmvm does not also subordinate itself
to Haqelo as to the object. parallel Nvlq maculam sibinzet scil. acquirit;
for, to be so understood, the author ought at least to have written
Ol MUm. Much rather vmvm is here, as at Deut. xxxii. 5, appos., thus
pred (Hitzig), without needing anything to be supplied: his blot
it is viz. this proceeding, which is equivalent to h.yle xUh xmAUm
(Targ.), opprobrio ipsi est. Zöckler not incorrectly compares Ps.
cxv. 7 and Eccles. v. 16, but the expression (macula ejus = ipsi)
lies here less remote from our form of expression. In other words:
Whoever correcteth the mockers has only to expect hatred (Hkvt-lx
with the tone thrown back, according to rule; cf., on the contrary,
Judg. xviii. 25), but on the other hand, love from the wise.
202 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 8. The v in jbhxyv; is that of consequence (apodosis im-
perativi): so he will love thee (as also Ewald now translates), not:
that he may love thee (Syr., Targ.), for the author speaks here
only of the consequence, not of something else, as an object kept
in view. The exhortation influences the mocker less than nothing,
so much the more it bears fruit with the wise. Thus the proverb
is confirmed habenti dabitur, Matt. xiii. 12, xxv. 29.
Ver. 9. If anything is to be supplied to NTe, it is Hqal, (iv. 2); but
Nt, tradere, paradido<nai, is of itself correlat. of Hql, accipere (post-
bibl. lBeqi), paralamba<nein, e.g. Gal. i. 9. l; fydvh =to communi-
cate knowledge, tfd, follows the analogy of l; Hykvh, to impart
instruction, tfd. Regarding the jussive form Js,Oyv; in the apod.
imper., vid. Gesen. § 128, 2. Observe in this verse the inter-
change of MkH and qydc. Wisdom is not merely an intellectual
power, it is a moral quality; in this is founded her receptivity of
instruction, her embracing of every opportunity for self-improve-
ment. She is humble; for, without self-will and self-sufficiency,
she makes God's will her highest and absolutely binding rule
(iii. 7).
These words naturally follow:
10 "The beginning of wisdom is the fear of Jahve,
And the knowledge of the Holy One is understanding."
This is the highest principle of the Chokma, which stands (i. 7)
as a motto at the beginning of the Book of Proverbs. The LXX.
translate tywixre there (i. 7), and tla.HiT;, here, bya]rxh<. Gusset dis-
tinguishes the two synonyms as pars optima and primus actus;
but the former denotes the fear of God as that which stands in the
uppermost place, to which all that Wisdom accomplishes subordi-
nates itself; the latter as that which begins wisdom, that which it
proposes to itself in its course. With hvhy is interchanged, ii. 5,
Myhlx, as here MywiOdq; as the internally multiplicative plur. (Dietrich,
Abhandlungen, pp. 12, 45), as xxx. 3, Josh. xxiv. 9, Hos. xii. 1, of
God, the "Holy, holy, holy" (Isa. vi. 3), i.e. Him who is abso-
lutely Holy. Michaelis inaccurately, following the ancients, who
understood not this non-numerical plur.: cognitio quae sanctos facit
et sanctis propria est. The tfada, parallel with txar;yi, is meant of
lively practical operative knowledge, which subordinates itself to
this All-holy God as the normative but unapproachable pattern.
Ver. 11. The singular reason for this proverb of Wisdom is now
given:
CHAP. IX. 12. 203
"For by me will thy days become many,
And the years of thy life will be increased."
Incorrectly Hitzig: "and years of life will increase to thee;'
JysiOh is always and everywhere (e.g. also Job xxxviii. 11) transitive.
In the similar passage, iii. 2, vpysvy had as its subject the doctrine
of Wisdom; here hmkH and hnyb it is not practicable to interpret as
subj., since 11a Wisdom is the subject discoursing—the expression
follows the scheme, dicunt eos = dicuntur, as e.g. Job vii. 3; Gesen.
§ 137—a concealing of the operative cause, which lies near, where,
as ii. 22, the discourse is of severe judgment, thus: they (viz. the
heavenly Powers) will grant to thee years of life (Myy.iHa in a preg-
nant sense, as iii. 2) in rich measure, so that constantly one span
comes after another. But in what connection of consequence does
this stand with the contents of the proverb, ver. 10? The ancients
say that the clause with yk refers back to ver. 5 f. The vers. 7-10
(according also to Fl.) are, as it were, parenthetic. Hitzig rejects
these verses as an interpolation, but the connection of ver. 11 with
5 f. retains also something that is unsuitable: "steps forward on the
way of knowledge, for by me shall thy days become many;" and if,
as Hitzig supposes, ver. 12 is undoubtedly genuine, whose connec-
tion with ver. 11 is in no way obvious, then also will the difficulty of
the connection of vers. 7-10 with the preceding and the succeed-
ing be no decisive mark of the want of genuineness of this course
of thought. We have seen how the progress of ver. 6 to 7 is
mediated: the invitation of Wisdom goes forth to the receptive,
with the exclusion of the irrecoverable. And ver. 11 is related to
ver. 10, as the proof of the cause from the effect. It is the fear of
God with which Wisdom begins, the knowledge of God in which
above all it consists, for by it is fulfilled the promise of life which
is given to the fear of God, x. 27, xiv. 27, xix. 23, cf. Deut. iv.
40, and to humility, which is bound up with it, x. 17.
Ver. 12. This wisdom, resting on the fear of God, is itself a
blessing to the wise:
"If thou art wise, thou art wise for thyself;
And if thou mockest, thou alone shalt bear it."
The LXX., with the Syr., mangle the thought of 12a, for they
translate: if thou art wise for thyself, so also thou wilt be wise for
thy neighbour. The dat. commodi j`lA means that it is for the per-
sonal advantage of the wise to be wise. The contrast expressed
204 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
by Job xxii. 2 f.: not profitable to God, but to thyself (Hitzig), is
scarcely intended, although, so far as the accentuation is antithetic,
it is the nearest. The perf. TAc;lav; is the hypothetical; Gesen.
§ 126, 1. To bear anything, viz. anything sinful (xF;He or NOfA), is
equivalent to, to atone for it, Job xxxiv. 2, cf. Num. ix. 13, Ezek.
xxiii. 35. Also 12b is a contrast scarcely aimed at. Wisdom is its
own profit to man; libertinism is its own disgrace. Man decides,
whenever he prefers to be wise, or to be a mocker of religion and
of virtue, regarding his own weal and woe. With this nota bene
the discourse of Wisdom closes.
The poet now brings before us another figure, for he personifies
Folly working in opposition to Wisdom, and gives her a feminine
name, as the contrast to Wisdom required, and thereby to indicate
that the seduction, as the 13th proverbial discourse (chap. vii.) has
shown, appears especially in the form of degraded womanhood:
13 The woman Folly [Frau Thorheit] conducts herself boisterously,
Wantonness, and not knowing anything at all;
14 And hath seated herself at the door of her house,
On a seat high up in the city,
15 To call to those who walk in the way,
Who go straight on their path.
The connection of tUlysiK; tw,xe is genitival, and the genitive is not,
as in frA twx, vi. 24, specifying, but appositional, as in Nvyc-tb (vid.
under Isa. i. 8). hy.AmiOh [boisterous] is pred., as vii. 11: her object
is sensual, and therefore her appearance excites passionately, over-
coming the resistance of the mind by boisterousness. In 13b it is
further said who and how she is. tUy.taP; she is called as wanton-
ness personified. This abstract tUy.taP;, derived from ytiP;, must be
vocalized as tUy.rizAk;xa; Hitzig thinks it is written with a on account
of the following u sound, but this formation always ends in ijjüth,
not ajjûth. But as from hzAHA as well NOyz.AHi= NOyz;H, as NOzHA is formed,
so from htAPA as well tUtPA like tUzHA, or tUtP; like tUzl;, tUfr;, as
tUytAP; (instead of which tOy.taP; is preferred) can be formed; Kimchi
rightly (Michlol 181a) presents the word under the form tUlfAP;.
With lbaU (xiv. 7) poetic, and stronger than xlov;, the designation of
the subject is continued; the words hm.A hfAd;yA-lbaU (thus with Mercha
and without Makkeph following, hfdy, is to be written, after
Codd. and old editions) have the value of an adjective: and not
knowing anything at all (hmA—ti>, as Num. xxiii. 3, Job xiii. 13,
and here in the negative clause, as in prose hmAUxm;), i.e. devoid of
CHAP. IX. 16, 17. 205
all knowledge. The Targ. translates explanatorily: not recog-
nising xTAb;Fa, the good; and the LXX. substitutes: she knows not
shame, which, according to Hitzig, supposes the word hm.AliK;, ap-
proved of by him; but hmlk means always pudefactio, not pudor.
To know no hmlk would be equivalent to, to let no shaming from
without influence one; for shamelessness the poet would have made
use of the expression tw,B hfdy-lbv. In hbaw;yAv; the declaration re-
garding the subject beginning with hymvh is continued: Folly also
has a house in which works of folly are carried on, and has set her-
self down by the door (Htap,l; as ypil;, viii. 3) of this house; she sits
there xs.eKi-lfa. Most interpreters here think on a throne (LXX.
e]pi> di<frou, used especially of the sella curulis); and Zöckler, as
Umbreit, Hitzig, and others, connecting genitiv. therewith ymerom;
tr,qA, changes in 14b the scene for he removes the "high throne of
the city" from the door of the house to some place elsewhere.
But the sitting is in contrast to the standing and going on the part
of Wisdom on the streets preaching (Evagrius well renders: in
molli ignavaque sella); and if xsk and house-door are named along
with each other, the former is a seat before the latter, and the
accentuation rightly separates by Mugrash xsk from trq ymrm.
“According to the accents and the meaning, trq ymrm is the acc.
loci: on the, places of the city, as viii. 2 f." (Fl.) They are
th high points of the city, to which, as Wisdom, ver. 3, viii. 2, so
al o Folly, her rival (wherefore Eccles. x. 6 does not appertain
to this place), invites followers to herself. She sits before her
door to call j`r,dA yreb;fol; (with Munach, as in Cod. 1294 and old
editions, without the Makkeph), those who go along the way
(genitive connection with the supposition of the accusative con-
struction, transire viam, as ii. 7), to call (invite) Myriw.;yam;ha (to be
pointed with m raphatum and Gaja going before, according to
B n-Asher's rule; vid. Methegsetz. § 20), those who make straight
th it path, 4. who go straight on, directly before them (cf Isa.
lvii. 2). The participial construction (the schemes amans Dei and
amans Deum), as well as that of the verb xrq (first with the dat.
and then with the accus.), interchange.
The woman, who in her own person serves as a sign to her
house, addresses those who pass by in their innocence (Mm.Atul;, 2
Sam. xv. 11):
16 "Whoso is simple, let him turn in hither!"
And if any one is devoid of understanding, she saith to him:
206 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
17 "Stolen waters taste sweet,
And the bread of secrecy is pleasant."
ytiP; (folly, simplicity) has a side accessible to good and its contrary:
Wisdom is connected with the one side, and Folly with the other.
And as the bl-rsH offers a vacuum to Wisdom which may perhaps.
be filled with the right contents, so is this vacuum welcome to Folly,
because it meets there no resistance. In this sense, ver. 16 is like
ver. 4 (excepting the addition of a connecting and of a concluding v:
et si quis excors, turn dicit ei); the word is the same in both, but
the meaning, according to the two speakers, is different. That to
which they both invite is the pleasure of her fellowship, under the
symbol of eating and drinking; in the one case it is intellectual
and spiritual enjoyment, in the other sensual. That Wisdom offers
(ix. 5) bread and wine, and Folly water and bread, has its reason
in this, that the particular pleasure to which the latter invites is of
a sensual kind; for to drink water out of his own or out of another
fountain is (iii. 15-20) the symbol of intercourse in married life,
or of intercourse between the unmarried, particularly of adulterous
intercourse. MybiUnG; Myima (correct texts have it thus, without the
Makkeph) is sexual intercourse which is stolen from him who has a
right thereto, thus carnal intercouse with wyxi tw,xe; and MyritAs; MH,l,
fleshly lust, which, because it is contrary to the law, must seek (cf.
furtum, secret love intrigue) concealment (Myrts, extensive plur.,
as MyqimafEma; Böttcher, § 694). Just such pleasure, after which one
wipes his mouth as if he had done nothing (xxx. 20), is for men
who are without wisdom sweet (qtm, Job xx. 12) and pleasant; the
prohibition of it gives to such pleasure attraction, and the secrecy
adds seasoning; and just such enjoyments the tvlysk, personified
carnality, offers. But woe to him who, befooled, enters her house!
He goes within:
18 And he knows not that the dead are there;
In the depths of Hades, her guests.
How near to one another the house of the adulteress and Hades
are, so that a man passes through the one into the other, is already
stated in ii. 18, vii. 28. Here, in the concluding words of the
introduction to the Book of Proverbs, addressed to youth, and for
the most part containing warnings against sinful pleasures, these
two further declarations are advanced: the company assembled in
the house of lewdness consists of MyxipAr;, i.e. (cf. p. 83) the old,
worn-out, who are only in appearance living, who have gone down
CHAP. X.-XXII. 16. 207
to the seeming life of the shadowy existence of the kingdom of
the dead; her (tvlysk) invited ones (cf. vii. 26, her slaughtered
ones) are in the depths of Hades (not in the valleys, as Umbreit,
Löwenstein, and Ewald translate, but in the depths, Aquila,
Symmachus, Theodotion, e]pi> toi?j baqe<si; for yqem;fi is not only plur.
to qm,fe, but also per metaplasmun to qm,fo, xxv. 3, as yrem;xi to rm,xo),
thus in tyTiH;Ta lOxw: (Deut. xxxii. 22); they have forsaken the fellow-
ship of the life and of the love of God, and have sunk into the
deepest destruction. The house of infamy into which Folly allures
does not only lead to hell, it is hell itself; and they who permit
themselves to be thus befooled are like wandering corpses, and
already on this side of death are in the realm of wrath and of the
cure.1
FIRST COLLECTION OF SOLOMONIC PROVERBS, X.-XXII. 16.
The superscription, hmolow; ylew;mi, here shows that now we have
reached that which the title of the book, i. 1-6, presented to view.
Here we have the commencement of that collection of Solomonic
Proverbs which under this title forms, together with the introduc-
tion, i. 7-ix., the Older Book of Proverbs. The introduction is
disproportionately long. It is the manner of the editor to extend
himself in length and breadth; and besides, an educational zeal in
behalf of youth, and his aim, which was without doubt to put them
on their guard against certain prevailing moral evils of his time,
make him thus persuasive; and if he detains his readers so long
from the proper Solomonic Proverbs, yet this might be excused
from the circumstance, that though his introduction does not
strictly consist of Proverbs of Solomon, yet it consists of proverbs
after the manner of Solomon, i.e. of proverbs which, as to their
contents and form, take their structure from the pattern of those
of Solomonic authorship.
In this introduction, i.-ix., there are larger sections of intercon-
nected thoughts having one common aim. Even in vi. 1-19 there
are manifestly three proverbial discourses distinguished from one
another, shorter indeed, yet containing one fundamental thought.
1 The LXX. has considerable additions introduced after ver. 18, as also after
ver. 12, of which we shall elsewhere speak.
208 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Such proverbs as are primarily designed to form one completed
little whole of themselves, are not here to be met with. On the
contrary, the Solomonic collection which now follows consists of
pure distichs, for the most part antithetical, but at the same time
going over all the forms of the technical proverb, as we have
already shown; vid. p. 16. Accordingly the exposition must from
this point onward renounce reproduced combinations of thought.
The succession of proverbs here is nevertheless not one that is
purely accidental or without thought; it is more than a happy
accident when three of the same character stand together; the
collector has connected together proverb with proverb according
to certain common characteristics (Bertheau). And yet more than
that: the mass separates itself into groups, not merely succeeding
one another, but because a certain connection of ideas connects
together a number of proverbs, in such a way that the succession
is broken, and a new point of departure is arrived at (Hitzig).
There is no comprehensive plan, such as Oetinger in his summary
view of its contents supposes; the progressive unfolding follows
no systematic scheme, but continuously wells forth. But that the
editor, whom we take also to he the arranger of the contents of the
book, did not throw them together by good chance, but in placing
them together was guided by certain reasons, the very first pro-
verb here shows, for it is chosen in conformity with the design of
this book, which is specially dedicated to youth:
1 A wise son maketh glad his father;
A foolish son is his mother's grief.
One sees here quite distinctly (cf. Hos. xiii. 13) that MkAHA (from
MkaHA, properly to be thick, stout, solid, as pukno<j= sofo<j) is pri-
marily a practical and ethical conception. Similar proverbs are
found further on, but consisting of synonymous parallel members,
in which either the father both times represents the parents, as
xvii. 21, xxiii. 24, or father and mother are separated, each being
named in different members, as xvii. 25, xxiii. 25, and particularly
xv. 20, where 20a = la of the above proverb. It is incorrect to
say, with Hitzig, that this contrast draws the division after it: the
division lies nearer in the synonymous distichs, and is there less
liable to be misunderstood then in the antithetic. Thus, from this
proverb before us, it might be concluded that grief on account of
a befooled son going astray in bypaths, and not coming to the right
way, falls principally on the mother, as (Sir. iii. 9) is often the
CHAP. X. 2, 3. 209
case in unfortunate marriages. The idea of the parents is in this
way only separated, and the two members stand in suppletive in-
terchangeable relationship. Hma.Way; is the middle of the clause, and
is the usual form in connection; Ham.eWay; is the pausal form. hgAUT,
from hgvh (hgy), has pass. û, as hrAOT, act. ô. "The expression of the
pred. lb is like iii. 17, viii. x. 14 f.; cf. e.g.•Arab. âlastakisia furkat,
oversharpening is dividing, i.e. effects it [inquiries become or lead
to separation] (cf. our proverb, Allzuscharf macht schartig = too
much sharpening makes full of notches) ; Burckhardt, Sprüchw.
Nr. 337" (Fl.).
Ver. 2. There follows now a series of proverbs which place pos-
sessions and goods under a moral-religious point of view:
Treasures of wickedness bring no profit;
But righteousness delivers from death.
The LXX. and Aquila translate a]no<mouj (a]sebei?j). lyfiOh (to profit)
with the accus. is possible, Isa. lvii. 12, but tOrc;Ox one does not use
by itself; it requires a genitive designating it more closely. But
also xfAyw.iraD; of the Targ., parano<mwn of Symmachus, fails; for the
question still remains, to whom? Rightly Syr., Jerome, Theodo-
tion, and the Quinta: a]sebei<aj, cf. iv. 17, Mic. iv. 10; Luke xvi.
9, mamwna?j th?j a]diki<aj. Treasures to which wickedness cleaves
profit not viz. him who has collected them through wickedness.
On the contrary, righteousness saves from death (2b = xi. 4b,
where the parallelism makes it clear that death as a judgment is
meant). In Deut. xxiv. 13 it had been already said that compas-
sionate love is "righteousness before the Lord," the cardinal virtue
of the righteousness of life. Faith (Hab. ii. 4) is its son], and love
its life. Therefore dikaiosu<nh and e]lehmosu<nh are interchangeable
ideas; and it ought not to be an objection against the Apocrypha
that it repeats the above proverb, e]lehmosu<nh e]k qana<tou r[u<etai,
Tob. iv. 10, xii. 9, Sir. iii. 30, xxix. 12, for Dan. iv. 24 also says
the very same thing, and the thought is biblical, in so far as the
giving of alms is understood to be not a dead work, but (Ps.
cxii. 9) the life-activity of one who fears God, and of a mind
believing in Him and resting in His word.
Ver. 3. Another proverb, the members of which stand in
chiastic relation to those of the preceding:
Jahve does not suffer the soul of the righteous to hunger;
But the craving of the godless He disappointeth.
The thought is the same as xiii. 25. There, as also at vi. 30, the
210 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
soul is spoken of as the faculty of desire, and that after nourish-
ment, for the lowest form of the life of the soul is the impulse to
self-preservation. The parallel hUAHa, in which LXX. and Ar.
erroneously find the meaning of hy.AHa life, the Syr. Targ. the
meaning of NOh, possession, means the desire, without however
being related to hUAxa (Berth.); it is the Arab. hawan, from hvAhA,
Arab. haway, which, from the fundamental meaning xai<nein, hiare,
to gape, yawn, signifies not only unrestrained driving along, and
crashing overthrow (cf. xi. 6, xix. 13), but also the breaking forth,
ferri in aliquid, whence hUAha, Arab. hawan, violent desire, in Hebr.
generally (here and Ps. lii. 9, Mic. vii. 3) of desire without limits
and without restraint (cf. the plur. âhawâ, arbitrary actions,
caprices); the meanings deduced from this important verbal stem
(of which also hvAhA hyAhA, accidere, and then esse, at least after the
Arabic conception of speech, is an offshoot) are given by Fleischer
under Job xxxvii. 6, and after Fleischer by Ethé, Sehlafgemach der
Phantasie, ii. p. 6f. The verb JdahA signifies to push in the most mani-
fold shades, here to push forth, repellere, as 2 Kings iv. 27 (cf. Arab.
hiadhaf, to push off = to discharge); the fut. is invariably JDoh;y,, like
hG,h;y,. God gives satisfaction to the soul of the righteous, viz. in
granting blessings. The desire of the wicked He does not suffer to
be accomplished; it may appear for a long time as if that which
was aimed at was realized, but in the end God pushes it back, so
that it remains at a distance, because contrary to Him. Instead of
MyfiwAr; tvhv, some editions (Plantin 1566, Bragadin 1615) have tvhv
MydiG;Bo; but, in opposition to all decided testimony, only through a
mistaken reference to xi. 6.
Ver. 4. There follow two proverbs which say how one man fails
and another succeeds:
He becomes poor who bears a sluggish hand;
But the hand of the diligent maketh rich.
These three proverbs, xix. 15, xii. 24, 27, are similar. From the last
two it is seen that hy.Amir; is a subst., as also from Ps. cxx. 2 f.
(hyA.mir; NOwlA, from a crafty tongue) that it is an adject., and from
Lev. xiv. 15 f. (where JKa is fem.) that it may be at the same time
an adject. here also. The masc. is ymirA, like yriFA to hy.AriF;, but neither
of these occur; "the fundamental idea is that of throwing oneself
down lazily, when one with unbent muscles holds himself no longer
erect and stretched, Arab. taramy" (Fl.). The translation: deceit-
ful balances (Löwenstein after Rashi), is contrary to biblical usage,
CHAP. X. 5. 211
which knows nothing of Jk in this Mishnic meaning. But if
Jk is here regarded as fem., then it cannot be the subject (Jerome,
egestatem operata est manus remaissa), since we read hW,fo, not hWAfo.
But wxrA also is not suitable as the subject (LXX., Syr., Targ.),
for poverty is called wyri, wyre, wxre; on the contrary, wrA, plur. MywirA
or MywixrA, is used adjectively. Since now the adject. wrA, 1 Sam.
xii. 14, is also written wxrA, it may be translated: Poor is he who
. . . (Bertheau); but we much rather expect the statement of that
which happens to such an one, thus: Poor will he be . . . wxrA,
3 praet.= wrA, Ps. xxxiv. 11, with the same (grammatically in-
correct) full writing as MxqA Hos. x. 14. In the conception of the
subject, hymr-Jk, after Jer. xlviii. 10, is interpreted as the accus. of
the manner (Berth.: whoever works with sluggish hand); but since
hymr hWf (in another sense indeed: to practise cunning) is a com-
mon phrase, Ps. lii. 4, ci. 7, so also will hymr-Jk be regarded as the
object: qui agit nzanum remissarn, whoever carries or moves such
a hand (Hitzig). In 4b working is placed opposite to bearing: the
diligent hand makes rich, ditat or divitias parit; but not for itself
(Gesen. and others: becomes rich), but for him who bears it. The
diligent man is called CUrHA, from CraHA), to sharpen, for, as in o]cu<j, acer,
sharpness is transferred to energy; the form is the same as qUl.Ha
smooth (for the ā is unchangeable, because recompensative), a
kindred form to lOFqA like COmHA, and Arab. fâû1 as fashawsh, a
boaster, wind-bag, either of active (as NUn.Ha) or (as qvlH, CvrH, dUm.fa,
lUKwa) of passive signification.
Ver. 5. There is now added a proverb which, thus standing at
the beginning of the collection, and connecting itself with ver. 1,
stamps on it the character of a book for youth:
He that gathereth in summer is a wise son;
But he that is sunk in sleep in the time of harvest is a son that
causeth shame.
Von Hofmann (Schriftb. ii. 2. 403) rightly interprets lyKiW;ma NBe is and
wybime NBe, with Cocceius and others, as the subject, and not with
Hitzig as predicate, for in nominal clauses the rule is to place
the predicate before the subject; and since an accurate expression
of the inverted relation would both times require xvh referring to
the subject, so we here abide by the usual syntax: he that gathers
in summer time is . . . Also the relation of the members of the
sentence, xix. 26, is a parallel from which it is evident that the
misguided son is called wybm as causing shame, although in wybh
212 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
the idea to put to shame (=to act so that others are ashamed)
and to act shamefully (disgracefully), as in lykWh the ideas to
have insight and to act intelligently, lie into one another (cf. xiv.
35); the root-meaning of lykWh is determined after lk,We, which
from lkaWA, complicare, designates the intellect as the faculty of
intellectual configuration. wOB, properly disturbari, proceeds from
a similar conception as the Lat. confundi (pudore). Cyiqa and ryciqA
fall together, for Cyq (from Cvq= , to be glowing hot) is just the
time of the rycq; vid. under Gen. viii. 22. To the activity of a
thoughtful ingathering, rgaxA, for a future store (vid. vi. 7), stands
opposed deep sleep, i.e. the state of one sunk in idleness. MDar;ni
means, as Schultens has already shown, somno penitus obrui, omni
sense obstructo et oppilato quasi, from MdarA, to fill, to shut up, to
conclude; the derivation (which has been adopted since Gesenius)
from the Arab. word having the same sound, , stridere, to shrill,
to rattle (but not stertere, to snore), lies remote in the Niph., and
also contradicts the usage of the word, according to which it desig-
nates a state in which all free activity is bound, and all reference
to the external world is interrupted; cf. hmADer;Ta, xix. 15, of dulness,
apathy, somnolency in the train of slothfulness. The LXX. has
here one distich more than the Hebr. text.
Ver. 6. There now follow two proverbs regarding the blessings
and the curses which come to men, and which flow forth from them.
Here, however, as throughout, we take each proverb by itself, that
it might not appear as if we had a tetrastich before us. The first
of these two antithetic distichs is:
Blessings (come) on the head of the just;
But violence covereth the mouth of the godless.
Blessings are, without being distinguished, bestowed as well as
prayed for from above. Regarding the undistinguished uses of wxrol;
(of a recompense of reward), wxroB; (of penal recompense), and
wxro-lfa, (especially of punishment), vid. under Gen. xlix. 26. If
we understand, with Ewald, Bertheau, Elster, Zöckler, and others,
the two lines after ver. 11, xix. 28, cf. x. 18: the mouth of the
wicked covers (hides under a mask) violence, inasmuch as he
speaks words of blessing while thoughts of malediction lurk
behind them (Ps. lxii. 5), then we renounce the sharpness of the
contrast. On the contrary, it is preserved if we interpret ypiU as
object: the violence that has gone out from it covereth the mouth
CHAP. X. 7. 213
of the wicked, i.e. it falls back upon his foul mouth; or as Fleischer
(and Oetinger almost the same) paraphrases it: the deeds of vio-
lence that have gone forth from them are given back to them in
curses and maledictions, so that going back they stop, as it were,
their mouth, they bring them to silence; for it is unnecessary to
take yPi synecdochically for ynp (cf. e.g. Ps. lxix. 8), since in tOkrAB; 6a
are perhaps chiefly meant blessings of thankful acknowledgment
on the part of men, and the giving prominence to the mouth of the
wicked from which nothing good proceeds is well accounted for.
The parallels do not hinder us thus to explain, since parts of pro-
verbs repeating themselves in the Book of Proverbs often show a
change of the meaning (vid. p. 24 f.). Hitzig's conjecture, hs,KAyi
(better hs.,kuy;), is unnecessary; for elsewhere we read, as here, that
smH (violence), jure talionis, covers, hs.,kay;, the wicked, Hab. ii. 17, or
that he, using "violence," therewith covers the whole of his external
appearance, i.e. gives to it the branded impress of the unrighteous-
ness he has done (vid. Köhler under Mal. ii. 1 6).
Ver. 7. Thus, as ver. 6 says how it goes with the righteous and
the wicked in this life, so this verse tells how it fares with them
after death:
The memory of the righteous remains in blessings,
And the name of the godless rots.
The tradition regarding the writing of rkz with five (rk,ze) or six
points (rk,z,) is doubtful (vid. Heidenheim in his ed. of the Penta-
teuch, Meôr Enajim, under Ex. xvii. 14); the Cod. 1294 and old
printed copies have here rk,ze. Instead of hkArAb;i, j`rAboy; might be used;
the phrase hkrbl hyh (opp. hlAlAq;li hyh, often used by Jeremiah),
subordinate to the substantival clause, paraphrases the passive, for
it expresses a growing to something, and thus the entrance into a
state of endurance. The remembrance of the righteous endures
after his death, for he is thought of with thankfulness (lc” z =
hkrbl qydc rcz, the usual appendix to the name of an honoured,
beloved man who has died), because his works, rich in blessing,
continue; the name of the godless, on the contrary, far from con-
tinuing fresh and green (Ps. lxii. 17) after his departure, becomes
corrupt (bqr, from qr, to be or to become thin, to dissolve in fine
parts, tabescere), like a worm-eaten decayed tree (Iss. xl. 20). The
Talmud explains it thus, Joma 38b: foulness comes over their
name, so that we call no one after their name. Also the idea sug-
gests itself, that his name becomes corrupt, as it were, with his
214 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
bones; the Mishna, at least Ohaloth ii. 1, uses bqArA of the dust of
corruption.
Ver. 8. There follows now a series of proverbs in which reference
to sins of the mouth and their contrary prevails:
He that is wise in heart receives precepts;
But he that is of a foolish mouth comes to ruin.
A ble-MkaHE, wise-hearted is one whose heart is MkaHA, xxiii. 15; in a
word, a NObnA, a person of understanding or judgment, xvi. 21. Such
an one does not make his own knowledge the ne plus ultra, nor does
he make his own will the noli me tangere; but he takes commands,
i.e. instructions directing or prohibiting, to which he willingly subor-
dinates himself as the outflow of a higher knowledge and will, and
by which he sets bounds and limits to himself. But a fool of the
lips, i.e. a braggart blunderer, one pleasing himself with vain talk
(xiv. 23), falls prostrate, for he thinks that he knows all things
better, and will take no pattern; but while he boasts himself from
on high, suddenly all at once—for he offends against the funda-
mental principle of common life and of morality—he comes to lie
low down on the ground. The Syr. and Targ. translate Fbel.Ayi by,
he is caught (Bertheau, ensnared); Aquila, Vulgate, Luther, darh<-
setai, he is slain; Symmachus, basanisqh<setai; but all without
any support in the usage of the language known to us. Theodotion,
furh<setai, he is confounded, is not tenable; Joseph Kimchi, who
after David Kimchi, under Hos. iv. 14, appeals in support of this
meaning (wbtwy, similarly Parchon: lblbty) to the Arabic, seems
to think on iltibâs, confusion. The demonstrable meanings of the
verb Fbl are the following: 1. To occasion trouble. Thus Mechilta,
under Ex. xvii. 14, vhvFbl, one has imposed upon him trouble;
Sifri, under Num. xi. 1, vnFbltn, we are tired, according to which
Rashi: he fatigues himself, but which fits neither to the subj. nor
to the contrast, which is to be supposed. The same may be said
of the meaning of the Syr. , to drive on, to press, which
without doubt accords with the former meaning of the word in the
language of the Midrash. 2. In Arab. labat (R. lab, vid. Wünsche's
Hos. p. 172), to throw any one down to the earth, so that he falls
with his whole body his whole length; the passive Fbln, to be thus
thrown down by another, or to throw oneself thus down, figura-
tively of one who falls hoplessly into evil and destruction (Fl.).
The Arabic verb is also used of the springing run of the animal
ridden on (to gallop), and of the being lame (to hop), according to
CHAP. X. 9. 215
which in the Lex. the explanations, he hurries, or he wavers hither
and thither, are offered by Kimchi (Graec. Venet. plahnqh<setai).
But the former of these explanations, corruit (=in calamitatem ruit),
placed much nearer by the Arabic, is confirmed by the LXX.
u[poskelisqh<setai, and by the Berêshith rabba, c. 52, where Fbl is
used in the sense to be ruined (=lwkn). Hitzig changes the pas-
sive into the active: "he throws the offered Hqal,. scornfully to the
ground," but the contrast does not require this. The wanton, arro-
gant boasting lies already in the designation of the subj. MytqW lyvx;
and the sequel involves, as a consequence, the contrasted con-
sequence of ready reception of the limitations and guidance of his
own will by a higher.
Ver. 9. The form of this verse is like the eighth, word for word:
He that walketh in innocence walketh securely;
But he that goeth in secret ways is known.
The full form of MOTBa does not, as Hitzig supposes, stand in causal
connection with the Dechî, for the consonant text lying before us
is at least 500 years older than the accentuation. For MTo j`leho at
ii. 7, there is here MOTBa j`leho = Mvt j`r,d,B; jlh; so vykArAD; wq.efam; denotes,
after ii. 15, such an one Mywiq;fi vykArAD; rw,xE. Expressed in the
language of the N. T., Mvt is the property of the a[plou?j or
a]ke<raioj, for the fundamental idea of fulness is here referred to
full submission, full integrity. Such an one goes HFaB, (Aquila,
a]meri<mnwj), for there is nothing designedly concealed by him, of
which he has reason to fear that it will come to the light; who-
ever, on the contrary, makes his ways crooked, i.e. turns into
crooked ways, is perceived, or, as we might also explain it (vid.
under Gen. iv. 15): if one (qui = si quis) makes his ways crooked,
then it is known—nothing, however, stands opposed to the reference
of fadeUAyi to the person: he is finally known, i.e. unmasked (LXX.
Jerome, gnwsqh<setai, manifestus fiet). Usually it is explained:
he is knowing, clever, with the remark that fdvn is here the passive
of fydvh (Gesen., Ewald, Hitzig); Hiph. to give to feel; Niph. to
become to feel, properly to be made to know (Luth.: made wise);
but the passive of the Hiph. is the Hoph,. Such a Niph. in which
the causative (not simply transitive) signification of the Hiph.
would be applied passively is without example (vid. Ewald, § 133a);
the meaning of Jer. xxxi. 19 also is: after I have become known,
i.e. been made manifest, uncovered) drawn into the light.
216 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 10. This verse contains another proverb, similarly formed,
parallel with the half of ver. 8:
He that winketh with the eye causeth trouble;
And a foolish mouth comes to ruin.
Regarding the winking or nipping, i.e. the repeated nipping of
the eyes (cf. nictare, frequent. of nicĕre), as the conduct of the
malicious or malignant, which aims at the derision or injury of
him to whom it refers, vid. under vi. 13; there Crq was connected
with b of the means of the action; here, as Ps. xxxv. 19, cf. Prov.
xvi. 30, it is connected with the object accus. He who so does
produces trouble (heart-sorrow, xv. 13), whether it be that he who
is the butt of this mockery marks it, or that he is the victim of
secretly concerted injury; NTeyi is not here used impersonally, as xiii.
10, but as xxix. 15, cf. Lev. xix. 28, xxiv. 20, in the sense of the
cause. 10b forms a striking contrast to 10a, according to the text
of the LXX.: o[ de> e]le<gxwn meta> par]r[hsi<aj ei]hnopoiei?. The
Targ., however, abides, contrary to the Syr., by the Hebrew text,
which certainly is older than this its correction, which Ewald
and Lagarde unsuccessfully attempt to translate into Hebrew.
The foolish mouth, here understood in conformity with 10a, is one
who talks at random, without examination and deliberation, and
thus suddenly stumbles and falls over, so that he comes to lie on
the ground, to his own disgrace and injury.
Ver. 11. Another proverb, similar to the half of ver. 6:
A fountain of life is the mouth of the righteous;
But the mouth of the godless hideth violence.
If we understand llb wholly as 6b: os improborum obteget violentia,
then the meaning of 11a would be, that that which the righteous
speaks tends to his own welfare (Fl.). But since the words spoken
are the means of communication and of intercourse, one has to think
of the water as welling up in one, and flowing forth to another;
and the meaning of 11b has to accommodate itself to the preceding
half proverb, whereby it cannot be mistaken that smAHA. (violence),
which was 6b subj., bears here, by the contrast, the stamp of the
obj.; for the possibility of manifold windings and turnings is a
characteristic of the Mashal. In the Psalms and Prophets it is
God who is called Myy.iHa rOqm;, Ps. xxxvi. 10, Jer. ii. 13, xvii. 13;
the proverbial poetry plants the figure on ethical ground, and
understands by it a living power, from which wholesome effects
accrue to its possessor, xiv. 27, and go forth from him to others,
CHAP. X. 12, 13. 217
xiii. 14.. Thus the mouth of the righteous is here called a foun-
tain of life, because that which he speaks, and as he speaks it,
is morally strengthening, intellectually elevating, and inwardly
quickening in its effect on the hearers; while, on the contrary,
the mouth of the godless covereth wrong (violentiam), i.e. conceals
with deceitful words the intention, directed not to that which is
best, but to the disadvantage and ruin of his neighbours; so that
words which in the one case bring to light a ground of life and of
love, and make it effectual, in the other case serve for a covering
to an immoral, malevolent background.
Ver. 12. Another proverb of the different effects of hatred and
of love:
Hate stirreth up strife,
And love covereth all transgressions.
Regarding MynidAm;, for which the Kerî elsewhere substitutes MyniyAd;mi,
vid. under vi. 14. Hatred of one's neighbour, which is of itself
an evil, has further this bad effect, that it calls forth hatred, and
thus stirreth up strife, feuds, factions, for it incites man against
man (cf. rrefo, Job iii. 8); on the contrary, love covers not merely
little errors, but also greater sins of every kind (MyfiwAP;-lKA): viz.
by pardoning them, concealing them, excusing them, if possible,
with mitigating circumstances, or restraining them before they are
executed. All this lies in the covering. James, however, gives it,
v. 20, another rendering: love covers them, viz. from the eyes of
a holy God; for it forgives them to the erring brother, and turns
him from the error of his way. The LXX. improperly translate
pa<ntaj de> tou>j mh> filoneikou?ntaj kelo<ptei fili<a; but Peter
(1 Pet. iv. 8) as well as James, but none of the Greek versions: h[
a]ga<ph kalu<yei plh?qoj a[martiw?n. The Romish Church makes
use of this passage as a proof for the introduction of the fides
formata, viz. caritate, in justification, which is condemned in the
Apology of the Augsburg Confession; and, indeed, the multitudo
peccatorum is not meant of the sins of him who cherishes love, but
of the sins of the neighbour. Sin stirs up hatred in men in their
relation to one another; but love covers the already existing sins,
and smooths the disturbances occasioned by them.
Ver. 13. There follow now two other proverbs on the use and
abuse of speech:
On the lips of the man of understanding wisdom is found;
And the rod for the back of the fool.
218 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
With Löwenstein, Hitzig. and others, it is inadmissible to regard Fb,wev;
as second subject to xcem.ATi. The mouth itself, or the word of the
mouth, may be called a rod, viz. a rod of correction (Isa. xi. 4); but
that wisdom and such a rod are found on the lips of the wise would
be a combination and a figure in bad taste. Thus 13b is a clause by
itself, as Luther renders it: "but a rod belongs to the fool's back;"
and this will express a contrast to 13a, that while wisdom is to be
sought for on the lips of the man of understanding (cf. Mal. ii. 7),
a man devoid of understanding, on the contrary, gives himself to
such hollow and corrupt talk, that in order to educate him to some-
thing better, if possible, the rod must be applied to his back; for,
according to the Talmudic proverb: that which a wise man gains
by a hint, a fool only obtains by a club. The rod is called Fb,we,
from FbawA, to be smooth, to go straight down (as the hair of the
head); and the back vGe, from hvAGA, to be rounded, i.e. concave or
convex.
Ver. 14 Wise men store up knowledge;
But the mouth of the fool is threatening destruction.
Ewald, Bertheau, Hitzig, Oetinger: "The mouth of the fool
blunders out, and is as the sudden falling in of a house which one
cannot escape from." But since hTAHim; is a favourite Mishle-word
to denote the effect and issue of that which is dangerous and de-
structive, so the sense is perhaps further to be extended: the mouth
of the fool is for himself (xiii. 3) and others a near, i.e. an always
threatening and unexpectedly occurring calamity; unexpectedly,
because suddenly he blunders out with his inconsiderate shame-
bringing talk, so that such a fool's mouth is to every one a praesens
periculum. As to UnP;c;yi, it is worthy of remark that in the Beduin,
, fut. i, signifies to be still, to be thoughtful, to be absorbed in
oneself (vid. Wetstein on Job, p. 281). According to Codd. and
editions, in this correct, -piU is to be written instead of lyvx ypiU; vid.
the law concerning the Makkeph in the three poetical books,
Baer's Torath Emeth, p. 40.
A pair of proverbs regarding possession and gain.
Ver. 15. Regarding possession:
The rich man's wealth is his strong city;
The destruction of the poor is their poverty.
The first line= xviii.11. One may render the idea according to that
which is internal, and according to that which is external; and the
proverb remains in both cases true. As zfo may mean, of itself alone,
CHAP. X. 16. 219
power, as means of protection, or a bulwark (Ps. viii. 3), or the con-
sciousness of power, high feeling, pride (Judg. v. 21); so
may be rendered as an object of self-confidence, and hTAHim;, on the
contrary, as an object of terror (Jer. xlviii. 39): the rich man, to
whom his estate (vid. on NOh, p. 63) affords a sure reserve and an
abundant source of help, can appear confident and go forth ener-
getically; on the contrary, the poor man is timid and bashful, and
is easily dejected and discouraged. Thus e.g. Oetinger and Hitzig.
But the objective interpretation is allowable, and lies also much
nearer: the rich man stands thus independent, changes and ad-
versities cannot so easily overthrow him, he is also raised above
many hazards and temptations ; on the contrary, the poor man
is overthrown by little misfortunes, and his despairing endeavours
to save himself, when they fail, ruin him completely, and per-
haps make him at the same time a moral outlaw. It is quite an
experienced fact which this proverb expresses, but one from which
the double doctrine is easily derived: (1) That it is not only
advised, but also commanded, that man make the firm establishing
of his external life-position the aim of his endeavour; (2) That
one ought to treat with forbearance the humble man; and if he
always sinks deeper and deeper, one ought not to judge him with
unmerciful harshness and in proud self-exaltation.
Ver. 16. Regarding gain:
The gain of the righteous tendeth to life;
The income of the godless to sin.
Intentionally, that which the righteous receives is called hl.AfuPi (as
Lev. xix. 13), as a reward of his labour; that which the godless
receives is called hxAUbT;, as income which does not need to be the
reward of labour, and especially of his own immediate labour.
And with Myy.iHal;, txF.AHal; runs parallel, from the supposition that sin
carries the germ of death in itself. The reward of his labour serves
to the righteous to establish his life, i.e. to make sure his life-
position, and to elevate his life-happiness. On the contrary, the
income of the godless serves only to ruin his life; for, made thereby
full and confident, he adds sin to sin, whose wages is death.
Hitzig translates: for expiation, i.e. to lose it again as atonement
for past sins; but if MyyH and txFH are contrasted with each other,
then txFH is death-bringing sin (viii. 35 f.).
The group of proverbs now following bring again to view the
220 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
good and bad effects of human speech. The seventeenth verse
introduces the transition:
Ver. 17 There is a way to life when one gives heed to correction;
And whoever disregards instruction runs into error.
Instead of Myy.iHa Hraxo (v. 6), there is here MyyHl; Hrx; and then this
proverb falls into rank with ver. 16, which contains the same word
MyyHl. The accentuation denotes Hraxo as subst.; for hraxo [way,
road] = Harexo [a wayfarer, part. of hraxA] would, as fsawo, Lev. xi. 7,
fFano, Ps. xciv. 9, have the tone on the ultima. It is necessary
neither to change the tone, nor, with Ewald, to interpret Hraxo as
abstr. pro concreto, like j`l,He, for the expression "wanderer to life"
has no support in the Mishle. Michaelis has given the right inter-
pretation: via ad vitam est si quis custodiat disciplinam. The
syntactical contents, however, are different, as e.g. 1 Sam. ii. 13,
where the participle has the force of a hypothetical clause; for
the expression: "a way to life is he who observes correction," is
equivalent to: he is on the way to life who . . ; a variety of the
manner of expression: "the porch was twenty cubits," 2 Chron.
iii. 4, particularly adapted to the figurative language of proverbial
poetry, as if the poet said: See there one observant of correction—
that (viz. the rmow;) [rmawA, to watch] representing itself in this rmewo)
is the way to life. rsAUm and tHakaOT are related to each other as
paidei<a and e@legxoj; bzefo [bzafA, to leave, forsake] is equivalent to
rmewo yTil;Bi. hf,t;ma would be unsuitable as a contrast in the causative
sense: who guides wrong, according to which Bertheau under-
stands 17a, that only he who observes correction can guide others
to life. We expect to hear what injuries he who thinks to raise himself
above all reproach brings on himself. Hitzig, in his Commentary (1858),
for this reason places the Hithpa. hf,Tami (rather write hf,TAmi) in the place
of the Hiph.; but in the Comm. on Jeremiah (1866), xlii. 20, he
rightly remarks: "To err, not as an involuntary condition, but as an
arbitrary proceeding, is suitably expressed by the Hiph." In like manner
JysiOh, fayGihi (to touch), qyHir;hi (to go to a distance), denote the active
conduct of a being endowed with reason; Ewald, § 122, c. Jewish interpreters
gloss hftm by supplying Owp;na; but it signifies only as inwardly transitive,
to accomplish the action of the tOfT;.
Ver. 18 He that hideth hatred is a mouth of falsehood;
And he that spreadeth slander is a fool.
The LXX., kalu<ptousin e@xqran xei?la di<kaia, which Ewald pre-
CHAP. X. 19. 221
fers, and which has given occasion to Hitzig to make a remarkable
conjecture ("He who conceals hatred, close lips," which no one
understands without Hitzig's comment. to this his conjecture).
But (1) to hide hatred (cf. ver. 11, xxvi. 24) is something altogether
different from to cover sin (ver. 12, xvii. 9), or generally to keep
anything secret with discretion (x. 13); and (2) that di<kaia is a
corrupt reading for a@dika (as Grabe supposes, and Symmachus
translates) or do<lia (as Lagarde supposes, and indeed is found in
Codd.). Michaelis well remarks: odium tectum est dolosi, mani-
festa sycophantia stultorum. Whoever conceals hateful feelings
behind his words is rq,wA-ytep;wi, a mouth of falsehood (cf. the mouth
of the fool, ver. 14); one does not need to supply wyx, but much
rather has hence to conclude that a false man is simply so named,
as is proved by Ps. cxx. 3. There is a second moral judgment,
18b: he who spreadeth slander (xciOmU, according to the Masoretic
writing: he who divulges it, the correlate to xybh, to bring to, Gen.
xxxvii. 2) is a Thor [fool, stupid, dull], lysik; (not a Narr [fool,
godless person], lyvix<; for such slandering can generally bring no
advantage; it injures the reputation of him to whom the hBAdi, i.e.
the secret report, the slander, refers; it sows discord, has incal-
culable consequences, and finally brings guilt on the tale-bearer
himself.
Ver. 19 In a multitude of words transgression is not wanting;
But he who restrains his lips shows wisdom.
We do not, with Bertheau, understand 19a by many words a
transgression does not cease to be what it is; the contrast 19b re-
quires a more general condemnation of the multitude of words, and
ldaHA not only means to cease from doing (to leave off), and to cease
from being (to take away), but also not at all to do (to intermit,
Ezek. iii. 11; Zech. xi. 12), and not at all to be (to fail, to be
absent), thus: ubi verborum est abundantia non deest peccatum
(Fl.). Michaelis suitably compares polulogi<a polla> sfa<lmata
e@xei by Stobäus, and xFH xybm Myrbd hbrmh lk in the tractate Aboth
i. 17, wherewith Rashi explains the proverb. fwaP, is not here, as
elsewhere, e.g. Ps. xix. 14, with special reference to the sin of
falling away from favour, apostasy, but, like the post-biblical hrAbefE,
generally with reference to every kind of violation (fwp=
dirumpere) of moral restraint; here, as Jansen remarks, peccatum
sive mendacii, sive detractionis; sive alterius indiscretae lcesionis, sive
222 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
vanitatis, sive denique verbi otiosi. In 19b it is more appropriate to
regard lyKiW;ma as the present of the internal transitive (intelligenter
agit) than to interpret it in the attributive sense (intelligens).
Ver. 20 Choice silver is the tongue of the righteous;
But the heart of the godless is little worth.
Choice silver is, as viii. 19, cf. 10, pure, freed from all base mix-
tures. Like it, pure and noble, is whatever the righteous speaks;
the heart, i.e. the manner of thought and feeling, of the godless is,
on the contrary, like little inster nihili, i.e. of little or no worth,
Arab. yasway kâlyla (F1.). LXX.: the heart of the godless
e]klei<yeil, i.e. Ffmy, at first arrogant and full of lofty plans, it
becomes always the more dejected, discouraged, empty. But 20a
leads us to expect some designation of its worth. The Targ.
(according to which the Peshito is to be corrected; vid. Levy's
Wörterbuch, ii. 26): the heart of the godless is xtAHEma (from tHan;),
refuse, dross. The other Greek versions accord with the text
before us.
Ver. 21 The lips of the righteous edify many;
But fools die through want of understanding.
The LXX. translate 21a: the lips of the righteous e]pi<statai
u[yhla<, which would at least require tvbr vfdy. hfArA is, like the post-
bibl. sner;Pi (vid. the Hebr. Römerbrief, p. 97), another figure for the
N. T. oi]kodomei?n: to afford spiritual nourishment and strengthen-
ing, to which Fleischer compares the ecclesiastical expressions:
pastor, ovile ecclesiae, les ouailles; hf,ro means leader, Jer. x. 21, as
well as teacher, Eccles. xii. 11, for it contains partly the prevailing
idea of leading, partly of feeding. Ufr;yi stands for hnAyf,r;Ti, as ver.
32, v. 2. In 21b, Bertheau incorrectly explains, as Euchel and
Michaelis: stulti complures per dementem unum moriuntur; the fool
has truly enough in his own folly, and needs not to be first drawn
by others into destruction. rsaHE is not here the connective form of
rseHA (Jewish interpreters: for that reason, that he is such an one),
nor of rs,H, (Hitzig, Zöckler), which denotes, as a concluded idea,
penuria, but like bHar;, xxi. 4, bkaw;, vi. 10, and lpaw;, xvi. 19, infin.:
they die by want of understanding (cf. v. 23); this amentia is the
cause of their death, for it leads fools to meet destruction without
their observing it (Hos. iv. 6).
Three proverbs which say that good comes from above, and is as
a second nature to the man of understanding:
CHAP. X. 22, 23. 223
Ver. 22 Jahve's blessing—it maketh rich;
And labour addeth nothing thereto
Like 24a, xyhi limits the predicate to this and no other subject: "all
depends on God's blessing." Here is the first half of the ora et
labora. The proverb is a compendium of Ps. cxxvii. 1, 2. 22b is
to be understood, according to ver. 2 of this Solomonic psalm, not
that God adds to His blessing no sorrow, much rather with the
possession grants at the same time a joyful, peaceful mind (LXX.,
Targ., Syriac, Jerome, Aben-Ezra, Michaelis, and others), which
would require the word hAyl,fA; but that trouble, labour, i.e. strenuous
self-endeavours, add not (anything) to it, i.e. that it does not
associate itself with the blessing (which, as the Jewish interpreters
rightly remark, is, according to its nature, tpsvt, as the curse is
NvrsH) as the causa ejiciens, or if we supply quidquam, as the com-
plement to h.m.Afi [along with it]: nothing is added thereto, which
goes along with that which the blessing of God grants, and com-
pletes it. Thus correctly Rashi, Luther, Ziegler, Ewald, Hitzig,
Zöckler. The now current accentuation, h.m.Afi bc,f, JsiOy xlov;, is incor-
rect. Older editions, as Venice 1525, 1615, Basel 1618, have
hmf bcf Jsvy-xlv, the transformation of bcf Jsvy-xlv. Besides, bcf
has double Segol (vid. Kimchi's Lex.), and Jsvy is written, according
to the Masora, in the first syllable plene, in the last defective.
Ver. 23 Like sport to a fool is the commission of a crime;
And wisdom to a man of understanding.
Otherwise Löwenstein: to a fool the carrying out of a plan is as
sport; to the man of understanding, on the contrary, as wisdom. hm.Azi,
from MmazA, to press together, mentally to think, as Job xvii. 11, and
according to Gesenius, also Prov. xxi. 27, xxiv. 9. But hm.Azi has
the prevailing signification of an outrage against morality, a sin of
unchastity; and especially the phrase hm.Azi hWAfA is in Judg. xx. 6 and
in Ezekiel not otherwise used, so that all the old interpreters
render it here by patrare scelus; only the Targum has the equivocal
xTAd;ybifE dbf; the Syriac, however, . Sinful conduct
appears to the fool, who places himself above the solemnity of the
moral law, as sport; and wisdom, on the contrary, (appears as sport)
to a man of understanding. We would not venture on this accep-
tation of qOHW;;Ki if qHeWa, were not attributed, viii. 30 f., to wisdom
itself. This alternate relationship recommends itself by the inde-
termination of hmAk;HAv;, which is not favourable to the interpretation:
224 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
sed sapientiam colit vir intelligens, or as Jerome has it: sapientia
autem est viro prudentia. The subjects of the antithesis chiastically
combine within the verse: hmkH, in contrast to wicked conduct, is
acting in accordance with moral principles. This to the man of
understanding is as easy as sporting, just as to the fool is shame-
less sinning; for he follows in this an inner impulse, it brings to
him joy, it is the element in which he feels himself satisfied.
Ver. 24 That of which the godless is afraid cometh upon him,
And what the righteous desires is granted to him.
The formation of the clause 24a is like the similar proverb, xi. 27b;
the subject-idea has there its expression in the genitival annexum,
of which Gen. ix. 6b furnishes the first example; in this passage
before us it stands at the beginning, and is, as in ver. 22, emphati-
cally repeated with xyhi. hrAOgm;, properly the turning oneself away,
hence shrinking back in terror; here, as Isa. lxvi. 4, of the object of
fear, parallel to hvAxETa wishing, of the object of the wish. In 24b
Ewald renders NTeyi as adj. from NtayA (whence NtAyxe), after the form
Haq.ePi, and translates: yet to the righteous desire is always green.
But whether NTeyi is probably formed from Nty, and not from Ntn is a
question in xii. 12, but not here, where wishing and giving (fulfil-
ling) are naturally correlata. Hitzig corrects NTAyu, and certainly the
supplying of 'h is as little appropriate here as at xiii. 21. Also a
"one gives" is, scarcely intended (according to which the Targ.,
Syr., and Jerome translate passively), in which case the Jewish
interpreters are wont to explain Nty, scil. Ntvnh; for if the poet
thought of Nty with a personal subject, why did he not rescue it
from the dimness of such vague generality? Thus, then, Nty, with
Böttcher, to be interpreted as impersonal, like xiii. 10, Job xxxvii.
10, and perhaps also Gen. xxxviii. 28 (Ewald, § 295a): what the
righteous wish, that there is, i.e. it becomes actual, is fulfilled. In
this we have not directly and exclusively to think of the destiny
at which the godless are afraid (Heb. x. 27), and toward which the
desire of the righteous goes forth; but the clause has also truth
which is realized in this world: just that which they greatly fear,
e.g. sickness, bankruptcy, the loss of reputation, comes upon the
godless; on the contrary, that which the righteous wish realizes
itself, because their wish, in its intention, and kind, and content,
stands in harmony with the order of the moral world.
There now follows a series of proverbs, broken by only one dis-
similar proverb, on the immoveable continuance of the righteous:
CHAP. X. 25, 26. 225
Ver. 25 When the storm sweeps past, it is no more with the wicked;
But the righteous is a building firm for ever.
How ver. 25 is connected with ver. 24 is shown in the Book of
Wisdom v. 15 (the hope of the wicked like chaff which the wind
pursues). The Aram., Jerome, and Graec. Venet. interpret k of
comparison, so that the destruction of the godless is compared in
suddenness and rapidity to the rushing past of a storm; but then HaUr
ought to have been used instead of hpAUs; and instead of fwArA Nyxev;
with the v apodosis, a disturbing element in such a comparison,
would have been used fwr JloHEy, or at least NyixA fwr. The thought
is no other than that of Job xxi. 18: the storm, which is called hpvs
from JUs, to rush forth, is meant, as sweeping forth, and k the
temporal, as Ex. xi. 4 (LXX. paraporeuome<nhj kataigi<doj), with
v apod. following, like e.g., after a similar member of a temporal
sentence, Isa. x. 25. hpvs is a figure of God-decreed calamities,
as war and pestilence, under which the godless sink, while the
righteous endure them; cf. with 25a, i. 27, Isa. xxviii. 18; and
with 25b, iii. 25, Hab. ii. 4, Ps. xci. "An everlasting foundation,"
since MlAOf is understood as looking forwards; not as at Isa. lviii. 12,
backwards, is a foundation capable of being shaken by nothing,
and synecdoch. generally a building. The proverb reminds us of
the close of the Sermon on the Mount, and finds the final confirma-
tion of its truth in this, that the death of the godless is a penal
thrusting of them away, but the death of the righteous a lifting
them up to their home. The righteous also often enough perish in
times of war and of pestilence; but the proverb, as it is interpreted,
verifies itself, even although not so as the poet, viewing it from his
narrow O. T. standpoint, understood it; for the righteous, let him
die when and how he may; is preserved, while the godless perishes.
Ver. 26. This proverb stands out of connection with the series:
As vinegar to the teeth, and as smoke to the eyes,
So is the sluggard to them who give him a commission.
A parabolic proverb (vid. p. 9), priamel-like in its formation
(p. 13). Here and there Myin.awi.la is found with Mugrash, but in
correct texts it has Rebîa-magnum; the verse is divided into two by
Athnach, whose subordinate distributive is (Accentssystem, xi. § 1)
Rebîa-magnum. Smoke makes itself disagreeably perceptible to
the sense of smell, and particularly to the eyes, which it causes to
smart so that they overflow with tears; wherefore Virgil speaks of
it as amarus, and Horace lacrimosus. Cm,Ho (from CmeHA, to be sour,
226 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
harsh) signifies properly that which is sour, as acetum, o@coj; here,
after the LXX. o@mfac, the unripe grapes, but which are called rs,Bo
(rs,Be) (vid. under Job xv. 33), by which the Syr., here following
the LXX., translates, and which also in the Talmud, Demaï i. 1,
is named Cm,Ho, after a doubtful meaning (vid. Aruch, and on the
other side Rashi), thus: vinegar, which the word commonly means,
and which also accords with the object of the comparison, especially
if one thinks of the sharp vinegar-wine of the south, which has an
effect on the teeth denoted by the Hebr. verb hhq, as the effect of
smoke is by hhk (FL). The plur. vyHAl;wol; is that of the category, like
xxii. 21, xxv. 13; the parallel vynadoxE of the latter passage does not
at least make it necessary to regard it, like this, as a plur. excellentiae
(Bertheau, Hitzig, Ewald). They who send a sluggard, i.e. who
make him their agent, do it to their own sorrow; his slothfulness
is for them, and for that which they have in view, of dull, i.e. slow
and restrained, of biting, i.e. sensibly injurious operation.
From this point the proverbs fall into the series connecting
themselves with ver. 25:
Ver. 27 The fear of Jahve multiplies the days of life;
But the years of the godless are shortened.
This parable, like ver. 25, also corresponds with the O. T. stand-
point, having in view the present life. The present-life history
confirms it, for vice destroys body and soul; and the fear of God,
which makes men contented and satisfied in God, is truly the right
principle of longevity. But otherwise also the pious often enough
die early, for God carries them away hfrh ynpm [from the face
of the evil], Isa. lvii. 1 f.; or if they are martyrs for the truth
(Ps. xliv. 23, cf. lx. 6), the verification of the above proverb in
such cases moves forward (Wisd. iv. 7 ff.) into eternity, in which
the life of the pious continues for ever, while that of the godless
loses itself with his death in the state of everlasting death. ix. 11,
cf. iii. 2, resembles 27a. Instead of hnAr;coq;Ti, hnr;caqt was to be ex-
pected; but the flexion does not distinguish the transitive rcaqA (Arab.
kiasiara) and intransitive rceqA (Arab. kiasiura) as it ought.
Ver. 28 The expectation of the righteous is gladness,
And the hope of the godless comes to nothing.
tl,H,OT as well as hvAq;Ti proceed on the fundamental idea of a strained
earnest looking back upon something, the same fundamental idea
which in another view gives the meaning of strength (lyiHa, Arab.
hiayl; kiuwwat, kawiyy, cf. ldaGA, Arab. jdl, plectere, and lOdGA, strong and
CHAP. X. 29. 227
strength). The substantival clause 28a denotes nothing more than:
it is gladness (cf. iii. 17, all their steps are gladness), but which is
equivalent to, it is that in its issue, in gaudium desinit. Hitzig's
remark that tlHvt is the chief idea for hope and fear, is not con-
firmed by the usage of the language; it always signifies joyful,
not anxious, expectation; cf. the interchange of the same two
synonyms xiii. 7, and tvaxETa Ps. cxii. 10, instead of tvaq;Ti (here
and Job viii. 13). While the expectation of the one terminates
in the joy of the fulfilment, the hope of the other (dbx, R. db, to
separate) perishes, i.e. comes to nothing.
Ver. 29 Jahve's way is a bulwark to the righteous;
But ruin to those that do evil.
Of the two meanings which zfomA (zOfmA) has: a stronghold from zzafA,
and asylum (=Arab. m'adz) from NUf, the contrast here demands the
former. ‘h j`r,D, and 'h txar;yi, understood objectively, are the two
O. T. names of true religion. It means, then, the way which the
God of revelation directs men to walk in (Ps. cxliii. 8), the way of
His precepts, Ps. cxix. 27, His way of salvation, Ps. lxvii. 3 (4);
in the N. T. h[ o[do>j tou? qeou?, Matt. xxii. 16, Acts xviii. 25 f.; cf. h[
o[do<j simply, Acts ix. 2, xxiv. 14. This way of Jahve is a fortress,
bulwark, defence for innocence, or more precisely, a disposition
wholly, i.e. unreservedly and without concealment, directed toward
God and that which is good. All the old interpreters, also Luther,
but not the Graec. Venet., translate as if the expression were MTAla;
but the punctuation has preferred the abstr. pro concreto, perhaps
because the personal MTA nowhere else occurs with any such prefix;
on the contrary, Mto is frequently connected with b, k, l. jrd Mtl,
integro viae (vitae), are by no means to be connected in one con-
ception (Ziegler, Umbr., Elster), for then the poet ought to have
written jrd-Mtl hvhy zfm. 29b cannot be intrepreted as a thought by
itself: and ruin (vid. regarding hTAHim;, ruina, and subjectively con-
sternatio, ver. 16) comes to those who do evil; but the thought,
much more comprehensive, that religion, which is for the righteous
a strong protection and safe retreat, will be an overthrow to those
who delight only in wickedness (vid. on Nv,xA, p. 143), is confirmed by
the similarly formed distich, xxi. 15. Also almost all the Jewish
interpreters, from Rashi to Malbim, find here expressed the opera-
tion of the divine revelation set over against the conduct of men,—
essentially the same as when the Tora or the Chokma present to
men for their choice life and death; or the gospel of salvation,
228 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
according to 2 Cor. ii. 15, is to one the savour of life unto life, to
another the savour of death unto death.
Ver. 30 The righteous is never moved;
But the godless abide not in the land.
Love of home is an impulse and emotion natural to man; but to no
people was fatherland so greatly delighted in, to none was exile
and banishment from fatherland so dreadful a thought, as it was
to the people of Israel. Expatriation is the worst of all evils
with which the prophets threatened individuals and the people,
Amos vii. 17, cf. Isa. xxii. 17 f.; and the history of Israel in their
exile, which was a punishment of their national apostasy, confirms
this proverb and explains its form; cf. ii. 21 f., Ps. xxxvii. 29.
lBa is, like ix. 13, the emphatic No of the more elevated style;
FOmnA, the opposite of NOknA, xii. 3; and NkawA signifies to dwell, both
inchoative: to come to dwell, and consecutive: to continue to
dwell (e.g. Isa. lvii. 15, of God who inhabiteth eternity). In
general, the proverb means that the righteous fearlessly maintains
the position he takes; while, on the contrary, all they who have
no hold on God lose also their outward position. But often
enough this saying is fulfilled in this, that they, in order that they
may escape disgrace, became wanderers and fugitives, and are
compelled to conceal themselves among strangers.
Ver. 31. For the third time the favourite theme already handled
in three appendixes is taken up:
The mouth of the righteous bringeth forth wisdom,
And the tongue of falsehood shall be rooted up.
Regarding the biblical comparison of thoughts with branches, and
of words with flowers and fruits, vid. my Psychol. p. 181; and
regarding the root bn (with its weaker bx), to swell up and to
spring up (to well, grow, etc.), vid. what is said in the Comm. on
Genesis on xybn, and in Isaiah on bvx. We use the word bUn of
that which sprouts or grows, and bbeno of that which causes that
something sprout; but also bvn may, after the manner of verbs
of being full (iii. 10), of flowing (Gesen. § 138, 1, Anm. 2), take
the object accus. of that from which anything sprouts (xxiv. 31),
or which sprouting, it raises up and brings forth (cf. Isa. lvii. 19).
The mouth of the righteous sprouts, brings forth (in Ps. xxxvii. 30,
without a figure, hn,.h;y,, i.e. utters) wisdom, which in all relations
knows how to find out that which is truly good, and suitable for
the end intended, and happily to unriddle difficult complications.
CHAP. X. 32, XI. 1. 229
The conception of wisdom, in itself practical (from MkH, to be
thick = solid, firm), here gains such contents by the contrast: the
tongue—whose character and fruit is falsehood, which has its
delight in intentional perversions of fact, and thus increaseth
complications (vid. regarding tOkPuh;Ta, ii. 12)—is rooted up, whence
it follows as regards the mouth of the righteous, that it continues
for ever with that its wholesome fruit.
Ver. 32 The lips of the righteous know what is acceptable;
But the mouth of the godless is mere falsehood.
Hitzig, instead of NUfd;ye, reads NUfBiya; the a]posta<zei [they distil or send
forth] of the LXX. does not favour this, for it is probably only a
corruption of e]pi<statai, which is found in several MSS. The Graec.
Venet., which translates poimanou?si, makes use of a MS. which it
sometimes misreads. The text does not stand in need of any emen-
dations, but rather of a corrected relation between the clauses, for
the relation of 31a with 32b, and of 32a with 31b, strongly commends
itself (Hitzig); in that case the explanation lies near: the lips of
the righteous find what is acceptable, viz. to God. But this thought
in the Mashal language is otherwise expressed (xii. 2 and paral.);
and also 32a and 32b fit each other as contrasts, if by NOcrA, as xi.
27, xiv. 9, is to be understood that which is acceptable in its
widest generality, equally then in relation to God and man. It is
a question whether Nvfdy means that they have knowledge of it (as
one e.g. says rp,se fdy, to understand writing, i.e. the reading of it),
or that they think thereupon (cf. xxvii. 23). Fundamentally the
two ideas, according to the Hebrew conception of the words, lie in
each other; for the central conception, perceiving, is biblically
equivalent to a delighted searching into or going towards the
object. Thus: the lips of the righteous think of that which is
acceptable (Nvcr, cogn. to NH, gracefulness; xa<rij, Col. iv. 6); while
the mouth of the godless is mere falsehood, which God (the
wisdom of God) hates, and from which discord on all sides arises.
We might transfer Nvfdy to 32b; but this line, interpreted as a
clause by itself, is stronger and more pointed (F1.)
The next three proverbs treat of honesty, discretion, and inno-
cence or dove-like simplicity
xi. 1 Deceitful balances are an abomination to Jahve;
But a full weight is His delight.
The very same proverb, with slightly varied expression, is found
in xx. 23; and other such like proverbs, in condemnation of false
230 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
and in approbation of true balances, are found, xx. 10, xvi. 11;
similar predicates, but connected with other subjects, are found at
xii. 22, xv. 8. "An abomination to Jahve" is an expression we
have already twice met with in the introduction, iii. 32, vi. 16,
cf. viii. 7; hbAfeOT is, like hfAOT, a participial noun, in which the
active conception of abhorring is transferred to the action accom-
plished. NOcrA is in post-biblical Hebr. the designation of the
arbitrium and the voluntas; but here OnOcr; signifies not that which
God wishes, but that which He delights in having. "hmAr;mi (here
for the first time in Proverbs), from hmArA, the Piel of which means
(xxvi. 19) aliquem dolo et fraude petere. Nb,x,, like the Pers. sanak,
sanakh, Arab. siajat, a stone for weight; and finally, without any
reference to its root signification, like Zech. v. 8, trpvfh Nbx, a
leaden weight, as when we say: a horseshoe of gold, a chess-man
of ivory."
Ver. 2. Now follows the Solomonic "Pride goeth before a fall."
There cometh arrogance, so also cometh shame;
But with the humble is wisdom.
Interpreted according to the Hebr.: if the former has come, so
immediately also comes the latter. The general truth as to the
causal connection of the two is conceived of historically; the fact,
confirmed by many events, is represented in the form of a single
occurrence as a warning example; the preterites are like the Greek
aoristi gnomici (vid. p. 32); and the perf., with the fut. consec.
following, is the expression of the immediate and almost simul-
taneous consequence (vid. at Hab. iii. 10): has haughtiness (NOdzA
after the form NOclA, from dyzi, to boil, to run over) appeared, then
immediately also disgrace appeared, in which the arrogant behaviour
is overwhelmed. The harmony of the sound of the Hebr. NOdzA and
NOlqA cannot be reproduced in German [nor in English]; Hitzig
and Ewald try to do so, but such a quid pro quo as "Kommt Un-
glimpf kommt an ihn Schimpf" [there comes arrogance, there comes
to him disgrace] is not a translation, but a distortion of the text.
If, now, the antithesis says that with the humble is wisdom, wisdom
is meant which avoids such disgrace as arrogance draws along with
it; for the faUncA thinks not more highly of himself than he ought to
think (R. Nc, subsidere, dermitti, Deutsch. Morgenl. Zeitsch. xxv. 185).
Ver. 3 The integrity of the upright guideth them;
But the perverseness of the ungodly destroyeth them.
To the upright, MyriwAy;, who keep the line of rectitude without turn-
CHAP. XI. 3. 231
ing aside therefrom into devious paths (Ps. cxxv. 4 f.), stand op-
posed (as at ii. 21 f.) the ungodly (faithless), MydiG;Bo, who conceal
(from rgaBA, to cover, whence dG,B, = tUsK;) malicious thoughts and
plans. And the contrast of hmATu integrity = unreserved loving sub-
mission, is Jl,s,, a word peculiar to the Solomonic Mashal, with its
verb Jl.esi (vid. p. 32). Hitzig explains it by the Arab. saraf, to
step out, to tread over; and Ewald by lafat, to turn, to turn about
("treacherous, false step"), both of which are improbable. Schul-
tens compares salaf in the meaning to smear (R. Jl, bl, a]lei<-
fein; cf. regarding such secondary formations with w preceding,
Hupfeld on Ps. v. 7), and translates here, lubricitas. But this
rendering is scarcely admissible. It has against it lexical tradition
(Menahem: hFvm, wavering; Parchon: Jvyz, falsifying; Kimchi:
tvvf, misrepresentation, according to which the Graec. Venet. sko-
lio<thj), as well as the methodical comparison of the words. The
Syriac has not this verbal stem, but the Targum has Jlas; in the
meaning to distort4 to turn the wrong way (skoliou?n, streblou?n),
Prov. x. 10, and Esth. vi. 10, where, in the second Targum, h.meUP
JliT;s;xi), means "his mouth was crooked." With justice, therefore,
Gesenius in his Thesaurus has decided in favour of the funda-
mental idea pervertere, from which also the Peshito and Saadia
proceed; for in Ex. xxiii. 8 they translate (Syr.) mhapêk (it, the
gift of bribery, perverts) and (Arab.) tazyf (=Jy.ezaT;, it falsifies).
Fl. also, who at xv. 4 remarks, "Jl,s,, from JlasA to stir up, to turn
over, so that the lowermost becomes the uppermost," gives the pre-
ference to this primary idea, in view of the Arab. salaf, invertere
terram conserendi causa. It is moreover confirmed by salaf, prae-
cedere, which is pervertere modified to praevertere. But how does
Jl,s, mean perversio (Theod. u[poskelismo<j), in the sense of the
overthrow prepared for thy neighbour? The parallels demand
the sense of a condition peculiar to the word and conduct of
the godless (treacherous), xxii. 12 (cf. Ex. xxiii. 8), xix. 3, thus
perversitas, perversity; but this as contrary to truth and recti-
tude (opp. hm.ATu), "perverseness," as we have translated it, for we
understand by it want of rectitude (dishonesty) and untruthful-
ness. While the sincerity of the upright conducts them, and, so
to say, forms their salvus conductus, which guards them against the
danger of erring and of hostile assault, the perverseness of the
treacherous destroys them; for the disfiguring of truth avenges
itself against them, and they experience the reverse of the proverb,
232 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
"das Ehrlich währt am längsten" (honesty endures the longest).
The Chethîb Mdwv (MDAwAv;) is an error of transcription; the Kerî has
the proper correction, MDewAy; = Mded;wAy;, Jer. v. 6. Regarding ddawA
(whence yDawa), which, from its root-signification of making close and
fast, denotes violence and destruction, vid. under Gen. xvii.
Three proverbs in praise of hqdc:
Ver. 4 Possessions are of no profit in the day of wrath;
But righteousness delivereth from death.
That which is new here, is only that possessions and goods (vid. re-
garding NOh, p. 63) are destitute of all value in the day of the me<llousa
o]rgh<; for hrAb;f, MOy, the day of wrath breaking through the limits (of
long-suffering), has the same meaning as in the prophets; and
such prophetic words as Isa. x. 3, Zeph. i. 18, and, almost in the
same words, Ezek. vii. 19, are altogether similar to this proverb.
The LXX., which translates e]n h[me<r% e]pagwgh?j, harmonizes in
expression with Sir. v. 8, cf. ii. 2. Theodotion translates dyxe, xxvii.
10, by e]pagwgh< (providence, fate).
Ver. 5 The righteousness of the blameless smootheth his way,
And by his own wickedness doth the wicked fall.
With the MymiTA (cf. i. 12), formed after the passive, more than with
MTA, is connected the idea of the perfected, but more in the negative
sense of moral spotlessness than of moral perfection. The recti-
tude of a man who seeks to keep his conscience and his character
pure, maketh smooth (rw.eyi, as iii. 6, not of the straightness of the
line, but of the surface, evenness) his life's path, so that he can
pursue his aim without stumbling and hindrance, and swerving
from the direct way; while, on the contrary, the godless comes to
ruin by his godlessness—that by which he seeks to forward his
interests, and to make a way for himself, becomes his destruction.
Ver. 6 The rectitude of the upright saveth them,
And in their own covetousness are the faithless taken.
The integrity of those who go straight forward and straight through;
without permitting themselves to turn aside on crooked ways, de-
livers them from the snares which are laid for them, the dangers
they encounter; while, on the contrary, the faithless, though they
mask their intentions ever so cunningly, are ensnared in their
passionate covetousness: the mask is removed, they are convicted,
and are caught and lost. Regarding hUAha, abyss, overthrow, also
stumbling against anything = covetousness, vid. at x. 3, and under
Ps. v. 10. The form of the expression 6b follows the scheme, "in
CHAP. XI. 7. 233
the image of God created He man," Gen. ix. 6. The subject is
to be taken from the genitive, as is marked by the accentuation,
for it gives Mugrash to the tUahab;U, as if it were the principal form,
for hUAhab;U.
Three proverbs regarding destruction and salvation:
Ver. 7 When a godless man dies, his hope cometh to nought,
And the expectation of those who stand in fulness of strength
is destroyed.
We have already remarked in the Introduction that Mdx it is a
favourite word of the Chokma, and the terminological distinction
of different classes and properties of men (vid. pp. 40, 42); we
read, vi. 12, lfay.aliB; MdAxA and here, as also Job xx. 29, xxvii. 13,
fwArA MdAxA, cf. xxi. 29, fwArA wyxi, but generally only fwArA is used. A
godless man, to whom earthly possessions and pleasure and honour
are the highest good, and to whom no means are too base, in order
that he may appease this his threefold passion, rocks himself in
unbounded and measureless hopes; but with his death, his hope,
i.e. all that he hoped for, comes to nought. The LXX. translate
teleuth<santoj a]ndro>j dikai<ou ou]k o@llutai e]lpi<j, which is the con-
verse of that which is here said, 7a: the hope of the righteous
expects its fulfilment beyond the grave. The LXX. further
translate, to> de> kau<xhma (tl.ahit;U) tw?na]sebw?n o@llutai; but the
distich in the Hebr. text is not an antithetic one, and whether
MyniOx may signify the wicked (thus also the Syr., Targ., Venet.,
and Luther), if we regard it as a brachyology for MyniOx ywen;xa or as
the plur. of an adj. NOx, after the form bOF (Elazar b. Jacob in
Kimchi), or wickedness (Zöckler, with Hitzig, "the wicked expec-
tation"), is very questionable. Yet more improbable is Malbim's
(with Rashi's) rendering of this Mynvx, after Gen. xlix. 3, Ps. lxxviii.
51, and the Targ. on Job xviii. 12, of the children of the deceased;
children gignuntur ea, robore virili, but are not themselves the robur
virile. But while Mynvx is nowhere the plur. of Nv,xA in its ethical sig-
nification, it certainly means in Ps. lxxviii. 51, as the plur. of NOx,
manly strength, and in Isa. xl. 26, 29 the fulness of strength
generally, and once, in Hos. ix. 4, as plur. of Nv,xA in its physical
signification, derived from its root-meaning anhelitus (Gen. xxxv.
18, cf. Hab. iii. 7), deep sorrow (a heightening of the Nvx, Deut.
xxvi. 14). This latter signification has also been adopted: Jerome,
expectatio solicitorum; Bertheau, "the expectation of the sorrow-
ing;" Ewald, "continuance of sorrow;" but the meaning of this
234 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
in this connection is so obscure, that one must question the trans-
lators what its import is. Therefore we adhere to the other ren-
dering, "fulness of strength," and interpret Mynvx as the opposite of
Mynvx Nyx, Isa. xl. 29, for it signifies, per metonymiam abstracti pro
concr., those who are full of strength; and we gain the meaning
that there is a sudden end to the expectation of those who are in
full strength, and build their prospects thereon. The two synony-
mous lines complete themselves, in so far as Mynvx gains by fwr Mdx
the associated idea of self-confidence, and the second strengthens
the thought of the first by the transition of the expression from
the fut. to the preterite (F1.). tlHvtv has, for the most part in
recent impressions, the Mugrash; the correct accentuation, accord-
ing to codices and old impressions, is Mynvx tlHvtv (vid. Baer's Torath
Emeth, p. 10, § 4).
Ver. 8 The righteous is delivered from trouble,
And the godless comes in his stead.
The succession of the tenses gives the same meaning as when,
periodizing, we say: while the one is delivered, the other, on the con-
trary, falls before the same danger. ClAH<n, (vid. under Isa. lviii. 11)
followed by the historical tense, the expression of the principal fact,
is the perfect. The statement here made clothes itself after the
manner of a parable in the form of history. It is true there are not
wanting experiences of an opposite kind (from that here stated),
because divine justice manifests itself in this world only as a pre-
lude, but not perfectly and finally; but the poet considers this, that
as a rule destruction falls upon the godless, which the righteous
with the help of God escapes; and this he realizes as a moral
motive. In itself vyTAH;Ta may also have only the meaning of the ex-
change of places, but the LXX. translate a]nt ] au]tou?, and thus
in the sense of representation the proverb appears to be understood
in connection with xxi. 18 (cf. the prophetico-historical appli-
cation, Isa. xliii. 4). The idea of atonement has, however, no
application here, for the essence of atonement consists in the
offering up of an innocent one in the room of the guilty, and its
force lies in the offering up of self; the meaning is only, that if
the divinely-ordained linking together of cause and effect in the
realms of nature and of history brings with it evil, this brings to
the godless destruction, while it opens the way of deliverance for
the righteous, so that the godless becomes for the righteous the
CHAP. XI. 9, 10. 235
rp,Ko, or, as we might say in a figure of similar import, the lightning
conductor.
Ver. 9 The wicked with his mouth prepareth destruction for his neighbour;
But by knowledge the righteous are delivered from it.
The LXX. translate, e]n sto<mati a]sebw?n pagi>j (twr?) poli<taij,
ai@sqhsij de> dikai<oij eu@odoj (vHlcy). There is no reason for changing
(with Hitzig and Ewald) the text, which in the form in which it
is here translated was before all other translators (Aq., Sym-
machus, Theodotion, Syr., Targ., Jerome). The accentuation,
which separates the two instrumental statements by greater dis-
junctives from that which follows, is correct. The "three" Greek
versions [viz. of Aquila, Theodotion, and Symmachus] translate
JneHA by u[pokrith<j, which it means in the modern idiom; but in the
ancient Hebr. it signifies, him who is resolved upon evil, as in Arab.
hianyf, him who is resolved upon that which is right: he who
turns aside to evil enters on a path far removed from that which
is right. In tyHiw;ya one is reminded (without any etymological
reason) of tHawa (pit), and so in Ucl;HAyi of MtAOtyHiw.;mi (Ps. cvii. 20) or
a similar word; but tfadaB; contains the reference, in this connection
not easy to be mistaken, to the hostile purposes of the wicked
masked by the words of the mouth, which are seen through by
the righteous by virtue of knowledge which makes them acquainted
with men. This penetrating look is their means of deliverance.
Three proverbs follow relating to the nature of city and national
life, and between them two against mockery and backbiting:
Ver. 10 In the prosperity of the righteous the city rejoiceth;
And if the wicked come to ruin, there is jubilation.
The B; of bUFB; denotes the ground but not the object, as elsewhere,
but the cause of the rejoicing, like the b, 10b, and in the similar
proverb, xxix. 2, cf. xxviii. 12. If it goes well with the righteous,
the city has cause for joy, because it is for the advantage of the
community; and if the wicked (godless) come to an end, then there
is jubilation (substantival clause for JroTA), for although they are
honoured in their lifetime, yet men breathe freer when the city is
delivered from the tyranny and oppression which they exercised,
and from the evil example which they gave. Such proverbs, in
which the city (civitas) represents the state, the po<lij the politei<a,
may, as Ewald thinks, be of earlier date than the days of an Asa
or Jehoshaphat; for "from the days of Moses and Joshua to the
days of David and Solomon, Israel was a great nation, divided
236 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
indeed into many branches and sections, but bound together by
covenant, whose life did not at all revolve around one great city
alone." We value such critical judgments according to great
historical points of view, but confess not to understand why hyAr;qi
must just be the chief city and may not be any city, and how on
the whole a language which had not as yet framed the conception
of the state (post-bibl. hnAydim;), when it would describe the com-
munity individually and as a whole, could speak otherwise than
of city and people.
Ver. 11 By the blessing of the upright a city is exalted,
But by the mouth of the godless it is broken down.
This verse is related, in the way of confirming it, to ver. 10. The
LXX., which omits ver. 4, here omits 10b and 11a, and combines
10a and 11b into one proverb (vid. Lagarde). The meaning is
clear: "by the benedictions and pious prayers of the upright a
city rises always to a higher eminence and prosperity; while, on
the contrary, the deceitful, arrogant, blasphemous talk of the
godless brings ruin to it" (Fl.). The nearest contrast to "by the
blessing of the upright " would be "by the cursing of the wicked,"
but not in the sense of the poet, who means to say that the city
raises itself by the blessing of the upright, and on the contrary,
when godless men are exalted, then by their words (whose blessing
is no better than their curse) it comes to ruin. tr,q, (=hyAr;qi) occurs
only four times in Proverbs, and in Job xxix. 7.
Ver. 12. There now follow two proverbs which refer to the
intercourse of private life.
He who mocketh his neighbour is devoid of understanding;
But the intelligent man remaineth silent.
xiv. 21 is a proverb similarly beginning with Uhferel; zBA; xiii. 13 is
another beginning with rbAdAl; zBA. From this one sees that l; zUB (cf.
l; hzABA, Isa. xxxvii. 22) does not mean a speaking contemptuously in
one's presence; as also from vi. 30, that contemptuous treatment,
which expresses itself not in mockery but in insult, is thus named;
so that we do not possess a German [nor an English] expression
which completely covers it. Whoever in a derisive or insulting
manner, whether it be publicly or privately, degrades his neigh-
bour, is unwise (ble-rsaHE as pred., like vi. 32); an intelligent man,
on the contrary, keeps silent, keeps his judgment to himself,
abstains from arrogant criticisms, for he knows that he is not
infallible, that he is not acquainted with the heart, and he pos-
CHAP. XL 13, 14. 237
sesses too much self-knowledge to raise himself above his neighbour
as a judge, and thinks that contemptuous rejection, unamiable,
reckless condemnation, does no good, but on the contrary does
evil on all sides.
Ver. 13 He who goeth about tattling revealeth secrets;
But he who is of a faithful spirit concealeth a matter.
The tattler is called lykirA (intensive form of lkero), from his going
hither and thither. lykirA ywen;xa, Ezek. xxii. 9, are men given to tat-
tling, backbiters; lykirA j`leOh (cf. Lev. xix. 16), one of the tattlers or
backbiters goes, a divulger of the matter, a tell-tale. It is of such
an one that the proverb speaks, that he reveals the secret (dOs,
properly the being close together for the purpose of private inter-
course, then that intercourse itself, vid. at Ps. xxv. 14); one has
thus to be on his guard against confiding in him. On the contrary,
a HaUr-Nmax<n,, firmus (fidus) spiritu, properly one who is established,
or reflexively one who proves himself firm and true (vid. at Gen.
xv. 6), conceals a matter, keeps it back from the knowledge and
power of another. Zöckler rightly concludes, in opposition to
Hitzig, from the parallelism that the lykr jlvh is subject; the
arrangement going before also shows that this is the "ground-
word" (Ewald); in xx. 19a the relation is reversed: the revealer
of secrets is rightly named (cf. Sir. xxvii. 16, o[ a]pokalu<ptwn
musth<ria, k.t.l.).
Ver. 14 Where there is no direction a people fall;
But where there is no want of counsellors there is safety.
Regarding tOlBuH;Ta, vid. at i. 5. There it means rules of self-
government; here, rules for the government of the people, or, since
the pluralet. denotes a multiplicity in unity, circumspect kube<rnhsij.
With 14b, xxiv. 6b (where direction in war, as here in peace, is
spoken of, and the meaning of the word specializes itself accord-
ingly) agrees; cf. also xv. 22b. Hitzig criticises the proverb,
remarking, "we who have the longest resorted to many counsellors,
as a consequence of the superabundance have learned to say,
‘Too many cooks spoil the broth,’ and, 'He who asks long, errs.'"
But the truth of the clause 14b is in modern times more fully
illustrated in the region of ecclesiastical and political affairs; and
in general it is found to be true that it is better with a people
when they are governed according to the laws and conclusions
which have resulted from the careful deliberation of many corn-
petent and authorized men, than when their fate is entrusted
238 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
unconditionally to one or to a few. The proverb, it must be
acknowledged, refers not to counsellors such as in Isa. iii. 3, but
as in Isa. i. 26.
Ver. 15. There follow now two proverbs regarding kindness
which brings injury and which brings honour:
It fares ill, nothing but ill, with one who is surety for another;
But he who hateth suretyship remaineth in quietness.
More closely to the original: It goes ill with him; for the proverb
is composed as if the writer had before his eyes a definite person,
whom one assails when he for whom he became security has not
kept within the limits of the performance that was due. Regard-
ing brafA with the accus. of the person: to represent one as a surety
for him, and rzA as denoting the other (the stranger), vid. at vi. 1.
The meaning of faOrye fra is seen from xx. 16a. faOrye is, like xiii. 20,
the fut. Niph. of ffarA, or of faUr = ffarA, after the forms lOm.yi, rOfye
(Olsh. § 265e). The added fra has, like hyAr;f,, Hab. iii. 9, the same
function as the inf. absol. (intensivus); but as the infin. form
fra could only be inf. constr. after the form j`wa, Jer. v. 26, the
infinitive absol. must be faOr: thus fra is an accus., or what is the
same, an adverbial adj.: he is badly treated (maltreated) in a
bad way, for one holds him to his words and, when he cannot or
will not accomplish that which is due in the room of him for
whom he is bail, arrests him. He, on the contrary, who hates
Myfiq;Ot has good rest. The persons of such as become surety by
striking the hands cannot be meant, but perhaps people thus
becoming surety by a hand-stroke,—such sureties, and thus such
suretyship, he cannot suffer; Myfiqvt approaches an abstract [“strik-
ing hands," instead of "those who strike hands"] in connection
with this xneW, expressing only a strong impossibility, as Mylib;Ho
Zech. ii. 7, 14, means uniting together in the sense of com-
bination.
Ver. 16 A gracious woman retaineth honour,
And strong men retain riches.
The LXX. had NHe twx (not lyiHa twx) in view: gunh> eu]xa<ristoj
e]gei<rei a]ndri> do<can—this a]ndri< is an interpolation inserted for the
sake of the added line, qro<noj de> a]timi<aj gunh> misou?sa di<kaia.
The proverb thus expanded is on both sides true: an amiable
woman (gratiosa) brings honour to her husband, gives him relief,
while one who hates the right (that which is good, gentle) is a dis-
graceful vessel (opp. dObkA xs.eKi, Isa. xxii. 23), which disfigures the
CHAP. XI. 17. 239
household, makes the family unloved, and lowers it. But the
commencing line, by which 16b is raised to an independent distich,
is so much the more imperfect: plou<tou o]knhroi> e]ndeei?j gi<nontai;
for that the negligent (idle) bring it not to riches, is, as they are
wont in Swabia to call such truisms, a Binsenwahrheit. But it is
important that the translation of 16b, oi[ de> a]ndrei?oi e]rei<dontai,
plou<t& (the Syr. has "knowledge" for riches), presupposes the
phrase MyciUrHEva (cf. x. 4, LXX.), and along with it this, that vkmty
rwf is so rendered as if the words were rwfb Ukm;s.Ayi, is to be regarded
as unhistorical. If we now take the one proverb as it is found in
the Hebr. text, then the repetition of the jmt in the two lines excites
a prejudice in favour of it. The meaning of this otherwise difficult
jmt, is missed by Löwenstein and Zöckler: a gracious woman re-
taineth honour (Symm. a]nqe<cetai do<chj); for (1) lyH jmt would
better agree with this predicate, and (2) it is evident from xxix. 23
that dvbk jmt is not to be understood in the sense of firmiter tenere, but
in the inchoative sense of consequi honorem, whence also the e]gei<rei
a]ndri< of the LXX. It is true that xxxi. 30 states that "grace (NHe)
is nothing," and that all depends on the fear of God; but here the
poet thinks on "grace" along with the fear of God, or he thinks
on them as not separated from each other; and since it is doubly
true, which is moreover besides this true, that a wife of gracious
outward appearance and demeanour obtains honour, her company
is sought, she finds her way into the best society, they praise her
attractive, pleasant appearance, and that the husband also of such
a wife participates to some extent in this honour. Experience also
confirms it, that the MyciyrifA, strong men, obtain riches (cf. Isa.
xlix 25); and this statement regarding the Mycyrf fits better as a
contrast to 16a, as a like statement regarding the MycvrH, diligent,
for the CyrifA (from CrafA, to place in terror, Ps. x. 18), whose power
consists in terrorism or violence, is the most direct contrast of a
wife, this skeu?oj a]sqene<steron, who by heart-winning attraction
makes yet better conquests: she thereby obtains a higher good,
viz. honour, while the former gains only riches, for "a name " (viz.
a good one) "is better than great riches," xxii. 1. If we read
MycvrH, this thoughtful contrast is lost.
Three proverbs regarding benevolence:
Ver. 17 The benevolent man doeth good to his own soul,
And the violent man brings trouble on his own flesh.
Many interpreters reverse the relation of subject and predicate
240 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
(Targ. only in 17b, after the phrase dybvmdv, for which the Syr. has
only dbvmv): qui sibi ipsi benefacit, is quidem erga alios quoque
benignus praesumitur, quum caritas ordinata a se ipsa incipiat; qui
vero carnem suam male habet, est crudelis erga alios (Michaelis).
But this cannot be established; for certainly it occurs that who-
ever does good to himself does good also to others, and that whoever
is hard against himself also judges and treats others harshly; but in
by far the greatest number of cases the fact is this, that he who
does not deny anything to himself is in relation to others an egoist,
and this is not a "benevolent man;" and, on the contrary, that he
who denies to himself lawful enjoyments is in relation to others
capable of self-denial and self-sacrifice, and thus is the contrast of
a "violent man." The word of Sirach, xiv. 5, o[ ponhro>j e[aut&?
ti<na a]gaqo>j e@stai, to which Bertheau appeals, alludes to the
niggard, and it is true indeed that this Orxew; rkefE, but not every rkf
vrxw, is a niggard. Thus the "benevolent man" and the "violent
man" will be the two subject conceptions, and as it is said of the
benevolent (rs,H, as e.g. Hos. vi. 6, of a more restricted sense, as
Isa. lvii. 1) that he does good (lmeGo, viz, bOF, xxxi. 12), so of the
violent (unmerciful) (yrizAk;xa as xii. 20, Jer. vi. 23, 1. 42) that he
brings evil on his own flesh (LXX. au]tou? sw?ma); for Orxew; as
a parallel word to Owp;na (cf. p. 195) signifies not blood-relations
(Symm., Jerome, Luther, and Grotius), but it has here, as at
Mic. iii. 2, its nearest signification, from which it then comes to
signify those who are of our flesh and blood. But for that reason
the meaning of the poet cannot be that given by Elster: "he
who exercises benevolence toward others creates within himself a
determination which penetrates his whole being with generous
and fruitful warmth, as on the other hand the feeling of hatred
deprives the heart of him who cherishes it of the true fountain of
life." If this were meant, then soul and spirit, not soul and flesh,
would stand in parallelism. The weal and woe refers thus to the
divine retribution which requites the conduct of a man toward his
neighbours, according to its character, with reward or punishment
(Hitzig, Zöckler).
Ver. 18. Man consists of body and soul. In regard to both,
benevolence brings its reward, and hatred its punishment.
The godless acquires deceptive gain;
But he that soweth righteousness, a true reward.
Jerome makes 18b an independent clause, for he translates it as if
CHAP. XL 19. 241
the word were written farezol;U; the Syr. and Targ. also, as OrkAW;
OTmixE (his fidelity is his reward). But according to the text as it
stands, hW,fo extends its regimen to both parts of the verse; to
make is here equivalent to, to work out, to acquire, peripoiei?sqai,
as Gen. xxxi. 1, Jer. xvii. 11, etc. The labour of the godless has
selfishness as its motive, and what he acquires by his labour is
therefore "delusive gain,"—it is no blessing, it profits him not
(x. 2), and it brings him no advantage (x. 16). He, on the con-
trary, acquires truth, i.e. a truly profitable and enduring reward,
who sows right-doing, or better: good-doing, by which we also, as
the biblical moral in hqdc, think principally of well-doing, unselfish
activity and self-sacrificing love. Hos. x. 12 speaks of sowing which
has only hqdc as the norm; and how hqdc is understood is seen from
the parallel use of dsH [piety]. The "true reward" is just the harvest by
which the sowing of the good seed of noble benevolent actions is rewarded.
Ver. 19 Genuine righteousness reaches to life,
And he who pursues evil does it to his death.
The LXX. translate ui[o>j di<kaioj, and the Syrian follows this
unwarrantable quid pro quo; the Bible uses the phrase hlvf-Nb
and the like, but not hqdc-Nb. The Graec. Venet. (translating
ou!tw) deprives the distich of its supposed independence. The
Targ. renders NKe with the following v as correlates, sic . . . uti;
but Nk in comparative proverbs stands naturally in the second, and
not in the first place (vid. p. 10). Without doubt Nk is here a
noun. It appears to have a personal sense, according to the
parallel JDeram;U, on which account Elster explains it: he who is
firm, stedfast in righteousness, and Zöckler: he who holds fast
to righteousness; but Nk cannot mean “holding fast,” nor does
NneOkm;;—"fast" does not at all agree with the meaning of the word,
it means upright, and in the ethical sense genuine; thus Ewald
better: "he who is of genuine righteousness," but "genuine in (of)
righteousness" is a tautological connection of ideas. Therefore
we must regard Nk as a substantival neuter, but neither the rectum
of Cocceius nor the firmum of Schultens furnishes a naturally
expressed suitable thought. Or is NKe a substantive in the sense of
2 Kings vii. 31? The word denotes the pedestal, the pillar, the
standing-place; but what can the basis refer to here (Euehel)?
Rather read "aim" (Oetinger) or "direction" (Lowenstein); but Nk
does not take its meaning from the Hiph. Nykihe. One might almost
242 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
assume that the Chokma-language makes NKe, taliter, a substantive,
and has begun to use it in the sense of qualitas (like the post-bibl.
tUkyxe), so that it is to be explained: the quality of righteousness
tendeth to life. But must we lose ourselves in conjectures or in
modifications of the text (Hitzig, sn.eKa, as a banner), in order to
gain a meaning from the word, which already has a meaning?
We say NKe rBeDa to speak right (Num. xxvii. 7), and NKe tOWfE, to do
right (Eccles. viii. 10); in both cases NKe means standing = con-
sisting, stedfast, right, recte. The contrast is Nke-xlo, 2 Kings vii. 9,
which is also once used as a substantive, Isa. xvi. 6: the un-
righteousness of his words. So here p is used as a substantive
connected in the genitive, but not so that it denotes the right
holding, retaining of righteousness, but its right quality,— hTAmixE
hqdc-lw, as Rashi explains it, i.e., as we understand it: genuine-
ness, or genuine showing of righteousness, which is not mere
appearance without reality. That MyniKe denotes such people as
seek to appear not otherwise than what they truly are, is in favour
of this interpretation. Such genuine righteousness as follows the
impulse of the heart, and out of the fulness of the heart does
good, has life as its result (xix. 23), an inwardly happy and
externally a prosperous life; on the other hand, he who wilfully
pursues evil, and finds in it satisfaction, brings death upon him-
self: he does it to his death, or if we make (which is also possible)
JDera the subject: it tends to his death. Thus in other words:
Love is life; hatred destroys life.
The following proverbs are especially directed, as connected
with this Nk, against the contradiction of the external appearance
and of the masked internal nature.
Ver. 20 An abomination to Jahve are the crookedly dishonest of heart,
And they who are of honest walk are His delight.
We read, ii. 15, viii. 8, wq.efi (the form of the transgressions); but
here, where the "crookedness" is transferred to the heart; we re-
quire another word, which renders the idea of falseness, the contrary
of directness, lying in it, without any mixture of the fundamental
conception flexuosus or tortuosus. j`r,dA ymeymiT; are not only those
whose walk is externally without offence and blameless, but, in
conformity with the contrast, those whose manner of conduct
proceeds from a disposition that is pure, free from deception
and concealment. Jerome, et voluntas ejus in iis qui simpliciter
ambulant. But the word is not ymymt;bi; they [the upright] are
CHAP. XI. 21. 243
themselves His Nvcr (xi. 1) [delight]: He regards them, and only
them, with satisfaction.
Ver. 21 Assuredly [the hand to it] the wicked remaineth not unpunished,
But the seed of the righteous is delivered.
The LXX. render here as xvi. 5, where the dyAl; dyA repeats itself;
xeiri> xei?raj e]mbalw>n a]di<kwj, which is not to be understood, as
Evagrius supposes, of one that can be bribed, but only of a violent
person; the Syr. and Targ. have the same reference; but the
subject is certainly frA and a governing word, as xWeno (2 Sam. xx.
21), is wanting, to say nothing of the fact that the phrase "one
hand against the other" would require the words to be dyb dy.
Jerome and the Graec. Venet., without our being able, however, to
see their meaning. The translation of the other Greek versions is
not given. The Jewish interpreters offer nothing that is worthy,
as e.g. Immanuel and Meîri explain it by "immediately," which
in the modern Hebr. would require dy.Ami, and besides is not here
suitable. The Midrash connects with 21a the earnest warning
that he who sins with the one hand and with the other does good,
is nevertheless not free from punishment. Schultens has an ex-
planation to give to the words which is worthy of examination:
hand to hand, i.e. after the manner of an inheritance per posteros
(Ex. xx. 5), resting his opinion on this, that Arab. yad (cf. dyA,
Isa. lvi. 5) is used among other significations in that of authorizing
an inheritance. Gesenius follows him, but only urging the idea
of the sequence of time (cf. Pers. dest bedest, hand to hand =
continuing after one another), and interprets dyb dy as Fleischer
does: ab aetate in aetatem non (i.e. nullo unquam tempore futuro)
erit impunis scelestus, sed posteri justorum salvi erunt. According
to Böttcher, "hand to hand" is equivalent to from one hand
to another, and this corresponds to the thought expressed in
Plutarch's de sera numinis vindicta: if not immediately, yet at
last. We may refer in vindication of this to the fact that, as the
Arab. lexicographers say, yad, used of the course of time, means
the extension (madd) of time, and then a period of time. But for
the idea expressed by nunquam, or neutiquam, or tandem aliquando,
the language supplied to the poet a multitude of forms, and we
do not see why he should have selected just this expression with
its primary meaning alternatim not properly agreeing with the
connection. Therefore we prefer with Ewald to regard dyl dy as a
formula of confirmation derived from the common speech of the
244 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
people: hand to hand (l; as in ydiyAl;, Job xvii. 3), i.e. the hand for
it [I pledge it, guarantee it] (Bertheau, Hitzig, Elster, Zöckler).
But if 21a assures by the pledge of the hand, and as it were lays
a wager to it, that the wicked shall not go unpunished, then the
genitive in MyqiyDica fraz, is not that of dependence by origin, but, as
Isa. lxv. 23, i. 4, the genitive of apposition, for frz here, as rOD,
Ps. xxiv. 6, cxii. 2, denotes a oneness of like origin and of like
kind, but with a preponderance of the latter. FlAm;ni is the 3d
pret., which by the preceding fut. retains the reference to the
future: the merited punishment comes on the wicked, but the
generation of the righteous escapes the judgment. fr.A has the r
dagheshed (Michlol 63b) according to the rule of the qyHd, according
to which the consonant first sounded after a word terminating in
an accented a or é is doubled, which is here, as at xv. 1, done with
the r.
Ver. 22 A golden ring in a swine's snout,—
A fair woman and without delicacy.
This is the first instance of an emblematical proverb in which the
first and second lines are related to each other as figure and its
import, vid. p. 9. The LXX. translates rhythmically, but by its
w!sper . . . ou!twj it destroys the character of this picture-book
proverbial form. The nose-ring, Mz,n,, generally attached to the
right nostril and hanging down over the mouth (vid. Lane's Manners,
etc.) is a female ornament that has been in use since the time of
the patriarchs (Gen. xxiv. 47). If one supposes such a ring in a
swine's snout, then in such a thing he has the emblem of a wife in
whom beauty and the want of culture are placed together in
direct contrast. MfaFa is taste carried over into the intellectual
region, the capability of forming a judgment, Job xii. 20, and
particularly the capability of discovering that which is right and
adapted to the end in view, 1 Sam. xxv. 33 (of Abigail), here in
accordance with the figure of a beast with which the ideas of
uncleanness, shamelessness, and rudeness are associated, a mind for
the noble, the fine, the fitting, that which in the higher and at the
same time intellectual and ethical sense we call tact (fine feeling);
trasA (alienata) denotes the want of this capacity, not without the
accompanying idea of self-guilt.
Ver. 23 The desire of the righteous is nothing but good,
The expectation of the godless is presumption.
This is usually explained with Fleischer: If the righteous wish for
CHAP. XI. 24. 245
anything, their wish reaches to no other than a fortunate issue;
but if the godless hope for anything, then there is to them in the
end as their portion, not the good they hoped for, but wrath (x. 28,
cf. xi. 4). However, that hrAb;f, is at once to be understood thus,
as in hrbf Mvy, and that the phrase is to be rendered: the hope of
the godless is God's wrath, is doubtful. But hrbf denotes also
want of moderation, and particularly in the form of presumption,
xxi. 24, Isa. xvi. 6; and thus we gain the thought that the desire of
the righteous is directed only to that which is good, and thus to
an object that is attainable because well-pleasing to God, while on
the contrary the hope of the godless consists only in the suggestions
of their presumption, and thus is vain self-deceit. The punctua-
tion Myqydc tvxt is contrary to rule; correct texts have tvxt
Myqydc, for Dechî stands before Athnach only if the Athnach-word
has two syllables (Torath Emeth, p. 43; Accentssystem, xviii. § 4).
Three proverbs regarding giving which is not loss but gain.
Ver. 24 There is one who giveth bounteously, and he increaseth still more;
And (there is) one who withholdeth what is due, only to his loss.
The first of the proverbs with wye (there is), which are peculiar to
the first collection (vid. p. 32). The meaning is, that the posses-
sions of the liberal giver do not decrease but increase, and that, on
the contrary, the possessions of the niggardly do not increase but
decrease. rz.epam; is not to be understood after Ps. cxii. 9. Instead
of dOf JsAOnv; the three Erfurt codd have Jsavnv (with retrogression of
the tone?), which Hitzig approves of; but the traditional phrase
which refers (et qui augetur insuper) Jsvnv not to the possession
of him who scattereth, but to himself, is finer in the expression.
In the characteristic of the other, rw,y.mi is commonly interpreted
comparatively: plus aequo (Cocceius) or justo (Schelling). But Nmi
after j`WaHA, is to be regarded as governed by it, and rw,y denotes not
competence, riches, as Arab. yusr (Bertheau, Zöckler), also not
uprightness beneficence (Midrash, hqdch Nm), but duty, upright-
ness, as Job xxxiii. 23, where it denotes that which is advantageous
to man, as here that which befits him: he who holds back, namely
himself, from that which is due to himself, and thus should permit
to himself, such an one profits nothing at all by this a]feidi<a
(17b, Col. ii. 23), but it tends only to loss to him, only to the
lessening of that which he possesses. We shall meet with this
(rOs.H;mal;) rOsH;mal; j`xa xiv. 23, and frequently again—it is a common
Mashal formula (cf. kai> to<s& ma?llon u[sterei?tai, Sir. xi. 11). The
246 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
cause of the strange phenomenon that the liberal gains and the
niggardly loses is not here expressed, but the following proverb
gives the explanation of it:
Ver. 25 A liberal soul [soul of blessing] is made fat,
And he that watereth others is also watered.
A synonymous distich (vid. p. 7). A soul of blessing is one from
whom blessings go out to others, who is even a blessing to all with
whom he comes into fellowship; hkArAB; denotes also particularly the
gifts of love, 1 Sam. xxv. 27, j`reBe denotes, if the Arab. is right,
which derives it from the fundamental idea "to spread out:" to
cause to increase and prosper by means of word and deed. The
blessing which goes out from such a soul comes back again to
itself: Nw.Adut; (as xiii. 4, xxviii. 25), it is made fat, gains thereby sap
and strength in fulness; the Pual refers to the ordinance of God;
xxii. 9 is kindred in meaning to this anima benefica pinguefiet.
In 25b xr,Oy is the Aramaic form of writing, but without the
Aramaic vocalization (cf. i. 10 xbeTo, Isa. xxi. 12 xtey.eva). Perhaps
the x makes it noticeable that here a different word from hr,Oy,
morning rain, is used; however, Symm. translates prwi*no<j, and
the Graec. Venet. (Kimchi following it) u[eto<j. As a rule, we do not
derive xr,Oy from hrAyA of which it would be the Hophal (=hr,Uy, as
fdaOh, Lev. iv. 23, =fdaUh) (Ewald, § 131 f.); for the idea consper-
gitur, which the Ho. of the Hiph. hr,Oy, Hos. vi. 3, expresses, is, as
correlat to hv,r;ma, as a parallel word to Nw.Adut;, one not of equal force.
Jerome as guided by correct feeling, for he translates: et qui
inebriat ipse quoque inebriabitur. The stem-word is certainly hvArA,
whether it is with Hitzig to be punctuated xreUAyi= hv,rAye, or with
Fleischer we are to regard xr,Oy as derived per metathesin from
hv,r;yA, as for Arab. ârây (to cause to see) is used 1 the vulgar Arab.
ârway (in the Syr. Arab.) and âwray (in the Egypt. Arab.). We
prefer the latter, for the passing of hr,v;yA (from hv,r;yA) into hr,Oy is
according to rule, vid. at xxiii. 21.
Ver. 26 Whoso withholdeth corn, him the people curse;
But blessing is on the head of him that selleth it.
This proverb is directed against the corn-usurer, whose covetous-
ness an deceitful conduct is described Amos viii. 4-8. But
whilst it is there said that they cannot wait till the burdensome
1 Hitzig s comparison of rawaâ, finem respicere, as transposed from waray is
incorrect; the former verb, which signifies to consider, thus appears to be
original.
CHAP. XI. 27. 247
interruption of their usurious conduct on account of the sacred
days come to an end, the figure here is of a different aspect of
their character: they hold back their stores of corn in the times of
scarcity, for they speculate on receiving yet higher prices for it.
rBA (from rraBA, to purify, to be pure) is thrashed grain, cf. Arab.
burr, wheat, and nakikiy of the cleaning of the grain by the separa-
tion from it of the tares, etc. (F1.); the word has Kametz, accord-
ing to the Masora, as always in pause and in the history of Joseph.
fanemo has Munach on the syllable preceding the last, on which the
tone is thrown back, and Metheg with the Tsere as the sign of a
pause, as i. 10 faceBo (vid. p. 67). ryBiw;ma; qui annonam vendit, is
denom. of rb,w,, properly that which is crushed, therefore grain
(Fl.). Mymi.xul;, which we would understand in the Proph. of nations,
are here, as at xxiv. 24, the individuals of the people. The hkArAb;
which falls on the head of the charitable is the thanks of his fellow-
citizens, along with all good wishes.
That self-sacrificing endeavour after the good of others finds its
reward in the thought encircling the following proverbs.
Ver. 27 He that striveth after good, seeketh that which is pleasing;
And he that searcheth after evil, it shall find him.
Here we have together three synonyms of seeking: wq.eBi (R. qb,
findere), which has the general meaning quaerere, from the root-
idea of penetrating and pressing forwards; wraDA, (R. rd, terere),
which from the root-idea of trying (proving) corresponds to the
Lat. studere; and rHewi) (whence here rHewo instead of rHewam;, as rbeDo
instead of rBedam;), which means mane, and thus sedulo quaerere (vid.
at i. 28). From 27b, where by hfArA is meant evil which one pre-
pares for another, there arises for bOF the idea of good thoughts
and actions with reference to others. He who applies himself to
such, seeks therewith that which is pleasing, i.e. that which pleases
or does good to others. If that which is pleasing to God were
meant, then this would have been said (cf. xii. 2); the idea here
is similar to x. 32, and the word wp.ebay; is used, and not xcAm;yi, because
reference is not made to a fact in the moral government of the
world, but a description is given of one who is zealously intent
upon good, and thus of a noble man. Such an one always asks
himself (cf. Matt. vii. 12): what will, in the given case, be well-
pleasing to the neighbour, what will tend to his true satisfaction?
Regarding the punctuation here, rHewo, vid. at ver. 26. The subject
to Un.x,Obt;, which, x. 24, stands as the fundameatal idea, here follows
248 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
from the governed hfArA, which may be the gen. (Ps. xxxviii. 13)
as well as the accus.
Ver. 28 He that trusteth in his riches shall fall,
And the righteous shall flourish like the green leaf.
lOPyi (plene after the Masora) as well as the figure hl,fAk,v; (cf. for the
punctuation NwAfAk,v;, x. 26) are singular, but are understood if one
observes that in 28a a withered tree, and in 28b a tree with leaves
ever green, hovers before the imagination of the poet (cf. Ps. i. 3,
Jer. xvii. 8). The proud rich man, who on the ground of his
riches appears to himself to be free from danger, goes on to his
ruin (lvpy as xi. 5, and frequently in the Book of Proverbs), while
on the contrary the righteous continues to flourish like the leaf—
they thus resemble the trees which perennially continue to flourish
anew. Regarding hl,fA as originally collective (Symm. qa<lloj),
vid. at Isa. i. 30, and regarding HraPA (R. rp, to break), here of the
continual breaking forth of fresh-growing leaf-buds, vid. at Isa.
xi. 1. The apostolic word names this continual growth the meta-
morphosis of believers, 2 Cor. ii. 18. The LXX. has read hl,fEmaU
(approved by Hitzig): and he who raiseth up the righteous.
Ver. 29 He that troubleth his own household shall inherit the wind,
And a fool becomes servant to the wise in heart.
Jerome well translates: qui conturbat domum sum, for rkf closely
corresponds to the Lat. turbare; but with what reference is the
troubling or disturbing here meant? The Syr. translates 29a
doubly, and refers it once to deceit, and the second time to the
contrary of avarice; the LXX., by o[ mh> sumperifero<menoj t&?
e[autou? oi@k&, understands one who acts towards his own not un-
sociably, or without affability, and thus not tyrannically. But rkefo
Orxew; xi. 17, is he who does not grudge to his own body that which
is necessary; lxerAW;yi rkefo is applied to Elijah, 1 Kings xviii. 17, on
account of whose prayer there was a want of rain; and at xv. 27
it is the covetous who is spoken of as OtyBe rkefo. The proverb has,
accordingly, in the man who "troubles his own house" (Luth.),
a niggard and sordid person (Hitzig) in view, one who does not
give to his own, particularly to his own servants, a sufficiency of
food and of necessary recreation. Far from raising himself by his
household arrangements, he shall only inherit wind (lHan;;yi, not as
the Syr. translates, lyHin;ya, in the general signification to inherit, to
obtain, as iii. 35, xxviii. 10, etc.), i.e. he goes always farther and
farther back (for he deprives his servants of all pleasure and love
CHAP. XI. 30, 31. 249
for their work in seeking the prosperity of his house), till in the
end the reality of his possession dissolves into nothing. Such
conduct is not only loveless, but also foolish; and a foolish person
(vid. regarding lyvix< at i. 7) has no influence as the master of a
house, and generally is unable to maintain his independence: "and
the servant is a fool to him who is wise of heart." Thus the
LXX. (cf. also the LXX. of x. 5), Syr., Targ., Jerome, Graec.
Venet., Luth. construe the sentence. The explanation, et servus
stulti cordato (se. addicitur), i.e. even the domestics of the covetous
fool are at last partakers in the wise beneficence (Fl.), places 29b
in an unnecessary connection with 29a, omits the verb, which is
here scarcely superfluous, and is not demanded by the accentuation
(cf. e.g. xix. 22b).
Ver. 30 The fruit of the righteous is a tree of life,
And the wise man winneth souls.
The LXX. translate, e]k karpou? dikaiosu<nhj fu<etai de<ndron zwh?j;
Hitzig takes thence the word qd,c,; but this translation discredits
itself by the unnatural reversal of the relation of fruit and tree.
The fruit of the righteous is here not the good which his conduct
brings to him, as Isa. iii. 10, Jer. xxxii. 19, but his activity itself
proceeding from an internal impulse. This fruit is a tree of life.
We need to supplement yriP; [fruit] as little here as Hraxo [a traveller]
at x. 17; for the meaning of the proverb is, that the fruit of the
righteous, i.e. his external influence, itself is a tree of life (vid.
p. 32), namely for others, since his words and actions exert a
quickening, refreshing, happy influence upon them. By this means
the wise (righteousness and wisdom come together according to
the saying of the Chokma, i. 7a) becomes a winner of souls (Hql as
vi. 25, but taken in bonam partem), or, as expressed in the N. T.
(Matt. iv. 19), a fisher, of men, for he gains them not only for
himself, but also for the service of wisdom and righteousness.
Ver. 31 Lo, the righteous findeth on earth his reward;
How much more the godless and the sinner!
The particles yKi Jxa signify properly, interrogatively: Shall it yet be
said that . . .; it corresponds to the German "geschweige denn"
[nedum] (Fl.). Nhe is already in bibl. Hebr. in the way of becoming
a conditional particle; it opens, as here, the antecedent of a gra-
datio a minori ad majus introduced by yk Jx, Job xv. 15 f., xxv. 5 f.,
cf. Nh (hnh) with j`yxev; following, Gen. xliv. 8, 2 Sam. xii. 18. xiii.
13 presents itself as the nearest parallel to Mla.wu, where it means, to
250 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
be rewarded. It is a vocabulum anceps, and denotes full requital,
i.e., according to the reference, either righteous reward or righteous
punishment. If 30a is understood of reward, and 30b of punish-
ment, then the force of the argument in the conclusion consists in
this, that the righteous can put forth no claim to a recompense,
because his well-doing is never so perfect as not to be mingled
with sin (Eccles. vii. 20; Ps. cxliii. 2); while, on the contrary, the
repression of the wicked, who, as fwArA as to his intention, and xFeOH
as to his conduct, actually denies his dependence on God, is de-
manded by divine holiness. But the conclusion is not stringent,
since in the relation of God to the righteous His dispensation of
grace and faithfulness to promises also come into view, and thus
in both cases Ml.Awuy; appears to require the same interpretation: if
the righteous does not remain unrevenged, so much more shall not
the godless and the sinner remain . . ., or how much less shall the
godless and the sinner remain so. Thus the Graec. Venet., Qe&? o[
di<kaioj e]n t^? g^? a]potiqh<setai; thus also Luther, and among the
moderns Löwenstein and Elster. Of the proverb so understood
the LXX. version, ei] o[ me>n di<kaioj mo<lij (mo<gij) sw<zetai, o[ a]sebh>j
kai> a[martwlo>j pou? fanei?tai (cf. 1 Pet. iv. 18) may be a free
translation, for in the Mlwy there certainly lies, according to the
sense, a faweUAyi Ffam;Ki. Also Mlwy has the principal tone, not Crxb.
The thought: even on this side (on earth), lies beyond the sphere
of the O. T. consciousness. The earth is here the world of man.
Three proverbs on knowledge, the favour of God, firmness and
the means thereto.
xii. 1 He loveth correction who loveth knowledge,
And he hateth instruction who is without, reason.
It is difficult in such cases to say which is the relation of the ideas
that is intended. The sequence of words which lies nearest in the
Semitic substantival clause is that in which the predicate is placed
first; but the subject may, if it is to be made prominent, stand at
the head of the sentence. Here, lb, the placing of the subject in
advance recommends itself: one who hates instruction is devoid of
reason. But since we have no reason in la to invert the order of
the words as they lie together, we take the conceptions placed first
in both cases as the predicates. Thus: he who loves knowledge
shows and proves that he does so by this, that he willingly puts
himself in the place of a learner; and devoid of reason is he who
with aversion rejects reproof, which is designed to guard him from
CHAP. XII. 2, 3. 251
future mistakes and false steps. Regarding the punctuation bhexo
tfd (with Mercha on the ante-penult. and the hdmfh-sign on the
penult.), vid. at xi. 26 f., i. 19. In lb the Munach in tHkvt is
transformed from Mugrash, (Accentssystem, xviii. § 2), as in xv. 10b.
rfaBa (cf. xxx. 2) is a being who is stupid as the brute cattle (ryfiB;,
from rfeBA, to graze, cattle of all kinds; Arab. b'ayr, the beast kat ]
e]c, i.e. the camel); as a homo brutus is compared to hmAheB; (Ps.
xlix. 21, lxxiii. 22), and is called Arab. behymt, from bahym, '‘shut
up" (spec. dabb, a bear; thwr, an ox; hiamâr, an ass) (Fl.).
Ver. 2 A good man obtaineth favour with Jahve,
But the man of wicked devices He condemns.
He who is an tOm.zim; wyxi (xiv. 17, cf. Ps. xxxvii. 7) is defined in
xxiv. 8 (cf. p. 39): he is a man of devices (vid. regarding the
etymon, p. 56), namely, that are wicked, one who contrives evil
against his neighbour. The meaning of the subject-conception
bOF is defined according to this, although in itself also it is clear,
for bvF, used of God (e.g. Ps. lxxiii. 1, lxxxvi. 5) and of men (xiii.
22, xiv. 14), denotes the good (bonus) in the sense of the benevo-
lent (benignus); the Scripture truths, that God is love, that love is
the essence of goodness and is the fulfilling of the law, are so
conformed to reason, that they stamp themselves as immediate
component parts of the human consciousness. A bvF is thus a
man who acts according to the ruling motive of self-sacrificing love;
such an one obtains (vid. on qypIyA, educit = adipiscitur, at iii. 13)
the favour of God, He is and shows Himself kind to him, while on
the contrary He condemns the wicked intriguer. Hitzig trans-
lates: the former of intrigues is punishable (as the Syr.: is con-
demned; Targ.: his contrivance is shattered to pieces); but to
become a fwARA = reus faywir;hi does not denote, but either to practise
fwar,, Job xxxiv. 12, or to set forth as fwArA = to condemn, Isa. 1. 9.
Taken in the former signification (Jerome, impie agit), a declara-
tion is made which is not needed, since the moral badness already
lies in the reference of the subject: thus fywry will be used also of
Jahve. In proof that the poet did not need to say wyx-tx,v;,
Zöckler rightly points to x. 6, Job xxii. 29.
Ver. 3 A man does not stand by wickedness,
But the root of the righteous remains unmoved.
In fwar, there lies the idea of want of inward stay (vid. at Ps. i. 1); in
a manner of thought and of conduct which has no stay in God and
His law, there can be expected no external endurance, no solidity.
252 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
The righteous, on the contrary, have their root in God; nothing
can tear them from the ground in which they are rooted, they are as
trees which no storm outroots. The very same thought is clothed
in other words in x. 25, and another statement regarding the root
of the righteous is found at xii. 12.
We now place together vers. 4-12. One proverb concerning
the house-wife forms the beginning of this group, and four re-
garding the management of the house and business form the
conclusion.
Ver. 4 A good [brave] wife is the crown of her husband,
But as rottenness in his bones is one that causeth shame.
As xi. 16 says of NHe tw,xe, the pleasant wife (NHe=xa<rij), that she
obtaineth honour, so this proverb of lyiHa tw,xe, the good wife
(lyiHa= a]reth<, virtus), that she raises her husband to higher
honour: she is for his self-consciousness ste<fanoj kauxh<sewj
(1 Thess. ii. 19), and is also to him such a crown of honour
before the world (cf. xxxi. 23). On the contrary, a hwAybim;, con-
ducting herself shamefully (cf. regarding the double meaning of
this Mishle word, which only here occurs in the fern., at x. 5), is to
her husband instar cariei in ossibus. bqArA (bqarA. x. 7) denotes both
the caries and the worm-hole (cf. Job xli. 19, NObq.Ari Cfe, worm-eaten
wood). Like as the caries slowly but continuously increases, till
at last the part of the body which the bone bears and the whole
life of the man falls to ruin; so an unhappy marriage gnaws at
the marrow of life, it destroys the happiness of life, disturbs the
pursuit, undermines the life of the husband.
Ver. 5 The thoughts of the righteous are justice,
The counsels of the godless are deceit.
They are so, that is, in their contents and their aim. To the
righteous are ascribed tObwAHEma, namely, simple and clear; to the
godless, tOlBuH;Ta, carefully thought out, prudently thought through
schemes and measures (regarding the word and the idea, vid.
p. 57), but on that very account not simple, because with a
tendency; for the righteous have an objective rule, namely, that
which is right in the sight of God and of men, but the godless
have only a selfish purpose, which they seek to attain by deceiving,
and at the cost of, their neighbour.
Ver. 6 The word of the godless is to lie in wait for the blood of others,
But the mouth of the upright delivereth them.
CHAP. XII. 7. 253
Our editions have Myfwr yrbd, but the right sequence of the accents
(in Cod. 1294 and elsewhere) is Myfwr yrbd; the logical relation in
this transformation, which is only rhythmically conditioned, remains
the same. The vocalization wavers between -brAx<, which would
be imper., and -brAxE, which is infin., like -rmAxE, xxv. 7, -wnAfE, xxi. 11,
-lkAxE, Gen. iii. 11. However one punctuates it, the infin. is in-
tended in any case, in which the expression always remains
sketchy enough: the words of the godless are lying in wait for
blood, i.e. they fare calculated to bring others to this, into the
danger of their lives, e.g. before the tribunal by false charges
and false witness. MDA is the accus. of the object; for instead
of MdAl; brx (i. 11), to lurk for blood, a shorter expression, MDA brx,
is used (Ewald, § 282a). The suffix of Mleyc.iya1 might appear, after
xi. 6a, to refer back to the MyriwAy;; but the thought that their mouth
saves the upright, that they thus know to speak themselves out of
the danger, is by far less appropriate (vid., on the contrary, tfdb,
xi. 9) than the thought that the mouth of the upright delivereth
from danger those whose lives are threatened by the godless, as
is rightly explained by Ewald, Bertheau, Elster. The personal
subject or object is in the Maslial style often to be evolved from
the connection, eg. xiv. 26, xix. 23.
Ver. 7 The godless are overturned and are no more,
But the house of the righteous stands.
Bertheau and Zöckler explain: The wicked turn about, then are
they no more; i.e. as we say: it is over with them "in the turning
of a hand." The noun in the inf. absol. may certainly be the
subject, like xvii. 12, as well as the object (Ewald, § 328c), and
j`pahA may be used of the turning about of oneself, Ps. lxxviii. 9,
2 Kings v. 26, 2 Chron. ix. 12. That explanation also may claim
for itself that jph nowhere occurs with a personal object, if we
except one questionable passage, Isa. i. 7. But here the interpre-
tation of the Myfwr as the object lies near the contrast of tyb, and
moreover the interpretation of the jph, not in the sense of stre<-
fesqai, (LXX.), but of katastre<gein (Syr., Targ., Jerome, Graec.
Venet., Luther), lies near the contrast of dmofEya. The inf. absol.
thus leaves the power from which the catastrophe proceeds in-
definite, as the pass. Ukp;hAye would also leave it, and the act de-
1 Elias Levita, in his note to the root hp in Kimchi's Wörterbuch, reads Mleyci.Ta,
and so also do 6 codd. in Kennicot. But hP, is masculine.
254 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
signedly presented in a vague manner to connect with v the certain
consequences therewith, as xxv. 4 f., as if to say: there comes only
from some quarter an unparalleled overthrow which overwhelms
the godless; thus no rising up again is to be thought on, it is all
over with them; while, on the contrary, the house of the righteous
withstands the storm which sweeps away the godless.
Ver. 8 According to the measure of his intelligence is a man praised,
And whoever is of a perverse mind is despised.
Everywhere in the Mishle lk,We has no other meaning than intel-
lectus (vid. p. 87). The praise which is given to a man measures
itself vlkW ypl (punctuate Olk;Wi-ypil;, according to Torah Emeth, p.
41, Accentssystem, xx. § 1), i.e. according to the measure (so ypl
is used in the oldest form of the language) of his intelligence, or
as we may also say, of his culture; for in these proverbs, which make
the fear of God the highest principle, lkW means also understanding
of moral excellence, not merely the intellectual superiority of
natural gifts. ll.ehi is here a relative conception of manifold grada-
tions, but it does not mean renown in general, but good renown.
Parallel with Olk;Wi, ble refers to the understanding (nou?j); the
rendering of Löwenstein, "who is of false heart," is defective.
hv,fEna (synon. of lTAp;ni and wq.efi, but nowhere else interchanging with
it) means here a vero et recto detortus et aversus (Fl.). Such a man
who has not a good understanding, nor any certain rule of judg-
ment, falls under contempt (Graec. Venet. t&? o]ntwt^? ei]j musagmo<n,
after the false reading of hvhy instead of hyhy), i.e. he defames him-
self by his crooked judgment of men, of things and their relations,
and is on this account in no position rightly to make use of them.
Ver. 9 Better is he who is lowly and has a servant,
Than he that makes himself mighty and is without bread.
This proverb, like xv. 17, commends the middle rank of life with
its quiet excellences. hl,q;ni (like 1 Sam. xviii. 23), from hlAqA, cog-
nate with llaqA, Syr. 'kly, to despise, properly levi pendere, levem
habere (whence NOlqA, scorn, disgrace), here of a man who lives in a
humble position and does not seek to raise himself up. Many of
the ancients (LXX., Symmachus, Jerome, Syr., Rashi, Luther,
Schultens) explain Ol db,f,v; by, and is a servant to himself, serves
himself; but in that case the words would have been Owp;nal; dbfv
(Syr. h.wep;na wm.ewam;Di), or rather xUh ODb;fav;. Ol dbefov; would be more
appropriate, as thus pointed by Ziegler, Ewald, and Hitzig. But
if one adheres to the traditional reading, and interprets this, as it
CHAP. XII. 10. 255
must be interpreted: et cui serves (Targ., Graec. Venet.), then that
supplies a better contrast to MH,lA-rsaHEva, for "the first necessity of
an oriental in only moderate circumstances is a slave, just as was
the case with the Greeks and Romans" (Fl.). A man of lowly
rank, who is, however, not so poor that he cannot support a slave,
is better than one who boasts himself and is yet a beggar (2 Sam.
iii. 29). The Hithpa. often expresses a striving to be, or to
wish to appear to be, what the adj. corresponding to the verb
states, e.g. lDeGat;hi, rw.efat;hi; like the Greek middles, ezesqai, azesqai,
cf. MKeHat;hi and sofi<zesqai. So here, where with Fleischer we have
translated: who makes himself mighty, for dbk; gravem esse, is
etymologically also the contrast of hlq. The proverb, Sirach x.
26: krei<sswn e]rgazo<menoj kai> perisseu<wn e]n pa?sin, h} docazo<menoj
kai> a]porw?n a@rtwn (according to the text of Fritzsche), is a half
remodelling, half translation of this before us.
Ver. 10 The righteous knows how his cattle feel,
And the compassion of the godless is cruel.
The explanation: the righteous taketh care for the life of his beast
(Fl.), fails, for 10a is to be taken with Ex. xxiii. 9; wp,n, signifies
also the state of one's soul, the frame of mind, the state of feeling;
but fdy has, as in the related proverb, xxvii. 23, the meaning of
careful cognizance or investigation, in conformity with which one
acts. If the Torâ includes in the law of the Sabbath (Ex. xx. 10,
xxiii. 12) useful beasts and cattle, which are here especially meant,
and secures to them the reward of their labour (Deut. xxv. 4); if it
forbids the mutilation, and generally the giving of unnecessary
pain, to beasts; if it enjoins those who take a bird's nest to let the
dam escape (Dent. xxii. 6 f.),—these are the prefigurations of that
hmhb wpn tfd, and as the God of the Torâ thus appears at the close
of the Book of Jonah, this wonderful apology (defensio) of the all-
embracing compassion, the God also of the world-history in this
sympathy for the beasts of the earth as the type of the righteous.
In 10b most interpreters find an oxymoron: the compassion of
the godless is compassionless, the direct opposite of compassion; i.e.
he possesses either altogether no compassion, or he shows such as in
its principle, its expression, and in its effects is the opposite of what
it ought to be (Fl.). Bertheau believes that in the sing. of the pre-
dicate yrizAk;xa he is justified in translating: the compassion of the
wicked is a tyranny. And as one may speak of a loveless love, i.e.
of a love which in its principle is nothing else than selfishness, so
256 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
also of a compassionless compassion, such as consists only in gesture
and speech, without truth of feeling and of active results. But
how such a compassionless compassion toward the cattle, and one
which is really cruel, is possible, it may be difficult to show.
Hitzig's conjecture, ymeHura, sprang from this thought: the most
merciful among sinners are cruel—the sinner is as such not MUHra.
The LXX. is right in the rendering, ta> de> spla<gxna tw?n
a]sebw?n a]neleh<mona. The noun MymiHEra means here not compassion,
but, as in Gen. xliii. 30 (LXX. e@ntera or e@gkata) and 1 Kings
iii. 26 (LXX. mh<tra), has the meaning the bowels (properly
tender parts, cf. Arab. rakkuma, to be soft, tender, with rhim), and
thus the interior of the body, in which deep emotions, and especially
strong sympathy, are wont to be reflected (cf. Hos. x. 8). The
singular of the predicate yrzkx arises here from the unity of the
subject-conception: the inwards, as Jer. 1. 12, from the reference
of the expression to each individual of the many.
Ver. 11 He that tilleth his own ground is satisfied with bread,
And he that followeth after vain pursuits is devoid of understanding.
Yet more complete is the antithetic parallelism in the doublette,
xxviii. 19 (cf. also Sir. xx. 27a). The proverb recommends the
cultivation of the field as the surest means of supporting oneself
honestly and abundantly, in contrast to the grasping after vain,
i.e. unrighteous means of subsistence, windy speculations, and the
like (F1.). Myqiyre are here not persons (Bertheau), but things
without solidity and value (LXX. ma<taia; Aquila, Theodotion,
kena<), and, in conformity with the contrast, not real business.
Elsewhere also the mas. plur. discharges the function of a neut.
noun of multitude, vid. MydiyGin;, principalia, viii. 6, and Mydezi, Ps.
xix. 14—one of the many examples of the imperfect use of the
gender in Hebr.; the speaker has in Myqyr, vana et inania, not Mywnx
(Judg. ix. 4), but Myrbd (Dent. xxxii. 47) in view. The LXX.
erroneously at xxviii. 19, and Symmachus and Jerome at both
places understand Myqyr of slothfulness.
Ver. 12 The godless lusteth after the spoil of evil-doers;
But the root of the righteous shoots forth.
This translation is at the same time an explanation, and agrees with
Fleischer's "the godless strives by unrighteous gain like the wicked
(iv. 14) to enrich himself, namely, as must be understood from the
antithetic members of the parallelism, in vain, without thereby
making progress and gaining anything certain. The preterite, as
CHAP. XII. 13. 257
xi. 2, 8, etc., places the general true proposition as a separate
historic principle derived from experience. In 12b NTeyi stands
elliptically or pregnantly: edet, scil. quod radix edere solet, sobolem
stirpis, rathorum, etc., as in the Arab. natan and ânatan are
specially used without an obj. of the spontaneousness of an odour."
dOcmA (from dUc, to spy, to hunt) is elsewhere the instrument of the
hunt (a net), here the object and end of it. If the words had been
MyfirA ydeUcm;, then we would explain after MyfirA ykexEl;ma, Ps. lxxviii. 49
(vid. comm. on), and frA tw,xe, vi. 24; but in the difference of
number, Myfr will not be the qualitative but the subjective personal
genitive: capturam qualem mali captant. Ewald, who understands
Myqyr, 11b, of good-for-nothing-fellows, interprets Myfr here, on the
contrary, as neuter (§ 172b): the desire of the wicked is an evil
net, i.e. wherein he catches all manner of evil for himself. The
LXX. has here two proverbs, in which dvcm occurs in the plur.
and in the sense of o]xurw<mata; 12b of the Hebr. text is rendered:
ai[ de> r[i<zai tw?n eu]sebw?n e]n o]xruw<masi, which Schleusner explains
immotae erunt. The Hebr. text can gain nothing from this variation.
That the LXX. read NtAyxe Myqydc wrwv is is not probable, since they
nowhere thus translate Ntyx. But Reiske and Ziegler have, like
Ewald and Hitzig, combined NTey of this proverb with Nty from Ntyx
(Arab. wâtin), firmum, perennem esse. Hitzig translates the distich,
after emending the text of 12a by the help of the LXX. and the
Arab.: the refuge of the wicked is crumbling clay, but the root of
the righteous endures (Nteye from Nty). Böttcher also reads rmH instead
of dmH, and translates (vid. p. 192, 1. 11): the refuge of the wicked
is miry clay, but the root of the righteous holdeth fast (Nteyo= Arab.
wâtin). But this derivation of a verb In, is not necessary. The
Graec. Venet. rightly, r[i<za de> dikai<wn dw<sei. The obj. is self-
evident. Rashi reads yrph xvhv Ntyl yvxr xvhw hm. So also Schul-
tens. The root giveth, is equivalent to, it is productive in bringing
forth that Which lies in its nature. That the root of the righteous
endures (Targ. My.aqat;ni) is otherwise expressed, xii. 3.
Proverbs regarding injurious and beneficial words, wise hearing
and prudent, silence.
Ver. 13 In the transgression of the lips there lies a dangerous snare ;
The righteous escapeth from trouble.
The consecutive modus (xcey.eva) is here of greater weight than e.g.
at xi. 8, where the connection follows without it (xboy.Ava) from the
idea of the change of place. The translation: but the right-
258 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
eous . . . restores xcAyAv; (xceyev;), and ignores the syllogistic relation of the
members of the proverb, which shows itself here (cf. the contrary,
xi. 9) to a certain degree by xceye.va. Ewald displaces this relation,
for he paraphrases: "any one may easily come into great danger
by means of inconsiderate words; yet it is to be hoped that the
righteous may escape, for he will guard himself against evil from
the beginning." He is right here in interpreting hrAcA, and frA wqeOm,
as the designation of danger into which one is betrayed by the
transgressions of his lips, but "inconsiderate words" are less than
MyitapAW; fwaP,. One must not be misled into connecting with fwaP, the
idea of missing, or a false step, from the circumstance that fWaP,
means a step; both verbs have, it is true, the common R. wp with
the fundamental idea of placing apart or separating, but fwaP, has
nothing to do with fWaP, (step = placing apart of the legs), but
denotes (as Arab. fusuwki fiski, from the primary meaning diruptio,
diremtio) a sinning, breaking through and breaking off the relation
to God (cf. e.g. xxviii. 24), or even the restraints of morality (x. 19).
Such a sinning, which fastens itself to, and runs even among the
righteous, would not be called fwp, but rather txF.AHa (xx. 9). Ac-
cording to this the proverb will mean that sinful words bring into
extreme danger every one who indulges in them--a danger which
he can with difficulty escape; and that thus the righteous, who
guards himself against sinful words, escapes from the distress (cf.
with the expression, Eccles. vii. 18) into which one is thereby
betrayed. frA is the descriptive and expressive epithet to wqvm (cf.
Eccles. ix. 12): a bad false trap, a malicious snare, for wqvm is the
snare which closes together and catches the bird by the feet. This
proverb is repeated at xxix. 6, peculiarly remodelled. The LXX.
has after ver. 13 another distich:
He who is of mild countenance findeth mercy;
He who is litigious oppresseth souls.
(tvwpn, or rather, more in accordance with the Hebrew original:
oppresseth himself, vwpn.)
Ver. 14 From the fruit which the mouth of the man bringeth forth is he
satisfied with good,
And what the hands of the man accomplish returns back to him.
The proverb finds its final verification in the last judgment (cf.
Matt. xii. 37), but it is also illustrated in the present life. If the
mouth of a man bringeth forth fruit,—namely, the fruit of whole-
some doctrine, of right guidance, of comforting exhortation, of
CHAP. XII. 15. 259
peace-bringing consolation for others,—this fruit is also to his own
advantage, he richly enjoys the good which flows out of his own
mouth, the blessing he bestows is also a blessing for himself. The
same also is the case with the actions of a man. That which is
done, or the service which is rendered by his hands, comes back to
him as a reward or as a punishment. lUmG; signifies primarily accom-
plishment, execution, and is a twofold, double-sided conception: a
rendering of good or evil, and merit on the side of men (whether
merited reward or merited punishment), as well as recompense, re-
quital on the side of God. The first line is repeated, somewhat
altered, at xiii. 2, xviii. 20. The whole proverb is prophetically
echoed in Isa. iii. 10 f. The Kerî bywiyA has Jahve as the subject,
or rather the subject remains undefined, and "one requites him"
is equivalent to: it is requited to him. The Chethîb seems to us
more expressive; but this use of the active with the undefined sub-
ject, instead of the passive, is certainly as much in the Mishle style
(cf. xiii. 21) as the development of the subject of the clause from
a foregoing genitive.
Ver. 15 The way of the fool is right in his own eyes,
But the wise listeneth to counsel.
Other proverbs, like xvi. 2, say that generally the judgment of a
man regarding his character does not go beyond a narrow subjec-
tivity; but there are objective criteria according to which a man
can prove whether the way in which he walks is right; but the
fool knows no other standard than his own opinion, and however
clearly and truly one may warn him that the way which he has
chosen is the wrong way and leads to a false end, yet he obstinately
persists;1 while a wise man is not so wise in his own eyes (iii. 7) as
not to be willing to listen to well-meant counsel, because, however
careful lie may be regarding his conduct, yet he does not regard
his own judgment so unerring as not to be inclined ever anew to
try it and let it stand the test. Ewald has falsely construed: yet
whoever hears counsel is wise. In consequence of the contrast,
lyvix< and MkAHA, are the subject ideas, and with hcAfel; famewov; is brought
forward that which is in contrast to the self-complacency of the
fool, the conduct of the wise man.
1 Vid. kindred proverbs by Carl Schulze, Die bibl. Sprichwörter der deutschen
Sprache (1860), p. 50, and M. C. Wahl's Das Sprichwort in der heb.-aram.
Literatur, u.s.w. (1871), p. 31.
260 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 16. The relations of the subject and the predicate are the
same as in the preceding verse.
The fool makes known his vexation on the same day [at once],
On the contrary, the prudent man hideth the offence.
Very frequently in these proverbs the first line is only defined by
the adducing of the second, or the second holds itself in the light
of the first. A post-bibl. proverb says that a man is known by
three things: by his svk (his behaviour in drinking), his syk (his
conduct in money transactions), and his sfk (his conduct under
deep inward excitement). So here: he is a fool who, if some in-
jury is done to him, immediately shows his vexation in a passionate
manner; while, on the contrary, the prudent man maintains silence
as to the dishonour that is done to him, and represses his displea-
sure, so as not to increase his vexation to his own injury. Passion-
less retaliation may in certain cases be a duty of self-preservation,
and may appear to be necessary for the protection of truth, but
passionate self-defence is always of evil, whether the injury which
is inflicted be justifiable or unjustifiable. Regarding MUrfA, callidus,
vid. p. 56; Schultens' comparison of the Greek gegumnasme<noj is
only a conceit in want of better knowledge. Regarding hs,Ko (only
here and at ver. 23) with hs.,kam;, as rHewo (only xi. 27) with rHewam;,
vid. Ewald, § 170a. MOy.Ba signifies on the self-same day = without
delay, immediately, and is well translated by the LXX. au]qh<meron.
With another object, 16b is repeated in 23a.
Most of the remaining parables of this section refer to the right
use and the abuse of the tongue.
Ver. 17 He that breathes the love of truth, utters that which is right;
But a lying tongue, deceit.
This verse is similar in meaning to xiv. 5 (where 5b = vi. 19a);
the second line of the distich = xiv. 25b. Everywhere else HaypiyA
MybizAK; stand together, only here Hypy is joined to hnAUmx<; vid. regarding
this Hypy forming an attributive clause, and then employed as an
adjective, but with distinct verbal force, at vi. 19. Viewed super-
ficially, the proverb appears tautological; it is not so, however, but
places in causal connection the internal character of men and their
utterances: whoever breathes hnAUmx<, truth or conscientiousness (the
property of the NUmxA, vid. at Ps. xii. 2), i.e. lets the voice of this be
heard in his utterances, such an one speaks qd,c, i.e. uprightness,
integrity, that which is correct, right (Isa. xlv. 19, cf. xli. 26), in
relation to truth in general, and to the present case in particular;
CHAP XII. 18. 261
but he who MyriqAw; dfe, i.e. he who against better knowledge and the
consciousness of untruth, confirms by his testimony (from dUf,
revertere, to say again and again), therewith gives utterance to his
impure character, his wicked intention, proceeding from delight in
doing evil or from self-interest, and diverted towards the injury
of his neighbour. As hnvmx and hmrm correspond as statements of
the contents of the utterances, so qdc and Myrqw) as statements of
their motive and aim. hmAr;mi is obj. accus. of the dyGiya (from dyGihi, to
bring to light, cf. db,n,, visibility) to be supplied, not the pred. nom.
dolorum structor, as Fleischer poetically finds.
Ver. 18 There is that babbleth like the thrusts of a sword,
But the tongue of the wise is healing.
The second (c . xi. 24) of the proverbs beginning with wye. The
verb hFABA (xFABA) peculiar to the Hebr., which in the modern Hebr.
generally mean "to speak out" (xFAb;mi in the grammar: the pro-
nunciation) (according to which the LXX., Syr., and Targ. trans-
late it by rmx), means in biblical Hebr., especially with reference
to the binding of oneself by an oath (Lev. v. 4), and to solemn
protestations (Num. xxx. 7, 9, according to which Jerome, pro-
mittit) to utter incautiously in words, to speak without thought
and at random, referred erroneously by Gesenius to the R. Fb, to
be hollow, probably a word imitative of the sound, like the Greek
battari<zein, to stammer, and battologei?n, to babble, which the
lexicographers refer to a talkative person of the name of Ba<ttoj,
as our "salbadern" [=to talk foolishly] owes its origin to one
Jenaer Bader on the Saal. Theod. and the Graec. Venet. give the
false reading HaFeOB (pepoiqw<j). br,HA tOrq;d;maK; stands loco accusativi,
the K; being regarded as a noun: (effutiens verba) quae stint instar
confossionum gladii (Fl.). We also call such a man, who bridles
his loquacity neither by reflection nor moderates it by indulgent
reference to his fellow-men, a Schwertmaul (sword-mouth) or a
Schandmaul (a mouth of shame =slanderer), and say that he has a
tongue like a sword. But on the other hand, the tongue of the
wise, which is n itself pure gentleness and a comfort to others,
since, far from wounding, rather, by means of comforting, sup-
porting, directing exhortation, exercises a soothing and calming
influence. Regarding xpArA, whence xPer;ma, Dietrich in. Gesenius'
Lex. is right. The root-meaning of the verb xpArA (cognate hpArA, to
be loose, Hiph. to let go, Hithpa. xviii. 9, to show oneself slothful)
is, as the Arab. kindred word rafâ, rafa, raf, rawf (râf) shows,
262 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
that of stilling, softening, soothing, whence arises the meaning of
healing (for which the Arab. has tiabb and 'alkh); the meaning to
repair, to mend, which the Arab. rafâ and rafa have, does not stand
in a prior relation to to heal, as might appear from Job xiii. 4, but
is a specializing of the general idea of reficere lying in mitigare,
just as the patcher is called a]ke<stria = h]ph<tria,1 from a]ke<omai,
which means equally to still and to heal. Since thus in xpr the
meanings of mitigating and of healing are involved, it is plain that
xprm, as it means healing (the remedy) and at the same time (cf.
qerapei<a, Rev. xxii. 2) the preservation of health, iv. 22, vi. 15,
xvi. 24, xxix. 1, so also may mean mildness (here and xv. 4), tran-
quillity (xiv. 30 ; Eccles. x. 4, calm patience in contrast to violent
passion), and refreshing (xiii. 17). Oetinger and Hitzig translate
here "medicine;" our translation, "healing (the means of healing),"
is not essentially different from it.
Ver. 19 The lip of truth endures for ever,
But the lying tongue only while I wink with the eye.
None of the old translators understood the phrase hfAyGir;xa-dfav;; the
Venet. also, which follows Kimchi's first explanation, is incorrect:
e!wj r[h<cewj, till I split (shatter) it (the tongue). Abulwalîd is
nearer the correct rendering when he takes hfyGrx as a noun =
fgar, with He parag. Ahron b. Joseph is better in rendering the
phrase by: until I make a fgr, and quite correct if fgr (from
fgarA= Arab. raj', which is used of the swinging of the balance)
is taken in the sense of a twinkling of the eye (Schultens:
vibramen); cf. Orelli's Die hebr. Synonyme der Zeit und Ewigkeit,
p. 27 f., where the synonyms for a twinkling of the eye, a moment,
are placed together. dfa (properly progress) has in this phrase the
meaning, while, so long as, and the cohortative signifies, in contra-
distinction to fygrx, which may also denote an unwilling movement
of the eyelids, a movement proceeding from a free determination,
serving for the measurement of a short space of time, Ewald,
§ 228a. hfygrx, Jer. xlix. 19, 1. 44, where Ewald takes hfygrx yk
(when I . . .) in the same sense as hfygrx-dx, which is more
appropriate than the explanation of Hitzig, who regards yk as
opening the principal clause, and attaches to fygrH the quite too
pregnant signification "to need (for an action only a moment."
The lip of truth, i.e. the lip which speaketh truth, endures for ever
1 Whether r[a?ptein, explained neither by Curtius nor by Flick, stands in a
relation to it, we leave out of view.
CHAP. XII. 20. 263
(for truth, tm,xE=T;n;maxE, is just the enduring); but the tongue of
falsehood is only for a moment, or a wink of the eye, for it is
soon convicted, nd with disgrace brings to silence; for a post-bibl.
Aram. proverb says: yxeqA xlA xrAq;wi yxeqA xFAw;Uq, the truth endures,
the lie endures not (Schabbath 104a), and a Hebrew proverb:
MyilaG;ra Ol Nyxe rq,w,.ha, the lie has no feet (on which it can stand).1
Ver. 20 Deceit is in the heart of him who deviseth evil,
But those who devise peace cause joy.
Regarding the figure of forging, fabricating (LXX., Aquila/
Symmachus and Theodotion, tektai<nein), or of ploughing, which
underlies the phrase frA wraHA, moliri malum, vid. at iii. 29. That
deceit is in the heart of him who deviseth evil (frA ywer;Ho-bl,B;; as is
correctly punctuated e.g. by Norzi) appears to be a platitude, for
the fr wrHE is as such directed against a neighbour. But in the
first place, 20a in itself says that the evil which a man hatches
against another always issues in a fraudulent, malicious deception
of the same; and in the second place, it says, when taken in con-
nection with 20b, where hHAm;wi, is the parallel word to hmAr;mi, that
with the deception he always at the same time prepares for him
sorrow. The contrast to fr ywrH is MOlwA ycefEOy, and thus denotes
not those who give counsel to contending parties to conclude peace,
but such as devise peace, viz. in reference to the neighbour, for
Cfy means not merely to impart counsel, but also mentally to
devise, to resolve upon, to decree, 2 Chron. xxv. 16, Isa. xxxii. 7 f.;
cf. lf Cfy, 1:1, Jer. xlix. 30. Hitzig and Zöckler give to Mvlw the
general idea of welfare (that which is salutary), and interpret the
hHmW, as the inner joy of the good conscience. Certainly Mvlw
(R. lw, extrahere, in the sense of deliverance from trouble) means
not only peace is to the external relationship of men with each
other, but also both internal and external welfare. Thus it is
here meant of external welfare; Hitzig rightly compares Jer.
xxix. 11 with Nahum i. 11 to the contrast between Mvlw and fr.
But as hmrm is not self-deception, but the deception of another, so
also hHmW is not the joy of those who devise the device in their
hearts for the deception of others, but the joy they procure for
others. Thoughts is of peace for one's neighbour are always thoughts
of procuring joy for him, as thoughts of evil are thoughts of deceit,,
and thus of procuring sorrow for him. Thus ycfvylv is an abbre-
viated expression for ycfvy blbv.
1 Vid. Duke's Rabbin. Blumenlese (1844), p. 231.
264 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 21 No evil befalls the righteous,
But the godless are full of evil.
Hitzig translates Nv,xA "sorrow," and Zöckler "injury;" but the
word signifies evil as ethical wickedness, and although it may be
used of any misfortune in general (as in yniOx-NB, opp. NymiyAn;Bi); thus
it denotes especially such sorrow as is the harvest and product of
sin, xxii. 8, Job iv. 8, Isa. lix. 4, or such as brings after it punish-
ment, Hab. iii. 7, Jer. iv. 15. That it is also here thus meant the
contrast makes evident. The godless are full of evil, for the moral
evil which is their life-element brings out of itself all kinds of
evil; on the contrary, no kind of evil, such as sin brings forth and
produces, falls upon the righteous. God, as giving form to human
fortune (Ex. xxi. 13), remains in the background (cf. Ps. xci. 10
with v. 1 f.); vid. regarding hnx, the weaker power of hnf, to go
against, to meet, to march against, Fleischer, Levy's Chald. Wört-
buch, 572.
Ver. 22 Lying lips are an abhorrence to Jahve,
And they that deal truly are His delight.
The frame of the distich is like xi. 1, 20. hnAUmx<, is probity as the
harmony between the words and the inward thoughts. The
LXX., which translates o[ de> poiw?n pi<steij, had in view Mynvmx hWf
(MyniUmx< hW,fo, cf. Isa. xxvi. 2); the text of all other translations
agrees with that commonly received.
Ver. 23 A prudent man conceals knowledge,
And a heart-fool proclaims imbecility.
In 23a ver. 16b is repeated, only a little changed; also 16a corre-
sponds with 23a, for, as is there said, the fool knows not how to
keep his anger to himself, as here, that a heart-fool (cf. the lying
mouth, 22a) proclaims (trumpets forth), or as xiii. 16 says, displays
folly without referring to himself the si tacuisses. To this forward
charalatan blustering, which intends to preach wisdom and yet
proclaims in the world mere folly, i.e. nonsense and imbecility, and
thereby makes itself troublesome, and only to be laughed at and
despised, stands in contrast the relation of the MUrfA MdAxA, homo
callidus, who possesses knowledge, but keeps it to himself without
bringing it forth till an occasion presents itself for setting it forth
at the right place, at the right time, and to the right man. The
right motive also regulates such silence as well as modesty. But
this proverb places it under the point of view of prudence.
We take verses 24-28 together as a group. In these verses
CHAP. XII. 24-26. 265
the subject is the means of rising (in the world), and the two ways,
the one of which leads to error, and the other to life.
Ver. 24 The hand of the diligent attains to dominion,
But slothfulness will become tributary.
In x. 4 hy.Amir; was adj., but to Jk standing beside it; here it is to be
regarded as adj. to dya (sluggish hand) supplied from 24a, but may
be equally re arded as a subst. (slothfulness) (vid. at ver. 27).
Regarding CUrHA vid. p. 211. sma signifies tribute and service, i.e.
tributary service rendered to a master. In xi. 29b db,f, stands for it.
It is still the experience of to-day, as it was of Solomon's time,
that slothfulness (indolence) brings down to a state of servitude,
if not even deeper, but that vigorous activity raises to dominion or to the
position of a master, i.e. to independence, wealth, respect, and power.
Ver. 25 Trouble in the heart of a man boweth it down,
And a friendly word maketh it glad.
The twofold anomaly that hgAxAD; is construed as masc. and ble as
fem. renders the text doubtful, but the LXX., Syr., Targum,
which introdu e another subject, fobero>j lo<goj (gyxid;ma rbADA?), do
not improve it; Theodotion's is preferable, who translates me<rimna
e]n kardi<% a]ndro>j kati<sxei au]to<n, and thus reads Un.H,w;ya. But the
rhyme is thereby lost. As dObKA, Gen. xlix. 6, so also may ble be
used as fem., for one thereby thinks on wpn; the plur. tOBli (tObbAl;),
according to which in Ezek. xvi. 30 we find the sing. hBAli, may also
conform to this. And hnHwy as pred. to hgxd follows the scheme
ii. 10b, perhaps not without attractional co-operation after the
scheme MytH Myrbg twq, 1 Sam. ii. 4. hHAw;hi, from hHAwA, occurs only
here; but Hwahe, from HHawA, occurs only twice. bOF rbADA designates in
the book of Joshua and in Kings (1 Kings viii. 56) the divine
promise; here it is of the same meaning as 1 Kings xii. 7: an
appeasing word. Who has not in himself had this experience, how
such a word of friendly encouragement from a sympathizing heart
cheers the sorrowful soul, and, if only for a time, changes its sorrow
into the joy of confidence and of hope!
Ver. 26 The righteous looketh after his pastures,
But the way of the godless leadeth them into error.
In 26a no acceptable meaning is to be gained from the traditional
mode of vocalization. Most of the ancients translate as as part.
to rteyo as it occurs in post-bib. Hebr., e.g. hrAtey; hBAhi, prevailing,
altogether peculiar love. Thus the Targum, h.yreb;ha Nmi bFa; Venet.
266 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
peperi<tteutai (after Kimchi); on the other hand, Aquila, active:
perisseu<wn to>n plhsi<on (making the neighbour rich), which the
meaning of the Kal as well as the form rteyA oppose; Luther, "The
righteous man is better than his neighbour," according to which
Fleischer also explains, "Probably rteyA from rtayA, pleona<zein, has
the meaning of ple<on e@xwn, pleonektw?n, he gains more honour,
respect, riches, etc., than the other, viz. the unrighteous." Yet
more satisfactory Ahron b. Joseph: not the nobility and the
name, but this, that he is righteous, raises a man above others.
In this sense we would approve of the praestantior altero justus, if
only the two parts of the proverb were not by such a rendering
wholly isolated from one another. Thus rteyA is to be treated as the
fut. of rytihe. The Syr. understands it of right counsel; and in like
manner Schultens explains it, with Cocceius, of intelligent, skilful
guidance, and the moderns (e.g. Gesenius) for the most part of
guidance generally. Ewald rather seeks (because the proverb-
style avoids the placing of a fut. verb at the commencement of the
proverb [but cf. xvii. 10]) to interpret rteyA as a noun in the sense
of director, but his justification of the fixed a is unfounded. And
generally this sense of the word is exposed to many objections.
The verb rUT signifies, after its root, to go about, "to make to go
about," but is, however, not equivalent to, to lead (wherefore
Böttcher too ingeniously derives rteyA=rtexyA from rtx = rwx); and
wherefore this strange word, since the Book of Proverbs is so rich
in synonyms of leading and guiding! The Hiph. rytihe signifies to
send to spy, Judg. i. 23, and in this sense the poet ought to have
said Uhferel; rteyA: the righteous spies out (the way) for his neighbour,
he serves him, as the Targum-Talmud would say, as ry.ATa. Thus
connected with the obj. accus. the explanation would certainly be:
the righteous searches out his neighbour (Löwenstein), he has
intercourse with men, according to the maxim, "Trau schau wem."
But why not Uhfere, but Uhfereme, which occurs only once, xix. 7, in the
Mishle, and then for an evident reason? Therefore, with aciderlein,
Dathe, J. D. Michaelis, Ziegler, and Hitzig, we prefer to read an Uhfer;mi;
it is at least not necessary, with Hitzig, to change rteyA into rtuyA,
since the Hiphil may have the force of the intens. of the Kal, but
rteyA without the jussive signification is a poetic licence for rytiyA.
That rvt can quite well be used of the exploring of the pasture, the
deriv. rUty, Job xxxix. 18, shows. Thus altered, 26a falls into an
appropriately contrasted relation to 26b. The way of the godless
CHAP. XII 27. 267
leads them into error; the course of life to which they have given
themselves up has such a power over them that they cannot set
themselves free from it, and it leads the enslaved into destruction:
the righteous, on the contrary, is free with respect to the way which
he takes and the place where he stays; his view (regard) is directed
to his true advancement, and he looketh after his pasture, i.e.
examines and discovers, where for him right pasture, i.e. the
advancement of his outer and inner life, is to be found. With
Uhfer;mi there is a combination of the thought of this verse with the
following, whose catch-word is Odyce, his prey.
Ver. 27 The slothful pursues not his prey;
Bu a precious possession of a man is diligence.
The LXX., Syr., Targ., and Jerome render j`roHEya in the sense of
obtaining or catching, but the verbal stem "jrH; nowhere has this
meaning. When Fleischer remarks, j`raHA, a!p. leg., probably like
dkalA, properly to entangle in a noose, a net, he supports his opinion
by reference to MyKiraHE, which signifies lattice-windows, properly,
woven or knitted ike a net. But j`r,H,, whence this MykrH, appears
to be equivalent to the Arab. kharki, fissura, so that the plur. gives
the idea of a manifoldly divided (lattice-like, trellis-formed) window.
The Jewish lexicographers (Menahem, Abulwalîd, Parchon, also
Juda b. Koreish) all aim at that which is in accord with the mean-
ing of the Aram. j`raHE, to singe, to roast (=Arab. hark): the slothful
roasteth not his prey, whether (as Fürst presents it) because he is too
lazy to hunt for it (Berth.), or because when he has it he prepares
it not for enjoyment (Ewald). But to roast is hlc, not jrd, which is
used only of singeing, e.g. the hair, and roasting, e.g. ears of corn,
but not of the roasting of flesh, for which reason Joseph Kimchi
(vid. Kimchi's Lex.) understands vdyc of wild fowls, and jrHy of the
singeing of the tips of the wings, so that they cannot fly away,
according to which the Venet. translates ou] menei? . . . h[ qh<ra au]tou?.
Thus the Arab. must often help to a right interpretation of the a!p.
leg. Schultens is right: Verbum hiarak, jrH, apud Arabes est movere,
ciere, excitare, kinei?n generatim, et speciatim excitare praedam e cubili,
kinei?n th?n qh<ran. The Lat. agitare, used of the frightening up and
driving forth of wild beasts, corresponds with the idea here, as e.g.
used by Ovid, Metam. x. 538, of Diana:
Autpronos lepores aut celsum in cornua cervum
Autagitat damas.
Thus jrHy together with vdyc gains the meaning of hunting, and
268 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
generally of catching the prey. hy.Amir; is here incarnate slothful-
ness, and thus without ellipse equivalent to hymr wyx. That in the
contrasted clause CvrH does not mean a]poto<mwj, decreed (Löwen-
stein), nor gold (Targ., Jerome, Venet.), nor that which is excellent
(Syr.), is manifest from this contrast as well as from x. 4, xii. 24.
The clause has from its sequence of words something striking about
it. The LXX. placed the words in a different order: kth?ma de>
ti<mion a]nh>r kaqaro>j (CvlH in the sense of Arab. khâlas). But
besides this transposition, two others have been tried: CvrH Mdx Nvh
rqy, the possession of an industrious man is precious, and Mdx rqy Nvh
CvrH, a precious possession is that (supply Nvh) of an industrious man.
But the traditional arrangement of the words gives a better meaning
than these modifications. It is not, however, to be explained, with
Ewald and Bertheau: a precious treasure of a man is one who is
industrious, for why should the industrious man be thought of as
a worker for another and not for himself ? Another explanation
advanced by Kimchi: a valuable possession to men is industry, has
the twofold advantage that it is according to the existing sequence
of the words, and presents a more intelligible thought. But can
CUrhA have the meaning of rUcyriHE (the being industrious)? Hitzig
reads COrHE, to make haste (to be industrious). This is unnecessary,
for we have here a case similar to x. 17, where rmow; for rmeOw is to
be expected: a precious possession of a man is it that, or when, he
is industrious, CUrHA briefly for CUrHA OtOyh<. The accentuation fluc-
tuates between rqy Mdx-Nvhv (so e.g. Cod. 1294), according to which
the Targum translates, and rqy Mdx-Nvhv, which, according to our
explanation, is to be preferred.
Ver. 28 In the path of righteousness is life,
And the way of its path is immortality.
All the old versions to the Venet. give -lx, instead of -lxa, and are
therefore under the necessity of extracting from hbAytin; j`k,d,v; a
meaning corresponding to this, ei]j qa<naton, in which they are
followed by Hitzig: “a devious way leadeth to death.” But bytinA
(hbAytin;) signifies step, and generally way and street (vid. at i. 15),
not "devious way," which is expressed, Judg. v. 6, by tvlqlqf tvHrx.
And that lxa is anywhere punctuated thus in the sense of lx, is
previously improbable, because the Babylonian system of punctua-
tion distinguishes the negative lx with a short Pathach, and the
prepositional lx (Arab. ilâ) with a short Chirek, from each other
CHAP. XII. 28. 269
(vid. Pinsker, Einl. p. xxii. f.); the punctuation 2 Sam. xiii. 16,
Jer. li. 3, give no support to the opinion that here lxa is vocalized
thus in the sense of lx,, and it is not to be thus corrected. Nothing
is more natural than that the Chokma in its constant contrast
between life and death makes a beginning of expressing the idea
of the a]qanasi<a (vid. p. 42), which Aquila erroneously read from
the tvm-lx, Ps. xlviii. 15. It has been objected that for the forma-
tion of such egative substantives and noun-adjectives xl (e.g.
lxe-xlo, MfA-xlo) and not lxa is used; but that lx also pay be in close
connection with a noun, 2 Sam. i. 13 shows. There lFa-lxa is
equivalent to lF yhiy; lx, according to which it may also be explained
in the passage before us, with Luther and all the older interpreters,
who accepted lx in its negative signification: and on (the B; govern-
ing) the way . . . is no death. The negative lx frequently stands
as an intensifying of the objective xl; but why should the Chokma,
which has already shown itself bold in the coining of new words,
not apply itself to the formation of the idea of immortality?: the idol
name lylix< is the result of a much greater linguistic boldness. It is
certain that lxa is here not equivalent to lx,; the Masora is therefore
right in affirming that hbAytin; is written with He raphatum pro map-
picato (vid. Kimchi, Michlol 31a, and in the Lex.), cf. 1 Sam.
xx. 20, vid. 13. Böttcher, § 418. Thus: the way of their step is
immortality, or much rather, since j`r,D, is not a fixed idea, but
also denotes the going to a distance (i.e. the journey), the be-
haviour, the proceeding, the walk, etc.: the walking (the stepping
over and passing through) of their way is immortality. Rich in
synonyms of the way, the Hebrew style delights in connecting
them with picturesque expressions; but j`r,D, always means the
way in general which divides into tvHrx or tvbytn (Job vi. 18,
Jer. xviii. 5), and consists of such (Isa. iii. 16). The distich is
synonymous: on the path of righteousness (accentuate hqdc Hrxb)
is life meeting him who walks in it, and giving itself to him as a
possession, and he walking in its path is immortality (cf. iii. 17,
x. 28); so that to go in it and to be immortal, i.e. to be delivered
from death, to be exalted above it, is one and the same thing. If
we compare with this, xiv. 32b, it is obvious that the Chokma
begins (vid. Psychol. p. 410) to break through the limits of this
present life, and to announce a life beyond the reach of death.
The proverb xii. 28 is so sublime, so weighty, that it manifestly
270 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
forms a period and conclusion. This is confirmed from the follow-
ing proverb, which begins like x. 1 (cf. 5), and anew stamps the
collection as intended for youth:
xiii. 1 A wise son is his father's correction;
But a scorner listens not to rebuke.
The LXX., which the Syr. follows, translate Ui[o>j panourgo>j
u[ph<kooj patri<, whence it is not to be concluded with Lagarde
that they read rsaOn in the sense of a Ni. tolerativum; they correctly
understood the text according to the Jewish rule of interpretation,
"that which is wanting is to be supplied from the context." The
Targ. had already supplied fmawA from 1b, and is herein followed by
Hitzig, as also by Glassius in the Philologia sacra. But such an
ellipse is in the Hebr. style without an example, and would be com-
prehensible only in passionate, hasty discourse, but in a language
in which the representation filius sapiens disciplinam patris audit
numbers among the anomalies is not in general possible, and has
not even its parallel in Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 56: deesse nobis terra,
in qua vivamus—in qua moriemur, non potest, because here the pri-
mary idea, which the one expression confirms, the other denies, and
besides no particle, such as the v; of this passage before us, stands
between them– Böttcher therefore maintains the falling out of
the verb, and writes NybiyA: before NBe; but one says not rsvm Nyb, but
rsvm fmw, i. 8, iv. 1, xix. 27. Should not the clause, as it thus
stands, give a sense complete in itself? But rsaUm can hardly, with
Schultens and Ewald, be taken as part. Hoph,. of rsy: one brought
up by his father, for the usage of the language knows rsvm only
as part. Hoph. of rUs. Thus, as Jerome and the Venet. translate:
a wise son is the correction of his father, i.e. the product of the
same, as also Fleischer explains, "Attribution of the cause, the
ground, as elsewhere of the effect." But we call that which one
has trained (vegetable or animal) his Zucht (=paidei<a in the sense of
pai<deuma). To the wise son (x. 1) who is indebted to the bx rsvm
(iv. 1), stands opposed the Cle (vid. i. 22), the mocker at religion
and virtue, who has no ear for hrAfAG;, strong and stern words
which awaken in him a wholesome fear (cf. xvii. 10, Jude 23: e]n,
fo<b&.
Ver. 2 From the fruit of the mouth of a man he himself enjoys good;
But the delight of the godless is violence.
2a = xii. 14a, where fBaW;yi for lkaxyo. A man with a fruit-bringing
mouth, himself enjoys also the blessing of his fruit-producing
CHAP. XIII. 8. 271
speech; his food (cf. brw?ma, John iv. 34) is the good action in
words, which in themselyes are deeds, and are followed by deeds;
this good action affords enjoyment not merely to others, but also
to himself. Ewald and Bertheau attract lkxy to 2b; so also does
Fleischer: "the violence which the Mydig;Bo wish to do to others
turns back upon themselves; they must eat it also, i.e. bear its evil
consequences." The thought would then be like x. 6: os impro-
borum obteget violentia, and "to eat violence" is parallel to "to
drink (xxvi. 6) violence (injury)." But wherefore then the naming
of the soul, of which elsewhere it is said that it hungers or satiates
itself, but never imply (but cf. Luke xii. 19) that it eats? On the
contrary, wpn means also appetitus, xxiii. 2, and particularly wicked
desire, Ps. xxvii. 2; here, as Ps. xxxv. 25, the object of this desire
(Psychol. p. 202). Regarding Mydgb, vid. above, p. 85. There are
such as do injury in a cunning deceitful manner to their neighbour
to their own advantage. While the former (the righteous) distri-
butes to his neighbour from the inner impulse without having
such a result in view, yet according to God's direction he derives
enjoyment himself therefrom: the desire of the latter goes to smAHA,
a]diki<a, and thus to the enjoyment of good unrighteously and
violently seized.
Ver. 3 He that guardeth his mouth keepeth his soul;
He that openeth wide his lips, to him it is destruction.
3a is extended in xxi. 23 to a distich. Mouth and soul stand in
closest interchangeable relation, for speech is the most immediate
and continuous expression of the soul; thus whoever guards his
mouth keeps his soul (the Venet., with excellent rendering of the
synonym, o[ thrw?n to> sto<ma e[autou? fula<ssei th>n yuxh>n e[autou?),
for he watches that no sinful vain thoughts rise up in his soul and
come forth in words, and because he thus keeps his soul, i.e. himself,
safe from the destructive consequences of the sins of the tongue.
On the contrary, he who opens wide his lips, i.e. cannot hold his
mouth (LXX. o[ de> propeth>j xei<lesin), but expresses unexamined
and unconsidered whatever comes into his mind and gives delight,
he is destruction to himself (supply xvh), or to him it is destruction
(supply txzo); both interpretations are possible, the parallelism
brings nearer the former, and the parallel xviii. 7 brings nearer
the latter. qWaPA means to spread (Schultens: diducere cum ruptura
vel ad rupturam usque), here the lips, Pih. Ezek. xvi. 25, the legs,
Arab. fashkh, farshkh; vid. regarding the R. wp, to extend, to
272 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
spread out, Fleischer in the supplements to the A. L. Z. 1843,
col. 116. Regarding the Mishle word hTAHim;, vid. under x. 14.
Ver. 4. The three proverbs (1-3) which refer to hearing and
speaking are now followed by a fourth which, like vers. 2 and 3,
speaks of the wpn.
The soul of the sluggard desires, yet has not;
But the soul of the industrious is richly satisfied.
The view that the o in lcefA Owp;na is the cholem compaginis, Böttcher,
§ 835, meets with the right answer that this would be the only
example of a vocal casus in the whole of gnomic poetry; but when
on his own part (Neue Aehrenlese, § 1305) he regards tee as the
accus. of the nearer definition (=vwpnB;), he proceeds inadvertently
on the view that the first word of the proverb is hU,xat;mi, while we
read hUAxat;mi, and vwpn is thus the nom. of the subject. lcefA Owp;na
means "his (the sluggard's) soul" (for lcf occurs as explanatory
permutative briefly for lcf wpn), as hy.AriPo hAyp,yfis; means "its branches
(i.e. of the fruitful tree)," Isa. xvii. 6. One might, it is true, add
h to the following word here, as at xiv. 13; but the similar expres-
sion appertaining to the syntax ornata occurs also 2 Sam. xxii. 33,
Ps. lxxi. 7, and elsewhere, where this is impracticable. MeIri
appropriately compares the scheme Ex. ii. 6, she saw him, viz. the
boy. With reference to the here violently (cf. xxviii. 1) intro-
duced, Böttcher rightly remarks, that it is an adverb altogether like
necquidquam, xiv. 6, xx. 4, Ps. lxviii. 21, etc., thus: appetit nec-
quidquam anima ejus, scilicet pigri. 4b shows the meaning of the
desire that has not, for there NwA.duT; occurs, a favourite strong Mishle
word (xi. 25, xxviii. 25, etc.) for abundant satisfaction (the LXX.
here, as at xxviii. 25, e]n e]pimelei<%, sc. e@sontai, instead of which,
Montfaucon supposed pimelei<%, which is, however, a word not
authenticated). The slothful wishes and dreams of prosperity and
abundance (cf. xxi. 25 f., a parallel which the Syr. has here in
view), but his desire remains unsatisfied, since the object is not
gained but only lost by doing nothing; the industrious gain, and
that richly, what the slothful wishes for, but in vain.
Ver. 5. Two proverbs of the character of the righteous and of
the effect of righteousness:
A deceitful thing the righteous hateth;
But the godless disgraceth and putteth to shame.
With rbaD; in the sphere of an intelligible generality (as here of
falsehood, or Ps. xli. 9 of worthlessness) a concrete event is in
CHAP. XIII. 6. 273
view, as with yreb;Di in the following plur. a general fact is separated
into its individual instances and circumstances (vid. at Ps. lxv. 4);
for rbd means no only the word in which the soul reveals itself,
but also any fact in which an inner principle or a general fact or
a whole comes forth to view. The righteous hateth all that bears
in it the character of a falsehood (punctuate rq,w,-rbaD; with Gaja,
cf. xii. 19), but the godless . . . Should we now, with Bertheau,
Hitzig, and others, translate "acteth basely and shamefully"? It
is true that both Hiphs. may be regarded as transitive, but this
expression gives no right contrast to 5a, and is pointless. We
have seen at x. 5 that wybihe, like lyKiW;hi has also a causative signi-
fication: to put o shame, i.e. bring shame upon others, and that
xix. 26, where yrPiH;maU wybime are connected, this causative significa-
tion lies nearer than the intrinsically transitive. Thus it will
also here be meant, that while the righteous hateth all that is false
or that is tainted by falsehood, the godless on the contrary loves
to disgrace and to put to shame. But it is a question whether wyxib;ya
is to be derived from wxaBA=wOB, and thus is of the same meaning
as wybiyA; wyxbh, Is.. xxx. 5, which there signifies pudefactum esse,
is pointed wyxbiho, and is thus derived from a wbayA=wOB, vid. 2 Sam.
xix. 6. But wyxib;hi occurs also as Hiph. of wxaBA, and means tran-
sitively to make of an evil savour, Gen. xxxiv. 30, cf. Ex. v. 21,
as well as intransitively to come into evil savour, 1 Sam. xxvii. 12.
In this sense of putidum faciens, bringing into evil savour, wyxby
occurs here as at xix. 26, suitably along with ryphy; xix. 26 is the
putidum facere by evil report (slander), into which the foolish son
brings his parent, here by his own evil report, thus to be thought
of as brought about by means of slander. The old translators here
fall into error; Luther renders both Hiphils reflexively; only the
Venet. (after Kimchi) is right: o]zw<sei (from an o]zou?n as trans. to
o]zei?n) kai> a]timw<sei, he makes to be of ill odour and dishonours.
Ver. 6 Righteousness protecteth an upright walk,
And godlessness bringeth sinners to destruction.
The double thought is closely like that of xi. 5, but is peculiarly
and almost enigmatically expressed. As there, hqAdAc; and hfAw;ri are
meant of a twofold inner relation to God, which consists of a
ruling influence ever man's conduct and a determination of his
walk. But instead of naming the persons of the j`r,d, ymeymiT; and
MyxiF.AHa as the objects of this influence, the proverb uses the abstract
expression, but with personal reference, j`r,D,-MTA and txFA.Ha, and
274 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
designates in two words the connection of this twofold character
with the principles of their conduct. What is meant by rco.Ti and
Jle.saT; proceeds from the contrasted relationship of the two (cf.
xxii. 12). rcn signifies observare, which is not suitable here, but
also tueri (threi?n), to which Jle.si (vid. at xi. 3, and in Gesen.
Thesaurus), not so much in the sense of "to turn upside down,"
pervertere (as xi. 3, Ex. xxiii. 8), as in the sense of "to overthrow,"
evertere (as e.g. xxi. 12), forms a fitting contrast. He who walks
forth with an unfeigned and untroubled pure mind stands under
the shield and the protection of righteousness (cf. with this proso-
popaeia Ps. xxv. 21), from which such a walk proceeds, and at the
same time under the protection of God, to whom righteousness
appertains, is well-pleasing; but he who in his conduct permits
himself to be determined by sin, godlessness (cf. Zech. v. 8) from
which such a love for sin springs forth, brings to destruction; in
other words: God, from whom the fwr, those of a perverse disposi-
tion, tear themselves away, makes the sin their snare by virtue of
the inner connection established by Him between the hfwr and
the destruction (Isa. ix. 17). In the LXX. this 6th verse was
originally wanting; the translation in the version of Aquila, in
the Complut. and elsewhere, which the Syr. follows, falsely makes
txFH the subj.: tou>j de> a]sebei?j fau<louj poiei? a[marti<a.
Ver. 7. Two proverbs of riches and poverty:¾
There is one who maketh himself rich and hath nothing;
There is another who representeth himself poor amid great riches.
A sentence which includes in itself the judgment which xii. 9
expresses. To the Hithpa. dBeKat;hi (to make oneself of importance)
there are associated here two others, in the meaning to make one-
self something, without anything after it, thus to place oneself
so or so, Ewald, § 124a. To the clauses with v; there is supplied a
self-intelligible Ol.
Ver. 8 A ransom for a man's life are his riches;
But the poor heareth no threatening.
Bertheau falls into error when he understands hrAfAG; of warning;
the contrast points to threatening with the loss of life. The
wealth of the rich before the judgment is not here to be thought
of; for apart from this, that the Torâ only in a single case
permits, or rather ordains (Ex. xxi. 29 f.), ransom from the punish-
ment of death, and declares it in all other cases inadmissible,
Num. xxxv. 31 f. (one might indeed think of an administration of
CHAP. XIII. 9. 275
justice not strictly in accordance with the Mosaic law, or altogether
accessible to bribery), 8b does not accord therewith, since the poor
in such cases would fare ill, because one would lay hold on his
person. But one may think e.g. on waylayers as those introduced
as speaking i. 11-14. The poor has no room to fear that such
will threateningly point their swords against his breast, for there is
nothing to be got from him: he has nothing, one sees it in him and
he is known as such. But the rich is a valuable prize for them,
and he has to congratulate himself if he is permitted to escape
with his life. Also in the times of war and commotion it may
be seen that riches endanger the life of their possessor, and that in
fortunate case they are given as a ransom for his life, while his
poverty places the poor man in safety. To fmawA xlo Hitzig fittingly
compares Job iii. 18, xxxix. 7: he does not hear, he has no need
to hear. Michaelis, Umbreit, Löwenstein (who calls to remem-
brance the state of things under despotic governments, especially
in the East) also explain 8b correctly; and Fleischer remarks:
pauper minas hostiles non audit, i.e. non minatur ei hostis. Ewald's
syntactic refinement: "Yet he became poor who never heard an
accusation," presents a thought not in harmony with 8a.
The three following proverbs in vers. 9-11 have at least this in
common, that the two concluding words of each correspond with
one another a most rhythmically.
Ver. 9 The light of the righteous burneth joyously,
And the lamp of the godless goeth out.
The second line = xxiv. 20b, cf. xx. 20. In the Book of Job
xviii. 5 f., jfdy Myfwr rOx and jfdy vylf Orne (cf. xxi. 17) stand to-
gether, and there is spoken of (xxix. 3) a divine rne as well as a
divine rOx which enlightens the righteous; however, one must say
that the poet, as he, vi. 3, deliberately calls the Torâ rvx, and the
commandment, as derived from it and separated, rn, so also here de-
signedly calls the righteous rvx, viz. Mvyh rvx (iv. 18, cf. 2 Pet. i. 19),
and the godless rn, viz. qvld rn,—the former imparts the sunny day-
light, the latter the light of tapers set in darkness. The authentic
punctuation is Myqydc-rvx, Ben-Naphtali's is 'c rvx without Makkeph.
To HmAW;yi Hitzig compares the "laughing tongue of the taper" of
Meidâni, iii. 4 5; Kimchi also the "laughing, i.e. amply measured
span, qhvW HpF," of the Talmud; for the light laughs when it
brightly shine and increases rather than decreases; in Arab. samuha
has in it the idea of joy directly related to that of liberality. The
276 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
LXX. translates HmWy, "incorrectly by diapanto<j, and has a distich
following ver. 9, the first line of which is yuxai> do<liai (hy.Amir; wpn?)
planw?ntai e]n a[marti<aij, and the second line is from Ps. xxxvii. 21b.
Ver. 10 Nothing comes by pride but contention;
But wisdom is with those who receive counsel.
The restrictive qra (only) does not, according to the sense, belong to
NOdzAB; (by pride), but to hc.Ama, vid. under Ps. xxxii. 6 and Job ii. 10.
Of NTeyi = there is, vid. under x. 24. Bertheau's "one causes" is not
exact, for "one" [man] is the most general personal subject, but
Nty is in such cases to be regarded as impersonal: by pride is
always a something which causes nothing but quarrel and strife,
for the root of pride is egoism. Line second is a variant to xi. 2b.
Beseheidenheit (modesty) is in our old [German] language exactly
equivalent to Klugheit (prudence). But here the Myfvnc are more
exactly designated as permitting themselves to be advised; the
elsewhere reciprocal CfaOn has here once a tolerative signification,
although the reciprocal is also allowable: with such as recipro-
cally advise themselves, and thus without positiveness supplement
each his own knowledge by means of that of another. Most in-
terpreters regard 10b as a substantival clause, but why should not
Nty be carried forward? With such as permit themselves to be
advised, or are not too proud to sustain with others the relation
of giving and receiving, there is wisdom, since instead of hatred comes
wisdom—the peaceful fruit resulting from an interchange of views.
Ver. 11 Wealth by means of fraud always becomes less;
But he that increaseth it by labour gains always more.
We punctuate lb,h,me-NOh (with Makkeph, as in Ven. 1521, Antw.
1582, Frank.-on-the-Oder 1595, Gen. 1618, Leyden 1662), not
lbhm Nvh (as other editions, and e.g. also Löwenstein); for the mean-
ing is not that the wealth becomes less by lbh (Targ., but not the
Syr.), or that it is less than lbh (Umbreit), but lbhm-Nvh is one idea
wealth proceeding from lbh; but properly a breath (Theod.
a]po> a]tmou? or a]timi<doj), then appearance without reality (Aquila,
a]po> mataio<thtoj), covers itself here by that which we call swindle,
i.e. by morally unrestrained fraudulent and deceitful speculation in
contrast to solid and real gain. The translations: e]pispoudazome<nh
meta> a]nomi<aj (LXX.), u[perspoudazome<nh (Symmachus, Quintal),
1 [A fragment of an anonymous translation, so called from the place it holds
in Origen's Hexapla.]
CHAP. XIII. 12. 277
festinata (Jerome), do not necessarily suppose the phrase lBAhum;
=lhABom;, xx 21 Kerî, for wealth which comes lbhm is obtained in a
windy (unsubstantial) manner and as if by storm, of which the
proverb holds good: "so gewonnen so zerronnen" (= quickly come,
quickly go). lb,h,me needs neither to be changed into that un-
hebraic lBAhum; (Hitzig) nor into the cognate lhAbom; (Ewald), but
yet inferior to lbhm in the content of its idea. The contrast of one
who by fraud and deception quickly arrives at wealth is one who
brings it together in his hand, e]pi> xeiro<j (Venet.), i.e. always as
often as he can bear it in his hand and bring it forth (Ewald,
Bertheau, Elster, and Lagarde), or according to the measure of the
hand, kata> xei?ra (which means "according to external ability"),
so that lf, which is applied to the formation of adverbs, e.g. Ps.
xxxi. 24 (Hitzig),—by both explanations dy-lf, has the meaning of
"gradually," is used as in the post-bib. Hebr. dy lf dy lf= Ffm
Ffm, e.g. Schabbath 156a (vid. Aruch under lf) (distinguish from
dyb = with thought, intentionally, Berachoth 526). There is
scarcely a wo d having more significations than dy. Connected
with lf, it means at one time side or place, at another mediation
or direction; that which is characteristic here is the omission of
the pronoun (OdyA-lfa, vydAyA-lf). The LXX. translates dy lf, with the
unrestrained freedom which it allows to itself by met ] eu]sebei<aj,
and has following plhqunqh<setai another line, di<kaioj oi]ktei<rei
kai> kixr%?, (from Ps. xxxvii. 26).
The figures of paradise in vers. 12 and 14 require us to take
along with the the intermediate verse (13).
Ver 12 Deferred waiting maketh the heart sick,
And a tree of life is a wish accomplished.
Singularly the LXX. Krei<sswn e]narxo<menoj bohqw?n kardi<%, fol-
lowed by the Syr. (which the Targ. transcribes1): Better is he
who begins to help than he who remains in hesitating expectation,
by which tlHt is doubled, and is derived once from lyHvh, to wait,
and the second time from lHh, to begin. If the LXX., with its
imitators, deteriorates to such a degree proverbs so clear, beautiful,
and inviolable, that may one expect from it in the case of those not
easily understood! j`w.amu signifies also, Isa. xviii. 2, to be widely
extended (cf. Arab. meshaki), here in the sense of time, as j`wam;ni,
to prolong, Isa xiii. 22, and post-bib. NmAz;.ha j`w,m,, the course of time.
1 That the Targum of the Proverbs is a Jewish elaboration of the Peshito
test, vid. Nöldeke in Merx' Archiv, Bd. ii. pp. 246-49.
278 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Regarding tl,H,OT, vid. at x. 28, where as xi. 27 tvaq;ti, here hvAxETa, as
also Ps. lxxviii. 29 of the object of the wish, and with xvb in the
sense of being fulfilled (cf. Josh. xxi. 43), as there with xybh in the
sense of accomplishing or performing. Extended waiting makes
the heart sick, causes heart-woe (hlAHEma, part. fem. Hiph. of hlAHA, to
be slack, feeble, sick; R. lH, to loosen, to make loose); on the con-
trary, a wish that has been fulfilled is a tree of life (cf. p. 32), of a
quickening and strengthening influence, like that tree of paradise
which was destined to renew and extend the life of man.
Ver. 13 Whoever despiseth the word is in bonds to it,
And he that feareth the commandment is rewarded.
The word is thought of as ordering, and thus in the sense of the
commandment, e.g. 1 Sam. xvii. 19, Dan. ix. 23, 25. That which
is here said is always true where the will of a man has subordi-
nated itself to the authoritative will of a superior, but principally
the proverb has in view the word of God, the hvAc;mi kat ] e]c. as
the expression of the divine will, which (vi. 3) appears as the
secondary, with the hrvt, the general record of the divine will.
Regarding l zUb of contemptuous, despiteful opposition, vid. at vi.
30, cf. xi. 12. Joël (vid. p. 136, note) records the prevailing tradi-
tion, for he translates: "Whoever despises advice rushes into
destruction; whoever holds the commandment in honour is per-
fect." But that Ml.Awuy; is to be understood neither of perfection nor
of peace (LXX. and Jerome), but means compensabitur (here not
in the sense of punishment, but of reward), we know from xi. 31.
The translation also of Ol lb,HAye by "he rushes into destruction"
(LXX. katafqarh<setai, which the Syr.-Hexap. repeats; Luther,
"he destroys himself;" the Venet. oi]xhsetai< oi[, periet sibi) fails,
for one does not see what should have determined the poet to
choose just this word, and, instead of the ambiguous dat. ethicus, not
rather to say Owp;na lBeHay;. So also this lbHy is not with Gesenius to
be connected with lbH = Arab. khabl, corrumpere, but with lbH=
Arab. hiabl, ligare, obligare. Whoever places himself contemptu-
ously against a word which binds him to obedience will neverthe-
less not be free from that word, but is under pledge until he
redeem the pledge by the performance of the obedience refused,
or till that higher will enforce payment of the debt withheld by
visiting with punishment. Jerome came near the right interpre-
tation: ipse se in futurum obligat; Abulvvalîd refers to Ex. xxii.
25; and Parchon, Rashi, and others paraphrase: vylf NKew;mat;yi NKew;ma,
CHAP. XIII. 14, 15. 279
he is confiscated as by mortgage. Schultens has, with the correct
reference of the vl not to the contemner, but to the word, well estab-
lished and illustrated this explanation: he is pledged by the word,
Arab. marhwan (rahyn), viz. pigneratus paenae (Livius, xxix. 36).
Ewald translates correctly: he is pledged to it; and Hitzig gives
the right explanation: "A hlAboHE [a pledge, cf. xx. 16] is handed
over to the offended law with the hlAUbHE [the bad conduct] by the
despiser himself, which lapses when he has exhausted the forbear-
ance, so that the punishment is inflicted." The LXX. has
another proverb following ver. 13 regarding ui[o>j do<lioj and
oi]ke<thj sofo<j; the Syr. has adopted it; Jerome has here the pro-
verb of the animae-dolosae (vid. at ver. 9).
Ver 14 The doctrine of the wise man is a fountain of life,
To escape the snares of death.
An integral distich, vid. p. 8 of the Introduction. Essentially like
14a, x. 11 says, "a fountain of life is the mouth of the righteous."
The figure of the fountain of life with the teleological 'vgv rvsl (the
l of the end and consequence of the action) is repeated xiv. 27.
The common non-biblical figure of the laquei mortis leads also
to the idea of death as wUqyA [a fowler], Ps. xci. 3. If it is, not
here a mere formula for the dangers of death (Hitzig), then the
proverb is designed to state that the life which springs from the
doctrine of the wise man as from a fountain of health, for the dis-
ciple who will receive it, communicates to him knowledge and
strength, to know where the snares of destruction lie, and to hasten
with vigorou steps away when they threaten to entangle him.
Four proverbs follow, whose connection appears to have been
occasioned by the sound of their words (lkW . . . lk, tfdb. . . frb,
fwr . . . wyr).
Ver. 15 Fine prudence produceth favour;
But the way of the malicious is uncultivated.
Regarding bOF lk,We (thus to be punctuated, without Makkeph with
Munach, after Codd. and old editions), vid. p. 84; for the most
part it corresponds with that which in a deep ethical sense we call
fine culture. Regarding NTeyi, vid. at x. 10: it is not used here, as
there, impersonally, but has a personal subject: he brings forth,
causes. Fine culture, which shows men how to take the right side
and in all circumstances to strike the right key, exercises a kindly
heart-winning influence, not merely, as would, be expressed by
NHe xcAm;yi, to the benefit of its possessor, but, as is expressed by
280 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
NHe NTeyi, such as removes generally a partition wall and brings men
closer to one another. The NtAyxe [perennis], touching it both for
the eye and the ear, forms the contrast to NH Nty. This word, an
elative formation from Nty= , denotes that which stretches itself
far, and that with reference to time: that which remains the same
during the course of time. "That which does not change in time,
continuing the same, according to its nature, strong, firm, and thus
Ntyx becomes the designation of the enduring and the solid, whose
quality remains always the same." Thus Orelli, Die hebr. Synonyme
der Zeit u. Ewigkeit, 1871. But that in the passage before us it
denotes the way of the Mydgb as "endlessly going forward," the
explanation of Orelli, after Böttcher (Collectanea, p. 135), is with-
drawn by the latter in the new Aehrenlese (where he reads Ntyx byr,
“constant strife”). And Ntyx lHn (Deut. xxi. 4) does not mean
a brook, the existence of which is not dependent on the weather
and the season of the year," at least not in accordance with the
traditional meaning which is given Sota ix. 5 (cf. the Gemara),
but a stony valley; for the Mishna says: hwq vfmwmk Ntyx, i.e. Ntyx is
here, according to its verbal meaning, equivalent to hwq (hard).
We are of the opinion that here, in the midst of the discussion of
the law of the hpvrf hlgf (the ritual for the atonement of a murder
perpetrated by an unknown hand), the same meaning of the Ntyx is
certified which is to be adopted in the passage before us. Maimuni1
(in Sota and Hilchoth Rozeach ix. 2) indeed, with the Mishna and
Gemara, thinks the meaning of a "strong rushing wâdy" to be
compatible; but hwq is a word which more naturally denotes the
property of the ground than of a river, and the description, Deut.
xxi. 4: in a Ntyx lHn, in which there is no tillage and sowing,
demands for lHn here the idea of the valley, and not primarily that
of the valley-brook. According to this tradition, the Targum
places a xpAyp.iTa in the Peshito translation of 15b, and the Venet.
translates, after Kimchi, o[do>j de> a]ntartw?n (of a]ntarth<j from
a]ntai<rein) i]sxura<. The fundamental idea of remaining like itself,
continuing, passes over into the idea of the firm, the hard, so that
Ntyx is a word that interchanges with fls, Num. xxiv. 21, and serves
as a figurative designation of the rocky mountains, Jer. xlix. 19,
and the rocky framework of the earth, Mic. vi. 2. Thus the
meaning of hardness (petrwdek, Matt. xiii. 5) connects itself with
1 [=R. Moses b. Maimun = Rambam, so called by the Jews from the initial
letters of his name = Maimonides, d. 1204.]
CHAP. XIII. 16, 17. 281
the word, and at the same time, according to Deut. xxi. 4, of
the uncultivable and the uncultivated. The way of the Mydig;Bo, the
treacherous (vid. p. 84), i.e. the manner in which they transact
with men, is stiff, as hard as stone, and repulsive; they follow
selfish views, never placing themselves in sympathy with the con-
dition of their neighbour; they are without the tenderness which
is connected with fine culture; they remain destitute of feeling in
things which, as we say, would soften a stone. It is unnecessary
to give a catalogue of the different meanings of this Ntyx, such as
vorago (Jerome), a standing bog (Umbreit), an ever trodden way
(Bertheau), etc.; Schultens offers, as frequently, the relatively best:
at via perfidorum pertinacissime tensum; but Nty does not mean to
strain, but to extend. The LXX. has between 15a and 15b
the interpolation: to> de> gnw?nai no<mon dianoi<aj e]sti>n a]gaqh?j.
Ver. 16 Every prudent man acteth with understanding;
But a fool spreadeth abroad folly.
Hitzig reads, with the Syr. (but not the Targ;.) and Jerome, ;lKo
(omnia agit), but contrary to the Hebr. syntax. The -lKA, is not feeble
and useless, but means that he always acts tfadaB;, mit Bedacht [with
judgment] (opp. tfada ylib;Bi, inconsulto, Deut. iv. 42, xix. 4), while on
the contrary the foot displays folly. xii. 23 and xv. 2 serve to
explain both members of the verse. Bedächtigkeit [judgment] is
just knowledge directed to a definite practical end, a clear thought
concentrated on a definite point. xrAq;yi, he calls out, and fayBiya, he
sputters out, are parallels to xrAq;yi. Fleischer: WraPA, expandit (opp.
Arab. tiawy, intra animum cohibuit), as a cloth or paper folded or
rolled together, cf. Schiller's1—
"He spreads out brightly and splendidly
The enveloped life."
There lies in the word something derisive: as the merchant unrolls
and spreads out his wares in order to commend them, so the fool
does with his foolery, which he had enveloped, i.e. had the greatest
interest to keep concealed within himself—he is puffed up therewith.
Ver. 17 A godless messenger falls into trouble;
But a faithful messenger is a cordial.
The traditional text, which the translations also give (except
Jerome, nuntius impii, and leaving out of view the LXX., which
1["Er breitet es heiter and glänzend aus,
Das zusammengewickelte Leben."]
282 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
makes of ver. 17 a history of a foolhardy king and a wise mes-
senger), has not j`xal;ma, but j`xAl;ma; the Masora places the word along
with jxAlmh, Gen. xlviii. 16. And lpy is likewise testified to by all
translators; they all read it as Kal, as the traditional text punctuates
it; Luther alone departs from this and translates the Hiph.: "a
godless messenger bringeth misfortune." Indeed, this conj. lPiya
presses itself forward; and even though one read lPoyi, the sense
intended by virtue of the parallelism could be no other than that
a godless messenger, because no blessing rests on his godlessness,
stumbles into disaster, and draws him who gave the commission
along with him. The connection fwr jxAlm is like fwr Mdx, xi. 7
(cf. the fem. of this adj., Ezek. iii. 18). Instead of frAB; is hfArAB;;
xvii. 20, xxviii. 14, parallels (cf. also xi. 5) which the punctuators
may have had in view in giving the preference to Kal. With
jxlm, from j`xalA, R. jl, to make to go = to send, is interchanged
ryci, from rUc, to turn, whence to journey (cf. Arab. sar, to become,
to be, as the vulg. "to be to Dresden = to journey" is used). The
connection MyniUmx< ryc (cf. the more simple NmAx<n, ryci, xxv. 13) is
like xiv. 15, Mynvmx dfe; the pluralet. means faithfulness in the full
extent of the idea. Regarding xPer;ma, the means of healing, here of
strength, refreshment, vid. iv. 22, xii. 18.
Ver. 18 Poverty and shame (to him) who rejecteth correction;
But he who regardeth reproof is honoured.
We are neither to supply wyxi before NOlqAv; wyre (or more correctly,
abstr. pro concr., as hy.Amir;, xii. 27), nor before frvp, as Gesenius
(Lehrgeb. § 227a) does; nor has the part. fareOP the value of a
hypothetical clause like xviii. 13, Job xli. 18, although it may
certainly be changed into such without destroying the meaning
(Ewald, Hitzig); but "poverty and shame is he who is without
correction," is equivalent to, poverty and shame is the conclusion
or lot of him who is without correction; it is left to the hearer to
find out the reference of the predicate to the subject in the sense
of the quality, the consequence, or the lot (cf. e.g. x. 17, xiii. 1,
xiv. 35).1 Regarding frP, vid. p. 73. The Latin expression
corresponding is: qui detrectat disciplinam. He who rejects the
admonition and correction of his parents, his pastor, or his friend,
and refuses every counsel to duty as a burdensome moralizing, such
an one must at last gather wisdom by means of injury if he is at
1 Vid. regarding the strong demand which the Hebr. style makes on hearer
and reader, my Gesch. der jüdischen Poesie (1863), p. 189.
CHAP. XIII. 19. 283
all wise: he grows poorer in consequence of missing the right rule
of life, and has in addition thereto to be subject to disgrace through
his own fault. On the contrary, to him who has the disgrace to
deserve reproof, but who willingly receives it, and gives it effect,
the disgrace becomes an honour, for not to reject reproof shows
self-knowledge, humility, and good-will; and these properties in
the judgment of others bring men to honour, and have the effect
of raising them in their position in life and in their calling.
Two pairs of proverbs regarding fools and wise men, ranged
together by catchwords.
Ver. 19 Quickened desire is sweet to the soul,
And it is an abomination to fools to avoid evil.
A synthetic distich (vid. p. 8), the first line of which, viewed by itself,
is only a feebler expression of that which is said in 12b, for hyAh;ni hvAxT
is essentially of the same meaning as hxAbA hvxt, not the desire that
has just arisen and is not yet appeased (Umbreit, Hitzig, Zöckler),
which when expressed by a part. of the same verb would be hOAh
(=htAy;hA rw,xE), but the desire that is appeased (Jerome, Luther,
also Venet. e@fesij genome<nh, i.e. after Kimchi: in the fulfilling of
past desire; on the contrary, the Syr., Targ. render the phrase hvAxnA
of becoming desire). The Niph. hyAh;ni denotes not the passing into
a state of being, but the being carried out into historical reality,
e.g. Ezek. xxi. 12, xxxix. 8, where it is connected with hxb; it is
always the expression of the completed fact to which there is a
looking back, e.g. Judg. xx. 3; and this sense of the Niph. stands
so fast, that it even means to be done, finished (brought to an end),
to be out, to be done with anything, e.g. Dan. ii. 1.1 The sentence,
that fulfilled desire does good to the soul, appears commonplace
(Hitzig); but it is comprehensive enough on the ground of Heb.
xi. to cheer even a dying person, and conceals the ethically signifi-
cant truth that the blessedness of vision is measured by the degree
of the longing of faith. But the application of the clause in its
1 We have said, p. 215, that a Niph. in which the peculiar causative mean-
ing of the Hiph. would be rendered passively is without example; we must
here with hyhn add, that the Niph. of intransitive verbs denotes the entrance
into the condition expressed by the Kal, and may certainly be regarded, accord-
ing to our way of thinking, as passive of the Hiphil (Gesen. § 51, 2). But the
old language shows no hvAh;hi to which hyAh;ni (Arab. âinhaway, in Mutenebbi)
stood as passive; in the Arab. also the seventh form, rightly regarded, is always
formed from the first, vid. Fleischer's Beiträge, u.s.w., in the Sitzungs-Bericht.
d. Sächs. Gesellschaft d. Wiss. 1863, p. 172 f.
284 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
pairing with 19b acquires another aspect. On this account, because
the desire of the soul is pleasant in its fulfilment, fools abhor the
renouncing of evil, for their desire is directed to that which is
morally worthless and blameworthy, and the endeavour, which they
closely and constantly adhere to, is to reach the attainment of this
desire. This subordinate proposition of the conclusion is unex-
pressed. The pairing of the two lines of the proverb may have
been occasioned by the resemblance in sound of tbafEOt and hvAxETa.
rUs is n. actionis, like xvi. 17, cf. 6. Besides, it is to be observed
that the proverb speaks of fools and not of the godless. Folly
is that which causes that men do not break free from evil, for it is
the deceit of sinful lust which binds them fast thereto.
Ver. 20 Whoever goes with wise men, becomes wise;
And whoever has intercourse with fools, becomes base.
Regarding the significance of this proverb in the history of the
religion and worship of Israel, vid. p. 39. We have translated
20a after the Kerî; the translation according to the Chethîb is: "go
with wise men and become wise" (cf. viii. 33), not j`OlhA, for the
connection of the (meant imperatively) infin. absol. with an imper.
(meant conclusively) is not tenable; but j`OlhE is an imper. form
established by Ukl;hi, Jer. li. 50 (cf. j`OlhE=tk,l,, Num. xxii. 14), and
appears to have been used with such shades of conception as here
of intercourse and companionship for j`le. Regarding faOrye vid. at
xi. 15; there it meant malo afficietur, here it means malus (pejor)
fiet. The Venet. (contrary to Kimchi, who explains by frangetur)
rightly has kakwqh<setai. There is here a play upon words hfARA
means to tend (a flock), also in general to be considerate about
anything (xv. 14, Isa. xliv. 20), to take care of anything with the
accusative of the person (xxviii. 7, xxix. 3), to hold intercourse
with any one : he who by preference seeks the society of fools,
himself becomes such (Jerome, similis efficietur), or rather, as fvry
expresses, he comes always morally lower down. "A wicked com-
panion leads his associate into hell."
Ver. 21 Evil pursueth sinners,
And the righteous is repaid with good.
To JDeraT; of the punishment which follows after sinners at their
heels, cf. Nah. i. 8. Greek art gives wings to Nemesis in this
sense. To translate 21b, with Löwenstein, "The pious, the good
rewards them," is untenable, for bvF the good (e.g. xi. 27), never
appears personified, only bvF, goodness, Ps. xxiii. 6, according to
CHAP. XIII. 22. 285
which the LXX. tou>j de> dikai<ouj katalh<yetai (gyWy) a]gaqa<. Still
less is bOF meant personally, as the Venet. ta> de> di<kaia a]podw<sei
xrhsto<j, which probably means: righteous conduct will a good
one, viz. God, reward. bvF is an attribute of God, but never the
name of God. So the verb Mle.wi, after the manner of verbs of
educating and leading (lmg, hWf, dbf), is connected with a double
accusative. The Syr., Targum, and Jerome translate passively,
and so also do we; for while we must think of God in the retribuet,
yet the proverb does not name Him any more than at xii. 14, cf.
x. 24; it is designedly constructed, placing Him in the background,
with vague generality: the righteous will one, will they, reward
with good—this expression, with the most general personal subject,
almost coincides with one altogether passive.
Ver. 22 The good man leaveth behind him for his children's children,
And the wealth of the sinner is laid up for the just.
As a commencing word, bvF signifies in the Mishle for the most part
bonum (prae); but here, as at xii. 2, cf. xxii. 9, xiv. 4, it signifies
bonus. As the expression that God is bvF (Ps. xxv. 8, etc.) of the
O. T. is equivalent to the N. T. that He is a]ga<ph, so that man who
in his relation to others is determined by unselfish love is bvF for
the good man [der Gütige], i.e. the man who is willing to communi-
cate all good is truly good, because the essence of hqdc, righteous-
ness of life, is love. Such an one suffers no loss by his liberality,
but, according to the law, xi. 25, by which a dispenser of blessings
is at the same time also a recipient of blessings, he has only gain,
so that he makes his children's children to inherit, i.e. leaves behind
him an inheritance extending even to his grandchildren (vid. re-
garding lyHin;hi, p. 182; here trans. as containing its object in itself,
as at Deut. xxvii. 8: to make to inherit, to place in possession
of an inheritance). The sinner, on the contrary (xFOH sing. to
MyxiF.,Ha, a[martwloi<), loses his wealth, it is already destined to pass
over to the righteous who is worthy of it, and makes use (of. Job
xxvii. 17) of that which he possesses in accordance with the will
and appointment of God—a revelation of justice appertaining to
time, the exceptions to which the old limited doctrine of requital
takes no notice of. lyiHa, strength, then like our "Vermögen" (cf.
opes, facultates), that by means of which one is placed in circum-
stances to accomplish much (Fl.); cf. regarding the fundamental
idea contorquere, compingere, p. 226, also regarding Npc, properly
condensare, then condere, p. 61.
286 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Connected with ver. 22 there now follow two proverbs regarding
sustenance, with one intervening regarding education.
Ver. 23 The poor man's fresh land gives food in abundance,
And many are destroyed by iniquity.
The Targ. and Theodotion (me<gaj) translate bra but the Masora
has -brI with short Kametz, as xx. 6, Eccles. i. 8 (cf. Kimchi under
bbr). The rendering: multitudo cibi est ager pauperum, makes the
produce the property of the field (=frugum fertilis). ryni is the new
field (novale or novalis, viz. ager), from ryni, to make arable, fruitful;
properly to raise up, viz. by grubbing and freeing of stones (lq.esa).
But why, asks Hitzig, just the new field? As if no answer could
be given to this question, he changes ryn into byn, and finds in 23a
the description of a rentier," a great man who consumes the income
of his capital." But how much more intelligible is the new field
of the poor man than these capitals (Mywxr) with their per cents
(byn)! A new field represents to us severe labour, and as belonging
to a poor man, a moderate field, of which it is here said, that not-
withstanding its freshly broken up fallow, it yet yields a rich pro-
duce, viz. by virtue of the divine blessing, for the proverb supposes
the ora et labora. Regarding MywixrA= MywirA, vid. at x. 4. Jerome's
translation, patrum (properly, heads), follows a false Jewish tradi-
tion. In the antithesis, 23b, one is tempted to interpret wye in the
sense of viii. 21 [substance, wealth], as Schultens, opulentia ipsa
raditur quum non est moderamen, and Euchel: that which is essen-
tially good, badly managed, goes to ruin. But wye and wyv at the
beginning of a proverb, or of a line of a proverb, in every case
means est qui. That a wealthy person is meant, the contrast shows.
hPAs;ni which denotes anything taken away or gathered up, has the
same meaning here as at 1 Sam. xxvii. 1: est qui (Fl. quod, but the
parallel does not demand this) abripiatur, i.e. quasi turbine auferatur
et perdatur; the word reminds us of hpvs whirlwind, but in itself it
means only something smooth and altogether carried off. The B; is
here as at Gen. xix. 15; elsewhere FPAw;mi xloB;; means with injustice
(properly, not-right), xvi. 8, Jer. xxii. 13, Ezek. xxii. 29; here it
is not the b of the means, but of the mediate cause. While the
(industrious and God-fearing) poor man is richly nourished from
the piece of ground which he cultivates, many a one who has incom-
parably more than he comes by his unrighteousness down to a state
of beggary, or even lower: he is not only in poverty, but along with
this his honour, his freedom, and the very life of his person perish.
CHAP, XIII. 24, 25. 287
Ver. 24 He that spareth his rod hateth his son,
And he who loveth him visits him early with correction.
The paedagogic rule of God, iii. 12, avails also for men, xxiii. 13 f.,
xxix. 15. The rod represents here the means of punishment, the
patria potestas. He who spareth or avoideth this, and who does this
even from love, has yet no true right love for his son; he who loveth
him correcteth him early. With e]pimelw?j paideu<ei of the LXX.
(cf. Sir. xxx. 1, e]ndelexh<sei ma<stigaj) the thought is in general
indicated, but the expression is not explained. Many erroneously
regard the suffix of OrHEwi as referring to the object immediately fol-
lowing (de Dieu, Ewald, Bertheau, Zöckler); Hitzig, on the con-
trary, rightly remarks, that in this case we should expect the words
to be, after v. 22 (cf. Ex. ii. 6), rsAUm.ha-tx,. He himself, without any
necessity, takes rHawi in the sense of the Arab. skhar, compescere.
Hofmann (Schriftbew. ii. 2. 402) is right in saying that "rHawi is
connected with a double accusative as elsewhere MDeqi occurs; and
the meaning is, that one ought much more to anticipate correction
than restrain it where it is necessary." rHawi means to go out early
to anything (vid. p. 73), according to which a Greek rendering is
o]rqri<zei (Venet. o]rqriei?) au]t&? paidei<an: maturat ei castigationem =
mature eum castigat (Fl.). rHawa does not denote the early morning
of the day (as Rashi, Myrqbl), but the morning of life (as Euchel,
vymy rHwb). “The earlier the fruit, the better the training." A
father who truly wishes well to his son keeps him betimes under
strict discipline, to give him while he is yet capable of being
influenced the right direction, and to allow no errors to root them-
selves in him; but he who is indulgent toward his child when he
ought to be strict, acts as if he really wished his ruin.
Ver. 25 The righteous has to eat to the satisfying of his soul;
But the body of the godless must suffer want.
Jerome translates rsHt freely by insaturabilis (he has want =has
never enough), but in that case we would have expected dymiTA rsaH;t,;
also in 25a fbaW-dfa would have been used. We have thus before
us no commendation of temperance and moderation in contrast to
gluttony, but a statement regarding the diversity of fortune of the
righteous and the godless—another way of clothing the idea of
x. 3. fbaw is a segolate form, thus an infin. formation, formally
different from the similar fbAWA, iii. 10. Regarding NF,B,, vid. Psychol.
p. 265 f.; it is a nobler word than "Bauch " [belly], for it denotes
not the external arch, but, like koili<a (R. Fb, concavus), the inner
288 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
body, here like xviii. 20, as that which receives the nourishment
and changes it in succum et sanguinem. That God richly nourishes
the righteous, and on the contrary brings the godless to want and
misery, is indeed a rule with many exceptions, but understood in
the light of the N. T., it has deep inward everlasting truth.
Chap. xiv. The division of chapters here corresponds to a new
commencement made in ver. 1. This proverb reminds us of the
allegorical conclusion of the Introduction, and appears, since it is
older, to have suggested it (vid. p. 34). The three proverbs 1-3
form a beautiful trifolium: wise mangement, God-fearing conduct,
and wise silence, with their threefold contraries.
Ver. 1 The wisdom of the woman buildeth her house,
And folly teareth it down with its own hands.
Were it MywinA tOmk;Ha, after. Judg. v. 29, cf. Isa. xix. 11, then the
meaning would be: the wise among women, each of them buildeth
her house. But why then not just hmAkAHE hw.Axi, as 2 Sam. xiv. 2,
cf. Ex. xxxv. 25? The Syr., Targum, and Jerome write sapiens
mulier. And if the whole class must be spoken of, why again
immediately the individualizing in htAn;BA? The LXX. obliterates
that by its &]kodo<mhsan. And does not tl,U,xi [folly] in the con-
trasted proverb (1b) lead us to conclude on a similar abstract in la?
The translators conceal this, for they translate tlvx personally.
Thus also the Venet. and Luther; tl,U,xi is, says Kimchi, an adj.
like tr,U,fa, caeca. But the linguistic usage does not point lyvix< with
yliyvix< to any lUexi. It is true that a fem. of lyvx does not occur; there
is, however, also no place in which tlvx may certainly present
itself as such. Thus also tvmkH must be an abstr.; we have
shown at i. 20 how tOmK;Ha, as neut. plur., might have an abstr.
meaning. But since it is not to be perceived why the poet should
express himself so singularly, the punctuation tvmk;Ha is to be under-
stood as proceeding from a false supposition, and is to be read
tvmk;HA, as at ix. 1 (especially since this passage rests on the one
before us). Fleischer says: "to build the house is figuratively
equivalent to, to regulate well the affairs of a house, and to keep
them in a good condition; the contrary, to tear down the house, is
the same contrast as the Arab. 'amârat âlbyt and kharab albyt.
Thus e.g. in Burckhardt's Sprüchw. . 217, harrt siabrt bythâ 'amârat,
a good woman (ein braves Weib) has patience (with her husband),
and thereby she builds up her house (at the same time an example
of the use of the preterite in like general sentences for individual-
CHAP. XIV. 2. 289
izing) ; also No. 430 of the same work: 'amârat âlbyt wla kharâbt,
it is becoming to build the house, not to destroy it; cf. in the
Thousand and One Nights, where a woman who had compelled her
husband to separate from her says: âna âlty 'amalt hadhâ barwhiy
wâkhrnt byty bnfsy. Burckhardt there makes the remark: 'amârat
âlbyt denotes the family placed in good circumstances—father,
mother, and children all living together happily and peacefully."
This conditional relation of the wife to the house expresses itself
in her being named as house-wife (cf. Hausehre [= honour of a
house] used by Luther, Ps. lxviii. 13), to which the Talmudic ytiybeD;
=uaeor mea) answers; the wife is noted for this, and hence is called
tybh rqyf, the root and foundation of the house; vid. Buxtorf's Lex.
col. 301. In truth, the oneness of the house is more dependent on
the mother than on the father. A wise mother can if her husband
be dead or neglectful of his duty, always keep the house together;
but if the house-wife has neither understanding nor good-will for
her calling, then the best will of the house-father cannot binder
the dissolution of the house, prudence and patience only conceal
and mitigate the process of dissolution—folly, viz, of the house-
wife, always becomes more and more, according to the degree in
which this is a caricature of her calling, the ruin of the house.
Ver. 2 He walketh in his uprightness who feared Jahve,
And perverse in his ways is he that despiseth Him.
That which syntactically lies nearest is also that which is intended;
the ideas standing in the first place are the predicates. Wherein it
shows itself, and whereby it is recognised, that a man fears God,
or stands in a relation to Him of indifference instead of one of
fear and reverence, shall be declared: the former walketh in his
uprightness, i.e. so far as the consciousness of duty which animates
him prescribes; the latter in his conduct follows no higher rule than
his own lust, which drives him sometimes hither and sometimes
thither. Orw;yAB; jleOh (cf. j`leOh rwAyA, Mic. ii. 7) is of kindred meaning
with Om.tuB; jlvh (MOTBa jlvh, x. 9), and OHkon; jlvh, Isa. lvii. 2.
The connection of vykArAD; zOln; follows the scheme of 2 Kings xviii.
37, and not 2 Sam. xv. 32, Ewald, § 288c. If the second word,
which particularizes the idea of the first, has the reflexive suff. as
here, then the accusative connection, or, as ii. 15, the prepositional,
is more usual than the genitive. Regarding zUl, fiectere, inclinare
(a word common to the author of i.–ix.), vid. at ii. 15, With
290 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
UhzeOB, cf. 1 Sam. ii. 30; the suffix without doubt refers to God,
for vhzvb is the word that stands in parallel contrast to 'h xrey;.
Ver. 3 In the mouth of the fool is a switch of pride;
But the lips of the wise preserve them.
The noun rF,Ho (Aram. xrAF;UH, Arab. khitir), which besides here
occurs only at Isa. xi. 1, meaning properly a brandishing (from
rFaHA= Arab. khatr, to brandish, to move up and down or hither
and thither, whence âlatitâr, the brandisher, poet. the spear),
concretely, the young elastic twig, the switch, i.e. the slender
flexible shoot. Luther translates, "fools speak tyrannically,"
which is the briefer rendering of his earlier translation, "in the
mouth of the fool is the sceptre of pride; "but although the Tar-
gum uses xrFvH of the king's sceptre and also of the prince's staff,
yet here for this the usual Hebr. Fb,we were to be expected. In
view of Isa. xi. 1, the nearest idea is, that pride which has its roots
in the heart of the fool, grows up to his mouth. But yet it is
not thus explained why the representation of this proceeding from
within stops with rF,Ho (cf. xi. 30). The bakthri<a u!brewj (LXX.,
and similarly the other Greek versions) is either meant as the rod
of correction of his own pride (as e.g. Abulwalid, and, among the
moderns, Bertheau and Zöckler) or as chastisement for others (Syr.,
Targum: the staff of reviling). Hitzig is in favour of the former
idea, and thinks himself warranted in translating: a rod for his
back; but while hvAGe is found for hvAxEGa, we do not (cf. under Job
xli. 7: a pride are the, etc.) find hvxg for hvg, the body, or vGe the
back. But in general it is to be assumed, that if the poet had
meant rFH as the means of correction, he would have written OtvAxEGa.
Rightly Fleischer: "The tongue is often compared to a staff, a
sword, etc., in so far as their effects are ascribed to it; we have
here the figure which in Rev. i. 16 passes over into plastic
reality." Self-exaltation (R. xg, to strive to be above) to the de-
lusion of greatness is characteristic of the fool, the lyvix< [godless],
not the lysiK; [stupid, dull]—Hitzig altogether confounds these two
conceptions. With such self-exaltation, in which the mind, morally
if not pathologically diseased, says, like Nineveh and Babylon in
the prophets, I am alone, and there is no one with me, there is
always united the scourge of pride and of disgrace; and the
meaning of 3b may now be that the lips of the wise protect those
who are exposed to this injury (Ewald), or that they protect the
wise themselves against such assaults (thus most interpreters).
CHAP. XIV. 3. 291
But this reference of the eos to others lies much more remote than
at xii. 6; and that the protection of the wise against injury inflicted
on them by words is due to their own lips is unsatisfactory, as in
this case, instead of Bewahrung [custodia], we would rather expect
Vertheidigung [defensio], Dämpfung [damping, extinguishing], Nie-
derduckung [stooping down, accommpdating oneself to circum-
stances]. But also it cannot be meant that the lips of the wise
preserve them from the pride of fools, for the thought that the
mouth preserves the wise from the sins of the mouth is without
meaning and truth (cf. the contrary, xiii. 3). Therefore Arama
interprets the verb as jussive: the lips = words of the wise mayest
thou keep, i.e. take to heart. And the Venet. translates: xei<lh de>
sofw?n fula<ceij au]ta<, which perhaps means: the lips of the wise
mayest thou consider, and that not as a prayer, which is foreign to
the gnome, but as an address to the hearer, which e.g. xx. 19 shows
to be admissible. But although in a certain degree of similar con-
tents, yet 3a and 3b clash. Therefore it appears to us more pro-
bable that the subject of 3b is the hmkH contained in MymkH; in vi.
22 wisdom is also the subject to jylf rmwt in without its being
named. Thus: while hurtful pride grows up to the throat of the
fool, that, viz. wisdom, keeps the lips of the wise, so that no word.
of self-reflection, especially none that can wound a neighbour,
escapes from them. The form MreUmw;Ti is much more peculiar than
UFUPw;yi, Ex. xviii. 26, and yriUbfEta, Ruth ii. 8, for the latter are ob-
scured forms of UFPow;yi and yribofEta, while on the contrary the former
arises from Mrem<w;Ti.1 If, according to the usual interpretation, we
make ytpW, the subject, then the construction follows the rule,
Gesen. § 146,-2. The LXX. transfers it into Greek: xei<lh de>
sofw?n fula<ssei au]tou<j. The probable conjecture, that Mrvmwt is
an error in transcription for MUrm;w;Ti=MtAxo hnAr;mow;Ti (this is found
also in Luzzatto's Gramm. § 776; and Hitzig adduces as other
examples of such transpositions of the v Jer. ii. 25, xvii. 23, Job
xxvi. 12, and Josh ii. 4, vnpctv for Nvpctv), we do not acknowledge,
because it makes the lips the subject with an exclusiveness the
justification of which is doubtful to us.
1 Vid. regarding these forms with v instead of the simple Sheva, Kimchi,
Michlol 20ab. He also remarks that these three forms with û are all Milra;
this is the case also in a remarkable manner with UFUPw;yi, vid. Michlol 21b;
Livjath Chen ii. 9; and particularly Heidenheim, in his edition of the Penta-
teuch entitled Meôr Enajim, under Ex. xviii. 26.
292 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 4. The switch and the preserving, ver. 3, may have given
occasion to the collector, amid the store of proverbs before him,
now to present the agricultural figure:
Without oxen the crib is empty;
But rich increase is by the strength of the plough-ox.
This is a commendation of the breeding of cattle, but standing
here certainly not merely as useful knowledge, but as an admoni-
tion to the treatment in a careful, gentle manner, and with thankful
recompense of the ox (xii. 10), which God has subjected to man
to help him in his labour, and more generally, in so far as one
seeks to gain an object, to the considerate adoption of the right
means for gaining it. MypilAxE (from JlaxA, to cling to) are the cattle
giving themselves willingly to the service of men (poet. equivalent
to MyriqAB;). rOw ( rOT, Arab. thwr), Ved. sthûras, is the Aryan-Semitic
name of the plough-ox. The noun sUbxe ( = sUmx< like NUFxe, NUmxe)
denotes the fodder-trough, from sbaxA, to feed, and thus perhaps as
to its root-meaning related to fa<tnh (pa<tnh), and may thus also de-
signate the receptacle for grain where the corn for the provender or
feeding of the cattle is preserved—sUbxEma, Jer. 1. 26, at least has this
wider signification of the granary; but there exists no reason to
depart here from the nearest signification of the word: if a hus-
bandman is not thoughtful about the care and support of the cattle
by which he is assisted in his labour, then the crib is empty—he
has nothing to heap up; he needs not only fodder, but has also
nothing. rBa (in pause rBA), clean (synon. yqinA, cf. at xi. 26), corre-
sponds with our baar [bare] = bloss [nudus]. Its derivation is ob-
scure. The B;, 4b, is that of the mediating cause: by the strength
of the plough-ox there is a fulness of grain gathered into the barn
(tOxUbT;, from xOB to gather in, anything gathered in). -brA is the
inverted rbA. Striking if also accidental is the frequency of the x
and in ver. 4. This is continued in ver. 5, where the collector
gives two proverbs, the first of which commences with a word be-
ginning with x, and the second with one beginning with b:
Ver. 5 A faithful witness does not speak untruth;
But a lying witness breathes out falsehoods.
The right vocalization and sequence of the accents is hmAk;TA Cle wq.eBi
(q with Tsere and the servile Mahpach, hmkH with Munach, because
the following Athnach-word has not two syllables before the tone).
As in 5a MyniUmx< dfe, so in 5b rq,wA dfe is the subject. Different is
the relation of subject and predicate in the second line of the
CHAP. XIV. 6, 7. 293
parallel proverbs, ver. 25, xix. 5. With 5a cf. MyniUmx< ryci, xiii. 17;
and regarding HaypiyA (one who breathes out), vid. at vi. 19, xii. 17.
Ver. 6 In vain the scorner seeketh wisdom;
But to the man of understanding knowledge is easy.
The general sentence is concrete, composed in the common historical
form. Regarding NyixAvA, necquidquam, vid. at xiii. 4. The participle
lqAnA is here neut. for hl.Aqan;, something which makes itself easy or
light. The frivolous man, to whom truth is not a matter of con-
science, and who recognises no authority, not even the Supreme,
never reaches to truth notwithstanding all his searching, it remains
veiled to him and far remote; but to the man of understanding,
who knows that the fear of God and not estrangement from God
leads to truth, knowledge is an easy matter he enters on the right
way to this end, he brings the right receptivity, brings to bear on
it the clear eye, and there is fulfilled to him the saying, "To him
that hath it is given."
Three proverbs regarding fools:
Ver. 7 Go from the presence of a foolish man,
Aud surely thou hast not known lips of knowledge;
i.e. surely hast not brought into experience that he possesses lips
which express experimental knowledge, or: surely thou must confess
on reflection that no prudent word has come forth from his mouth.
If 7b were intended to assign a motive, then the expression would
be fdaTe-lba yKi or fdaTe-lbaU (Isa. xliv. 9), according to which Aquila
and Theodotion translate, kai> ou] mh> gn&?j. dg,n, is the sphere of
vision, and dg,G,mi denotes either away from the sphere of vision, as
e.g. Isa. i. 16, or, inasmuch as Nmi is used as in lfame, tHaTami, and the
like: at a certain distance from the sphere of vision, but so that
one keeps the object in sight, Gen. xxi. 16. l; dg,n, denotes, as the
inverted expression Deut. xxviii. 66 shows, over against any one,
so that he has the object visibly before him, and l; dg,n.,mi, Judg. xx.
34, from the neighbourhood of a place where one has it in view.
So also here: go away from the vis-à-vis (vis = visûs) of the foolish
man, if thou hast to do with such an one; whence, 7b, follows what
he who has gone away must on looking back say to himself. lb
(with the pret. as e.g. Isa. xxxiii. 23) expresses a negative with
emphasis. Nolde and others, also Fleischer, interpret 7b relatively:
et in quo non cognoveris labia scientiae. If fdayA-lbaU were the expres-
sion used, then it would be explained after ix. 13, for the idea of
the foolish man is extended: and of such an one as absolutely
294 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
knows not how to speak anything prudent. But in TAf;dayA-lbaU the
relative clause intended must be indicated by the added Ob: and of
such an one in whom . . . Besides, in this case xloU; (vid. Ps. xxxv. 15)
would have been nearer than The LXX. has modified this
proverb, and yet has brought out nothing that is correct; not only
the Syr., but also Hitzig follows it, when he translates, "The foolish
man hath everything before him, but lips of knowledge are a
receptacle of knowledge" (tfada ylik;U). It racks one's brains to find
out the meaning of the first part here, and, as Böttcher rightly
says, who can be satisfied with the "lips of knowledge" as the
"receptacle of knowledge"?
Ver. 8 The wisdom of the prudent is to observe his way,
And the folly of fools is deceit.
The nearest idea is that of self-deceit, according to which the
LXX., Syr., and Jerome render the word error ("Irrsal"). But
hmAr;mi is nowhere else used of self-deception, and moreover is not
the suitable word for such an idea, since the conception of the dolus
males is constantly associated with it. Thus the contrast will be
this: the wisdom of the prudent shows itself in this, that he considers
his conduct (NybihA as vii. 7, cf. Ps. v. 2), i.e. regulates it carefully,
examining and considering (xiii. 16) it according to right and duty;
and that on the contrary the folly of fools shows itself in this, that
they aim at the malevolent deception of their neighbour, and try
all kinds of secret ways for the gaining of this end. The former
is wisdom, because from the good only good comes; the latter is
folly or madness, because deception, however long it may sneak in
darkness, yet at last comes to light, and recoils in its destructive
effects upon him from whom it proceeds.
Ver. 9 The sacrificial offering of fools mocketh;
But between upright men there is good understanding.
We may not give to the Hiph. Cylihe any meaning which it nowhere
has, as, to excuse (Kimchi), or to come to an agreement by media-
tion (Schultens). So we may not make Myliyvix< the subject (Targ.,
Symmaclius, Jerome, Luther, "fools make sport with sin"), for
one is persuaded that Mylyvx is equivalent to Mylyvxh Nm dHx lk
(Immanuel, Meîri, and others), which would be more admissible if
we had Cylm (vid. iii. 35), or if Cyly, did not immediately follow (vid.
xxviii. 1). Aquila and Theodotion rightly interpret the relation of
the component parts of the sentence: a@fronaj xleua<zei plhmme<leia;
and this translation of MwAxA also is correct if we take plhmme<leia in
CHAP. XIV. 10. 295
the sense of a qusi<a peri> plhmmelei<aj (Sir. vii. 31), in which the
Judaeo-Hellenic actually uses it (vid. Schleusner's Lex.). The
idea of sacrificial offering is that of expiation: it is a penitential
work, it falls under the prevailing point of view of an ecclesiastical
punishment, a satisfactio in a church-disciplinary sense; the for-
giveness of sins is conditioned by this, (1) that the sinner either
abundantly makes good by restitution the injury inflicted on another,
or in some other way bears temporal punishment for it, and (2) that
he willingly presents the sacrifices of rams or of sheep, the value of
which the priest has to determine in its relation to the offence (by
a tax-scale from 2 shekels upwards). The Torâ gives accurately
the offences which are thus to be atoned for. Here, with reference
to 9b, there particularly comes into view the offence against property
(Lev. v. 20 ff.) and against female honour (Lev. xix. 20-22).
Fools fall from one offence into another, which they have to atone
for by the presentation of sacrificial offerings; the sacrificial offering
mocketh them (Cylh with accus.-object, as xix. 28, Ps. cxix. 51), for
it equally derides them on account of the self-inflicted loss, and on
account of the efforts with which they must make good the effects
of their frivolity and madness; while on the contrary, among men
of upright character, NOcrA, a relation of mutual favour, prevails,
which does not permit that the one give to the other an indemnity,
and apply the Asham-[MwAxA = trespass-offering] Torâ. Symmachus
rightly: kai> a]na<meson eu]qe<wn eu]doki<a. But the LXX. confuses
this proverb also. Hitzig, with the Syr., follows it and translates:
The tents of the foolish are in punishment overthrown [verfällt];
The house of the upright is well-pleasing [wolgefällt].
Is not this extravagant [ungereimt = not rhymed] in spite of the
rhyme? These ylhx [tents] extracted from Mylyvx, and this tyb
[house] formed out of Nyb, are nothing but an aimless and tasteless
flourish.
Four proverbs of joy and sorrow in the present and the future:
Ver. 10 The heart knoweth the trouble of its soul,
And no stranger can intermeddle with its joy.
The accentuation fdvy bl seems to point out fdvy, as an adjective
(Löwenstein: a feeling heart), after 1 Kings iii. 9, or genit. (of
a feeling heart); but Cod. 1294 and the Jemen Cod., and others,
as well as the editions of Jablonsky and Michaelis, have ble with
Rebia, so that this is by itself to be taken as the subject (cf. the
accentuation xv. 5a and under at 16a). tr.amI has the r with Dagesh,
296 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
and consequently the short Kametz (Michlol 63b), like j~r.,wA iii. 8,
cf. htArAKo, Judg. vi. 28, and on the contrary tr.akI, Ezek. xvi. 4; it
is the fern. of mōr, = morr, from rramA, adstringere, amarum esse. Re-
garding ble in contradistinction to wp,n,, vid. Psychol. p. 251. "All
that is meant by the Hellenic and Hellenistic nou?j, lo<goj, sunei<-
dhsij, qumo<j, is comprehended in kardi<a, and all by which the rWb
and wpn are affected comes in into the light of consciousness."
The first half of the proverb is clear: the heart, and only it, i.e.
the man in the centre of his individuality, knows what brings
bitterness to his soul, i.e. what troubles him in the sphere of his
natural life and of the nearest life-circle surrounding him. It thus
treats of life experiences which are of too complex a nature to be
capable of being fully represented to others, and, as we are wont to
say, of so delicate a nature that we shrink from uncovering them
and making them known to others, and which on this account
must be kept shut up in our own hearts, because no man is so near
to us, or has so fully gained our confidence, that we have the de-
sire and the courage to pour out our hearts to him from their very
depths. Yet the saying, "Every one knows where the shoe pinches
him" (1 Kings viii. 38), stands nearer to this proverb; here this
expression receives a psychological, yet a sharper and a deeper ex-
pression, for the knowledge of that which grieves the soul is attri-
buted to the heart, in which, as the innermost of the soul-corporeal
life, it reflects itself and becomes the matter-of-fact of the reflex
consciousness in which it must shut itself up, but also for the most
part without external expression. If we now interpret brafAt;yi-xlo as
prohibitive, then this would stand (with this exception, that in this
case lxa instead of xlo is to be expected) in opposition, certainly not
intended, to the exhortation, Rom. xii. 15, "Rejoice with them
that do rejoice," and to the saying, "Distributed joy is doubled joy,
distributed sorrow is half sorrow; "and an admonition to leave man
alone with his joy, instead of urging him to distribute it, does not
run parallel with 10a. Therefore we interpret the fut. as poten-
tialis. As there is a soul-sorrow of the man whose experience is
merely a matter of the heart, so there is also a soul-joy with which
no other (vid. regarding rzA, p. 135, and cf. here particularly Job
xix. 27) intermeddleth (B; brfth like Ps. cvi. 35), in which no other
can intermeddle, because his experience, as e.g. of blessed spiritual
affection or of benevolent feeling, is purely of a personal nature,
and admits of no participation (cf. on e@kruye, Matt. xiii. 44), and
CHAP. XIV. 11, 12. 297
thus of no communication to others. Elster well observes: "By
this thought, that the innermost feelings of a man are never fully
imparted to another man, never perfectly cover themselves with
the feelings of another, yea, cannot at all be fully understood by
another, the worth and the significance of each separate human
personality is made conspicuous, not one of which is the example
of a species, but each has its own peculiarity, which no one of
countless individuals possesses. At the same time the proverb has
the significance, that it shows the impossibility of a perfect fellow-
ship among men, because one never wholly understands another.
Thereby it is indicated that no human fellowship can give true
salvation, but only the fellowship with God, whose love and wisdom
are capable of shining through the most secret sanctuary of human
personality." Thus also Dächsel (but he interprets 10b admoni-
torily): "Each man is a little world in himself, which God only
fully sees through and understands. His sorrow appertaining
to his innermost life, and his joy, another is never able fully to
transfer to himself. Yea, the most sorrowful of all experiences,
the most inward of all joys, we possess altogether alone, without
any to participate with us."
Ver. 11 The house of the wicked is overthrown;
But the tent of the upright flourishes.
In the cogn. proverb, xii. 7, line 2 begins with tybeU, but here the
apparently firmly-founded house is assigned to the godless, and on
the contrary the tent, easily destroyed, and not set up under the
delusion of lasting for ever, is assigned to the righteous. While
the former is swept away without leaving a trace behind (Isa. xiv.
23), the latter has blossoms and shoots (Hayrip;hi as inwardly transi-
tive, like Job xiv. 9, Ps. xcii. 14); the household of such remains
not only preserved in the same state, but in a prosperous, happy
manner it goes forward and upward.
Ver. 12 There is a way that seemeth right to one,
But the end thereof are the ways of death.
This is literally repeated in xvi. 25. The rightness is present only
as a phantom, for it arises wholly from a terrible self-deception;
the man judges falsely and goes astray when, without regard to
God and His word, he follows only his own opinions. It is the
way of estrangement from God, of fleshly security; the way of
vice, in which the blinded thinks to spend his life, to set himself
to fulfil his purposes; but the end thereof (h.tAyriHExa with neut.
298 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
fem.: the end of this intention, that in which it issues) are the
ways of death. He who thus deceives himself regarding his course
of life, sees himself at last arrived at a point from which every way
which now further remains to him leads only down to death. The
self-delusion of one ends in death by the sentence of the judge,
that of another in self-murder; of one in loathsome disease, of
another in a slow decay under the agony of conscience, or in sorrow
over a henceforth dishonoured and distracted life.
Ver. 13 Even in the midst of laughter the heart experiences sadness;
And to it, joy, the end is sorrow.
Every human heart carries the feeling of disquiet and of separa-
tion from its true home, and of the nothingness, the transitoriness
of all that is earthly; and in addition to this, there is many a
secret sorrow in every one which grows out of his own corporeal
and spiritual life, and from his relation to other men; and this
sorrow, which is from infancy onward the lot of the human heart,
and which more and more deepens and diversifies itself in the course
of life, makes itself perceptible even in the midst of laughter,
in spite of the mirth and merriment, without being able to be sup-
pressed or expelled from the soul, returning always the more
intensely, the more violently we may have for a time kept it under
and sunk it in unconsciousness. Euchel cites here the words of
the poet, according to which 13a is literally true:
" No, man is not made for joy;
Why weep his eyes when in heart he laughs?"1
From the fact that sorrow is the fundamental condition of humanity,
and forms the background of laughter, it follows, 13b, that in
general it is not good for man to give himself up to joy, viz.
sensual (worldly), for to it, joy, the end (the issue) is sorrow. That
is true also of the final end, which according to that saying, maka<-
rioi oi[ klai<ontej nu?n o!ti gela<sete, changes laughter into weeping,
and weeping into laughter. The correction hHAm;Wi.iha tyriHExa (Hitzig)
presses upon the Mishle style an article in such cases rejected, and
removes a form of expression of the Hebr. syntaxis ornata, which
here, as at Isa. xvii. 6, is easily obviated, but which is warranted
by a multitude of other examples, vid. at xiii. 4 (also v. 22), and
cf. Philippi's Status Const. p. 14 f., who regards the second word,
as here hHmW, after the Arab., as accus. But in cases like yxan;W;
1 "Nein, der Mensch ist zur Freude nicht gemacht,
Darum weint sein Aug' wenn er herzlich lacht."
CHAP. XIV. 14. 299
rq,w, although not in cases such as Ezra ii. 62, the accus. rendering
is tenable, and the Arab. does not at all demand it.1 In the old
Hebr. this solutio of the st. constr. belongs to the elegances of
the language; it is the precursor of the vulgar post-bibl. h.tAyriHEx;
hHAm;Wi-lw,. That the Hebr. may also retain a gen. where more or
fewer parts of a sentence intervene between it and its governing
word, is shown by such examples as Isa. xlviii. 9, xlix. 7, lxi. 7.2
There follows a series of proverbs which treat of the wicked and
the good, and of the relation between the foolish and the wise:
Ver. 14 He that is of a perverse heart is satisfied with his own ways;
And a good man from himself.
We first determine the subject conception. ble gUs (one turning
aside th?j kardi<aj or th>n kardi<an) is one whose heart is perverted,
turned away, viz. from God, Ps. xliv. 19. The Book of Pro-
verbs contains besides of this verb only the name of dross (rece-
danea) derived from it; gUs, separated, drawn away, is such a half
passive as rUs, Isa. xlix. 21, bUw, Mic. ii. 8, etc. (Olsh. § 245a).
Regarding bOF wyxi, vid. at xii. 2, cf. xiii. 22: a man is so called
whose manner of thought and of action has as its impulse and
motive self-sacrificing love. When it is said of the former that
he is satisfied with his own ways, viz. those which with heart
turned away from God he enters upon, the meaning is not that
they give him peace or bring satisfaction to him (Löwenstein),
but we see from i. 31, xviii. 20, that this is meant recompensa-
tively: he gets, enjoys the reward of his wandering in estrange-
ment from God. It is now without doubt seen that 14b expresses
that wherein the benevolent man finds his reward. We will there-
1 Regarding the supplying (ibdâl) of a foregoing genitive or accus. pronoun
of the third person by a definite or indefinite following, in the same case as the
substantive, Samachschari speaks in the Mufassal, p. 94 ss., where, as ex-
amples, are found: raeituhu Zeidan, I have seen him, the Zeid; marartu bihi
Zeldin, I have gone over with him, the Zeid; saraftu wügithahâ awwalihâ, in
the flight I smote the heads of the same, their front rank. Vid. regarding
this anticipation of the definite idea by an indefinite, with explanations of it,
Fleischer's Makikiarî, Additions et Corrections, p. xl. col. 2, and Dieterici's Mu-
tanabbi, p. 341, 1. 13.
2 These examples moreover do not exceed that which is possible in the Arab.,
vid. regarding this omission of the mudâf, where this is supplied from the pre-
ceding before a genitive, Samachschari's Mufassal, p. 34, 1. 8-13. Perhaps
j~m;H;la; Obad. ver. 7, of thy bread = the (men) of thy bread, is an example of
the same thing.
300 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
fore not explain (after iv. 15, cf. Num. xvi. 26, 2 Sam. xix. 10):
the good man turns himself away from him, or the good man
stands over him (as Jerome, Venet., after Eccles. v. 7);—this ren-
dering gives no contrast, or at least a halting one. The Nm of vylAfAme
must be parallel with that of vykArAD;mi. From the LXX., a]po> de>
tw?n dianohma<twn au]tou?, the Syr. rightly: from the fruit (religious-
ness) of his soul; the Targ.: from his fruit. Buxtorf, against
Cappellus, has already perceived that here no other phrase but
the explanation of vylfm by ex eo quod penes se est lies at the foun-
dation. We could, after vii. 14, also explain : from that which he
perceives as his obligation (duty); yet that other explanation lies
proportionally nearer, but yet not so that we refer the suffix to the
blackslider of 14a: in it (his fate) the good man is satisfied, for
this contrast also halts, the thought is not in the spirit of the
Book of Proverbs (for xxix. 16b does not justify it); and in how
totally different a connection of thought vylAfAme is used in the Book of
Proverbs, is shown by xxiv. l7b; but generally the Scripture does
not use fbW of such satisfaction, it has, as in 14a, also in 14b, the
recompensative sense, according to the fundamental principle, o{ e]a>n
spei<r^ a@@nqrwpoj tou?to kai> qeri<sei (Gal. vi. 7). The suffix refers
back to the subject, as we says: ylafA yHiUr, ylafA ywip;na (Psychol. p. 152).
But considerations of an opposite kind also suggest themselves.
Everywhere else lfm refers not to that which a man has within
himself, but that which he carries without; and also that vylAfAme can
be used in the sense of vylAfAw.,mi, no evidence can be adduced: it
must be admitted to be possible, since the writer of the Chronicles
(2 Chron. i. 4) ventures to use Nykiheba. Is vylfm thus used sub-
stantively: by his leaves (Aben Ezra and others)? If one com-
pares xi. 28 with Ps. i. 3, this explanation is not absurd; but why
then did not the poet rather use in Oyr;Pimi? We come finally to the
result, that vylfmv, although it admits a connected interpretation, is
an error of transcription. But the correction is not vyl.AfameU (Elster)
nor vylAlAfEmeU (Cappellus), for Myli.fa and MylilAfE, deeds, are words which do
not exist; nor is it vylAfAP;miU (Bertheau) nor vylAmuG;miU (Ewald), but
vylAlAfEm.amiU (which Cappellus regarded, but erroneously, as the LXX.
phrase); for (1) throughout almost the whole O. T., from Judg. ii.
19 to Zech. i. 18, Mykrd and Myllfm are interchangeable words, and
indeed almost an inseparable pair, cf. particularly Jer. xvii. 10; and
(2) when Isaiah (iii. 10) says, Ulkexyo Mh,ylel;fama yrip;-yKi bvF-yk qydc vrmx
this almost sounds like a prophetical paraphrase of the second line
CHAP. XIV. 15, 16. 301
of the proverb, which besides by this emendation gains a more
rhythmical sound and a more suitable compass.1
Ver. 15 The simple believeth every word;
But the prudent takes heed to his step.
We do not translate, "every thing," for " word" and faith are
correlates, Ps. cvi. 24, and ytP; is the non-self-dependent who lets
himself be easily persuaded by the talk of another (vid. p. 56): he
believes every word without proving it, whether it is well-meant,
whether it is true, whether it is salutary and useful, so that he is
thus, without having any firm principle, and without any judgment
of his own, driven about hither and thither; the prudent, on the
other hand, considers and marks his step, that he may not take a false
step or go astray, he proves his way (8a), he takes no step without
thought and consideration (NyBi or Nybihe with l, to consider or reflect
upon anything, Ps. lxxiii. 17, cf. xxxiii. 15)—he makes sure steps
with his feet (Heb. xii. 13), without permitting himself to waver
and sway by every wind of doctrine (Eph. iv. 14).
Ver. 16 The wise feareth and departeth from evil;
But the fool loseth his wits and is regardless.
Our editions have xreyA with Munach, as if xreyA MkAHA a substantive
with its adjective; but Cod. 1294 has MkAHA with Rebia, and thus it
must be: MkH is the subject, and what follows is its complex pre-
dicate. Most interpreters translate 16b: the fool is over-confident
(Zöckler), or the fool rushes on (Hitzig), as also Luther: but a fool
rushes wildly through, i.e. in a daring, presumptuous manner. But
rBefat;hi denotes everywhere nothing else than to fall into extreme
anger, to become heated beyond measure, xxvi. 17 (cf. xx. 2),
Deut. iii. 26, etc. Thus 16a and 16b are fully contrasted. What
is said of the wise will be judged after Job i. 1, cf. Ps. xxxiv. 15,
xxxvii. 27: the wise man has fear, viz. fear of God, or rather, since
Myhlxh is not directly to be supplied, that careful, thoughtful, self-
mistrusting reserve which flows from the reverential awe of God;
the fool, on the contrary, can neither rule nor bridle his affections,
and without any just occasion falls into passionate excitement.
But on the other side he is self-confident, regardless, secure; while
the wise man avoids the evil, i.e. carefully goes out of its way, and
in N. T. phraseology "works out his own salvation with fear and
trembling."
1 As here an l too few is written, so at Isa. xxxii. 1 (MyrWlv) and Ps. lxxiv.
14 (Myycl) one too many.
302 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 17. This verse, as if explanatory of rbftm, connects itself
with this interpretation of the contrasts, corresponding to the general
usus loquendi, and particularly to the Misfile style.
One who is quick to anger worketh folly,
And a man of intrigues is hated.
Ewald finds here no right contrast. He understands hm.Azim; wyx in a
good sense, and accordingly corrects the text, substituting for xnWy,
xUeway;; (xU,way;), for he translates: but the man of consideration bears
(properly smooths, viz. his soul). On the other hand it is also to be
remarked, that hmzm wyx, when it occurs, is not to be understood
necessarily in a good sense, since hmzm is used just like tvmzm, at one
time in a good and at another in a bad sense, and that we willingly
miss the "most complete sense" thus arising, since the proverb,
as it stands in the Masoretic text, is good Hebrew, and needs only
to be rightly understood to let nothing be missed in completeness.
The contrast, as Ewald seeks here to represent it (also. Hitzig, who
proposes, Nxaw;yi: the man of consideration remains quiet; Syr. ramys,
circumspect), we have in ver. 29, where the makro<qumoj stands over
against the o]cu<qumoj (Jxa or MyiPaxa of the breathing of anger through
the nose, cf. Theocritus, i. 18: kai> oi[ a]ei> drimei?a xola> poti> r[ini>
ka<qhtai). Here the contrast is different: to the man who is quick
to anger, who suddenly gives expression to his anger and displeasure,
stands opposed the man of intrigues, who contrives secret vengeance
against those with whom he is angry. Such a deceitful man, who
contrives evil with calculating forethought and executes it in cold
blood (cf. Ps. xxxvii. 7), is hated; while on the contrary the noisy
lets himself rush forward to inconsiderate, mad actions, but is not
hated on that account; but if in his folly he injures or disgraces
himself, or is derided, or if he even does injury to the body and
the life of another, and afterwards with terror sees the evil done
in its true light, then he is an object of compassion. Theodotion
rightly: (a]nh>r de>) diabouliw?n mishqh<setai, and Jerome: vir versutus
odiosus est (not the Venet. a]nh>r bdelugmw?n, for this signification has
only hm.Azi, and that in the sing.); on the contrary, the LXX., Syr.,
Targum, and Symmachus incorrectly understand tvmzm wyx in bonam
partem.
Ver. 18 The simple have obtained folly as an inheritance;
But the prudent put on knowledge as a crown.
As a parallel word to uUlHEnA, uUrTik;ya (after the Masora defective), also
in the sense of Arab. âkthar, multiplicare, abundare (from Arab.
CHAP. XIV. 19. 303
katltura, to be much, perhaps1 properly comprehensive, encompass-
ing), would be appropriate, but it is a word properly Arabic. On
the other hand, inappropriate is the meaning of the Heb.-Aram.
rTeKa, to wait (properly waiting to surround, to go round any one, cf.
manere aliquem or aliquod), according to which Aquila, a]namenou?sin,
and Jerome, expectabunt. Also ryTik;hi, to encompass in the sense of
to embrace (LXX. krath<sousin), does not suffice, since in the
relation to vlHn one expects an idea surpassing this. Certainly
there is a heightening of the idea in this, that the Hiph. in contra-
distinction to would denote an object of desire spontaneously
sought for. But far stronger and more pointed is the heightening
of the idea when we take vrtky as the denom. of rt,K, (Gr. ki<tarij
ki<darij, Babyl. rdk, cudur, cf. rUDKa, a rounding, sphaera). Thus
Theodotion, stefqh<sontai. The Venet. better actively, e]ste<yanto
(after Kimchi: Mwxr lf rtkk tfdh vmyWy), the Targ., Jerome, Luther
(but not the Syr., which translates vlHn) by "to inherit," but vrtky
by meriou?ntai, which the LXX. has for vlHn). The bibl. language
has also (Ps. cxlii. 8) rytkh in the denom. signification of to place
a crown, and that on oneself; the non-bibl. has rytkm (like the bibl.
ryFifEma) in the sense of distributor of crowns,2 and is fond of the
metaphor hfdh rtk, crown of knowledge. With those not self-
dependent (vid. regarding the plur. form of ytiP;, p. 56), who are
swayed by the first influence, the issue is, without their willing it,
that they become habitual fools: folly is their possession, i.e. their
property. The prudent, on the contrary, as ver. 15 designates
them, have thoughtfully to ponder their step to gain knowledge
as a crown (cf. rywif<h,, to gain riches, Hayrip;hi, to gain flowers,
Gesen. § 53, 2). Knowledge is to them not merely an inheritance,
but a possession won, and as such remains with them a high and
as it were a kingly ornament.
Ver. 19 The wicked must bow before the good,
And the godless stand at the doors of the righteous.
The good, viz. that which is truly good, which has love as its prin-
ciple, always at last holds the supremacy. The good men who mani-
fest love to men which flows from love to God, come finally forward,
so that the wicked, who for a long time played the part of lords,
1 According to rule the Hebr. w becomes in Arab. as in Aram. t;
but kthar might be from ktar, an old verb rarely found, which derivata with
the idea of encircling (wall) and of rounding (bunch) point to.
2 Vid. Wissensehaft, Kunst, Judenthum (1838), p. 210.
304 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
bow themselves willingly or unwillingly before them, and often
enough it comes about that godless men fall down from their
prosperity and their places of honour so low, that they post them-
selves at the entrance of the stately dwelling of the righteous
(xiii. 22), waiting for his going out and in, or seeking an occa-
sion of presenting to him a supplication, or also as expecting gifts
to be bestowed (Ps. xxxvii. 25). The poor man Lazarus pro>j to>n
pulw?na of the rich man, Luke xvi. 20, shows, indeed, that this is
not always the case on this side of the grave. vHwa has, according
to the Masora (cf. Kimchi's Wörterbuch under HHw), the ultima
accented; the accentuation of the form UBsa wavers between the
ult. and the penult. Olsh. p. 482 f., cf. Gesen. 68, Anm. 10.
The substantival clause 19b is easily changed into a verbal clause:
they come (Syr.), appear, stand (incorrectly the Targ.: they are
judged in the gates of the righteous).
Three proverbs on the hatred of men:
Ver. 20 The poor is hated even by his neighbour;
But of those who love the rich there are many.
This is the old history daily repeating itself. Among all people is
the saying and the complaint:
Donce eris felix multos numerabis amicos,
Tempora si fuerint nubilia solus eris.1
The Book of Proverbs also speaks of this lamentable phenomenon.
It is a part of the dark side of human nature, and one should take
notice of it, so that when it goes well with him, he may not regard
his many friends as all genuine, and when he becomes poor, he
may not be surprised by the dissolution of earlier friendship, but
may value so much the higher exceptions to the rule. The con-
nection of the passive with l; of the subject (cf. xiii. 13), as in the
Greek with the dative, is pure Semitic; sometimes it stands with
Nmi, but in the sense of a]po<, Cant. iii. 10, before the influence of
the West led to its being used in the sense of u[po< (Ges. § 143, 2);
xneW.Ayi is hated (Cod. 1294: xn,WA.yi), connects with the hatred which is
directed against the poor also the indifference which makes him
without sympathy, for one feels himself troubled by him and
ashamed.
Ver. 21 Whoever despiseth his neighbour committeth sin;
But whoever hath compassion on the suffering—blessings on him!
One should regard every human being, especially such as God has
1 Ovid, Trist. i. 8.
CHAP. XIV. 22. 305
placed near to him, as a being having the same origin, as created
in the image of God, and of the same lofty destination, and should
consider himself as under obligation to love him. He who despiseth
his neighbour (write -zBA with Metheg, and vid. regarding the
constr. with dat. object. vi. 30, cf. xi. 12, xiii. 13) sins in this
respect, that he raises himself proudly and unwarrantably above
him; that the honour and love he shows to him he measures not
by the rule of duty and of necessity, but according to that which
is pleasing to himself; and in that he refuses to him that which
according to the ordinance of God he owes him. In ver. 21b the
Chethîb Myyi.nifE and the Kerî MyvinAfE (vid. at Ps. ix. 13) interchange in
an inexplicable way; ynifA is the bowed down (cf. Arab. ma'nuww,
particularly of the prisoner, from 'ana, fut. ya'nw, to bow, bend), vnAfA
(Arab. 'anin, with the art. âl’niy, from the intrans. 'aniya, to be
bowed down) the patient bearer who in the school of suffering has
learned humility and meekness. One does not see why the Kerî
here exchanges that passive idea for this ethical one, especially
since, in proving himself to be NneOHm; (compassionate) (for which
elsewhere the part. Kal NneOH, xiv. 31, xix. 17, xxviii. 8), one must
be determined only by the needy condition of his neighbour, and
not by his (the neighbour's) moral worthiness, the want of which
ought to make him twofold more an object of our compassion.
All the old translators, from the LXX. to the Venet. and Luther,
on this account adopt the Chethîb.
Ver. 22. The proverb terminating (ver. 21) with vyrAw;xa (cf. xvi.
20) is now followed by one not less singularly formed, commencing
with xlohE (cf. viii. 1).
Will they not go astray who devise evil,
And are not mercy and truth to those who devise good?
The part. wreHo signifies both the plougher and the artisan; but on
this account to read with Hitzig both times ywerAHA, i.e. machinatores,
is nothing less than advisable, since there is connected with this
metaphorical wraHA, as we have shown at iii. 29, not only the idea of
fabricating, but also that of ploughing. Just so little is there any
reason for changing with Hitzig, against all old translators, Uft;yi into
UfreyA: will it not go ill with them . . . ; the fut. vfty (cf. Isa. lxiii.
17) is not to be touched; the perf. vft (e.g. Ps. lviii. 4) would de-
note that those who contrive evil are in the way of error, the fut. on
the contrary that they will fall into error (cf. xii. 26 with Job
xii. 24). But if vfty xlh is the expression of the result which shall
306 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
certainly come to such, then 22b stands as a contrast adapted thereto:
and are not, on the contrary, mercy and truth those who contrive
that which is good, i.e. (for that which befalls them, as xiii. 18a, cf.
xiv. 35b, is made their attribute) are they not an object of mercy
and truth, viz. on the part of God and of men, for the effort which
proceeds from love and is directed to the showing forth of good
is rewarded by this, that God and men are merciful to such and
maintain truth to them, stand in truth to them; for tm,x<v, ds,H, is
to be understood here, as at iii. 3, neither of God nor of men ex-
clusively, but of both together: the wicked who contrive evil lose
themselves on the way to destruction, but grace and truth are the
lot of those who aim at what is good, guarded and guided by
which, they reach by a blessed way a glorious end.
There now follows a considerable series of proverbs (vers. 23-31)
which, with a single exception (ver. 24), have all this in common,
that one or two key-words in them begin with m.
Ver. 23 In all labour there is gain,
But idle talk leadeth only to loss.
Here the key-words are rtAOm and rOsH;ma (parallel xxi. 5, cf. with
xi. 24), which begin with m. bc,f, is labour, and that earnest and
unwearied, as at x. 22. If one toils on honestly, then there
always results from it something which stands forth above the
endeavour as its result and product, vid. at Job xxx. 11, where it
is shown how rtayA, from the primary meaning to be stretched out
long, acquires the meaning of that which hangs over, shoots over,
copiousness, and gain. By the word of the lips, on the contrary,
i.e. purposeless and inoperative talk (MyitapAW; rbaD; as Isa. xxxvi. 5,
cf. Job xi. 2), nothing is gained, but on the contrary there is only
loss, for by it one only robs both himself and others of time, and
wastes strength, which might have been turned to better purpose,
to say nothing of the injury that is thereby done to his soul; per-
haps also he morally injures, or at least discomposes and wearies
others.
Ver. 24 It is a crown to the wise when they are rich;
But the folly of fools remains folly.
From xii. 4,31, xvii. 6, we see that MymikAHE tr,F,fE is the predicate.
Thus it is the riches of the wise of which it is said that they are a
crown or an ornament to them. More than this is said, if with
Hitzig we read, after the LXX., MmAr;fA, their prudence, instead of
MrAw;fA. For then the meaning would be, that the wise need no
CHAP. XIV. 25. 307
other crown than that which they have in their prudence. But yet
far more appropriately "riches" are called the crown of a wise man
when they come to his wisdom; for it is truly thus that riches,
when they are possessed along with wisdom, contribute not a little
to heighten its influence and power, and not merely because they
adorn in their appearance like a crown, or, as we say, surround
as with a golden frame, but because they afford a variety of means
and occasions for self-manifestation which are denied to the poor.
By this interpretation of 24a, 24b comes out also into the light,
without our requiring to correct the first tl,U,xi, or to render it in an
unusual sense. The LXX. and Syr. translate the first tlvx by
diatribh< (by a circumlocution), the Targ. by gloria, fame—we
know not how they reach this. Schultens in his Com. renders:
crassa opulentia elumbium crassities, but in his Animadversiones he
combines the first tlvx with the Arab. awwale, precedence, which
Gesen. approves of. But although the meaning to be thick
(properly coalescere) appertains to the verbal stem lvx as well as
the meaning to be before (Arab. âl, âwila, wâl), yet the Hebr. tl,U,xi
always and everywhere means only folly,1 from the fundamental
idea crassities (thickness). Hitzig's tlaUx (which denotes the conse-
quence with which the fool invests himself) we do not accept, because
this word is Hitzig's own invention. Rather tyav;li is to be expected:
the crown with which fools adorn themselves is folly. But the
sentence: the folly of fools is (and remains) folly (Symmachus,
Jerome, Venet., Luther), needs the emendation as little as xvi. 22b,
for, interpreted in connection with 24a, it denotes that while
wisdom is adorned and raised up by riches, folly on the other hand
remains, even when connected with riches, always the same, with-
out being either thereby veiled or removed,—on the contrary, the
fool, when he is rich, exhibits his follies always more and more.
C. B. Michaelis compares Lucian's simia est simia etiamsi aurea
gestet insignia.
Ver. 25 A witness of truth delivereth souls;
But he who breathes out lies is nothing but deception.
When men, in consequence of false suspicions or of false accusations,
fall into danger of their lives (tvwpn ynyd is the designation in the
later language of the law of a criminal process), then a tongue
1 Ewald's derivation of lyvx from Nv,xA= Nyvx, null, vain, is not much better
than Heidenheim's from ylvx: one who says "perhaps" = a sceptic, vid.
p. 59, note.
308 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
which, pressed by conscientiousness and not deterred by cowardice,
will utter the truth, saves them. But a false tongue, which as
such (vid. 5b) is a Mybzk HapiyA (after the Masora at this place
HapiyAv; defective), i.e. is one who breathes out lies (vid. regarding
Hypy at vi. 19), is mere deception (LXX., without reading hm.,ram;
[as Hitzig does]: do<lioj. In xii. 17 hmAr;mi is to be interpreted as
the object. accus. of dygy carried forward, but here to carry forward
lycima (Arama, Löwenstein) is impracticable—for to deliver deceit
the deceiver is not expressed in the Hebr.— hmrm is as possibly also
xii. 16 (LXX. do<lioj), without wyxi or, dfe being supplied, the pred.
of the substantival clause: such an one is deception (in bad Latin,
dolositas), for he who utters forth lies against better knowledge
must have a malevolent, deceitful purpose.
Ver. 26 In the fear of Jahve lies a strong ground of confidence,
And the children of such an one have a refuge.
The so-called; B; essentiae stands here, as at Ps. lxviii. 5, Iv. 19, Isa.
xxvi. 4, before the subject idea; the clause: in the fear of God
exists, i.e. it is and proves itself, as a strong ground of confidence,
does not mean that the fear of God is something in which one can
rely (Hitzig), but that it has (xxii. 19, Jer. xvii. 7, and here) an
inheritance which is enduring, unwavering, and not disappointing
in God, who is the object of fear; for it is not faith, nor anything
else subjective, which is the rock that bears us, but this Rock is the
object which faith lays hold of (cf. Isa. xxviii. 16). Is now the
vynAbAl;U to be referred, with Ewald and Zöckler, to ‘h? It is possible,
as we have discussed at Gen. vi. 1 f.; but in view of parallels such
as xx. 7, it is not probable. He who fears God entails in the
Abrahamic way (Gen. xviii. 19) the fear of God on his children,
and in this precious paternal inheritance they have a hs,H;ma (not
hs,HEma, and therefore to be written with Masoretic exactness hs.,H;ma),
a fortress or place of protection, a refuge in every time of need
(cf. Ps. lxxi. 5-7). Accordingly, vynblv refers back to the ‘h xrey;, to
be understood from ‘h txryb (LXX., Luther, and all the Jewish
interpreters), which we find not so doubtful as to regard on this
account the explanation after Ps. lxxiii. 15, cf. Deut. xiv. 1, as
necessary, although we grant that such an introduction of the N.
T. generalization and deepening of the idea of sonship is to be
expected from the Chokma.
Ver. 27 The fear of Jahve is a fountain of life,
To escape the snares of death.
CHAP. XIV. 28, 29. 309
There springs up a life which makes him who carries in himself
(cf. John iv. 14, e]n au]t&?) this welling life, penetrating and strong
of will to escape the snares (write after the Masora yweq;m.omi defective)
which death lays, and which bring to an end in death—a repetition
of xiii. 4 with changed subject.
Ver. 28 In the multitude of the people lies the king's honour;
And when the population diminishes, it is the downfall of his glory.
The honour or the ornament (vid. regarding rdahA) tumere, ampliari,
the root-word of rdAhA and hrAdAhE at Isa. lxiii. 1) of a king con-
sists in this, that he rules over a great people, and that they in-
crease and prosper; on the other hand, it is the ruin of princely
greatness when the people decline in number and in wealth. Re-
garding hTAHim;, vid. at x. 14. sp,x,B; signifies prepositionally "with-
out" (properly, by non-existence), e.g. xxvi. 20, or adverbially
"groundless" (properly, for nothing), Isa. lii. 4; here it is to be
understood after its contrast -brAB;: in the non-existence, but which
is here equivalent to in the ruin (cf. spexA, the form of which in
conjunction is sp,x,, Gen. xlvii. 15), lies the misfortune, decay, ruin
of the princedom. The LXX. e]n de> e]klei<yei laou? suntribh>
duna<stou. Certainly NOzrA (from NzarA Arab. razuna, to be powerful)
is to be interpreted personally, whether it be after the form 14.
with a fixed, or after the form wOqyA with a changeable Kametz; but
it may also be an abstract like MOlwA (= Arab. selâm), and this we
prefer, because in the personal signification Nzero, viii. 15, xxxi. 4, is
used. We have not here to think of NOzrA (from hzArA), consumption
(the Venet. against Kimchi, peni<aj); the choice of the word also
is not determined by an intended amphibology (Hitzig), for this
would be meaningless.
Ver. 29 He that is slow to anger is rich in understanding;
But he that is easily excited carries off folly.
MyiPaxa j`r,x, (constr. of j`rexA) is he who puts off anger long, viz. the
outbreak of anger, j`yrix<h,, xix. 11, i.e. lets it not come in but shuts it
out long (makro<qumoj= bradu>j ei]j o]rgh<n, Jas. i. 19); and HaUr-rcaq;,
he who in his spirit and temper, viz. as regards anger (for HaUr
denotes also the breathing out and snorting, Isa. xxv. 4, xxxiii. 11),
is short, i.e. (since shortness of time is meant) is rash and suddenly
(cf. quick to anger, praeceps in iram, 17a) breaks out with it, not
o]ligo<yuxoj (but here o]cu<qumoj), as the LXX. translate 17a. The
former, who knows how to control his affections, shows himself
310 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
herein as "great in understanding" (cf. 2 Sam. xxiii. 20), or as a
“man of great understanding” (Lat. multus prudentiâ); the con-
trary is he who suffers himself to be impelled by his affections
into hasty, inconsiderate action, which is here expressed more
actively by tl,U,xi Myrime. Does this mean that he bears folly to the
view (Luther, Umbreit, Bertheau, Elster, and others)? But for
that idea the Mishle style has other expressions, xii. 23, xiii. 16,
xv. 2, cf. xiv. 17. Or does it mean that he makes folly high, i.e.
shows himself highly foolish (LXX., Syr., Targum, Fleischer, and
others)? But that would be expressed rather by lyDig;hi or hBAr;hi.
Or is it he heightens folly (Löwenstein, Hitzig)? But the remark
that the angry ebullition is itself a gradual heightening of the
foolish nature of such an one is not suitable, for the choleric man,
who lets the evenness of his disposition be interrupted by a breaking
forth of anger, is by no means also in himself a fool. Rashi is
right when he says, vqlHl hwyrpm, i.e. (to which also Fleischer
gives the preference) aufert pro portione sua stultitiam. The only
appropriate parallel according to which it is to be explained, is iii.
35. But not as Ewald: he lifts up folly, which lies as it were
before his feet on his life's path; but: he takes off folly, in the
sense of Lev. vi. 8, i.e. lie carries off folly, receives a portion of
folly; for as to others, so also to himself, when he returns to calm
blood, that which he did in his rage must appear as folly and
madness.
Ver. 30 A quiet heart is the life of the body,
But covetousness is rottenness in the bones.
Heart, soul, flesh, is the O. T. trichotomy, Ps. lxxxiv. 3, xvi. 9;
the heart is the innermost region of the life, where all the rays of
the bodily and the soul-life concentrate, and whence they again
unfold themselves. The state of the heart, i.e. of the central,
spiritual, soul-inwardness of the man, exerts therefore on all sides
a constraining influence on the bodily life, in the relation to the
heart the surrounding life. Regarding xPer;ma ble, vid. at xii. 18,
p, 262. Thus is styled the quiet heart, which in its symmetrical
harmony is like a calm and clear water-mirror, neither interrupted
by the affections, nor broken through or secretly stirred by passion.
By the close connection in which the corporeal life of man stands
to the moral-religious determination of his intellectual and medi-
ately his soul-life—this threefold life is as that of one personality,
essentially one—the body has in such quiet of spirit the best means
CHAP. XIV. 31, 32. 311
of preserving the life which furthers the well-being, and co-operates
to the calming of all its disquietude; on the contrary, passion,
whether it rage or move itself in stillness, is like the disease in the
bones (xii. 4), which works onward till it breaks asunder the frame-
work of the body, and with it the life of the body. The plur.
MyriWAB;; occurs only here; Böttcher, § 695, says that it denotes the
whole body; but rWABA also does not denote the half, MyrWb is the
surrogate of an abstr.: the body, i.e. the bodily life in the totality of
its functions, and in the entire manifoldness of its relations. Ewald
translates bodies, but rWb signifies not the body, but its material,
the animated matter; rather cf. the Arab. âbshâr, "corporeal,
human nature," but which (leaving out of view that this plur.
belongs to a later period of the language) has the parallelism
against it. Regarding hxAn;qi (jealousy, zeal, envy, anger) Schul-
tens is right: affectus inflarnmans aestuque indignationis fervidus,
from xnAqA, Arab. kianâ, to be high red.
Ver. 31 He who oppresseth the poor reproacheth his Maker;
And whosoever is merciful to the poor, it is an honour to him.
Line first is repeated in xvii. 5a somewhat varied, and the relation
of the idea in 31b is as xix. 17a, according to which OdB;kam;U is the
predicate and NOyb;x, NneOH in the subject (Symmachus, Targ., Jerome,
Venet., Luther), not the reverse (Syr.); NneOH is thus not the 3 per. Po.
(LXX.), but the part. Kal (for which 21b has the part. Po. NneOHm;).
The predicates UhWefo JreHe (vid. regarding the perf. Gesen. § 126, 3)
and vdbkmv follow one another after the scheme of the Chiasmus.
qwef has Munach on the first syllable, on which the tone is thrown
back, and on the second the hdmfh sign (vid. Torath Emeth, p. 21),
as e.g. rFeOP, xvii. 14, and bhexo, xvii. 19. The showing of forbear-
ance and kindness to the poor arising from a common relation to
one Creator, and from respect towards a personality bearing the
image of God, is a conception quite in the spirit of the Chokma,
which, as in the Jahve religion it becomes the universal religion,
so in the national law it becomes the human (vid. p. 41). Thus
also Job xxxi. 15, cf. iii. 9 of the Epistle of James, which in many
respects has its roots in the Book of Proverbs. Matt. xxv. 40 is a
New Testament side-piece to 31b.
Ver. 32. This verse also contains a key-word beginning with 7;
but pairs acrostically with the proverb following:
When misfortune befalls him, the godless is overthrown;
But the righteous remains hopeful in his death.
312 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
When the subject is hfArA connected with fwArA (the godless), then it
may be understood of evil thought and action (Eccles. vii. 15) as well
as of the experience of evil (e.g. xiii. 21). The LXX. (and also the
Syr., Targ., Jerome, and Venet.) prefers the former, but for the sake
of producing an exact parallelism changes inin? [in his death] into
Om.tub; [in his uprightness], reversing also the relation of the subject
and the predicate: o[ de> pepoiqu>j t^? e[autou? o]sio<thti (the Syr.: in
this, that he has no sin; Targ.: when he dies) di<kaioj. But no
Scripture word commends in so contradictory a manner self-right-
eousness, for the verb non never denotes self-confidence, and with
the exception of two passages (Judg. ix. 15, Isa. xxx. 2), where it is
connected with lceB;, is everywhere the exclusive (vid. Ps. cxviii. 8 f.)
designation of confidence resting itself in God, even without the
`hb, as here and at Ps. xvii. 7. The parallelism leads us to trans-
late vtfrb, not on account of his wickedness, but with Luther, in
conformity with vtvmb, in his misfortune, i.e. if it befall him. Thus
Jeremiah (xxiii. 12) says of the sins of his people: UHDayi hlApexEBA,
the deep darkness they are driven on (Niph. of HHd=hHd), and
xxiv. 16 contains an exactly parallel thought: the godless stumble
rim, into calamity. Ewald incorrectly: in his calamity the wicked
is overthrown—for what purpose then the pronoun? The verb hHd
frequently means, without any addition, "to stumble over heaps,"
e.g. Ps. xxxv. 5, xxxvi. 13, The godless in his calamity is over-
thrown, or he fears in the evils which befall him the intimations of
the final ruin; on the contrary, the righteous in his death, even in
the midst of extremity, is comforted, viz. in God in whom he con-
fides. Thus understood, Hitzig thinks that the proverb is not
suitable for a time in which, as yet, men had not faith in immor-
tality and in the resurrection. Yet though there was no such
revelation then, still the pious in death put their confidence in
Jahve, the God of life and of salvation—for in Jahve1 there was
for ancient Israel the beginning, middle, and end of the work of
salvation—and believing that they were going home to Him, com-
mitting their spirit into His hands (Ps. xxxi. 6), they fell asleep,
though without any explicit knowledge, yet not without the hope
of eternal life. Job also knew that (xxvii. 8 ff.) between the death
of those estranged from God and of those who feared God there
was not only an external, but a deep essential distinction; and now
1 Vid. my Bibl.-prophet. Theol. (1845),1 p. 268, cf. Bibl. Psychologie (1861),
p. 410, and Psalmen (1867), p. 52f., and elsewhere.
CHAP. XIV. 33, 34. 313
the Chokma opens up a glimpse into the eternity heavenwards,
xv. 24, and has formed, xii. 28, the expressive and distinctive word
tv,mA-lxa, for immortality, which breaks like a ray from the morning
sun through the night of the Sheol.
Ver. 33 Wisdom rests in the heart of the man of understanding;
But in the heart of fools it maketh itself known.
Most interpreters know not what to make of the second line here.
The LXX. (and after it the Syr.), and as it appears, also Aquila
and Theodotion, insert ou]; the Targ. improves the Peshito, for it
inserts tl,U,xi (so that xii. 23, xiii. 16, and xv. 2 are related). And
Abulwalid explains: in the heart of fools it is lost; Euchel: it
reels about; but these are imaginary interpretations resting on a
misunderstanding of the passages, in which fdy means to come to
feel, and fydvh to give to feel (to punish, correct). Kimchi rightly
adheres to the one ascertained meaning of the words, according to
which the Venet. me<son de> a]fro<nwn gnwsqh<setai. So also the trans-
lation of Jerome: et indoctos quosque (quoque) erudiet, is formed, for
he understands the "and is manifest among fools" (Luther) not
merely, as C. B. Michaelis, after the saying: opposita juxta se posita
magis elucescunt, but of a becoming manifest, which is salutary to
these. Certainly br,q,B; can mean among = in the circle of, xv. 31;
but if, as here and e.g. Jer. xxxi. 31, brqb is interchanged with blb,
and if brqb hmkH is the subject spoken of, as 1 Kings iii. 28, then
brqb does not mean among (in the midst of), but in the heart of the
fool. According to this, the Talmud rightly, by comparison with
the current proverb (Mezîa 85b): xyrq wyq wyq xnyGlb xrytsx, a
stater in a flaggon cries Kish, Kish, i.e. makes much clatter. In
the heart of the understanding wisdom rests, i.e. remains silent and
still, for the understanding feels himself personally happy in its
possession, endeavours always the more to deepen it, and lets it
operate within; on the contrary, wisdom in the heart of the fools
makes itself manifest they are not able to keep to themselves the
wisdom which they imagine they possess, or the portion of wisdom
which is in reality theirs; but they think, as it is said in Persius:
Scire tuum nihil est nisi scire hoc to sciat alter. They discredit and
waste their little portion of wisdom (instead of thinking on its
increase) by obtrusive ostentatious babbling,
Two proverbs follow regarding the state and its ruler:
Ver. 34 Righteousness exalteth a nation,
And sin is a disgrace to the people.
314 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
The Hebr. language is richer in synonyms of "the people" than
the German. yOG (formed like the non-bibl. yOm, water, and yOg,
corporealness, from hvAGA, to extend itself from within outward; cf.
ix. 3, yPeGa, x. 13, vGe) is, according to the usus log., like natio the
people, as a mass swollen up from a common origin, and MfA, 28a
(from MmafA, to bind), the people as a confederation held together
by a common law; Mxol; (from MxalA, to unite, bind together) is the
mass (multitude) of the people, and is interchanged sometimes
with yvg, Gen. xxv. 23, and sometimes with Mf, ver. 28. In this
proverb, Mymi.xul; stands indeed intentionally in the plur., but not yvg,
with the plur. of which MyiOG, the idea of the non-Israelitish nations,
too easily connects itself. The proverb means all nations without
distinction, even Israel (cf. under Isa. i. 4) not excluded. History
everywhere confirms the principle, that not the numerical, nor the
warlike, nor the political, nor yet the intellectual and the so-called
civilized greatness, is the true greatness of a nation, and deter-
mines the condition of its future as one of progress; but this is its
true greatness, that in its private, public, and international life,
hqAdAc;, i.e. conduct directed by the will of God, according to the
norm of moral rectitude, rules and prevails. Righteousness, good
manners, and piety are the things which secure to a nation a place
of honour, while, on the contrary, txFA.Ha, sin, viz. prevailing, and
more favoured and fostered than contended against in the con-
sciousness of the moral problem of the state, is a disgrace to the
people, i.e. it lowers them before God, and also before men who
do not judge superficially or perversely, and also actually brings
them down. MmeOr, to raise up, is to be understood after Isa. i. 2,
cf. xxiii. 4, and is to be punctuated MmeOrT;, with Munach of the
penult., and the hdmfh-sign with the Tsere of the last syllable.
Ben-Naphtali punctuates thus: MmeOrT;. In 34b all the artifices of
interpretation (from Nachmani to Schultens) are to be rejected,
which interpret ds,H, as the Venet. (e@leoj de> law?n a[marti<a) in its
predominant Hebrew signification. It has here, as at Lev. xx. 17
(but not Job vi. 14), the signification of the Syr. chesdho, opprobrium;
the Targ. xDAs;Hi, or more frequently xdAUs.Hi, as among Jewish inter-
preters, is recognised by Chanan'el and Rashbam. That this ds,H,
is not foreign to the Mishle style, is seen from the fact that dse.Hi,
xxv. 10, is used in the sense of the Syr. chasedh. The synon. Syr.
chasam, invidere, obtrectare, shows that these verbal stems are
formed from the R. sh, stringere, to strike. Already it is in some
CHAP. XIV. 35-XV. 1. 315
measure perceived how dsaHA, Syr. chasadh, Arab. hasada, may
acquire the meaning of violent love, and by the mediation of the
jealousy which is connected with violent love, the signification of
grudging, and thus of reproach and of envy; yet this is more mani-
fest if one thinks of the root-signification stringere, in the meaning
of loving, as referred to the subject, in the meanings of disgrace
and envy, as from the subject directed to others. Ewald (§ 51c)
compares lsaHA and rsaHA, Ethiop. chasra, in the sense of carpere, and
on the other side hsAHA in the sense of "to join;" but hsH does not
mean to join (vid. Ps. ii. 12), and instead of carpere, the idea more
closely connected with the root is that of stringere, cf. stringere folia
ex arboribus (Caesar), and stringere (to diminish, to squander, strip)
rem ingluvie (Horace, Sat. i. 2. 8). The LXX. has here read rs,H,
(xxviii. 22), diminution, decay, instead of ds,H, (shame); the quid
pro quo is not bad, the Syr. accepts it, and the miseros facit of
Jerome, and Luther's verderben (destruction) corresponds with
this phrase better than with the common traditional reading which
Symmachus rightly renders by o@neidoj.
Ver. 35 The king's favour is towards a prudent servant,
And his wrath visits the base.
Regarding the contrasts lyKiW;ma and wybime, vid. at x. 5; cf. xii. 4.
The substantival clause 35a may mean: the king's favour has
(possesses) . . ., as well as it is imparted to, an intelligent servant;
the arrangement of the words is more favourable to the latter
rendering. In 35b the gender of the verb is determined by attrac-
tion after the pred., as is the case also at Gen. xxxi. 8, Job xv. 31,
Ewald, § 317c. And "his wrath" is equivalent to is the object
of it, cf. 22b, xiii. 18, and in general, p. 282. The syntactical cha-
racter of the clause does not permit the supplying of l; from 35a.
Luther's translation proceeds only apparently from this erroneous
supposition.
Chap. xv. 1-6. We take these verses together as forming a
group which begins with a proverb regarding the good and evil
which flows from the tongue, and closes with a proverb regarding
the treasure in which blessing is found, and that in which no
blessing is found.
Ver. 1. A soft answer turneth away wrath,
And a bitter word stirreth up anger.
In the second line, the common word for anger (Jxa, from the
breathing with the nostrils, xiv. 17) is purposely placed, but in
316 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
the first, that which denotes anger in the highest degree (hmAHe from
MHayA, cogn. MmaHA, Arab. hamiya, to glow, like hnAwe from NweyA): a mild,
gentle word turns away the heat of anger (excandeseentiam), puts it
back, cf. xxv. 15. The Dagesh in j`r.a follows the rule of the
qyHd, i.e. of the close connection of a word terminating with the
accented h-,, h-A, h-a with the following word (Michlol 63b).
The same is the meaning of the Latin proverb:
Frangitur ira gravis
Quando est responsio suavis.
The fc,f,-rbad; produces the contrary effect. This expression does
not mean an angry word (Ewald), for bc,f, is not to be compared
with the Arab. ghadiab, anger (Umbreit), but with Arab. 'adb,
cutting, wounding, paining (Hitzig), so that bycifEma rbAdA is meant in the
sense of Ps. lxxviii. 40: a word which causes pain (LXX. luphro<j,
Theod. poniko<j), not after the meaning, a word provoking to anger
(Gesenius), but certainly after its effect, for a wounding word
“makes anger arise.” As one says of anger bwA, "it turns itself "
(e.g. Isa. ix. 11), so, on the other hand, hlAfA, "it rises up," Eccles.
x. 4. The LXX. has a third line, o]rgh> a]po<llusi kai> froni<mouj,
which the Syr. forms into a distich by the repetition of xiv. 32b,
the untenableness of which is at once seen.
Ver. 2. The prau~thj sofi<aj (Jas. iii. 13) commended in ver. 1
is here continued:
The tongue of the wise showeth great knowledge,
And the mouth of fools poureth forth folly.
As NGena byFiyhe, Isa. xxiii. 16, means to strike the harp well, and
tk,l, byFyh, xxx. 29, to go along merrily, so tfaDa byFyh, to know in a
masterly manner, and here, where the subject is the tongue, which
has only an instrumental reference to knowledge; to bring to light
great knowledge (cf. 7a). In 2b the LXX. translate sto<ma de>
a]fro<nwn a]nagge<llei kaka<. From this Hitzig concludes that they
read tOfrA as 28b, and prefers this phrase; but they also translated
in xiii. 16, xiv. 28, xxvi. 11, tl,U,xi by kaki<an, for they interpreted
the unintelligible word by combination with tlav;fa, and in xii. 23
by a]rai?j, for they thought they had before them tvlx (from hlAxA).
Ver. 3 The eyes of Jahve are in every place,
Observing the evil and the good.
The connection of the dual Myinayfe with the plur. of the adjective,
which does not admit of a dual, is like vi. 17, cf. 18. But the
first line is a sentence by itself, to which the second line gives a
CHAP. xv. 4. 317
closer determination, as showing how the eyes of God are every-
where (cf. 2 Chron. xvi. 9, after Zech. iv. 10) abroad over the
whole earth, viz, beholding with penetrating look the evil and the
good (hpAcA, to hold to, to observe, cf. e]pible<pontej, Sir. xxiii. 19),
i.e. examining men whether they are good or evil, and keeping
them closely before His eyes, so that nothing escapes him. This
universal inspection, this omniscience of God, has an alarming but
also a comforting side. The proverb seeks first to warn, therefore
it speaks first of the evil.
Ver. 4 Gentleness of the tongue is a tree of life;
But falseness in it is a wounding to the spirit.
Regarding xPer;ma; vid. at xii. 18, and regarding Jl,s,, at xi. 3; this
latter word we derive with Fleischer from Jls, to subvert, over-
throw, but not in the sense of "violence, asperitas, in as far as
violent speech is like a stormy sea," but of perversity, perversitas
(Venet. loco<thj), as the contrast to truthfulness, rectitude, kind-
ness. Gentleness characterizes the tongue when all that it says to
a neighbour, whether it be instruction or correction, or warning
or consolation, it says in a manner without rudeness, violence, or
obtrusiveness, by which it finds the easiest and surest acceptance,
because he feels the goodwill, the hearty sympathy, the humility
of him who is conscious of his own imperfection. Such gentleness
is a tree of life, whose fruits preserve life, heal the sick, and raise
up the bowed down. Accordingly, HaUrB; rb,w,) is to be understood
of the effect which goes forth from perversity or falseness of the
tongue upon others. Fleischer translates: asperitas autem in ea
animum vulnerat, and remarks, “HaUrB; rb,w,, abstr. pro concreto. The
verb rbw, and the n. verbale rb,w, derived from it, may, in order
to render the meaning tropical, govern the prep. B; as the Arab.
kaser bakilby, he has broken my heart (opp. Arab. jabar bakilaby),
cf. vynpB;, xxi. 29, vid. De Glossis Habiehtianis, p. 18; yet it also
occurs with the accus., Ps. lxix. 21, and the corresponding gem
HaUr rb,w,, Isa. lxv. 14." In any case, the breaking (deep wounding)
is not meant in regard to his own spirit, but to that of the neighbour.
Rightly Luther: but a lying (tongue) makes heart-sorrow (else-
where, a false one troubles the cheerful); Euchel: a false tongue is
soul-wounding; and the translation of the year 1844: falsehood
is a breach into the heart. Only for curiosity's sake are two other
intepretations of 4a and 4b mentioned: the means of safety to the
tongue is the tree of life, i.e. the Tôra (Erachin 15b); and: per-
318 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
versity suffers destruction by a breath of wind, after the proverb,
vtrbvw xfmyq Hvr Hvr tvsg vb wyw lk, a breath of wind breaks a man
who is puffed up1 (which Meîri presents for choice, vid. also Rashi,
who understands Hvr of the storm of judgment). The LXX. trans-
lates, in 4b, a different text: o[ de> sunthrw?n au]th>n plhsqh<setai
pneu<matoj; but the HaUr fBaW;yi here supposed cannot mean "to be
full of spirit," but rather "to eat full of wind." Otherwise the
Svr. and Targ.: and he who eateth of his own fruit is satisfied (Heb.
fBaW;yi Oyr;Pimi lkexov;),—an attempt to give to the phrase fbWy a thought
correct in point of language, but one against which we do not give
up the Masoretic text.
Ver. 5 A fool despiseth his father's correction;
But he that regardeth reproof is prudent.
We may with equal correctness translate: he acts prudently (after
1 Sam. xxiii. 22); and, he is prudent (after xix. 25). We prefer,
with Jerome, Venet., and Luther, the latter, against the LXX.,
Syr., and Targ., because, without a doubt, the Mrif;ya is so thought of
at xix. 25: the contrast is more favourable to the former. It is
true that he who regardeth reproof is not only prudent, but also
that he is prudent by means of observing it. With line first cf. i.
7 and i. 30, and with line second, xii. 1. Luther translates: the
fool calumniates . . . ; but of the meanings of abuse (properly
pungere) and scorn, the second is perhaps here to be preferred.
Ver. 6 The house of the righteous is a great treasure-chamber;
But through the gain of the wicked comes trouble.
The constrast shows that NseHo does not here mean force or might
(LXX., Syr., Targ., Jerome, and Venet.), which generally this
derivative of the verb NsaHA never means, but store, fulness of
possession, prosperity (Luther: in the house of the righteous are
goods enough), in this sense (cf. xxvii. 24) placing itself, not with
the Arab. hiasuna, to be firm, fastened (Aram. , NsaHE), but
with Arab. khazan, to deposit, to lay up in granaries, whence our
"Magazin." Ns,Ho may indeed, like lyiHa, have the meaning of riches,
and NsaHE does actually mean, in the Jewish-Aram., to possess, and
the Aphel NseH;xa, to take into possession (kratei?n); but the constant
use of the noun Ns,Ho in the sense of store, with the kindred idea of
laying up, e.g. Jer. xx. 5, and of the Niph. NsaH;n,, which means, Isa.
xxiii. 18, with rcax<n,, "to be magazined," gives countenance to the
1 Vid. Duke's Rabbinisthe Blumenlese, p. 176, where the rendering is some-
what different.
CHAP. XV. 7. 319
idea that Ns,Ho goes back to the primary conception, recondere, and
is to be distinguished from NOsHA, NysiHE, and other derivatives after
the fundamental conception. We may not interpret tyBe; with
Fleischer, Bertheau, and Zöckler, as accus.: in the house (cf. tyBe,
viii. 2), nor prepositionally as chez = casa; but: "the house of the
righteous is a great store," equivalent to, the place of such. On
the contrary, destruction comes by the gain of the wicked. It is
impossible that tr,KAf;n, can have the house as the subject (Löwen-
stein), for tyiBa is everywhere mas. Therefore Abulwalîd, followed
by Kimchi and the Venet. (o@leqroj), interprets trkfn, as subst.,
after the form of the Mishnic tk,r,b;ni, a pool, cf. hcArAH<n,, peremptorily
decided, decreed; and if we do not extinguish the b of txaUbt;biU
(the LXX. according to the second translation of this doubly-
translated distich, Syr., and Targ.), there remains then nothing
further than to regard trkfn either as subst. neut. overturned =
overthrow (cf. such part. nouns as hdAsAUm, hqAfAUm, but particularly
hBAsin;, 2 Chron. x. 15), or as impers. neut. pass: it is overthrown =
there is an overthrow, like hrAfEW;ni, Ps. 1. 3: it is stormed = a storm
rages. The gain of the wicked has overthrow as its consequence,
for the greed of gain, which does not shrink from unrighteous,
deceitful gain, destroys his house, Otybe rkefo, ver. 27 (vid. regarding
rkf, xi. 29). Far from enriching the house, such gain is the cause
of nothing but ruin. The LXX., in its first version of this distich,
reads, in 6a, qd,c, tObr;Bi (e]n pleonazou<s^ dikaiosu<n^), and in 6b,
rKAf;n, fwArA txoUbt;biU (and together with the fruit the godless is rooted
out, o[lo<r]r[izoi e]k gh?j a]polou?ntai); for, as Lagarde has observed,
it confounds rkf with rqf (to root, privativ: to root up).
Vers. 7-17. A second series which begins with a proverb of the
power of human speech, and closes with proverbs of the advantages
and disadvantages of wealth.
Ver. 7 The lips of the wise spread knowledge;
But the direction is wanting to the heart of fools.
It is impossible that Nke-xlo can be a second object. accus. dependent
on UrzAy; (dispergunt, not Urc;.yi, xx. 28; fula<ssousi, as Symmachus
translates): but the heart of fools is unrighteous (error or false-
hood) (Hitzig after Isa. xvi. 6); for then why were the lips of
the wise and the heart of the fools mentioned? Nk-xl also does
not mean ou]x ou!twj (an old Greek anonymous translation, Jerome,
Targ., Venet., Luther): the heart of the fool is quite different
from the heart of the wise man; which spreads abroad knowledge
320 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
(Zöckler), for it is not heart and heart, but lip and heart, that are
placed opposite to each other. Better the LXX. ou]k a]sfalei?j,
and yet better the Syr. lo kinîn (not right, sure). We have seen,
at xi. 19, that Nk as a participial adj. means standing = being,
continuing, or also standing erect =right, i.e. rightly directed, or
having the right direction; hqAdAc;-NKe means there conducting one-
self rightly, and thus genuine rectitude. What, after 7a, is more
appropriate than to say of the heart of the fool, that it wants the
receptivity for knowledge which the lips of the wise scatter abroad?
The heart of the fool is not right, it has not the right direction, is
crooked and perverse, has no mind for wisdom; and that which
proceeds from the wise, therefore, finds with him neither estimation
nor acceptance.
Ver. 8 The sacrifice of the godless is an abhorrence to Jahve;
But the prayer of the upright is His delight.
Although the same is true of the prayer of the godless that is here
said of their sacrifice, and of the sacrifice of the righteous that is
here said of their prayer (vid. xxviii. 9, and cf. Ps. iv. 6 with Ps.
xxvii. 6), yet it is not by accident that here (line first = xxi. 27)
the sacrifice is ascribed to the godless and the prayer to the
upright. The sacrifice, as a material and legally-required perform-
ance, is much more related to dead works than prayer freely com-
pleting itself in the word, the most direct expression of the person-
ality, which, although not commanded by the law, because natural
to men, as such is yet the soul of all sacrifices; and the Chokma,
like the Psalms and Prophets, in view of the ceremonial service
which had become formal and dead in the opus operatum, is to such
a degree penetrated by the knowledge of the incongruity of the
offering up of animals and of plants, with the object in view, that
a proverb like "the sacrifice of the righteous is pleasing to God"
never anywhere occurs; and if it did occur without being ex-
pressly and unavoidably referred to the legal sacrifice, it would
have to be understood rather after Ps. li. 18 f. than Ps. li. 20 f.,
rather after 1 Sam. xv. 22 than after Ps. lxvi. 13-15. Hbaz,, which,
when it is distinguished from hlAOf, means (cf. vii. 14) the sacrifice
only in part coming to the altar, for the most part applied to a
sacrificial feast, is here the common name for the bloody, and,
per syneedochen, generally the legally-appointed sacrifice, consist-
ing in external offering. The Nycrl, Lev. i. 3, used in the Tôra of
sacrifices, is here, as at Ps. xix. 15, transferred to prayer. The
CHAP. XV. 9-11. 321
fundamental idea of the proverb is, that sacrifices well-pleasing to
God, prayers acceptable to. God (that are heard, xv. 29), depend
on the relations in which the heart and life of the man stand to
God.
Ver. 9. Another proverb with the key-word tbafEOT:
An abomination to Jahve is the way of the godless;
But He loveth him who searcheth after righteousness.
The manner and rule of life is called the way. JDeram; is the
heightening of Jdero, xxi. 21, and can be used independently in
bonam, as well as in malam parterre (xi. 19, cf. xiii. 21). Regard-
ing the form bhAx;y,, vid. Fleischer in Deutsch. Morgenl. Zeitsch. xv.
382.
Ver. 10 Sharp correction is for him who forsaketh the way;
Whoever hateth instruction shall die.
The way, thus absolute, is the God-pleasing right way (ii. 13), the
forsaking of which is visited with the punishment of death, because
it is that which leadeth unto life (x. 17). And that which comes
upon them who leave it is called frA rsAUm, castigation dura, as much
as to say that whoever does not welcome instruction, whoever re-
jects it, must at last receive it against his will in the form of per-
emptory punishment. The sharp correction (cf. Isa. xxviii. 28,
19b) is just the death under which he falls who accepts of no in-
struction (v. 23), temporal death, but that as a token of wrath
which it is not for the righteous (xiv. 32).
Ver. 11 The underworld [Sheol] and the abyss are before Jahve;
But how much more the hearts of the children of men!
A syllogism, a minori ad majus, with yKi Jxa (LXX. reds.
Venet. ma?llon ou#n), like xii. 32.1 NODbaxE has a meaning analogous
to that of ta<rtaroj (cf. tartarou?n, 2 Pet. ii. 4, to throw down
into the ta<rtaroj), which denotes the lowest region of Hades
(tyTiH;Ta lOxw; or hyA.TiH;Ta 'w), and also in general, Hades. If Nvdbx and
tv.,mA are connected, Job xxxvii. 22, and if Nvdbx is the parallel word
to rb,q,, Ps. lxxxviii. 12, or also to lvxw, as in the passage similar to
this proverb, Job xxvi. 6 (cf. xxxviii. 17): "Sheôl is naked before
1In Rabbin. this concluding form is called rm,HovA lqa (light and heavy over
against one another), and NyDi (judgment, viz. from premisses, thus conclu-
sion), kat ] e]c. Instead of the biblical yk Jx, the latter form of the language
has NKew,-lKA (all speaks for it that it is so), hmA.kav; hmA.Ka tHaxa-lfa (so much the
more),
Nydi Onyxe, or also rmHv lq (a minori ad majas
= quanta magis); vid. the
Hebr. Römerbrief, p. 14.
322 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Him, and Abaddon has no covering;" since Nvdbx is the general
name of the underworld, including the grave, i.e. the inner place
of the earth which receives the body of the dead, as the kingdom
of the dead, lying deeper, does the soul. But where, as here and
at xxvii. 10, lvxw and Nvdbx stand together, they are related to each
other, as %!dhj and tartaroj or a@bussoj, Rev. ix. 11: Nvdbx is the
lowest hell, the place of deepest descent, of uttermost destruction.
The conclusion which is drawn in the proverb proceeds from the
supposition that in the region of creation there is nothing more
separated, and by a wide distance, from God, than the depth, and
especially the undermost depth, of the realm of the dead. If now
God has this region in its whole compass wide open before Him,
if it is visible and thoroughly cognisable by Him (dg,n,, acc. adv.: in
conspectu, from dganA, eminere, conspicuum esse),—for He is also present
in the underworld, Ps. cxxxix. 8,—then much more will the hearts
of the children of men be open, the inward thoughts of men living
and acting on the earth being known already from their expres-
sions. Man sees through man, and also himself, never perfectly;
but the Lord can try the heart and prove the reins, Jer. xvii. 10.
What that means this proverb gives us to understand, for it places
over against the hearts of men nothing less than the depths of the
underworld in eternity.
Ver. 12 The scorner liketh not that one reprove him,
To wise men he will not go.
The inf. absol., abruptly denoting the action, may take the place of
the object, as here (cf. Job ix. 18, Isa. xlii. 24), as well as of the
subject (xxv. 27, Job vi. 25). Thus Hykvh is (ix. 7) construed
with the dat. obj. Regarding the probable conclusion which pre-
sents itself from passages such as xv. 12 and xiii. 20, as to the
study of wisdom in Israel, vid. p. 39. Instead of lx, we read,
xiii. 20 (cf. xxii. 24), -tx,; for -tx tk,l, means to have intercourse
with one, to go a journey with one (Mal. ii. 6, cf. Gen. v. 24,
but not 2 Sam. xv. 22, where we are to translate with Keil),
according to which the LXX. has here meta> de> sofw?n ou]x
o[milh<sei. The mocker of religion and of virtue shuns the circle
of the wise, for he loves not to have his treatment of that which is
holy reproved, nor to be convicted of his sin against truth; he
prefers the society where his frivolity finds approbation and a
response.
CHAP. XV. 13, 14. 323
Ver. 13 A joyful heart maketh the countenance cheerful;
But in sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken.
The expression of the countenance, as well as the spiritual habitus
of a man, is conditioned by the state of the heart. A joyful
heart maketh, the countenance bvF, which means friendly, but
here happy-looking = cheerful (for bvF is the most general desig-
nation of that which makes an impression which is pleasant to
the senses or to the mind); on the contrary, with sorrow of
heart (tfac;.fa, constr. of tb,c.,fa x. 10, as txF.aHa=txaF.;Ha, from hxAF.AHa)
there is connected a stricken, broken, downcast heart; the spiritual
functions of the man are paralyzed; self-confidence, without which
energetic action is impossible, is shattered; he appears discouraged,
whereby HaUr is thought of as the power of self-consciousness and
of self-determination, but ble, as our "Gemüt" [animus], as the
oneness of thinking and willing, and thus as the seat of determina-
tion, which decides the intellectual-corporeal life-expression of the
man, or without being able to be wholly restrained, communicates
itself to them. The b; of tbac;.fab;U is, as xv. 16 f., xvi. 8, xvii. 1,
meant in the force of being together or along with, so that HaUr
hxAken; do not need to be taken separate from each other as subject
and predicate the sense of the noun-clause is in the b, as e.g. also
vii. 23 (it is about his life, i.e. it concerns his life). Elsewhere the
crushed spirit, like the broken heart, is equivalent to the heart
despairing in itself and prepared for grace. The heart with a
more clouded mien may be well, for sorrow has in it a healing
power (Eccles., vii. 3). But here the matter is the general psycho-
logical truth, that the corporeal and spiritual life of man has its
regulator in the heart, and that the condition of the heart leaves
its stamp on the appearance and on the activity of the man. The
translation of the hxkn Hvr by "oppressed breath" (Umbreit,
Hitzig) is impossible; the breath cannot be spoken of as broken.
Ver. 14 The heart of the understanding seeketh after knowledge,
And the mouth of fools practiseth folly.
Luther interprets hfr as metaphor. for to govern, but with such
ethical conceptions it is metaphor. for to be urgently circumspect
about anything (vid. xiii. 20), like Arab. ra'y and r'âyt, intentional,
careful, concern about anything. No right translation can be
made of the Chethib ynp, which. Schultens, Hitzig, Ewald, and
Zöckler prefer; the predicate can go before the yneP;, after the
Semitic rule in the fem. of the sing., 2 Sam. x. 9, cf. Job xvi. 16,
324 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Chethib, but cannot follow in the masc. of the sing.; besides, the
operations of his look and aspect are ascribed to his face, but not
spiritual functions as here, much more to the mouth, i.e. to the
spirit speaking through it. The heart is within a man, and the
mouth without; and while the former gives and takes, the latter is
always only giving out. In xviii. 15, where a synonymous distich
is formed from the antithetic distich, the ear, as hearing, is men-
tioned along with the heart as appropriating. NObnA is not an adj.,
but is gen., like qydc, 28a (opp. ypv). MkH, xvi. 23. The filosofi<a
of the understanding is placed over against the mwrologi<a of the
fools. The LXX. translates kardi<a o]rqh> zhtei? ai@sqhsin (cf. xi v.
10, kardi<a a]ndro>j ai]sqhtikh<); it uses this word after the Hel-
lenistic uses log. for tfd, of experimental knowledge.
Ver. 15 All the days of the afflicted are evil;
But he who is of a joyful heart hath a perpetual feast.
Regarding ynifA (the afflicted), vid. 21b. They are so called on whom
a misfortune, or several of them, press externally or internally.
If such an one is surrounded by ever so many blessings, yet is his
life day by day a sad one, because with each new day the feeling
of his woe which oppresses him renews itself; whoever, on the con-
trary, is of joyful heart (gen. connection as xi. 13, xii. 8), such an
one (his life) is always a feast, a banquet (not hTew;mi, as it may be
also pointed, but hT,w;mi and dymitA thus adv., for it is never adj.; the
post-bib. usage is NydiymiT; for dymiTA tOlOf). Hitzig (and also Zöckler)
renders 15b: And (the days) of one who is of a joyful heart are
. . . Others supply vl (cf. xxvii. 7b), but our rendering does not
need that. We have here again an example of that attribution
(Arab. isnâd) in which that which is attributed (musnad) is a con-
dition (hal) of a logical subject (the musnad ilêhi), and thus he
who speaks has this, not in itself, but in the sense of the condition;
the inwardly cheerful is feasts evermore, i.e. the condition of such
an one is like a continual festival. The true and real happiness
of a man is thus defined, not by external things, but by the state of
the heart, in which, in spite of the apparently prosperous condition,
a secret sorrow may gnaw, and which, in spite of an externally
sorrowful state, may be at peace, and be joyfully confident in
God.
Ver. 16 Better is little with the fear of Jahve,
Than great store and trouble therewith.
The b in both cases the LXX. rightly renders by meta<. How
CHAP. XV. 17, 18. 325
hmAUhm; (elsewhere of wild, confused disorder, extreme discord) is
meant of store and treasure, Ps. xxxix. 7 shows: it is restless,
covetous care and trouble, as the contrast of the quietness and
contentment proceeding from the fear of God, the noisy, wild,
stormy running and hunting about of the slave of mammon.
Theodotion translates the word here, as Aquila and Symmachus
elsewhere, by words which correspond (fage<daina = fa<gaina or
a]xortasi<a) with the Syr. xtvnfy, greed or insatiability.
Ver. 17 Better a dish of cabbage, and love with it,
Than a fatted ox together with hatred.
With vb is here interchanged Mw, which, used both of things and of
persons, means to be there along with something. Both have the
Dag. forte conj., cf. to the contrary, Deut. xxx. 20, Mic. i. 11,
Deut. xi. 22; the punctuation varies, if the first of the two words
is a n. actionis ending in h-A. The dish (portion) is called hHAruxE,
which the LXX. and other Greek versions render by cenismo<j,
entertainment, and thus understand it of that which is set before
a guest, perhaps rightly so, for the Arab. ârrakh (to date, to deter-
mine), to which it is compared by Gesenius and Dietrich, is
equivalent to warrh, a denom. of the name of the moon. Love
and hatred are, according to circumstances, the disposition of the
host, or of the participant, the spirit of the family:
Cum dat oluscula mensa minuscula pace quietâ,
Ne pete grandia lautaque prandia lite repleta.
Two proverbs of two different classes of men, each second line of
which terminates with a catchword having a similar sound (jrxv,
Hrxv).
Ver. 18 A passionate man stirreth up strife,
And one who is slow to anger allayeth contention.
xxviii. 25a and xxix. 22a are variations of the first line of this
proverb. The Pih. HrAGe occurs only these three times in the phrase
NOdmA hrAGe R. rg, to grind, thus to strike, to irritate, cogn. to (but of a
eifferent root from) the verb rreOf, to excite, x. 12, and rHar;Hi, to set
on fire, xxvi. 21, cf. Hale.wi, vi. 14. Regarding hmAHe, vid. xv .1; we
call such a man a "hot-head;" but he biblical conception nowhere
(except in the Book of Daniel) places the head in connection with
spiritual-psychical events (Psychologie, p. 254). Regarding j`r,x,
MyiPaxa, vid. xiv. 29; the LXX. (which contains a translation of this
proverb, and after it of a variation) translates makro<qumoj de> kai>
th>n me<llousan kataprau<nei, i.e. (as the Syr. render it) he suppresses
326 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
the strife in its origin, so that it does not break out. But both are
true: that he who is slow to anger, who does not thus easily permit
himself to become angry, allayeth the strife which one enters into
with him, or into which he is drawn, and that he prevents the
strife, for he places over against provoking, injurious conduct,
patient gentleness (xPer;ma, Eccles. x. 4).
Ver. 19 The way of the slothful is as hedged with thorns;
But the path of the righteous is paved.
Hitzig misses the contrast between lcefA (slothful) and MyriwAy; (upright),
and instead of the slothful reads CyrifA, the tyrannical. But is then
the slothful rwy? The contrast is indeed not that of contradiction,
but the slothful is one who does not act uprightly, a man who fails
to fulfil the duty of labour common to man, and of his own special
calling. The way of such an one is qd,HA tkaWum;Ki, like a fencing with
thorns (from qdH, R. dH, to be pointed, sharp, distinguished from
Arab. hadki, to surround, and in the meaning to fix with the look,
denom. of khadakit, the apple of the eye), so that he goes not for-
wards, and sees hindrances and difficulties everywhere, which
frighten him back, excusing his shunning his work, his remissness
of will, and his doing nothing; on the contrary, the path of those
who wait truly and honestly on their calling, and prosecute their
aim, is raised up like a skilfully made street, so that unhindered
and quickly they go forward (hlAUls;, R. ls, aggerare, cf. Jer. xviii. 15
with Isa. xlix. 11, and iv. 8, lsel;si, which was still in use in the
common language of Palestine in the second cent., Rosen haschana,
26b).
This collection of Solomonic proverbs began, x. 1, with a pro-
verb having reference to the observance of the fourth command-
ment,1 and a second chief section, xiii. 1, began in the same way.
Here a proverb of the same kind designates the beginning of a
third chief section. That the editor was aware of this is shown by
the homogeneity of the proverbs, xv. 19, xii. 28, which form the
conclusion of the first and second sections. We place together
first in this new section, vers. 20-23, in which (with the exception
of ver. 25) the HmWy [maketh glad] of the first (x. 1) is continued.
Ver. 20 A wise son maketh a glad father,
And a fool of a man despiseth his mother.
1 [The fifth commandment of the Westminster Shorter Catechism is named
as the fourth in Luther's catechism.]
CHAP. XV. 21, 22. 327
Line first = x. 1. The gen. connection of MdAxA lysik; (here and at
xxi. 20) is not superlative [the most foolish of men], but like xr,P,
MdAxA, Gen. xvi. 12; the latter: a man of the wild ass kind; the
former: a man of the fool kind, who is the exemplar of such a sort
among men. Piety acting in willing subordination is wisdom, and
the contrary exceeding folly.
Ver. 21 Folly is joy to him that is devoid of understanding;
But a man of understanding goeth straight forward.
Regarding ble-rsaHE, vid. at vi. 32 (cf. libîb, which in the Samaritan
means "dearly beloved," in Syr. "courageous," in Arab. and
Aethiop. cordatus); hnAUbT; wyxi, x. 23, and rw.eyi, with the accus. of
the way, here of the going, iii. 6 (but not xi. 5, where the going
itself is not the subject). In consequence of the contrast, the
meaning of 21a is different from that of x. 23, according to which
sin is to the fool as the sport of a child. Here tl,U,xi is folly and
buffoonery, drawing aside in every kind of way from the direct
path of that which is good, and especially from the path of one's
duty. This gives joy to the fool; he is thereby drawn away from
the earnest and faithful performance of the duties of his calling,
and thus wastes time and strength; while, on the contrary, a man
of understanding, who perceives and rejects the vanity and un-
worthiness of such trifling and such nonsense, keeps the straight
direction of his going, i.e. without being drawn aside or kept back,
goes straight forward, i.e. true to duty, prosecutes the end of his
calling. tk,lA is accus., like xxx. 29, Mic. vi. 8.
Ver. 22 A breaking of plans where no counsel is;
But where many counsellors are they come to pass.
On the other side it is also true according to the proverbs, "so viel
Köpfe so viel Sinne" [quot homines, tot sententiae], and "viel Rath
ist Unrath" [ne quid nimis], and the like. But it cannot become
a rule of morals not to accept of counsel that we may not go
astray; on the contrary, it is and remains a rule of morals: not
stubbornly to follow one's own heart (head), and not obstinately
to carry out one's own will, and not in the darkness of wisdom to
regard one's own plans as unimproveable, and not needing to be
examined; but to listen to the counsel of intelligent and honest
friends, and, especially where weighty matters are in hand, not
affecting one's own person, but the common good, not to listen
merely to one counsellor, but to many. Not merely the organism
of the modern state, but also of old the Mosaic arrangement of
328 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
the Israelitish community, with its representative organization, its
courts and councils, rested on the acknowledged justice and import-
ance of the saying uttered in xi. 14, and here generalized. rpehA,
infin. abs. Hiph. of rraPA, to break, with the accus. following,
stands here, like j`OphA, xii. 7, instead of the finite: the thoughts
come to a fracture (failure), irrita fiunt consilia. dOs (=dOsy;, cf.
dsaOn, Ps. ii. 2) means properly the being brought close together
for the purpose of secret communication and counsel (cf. Arab.
sâwada, to press close together = to walk with one privately).
The LXX.: their plans are unexecuted, oi[ mh> timw?ntej sune<dria,
literally Symmachus, diaskeda<zontai logismoi> mh> o@ntoj sumbou-
li<ou. MUqTA, has, after Jer. iv. 14, li. 29, tObwAHEma as subject. The
LXX. (besides perverting brb [by a multitude] into blb [e]n
kardi<aij]), the Syr., and Targ. introduce hcAfe (xix. 21) as subject.
Ver. 23 A man has joy by the right answer of his mouth;
And a word in its season, how fair is it!
If we translate hnefEma only by "answer," then 23a sounds as a praise
of self-complaisance; but it is used of true correspondence (xxix.
19), of fit reply (Job xxxii. 3, 5), of appropriate answer (cf. 28a,
xvi. 1). It has happened to one in his reply to hit the nail on its
head, and he has joy from that (b; hHAm;Wi, after B; HmaWA, e.g. xxiii. 24),
and with right; for the reply does not always succeed. A reply
like this, which, according to circumstances, stops the mouth or
bringeth a kiss (xxiv. 26), is a fortunate throw, is a gift from
above. The synonymous parallel line measures that which is
appropriate, not to that which is to be answered, but from a
general point of view as to its seasonableness; tfe (= td,fe from
dfayA) is here "the ethically right, becoming time, determined by the
laws of wisdom (moral)" (vid. Orelli, Synonyma der Zeit u. Ewigkeit,
p. 48), cf. vynAp;xA-lfa (translated by Luther "in its time"), xxv. 11.
With bOF.-hma, cf. xvi. 16; both ideas lie in it: that such a word is
in itself well-conditioned and successful, and also that it is welcome,
agreeable, and of beneficial influence.
Four proverbs of fundamentally different doctrines:
Ver. 24 The man of understanding goeth upwards on a way of life,
To depart from hell beneath.
The way of life is one, v. 6, Ps. xvi. 11 (where, notwithstanding
the want of the article, the idea is logically determined), although
in itself forming a plurality of tvHrx, ii. 19. “A way of life," in
the translation, is equivalent to a way which is a way of life.
CHAP. XV. 25. 329
hlAf;mal;, upwards (as Eccles. iii. 21, where, in the doubtful question
whether the spirit of a man at his death goes upwards, there yet lies
the knowledge of the alternative), belongs, as the parallel hF.AmA lOxw;.mi
shows, to Myyi.Ha Hraxo as virtual adj.: a way of life which leads upwards.
And the l; of lyKiW;mal; is that of possession, but not as of quiet posses-
sion (such belongs to him), but as personal activity, as in Ol j`l,D,, he
has a journey =he makes a journey, finds himself on a journey,
1 Kings xviii. 27; for rUs Nfamal; is not merely, as rUslA, xiii. 14, xiv. 27,
the expression of the end and consequence, but of the subjective
object, i.e. the intention, and thus supposes an activity corresponding
to this intention. The O. T. reveals heaven, i.e. the state of the
revelation of God in glory, yet not as the abode of saved men;
the way of the dying leads, according to the O. T. representation,
downwards into Sheô1; but the translations of Enoch and Elijah
are facts which, establishing the possibility of an exception, break
through the dark monotony of that representation, and, as among
the Greeks the mysteries encouraged h[duste<raj e]lpi<daj, so in Israel
the Chokma appears pointing the possessor of wisdom upwards,
and begins to shed light on the darkness of Sheô1 by the new great
thoughts of a life of immortality, thus of a zwh> ai]w<nioj (xii. 28)
(Psychologie, p. 407 ff.), now for the first time becoming prominent,
but only as a foreboding and an enigma. The idea of the Sheôl
opens the way for a change: the gathering place of all the living
on this side begins to be the place of punishment for the godless
(vii. 27, ix. 18); the way leading upwards, ei]j th>n zwh>n and that
leading downwards, ei]j th>n a]pw<leian (Matt. vii. 13 f.), come into
direct contrast.
Ver. 25 The house of the proud Jahve rooteth out,
And He establisheth the landmark of the widow.
The power unnamed in UHs.;yi, ii. 22 (cf. xiv. 11a), is here named
hOAhy; | Hs.ayi (thus to be pointed with Mercha and Pasek following).
bce.ya is the abbreviated fut. form which the elevated style, e.g. Deut.
xxxii. 8, uses also as indic.,—a syntactical circumstance which
renders Hitzig's correction bce.y.ava superfluous. It is the border of
the land-possession of the widows, removed by the MyxiGe (LXX.
u[bristw?n, that is here meant. The possession of land in Israel
was secured by severe punishment inflicted on him who removed
the "landmark" (Deut. xix. 14, xxvii. 17), and the Chokma
(xxii. 28; Job xxiv. 2) as well as the prophets (e.g. Hos. v. 10)
330 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
inculcate the inviolability of the borders of the possession, as the
guardian of which Jahve here Himself appears.
Ver 26 An abomination to Jahve are evil thoughts;
But gracious words are to Him pure.
Not personally (Luther: the plans of the wicked) but neutrally is frA
here meant as at ii. 14, and in frA tw,xe, vi. 24 (cf. Pers. merdi nîku,
man of good = good man), vid. Friedr. Philippi's Status Constr.
p. 121. Thoughts which are of a bad kind and of a bad tendency,
particularly (what the parallel member brings near) of a bad dis-
position and design against others, are an abomination to God;
but, on the contrary, pure, viz. in His eyes, which cannot look
upon iniquity (Hab. i. 13), are the Mfano-yrem;xi, words of compassion
and of friendship toward men, which are (after 26a) the expres-
sion of such thoughts, thus sincere, benevolent words, the influence
of which on the soul and body of him to whom they refer is de-
scribed, xvi. 24. The Syr., Targ., Symmachus, Theodotion, and the
Tenet. recognise in MyriOhF;U the pred., while, on the contrary, the
LXX., Jerome, and Luther (who finally decided for the trans-
lation, "but the pure speak comfortably") regard it as subject.
But that would be an attribution which exceeds the measure of
possibility, and for which Myrim;xo or yreb;do must be used; also the
parallelism requires that MyrVhF correspond with 'h tbfvt. Hence
also the reference of MyrvhFv to the judgment of God, which is
determined after the motive of pure untainted, law; that which
proceeds from such, that and that only, is pure, pure in His sight,
and thus also pure in itself.
Ver. 27 Whoever does service to [servit] avarice troubleth his own house;
But he that hateth gifts shall live.
Regarding fcaB, faceBo, vid. at i. 19, and regarding OtyBe rkefo, xi. 29,
where it is subject, but here object.; xxviii. 16b is a variation of
27b. tOnTAma are here gifts in the sense of Eccles. vii. 7, which per-
vert judgment, and cause respect of persons. The LXX. from this point
mingles together a series of proverbs with those of the following chapter.
Two proverbs regarding the righteous and the wicked:
Ver. 28 The heart of the righteous considereth how to answer right,
And the mouth of the godless poureth forth evil.
Instead of tOnfEla, the LXX. (Syr. and Targ.) imagines tOnUmx<,
pi<steij; Jerome translates, but falsely, obedientiam (from hnAfA, to
bend oneself); Meîri thinks on hnAfEla, wormwood, for the heart of
CHAP. XV. 29, 30. 331
the righteous revolves in itself the misery and the vanity of this
present life; Hitzig corrects this verse as he does the three pre-
ceding: the heart of the righteous thinks on tOvnAfE, a plur. of verb
hvAnAfE, which, except in this correction, does not exist. The proverb,
as it stands, is, in fineness of expression and sharpness of the
contrast, raised above such manglings. Instead of the righteous,
the wise might be named, and instead of the godless, fools (cf. 2b);
but the poet places the proverb here under the point of view of
duty to neighbours. It is the characteristic of the righteous that
he does not give the reins to his tongue; but as Luther has trans-
lated: the heart of the righteous considers [tichtet from dictare,
frequently to speak, here carefully to think over] what is to be
answered, or rather, since tOnfali-hmA is not used, he thinks thereupon
to answer rightly, for that the word tvnf is used in this pregnant
sense is seen from 23a. The godless, on the contrary, are just as
rash with their mouth as the righteous are of a thoughtful heart:
their mouth sputters forth (effutit) evil, for they do not first lay to
heart the question what may be right and just in the case that has
risen.
Ver. 29 Jahve is far from the godless;
But the prayer of the righteous He heareth.
Line second is a variation of 8b. God is far from the godless, viz.
as Polychronius remarks, non spatii intercapedine, sed sententiae
diversitate; more correctly: as to His gracious presence—Mh,me ClaHA,
He has withdrawn Himself from them, Hos. x. 6, so that if they
pray, their prayer reaches not to Him. The prayer of the righteous,
on the contrary, He hears, He is graciously near to them, they
have access to Him, He listens to their petitions; and if they are
not always fulfilled according to their word, yet they are not
without an answer (Ps. cxlv. 18).
Two proverbs regarding the eye and the ear:
Ver. 30 The light of the eye rejoiceth the heart,
And a good message maketh the bones fat.
Hitzig corrects also here: Mynyf hxer;ma, that which is seen with the
eyes, viz. after long desire; and certainly Mynyf hxrm can mean not
only that which the eyes see (Isa. xi. 3), but also this, that the
eyes do see. But is it true what Hitzig says in justification of his
correction, that rvxm never means light, or ray, or brightness, but
lamp (fwsth<r)? It is true, indeed, that Mynyf rvxm cannot mean
a cheerful sight (Luther) in an objective sense (LXX. qewrw?n
332 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
o]fqalmo>j kala<), as a verdant garden or a stream flowing through
a landscape (Rashi), for that would be Mynyf ryxime hx,r;ma, and "bright-
ness which the eyes see" (Bertheau); the genitive connection
certainly does not mean: the rvxm is not the light from without
presenting itself to the eyes, but, like Mynyf rvx (Ps. xxxviii. 11)
and similar expressions, the light of the eye itself [bright or joyous
eyes]. But rvxm does not mean alone the body of light, but also the
illumination, Ex. xxxv. 14 and elsewhere, not only that which (o{, ti)
gives light, but also this, that (oo!ti) light arises and is present, so
that we might translate it here as at Ps. xc. 8, either the bright-
ness, or that which gives light. But the clear brightness of one's
own eye cannot be meant, for then that were as much as to say
that it is the effect, not that it is the cause, of a happy heart, but
the brightness of the eyes of others that meet us. That this
gladdens the heart of him who has a sight of it is evident) without
any interchanging relation of the joy-beaming countenance, for it
is indeed heart-gladdening to a man, to whom selfishness has not
made the xai<rein meta> xairo<ntwn impossible, to see a countenance
right joyful in truth. But in connection with xvi. 15, it lies nearer
to think on a love-beaming countenance, a countenance on which
joyful love to us mirrors itself, and which reflects itself in our
heart, communicating this sense of gladness. The ancient Jewish
interpreters understand hbAOF hfAUmw; of the enlightening of the eye of
the mind, according to which Euchel translates: "clear intelli-
gence;" but Rashi has remarked that that is not the explanation
of the words, but the Midrash. That, in line second of this
synonymous distich, hbAOF hfAUmw;, does not mean alloquium humanum
(Fl.), nor a good report which one hears of himself, but a good
message, is confirmed by xxv. 25; hfAUmw; as neut. part. pass. may
mean that which is heard, but the comparison of hfAUwy;, hfAUbw;,
stamps it as an abstract formation like hl.AxuG;, hl.AduG; (hlAUdG;), according
to which the LXX. translates it by a]koh< (in this passage by
fh<mh). Regarding Nwe.Di, richly to satisfy, or to refresh, a favourite
expression in the Mishle, vid. at xi. 25, xiii. 4.
Ver. 31 An ear which heareth the doctrine of life
Keeps itself in the circle of the wise.
As, vi. 33, rsvm tvHkvt means instructions aiming at discipline, so
here Myy.iHa tHakaOT means instructions which have life as their end,
i.e. as showing how one may attain unto true life; Hitzig's MkAH;,
for MyyH, is a fancy. Is now the meaning this, that the ear
CHAP. XV. 32, 33. 333
which willingly hears and receives such doctrine of life will come
to dwell among the wise, i.e. that such an one (for Nz,xo is synecdoche
partis pro persona, as Job xxix. 11) will have his residence among
wise men, as being one of them, inter eos sedem firmam habebit
iisque annumerabitur (F1.)? By such a rendering, one is surprised
at the harshness of the synecdoche, as well as at the circum-
stantiality of the expression (cf. xiii. 20, MKAH;y,). On the contrary,
this corresponds with the thought that one who willingly permits
to be said to him what he must do and suffer in order that he may
be a partaker of life, on this account remains most gladly in the
circle of the wise, and there has his appropriate place. The "pass-
ing the night" (Nyli, cogn. lyila, Syr. Targ. tUB, Arab. bât) is also
frequently elsewhere the designation of prolonged stay, e.g. Isa. i.
21. br,qeB; is here different in signification from that it had in xiv.
23, where it meant "in the heart." In the LXX. this proverb is
wanting. The other Greek translations have ou#j a]kou?on e]le<gxouj
zwh?j e]n me<s& sofw?n au]lisqh<setai. Similarly the Syr., Targ.,
Jerome, Venet., and Luther, admitting both renderings, but, since
they render in the fut., bringing nearer the idea of prediction
(Midrash: MymkH tbywyb bwyl hkvz) than of description of character.
Two proverbs with the catchword rsAUm:
Ver. 32 He that refuseth correction lightly values his soul;
But he that heareth reproof getteth understanding.
Regarding rsAUm fareOP, vid. xiii. 18, cf. i. 25, and Owp;na sxeOm, viii. 36.
Owp;na contains more than the later expression Omc;fa, self; it is
equivalent to vyy.AHa (Job ix. 21), for the wpn is the bond of union
between the intellectual and the corporeal life. The despising of
the soul is then the neglecting, endangering, exposing of the life;
in a word, it is suicide (10b). xix. 8a is a variation derived from
this distich: "He who gains understanding loves his soul," accord-
ing to which the LXX. translate here a]gap%? yuxh>n au]tou?. ble
the Midrash explains by blb hnvtnw hmkH; but the correct view is,
that ble is not thought of as a formal power, but as operative and
carried into effect in conformity with its destination.
Ver. 33 The fear of Jahve is a discipline to wisdom,
And before honour is humility.
We may regard ‘h txar;yi (the fear of Jahve) also as pred. here.
The fear of Jahve is an educational maxim, and the end of educa-
tion of the Chokma; but the phrase may also be the subject, and
by such a rendering Luther's parallelism lies nearer: "The fear
334 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
of the Lord is discipline to wisdom;" the fear of God, viz, con-
tinually exercised and tried, is the right school of wisdom, and
humility is the right way to honour. Similar is the connection rsaUm
lKeW;ha, discipline binds understanding to itself as its consequence,
i. 3. Line second repeats itself, xviii. 12, "Pride comes before the
fall." Luther's "And ere one comes to honour, he must previously
suffer," renders ynifo rather than hvAnAfE. But the Syr. reverses the
idea: the honour of the humble goeth before him, as also one of
the anonymous Greek versions: proporeu<etai de> tapeinoi?j do<ca.
But the do<ca comes, as the above proverb expresses it, afterwards.
The way to the height lies through the depth, the depth of humility
under the hand of God, and, as hvnf expresses, of self-humiliation.
Four proverbs of God, the disposer of all things:
Chap. xvi. 1 Man's are the counsels of the heart;
But the answer of the tongue cometh from Jahve.
Gesen., Ewald, and Bertheau incorrectly understand lb of hearing,
i.e. of a favourable response to what the tongue wishes; la speaks
not of wishes, and the gen. after hnfm (answer) is, as at xv. 23, Mic
iii. 7, and also here, by virtue of the parallelism, the gen. subjecti.
xv. 23 leads to the right sense, according to which a good answer
is joy to him to whom it refers: it does not always happen to one to
find the fitting and effective expression for that which he has in his
mind; it is, as this cog. proverb expresses it, a gift from above (doqh-
setai, Matt. x. 19). But now, since hn,fEma neither means answering,
nor yet in general an expression (Euchel) or report (Löwenstein),
and the meaning of the word at 4a is not here in question, one has
to think of him whom the proverb has in view as one who has to
give a reason, to give information, or generally—since hnf, like
a]mei<besqai, is not confined to the interchange of words—to solve a
problem, and that such an one as requires reflection. The scheme
(project, premeditation) which he in his heart contrives, is here
described as ble-yker;fama, from j`rafA, to arrange, to place together, meta-
phorically of the reflection, i.e. the consideration analyzing and
putting a matter in order. These reflections, seeking at one time
in one direction, and at another in another, the solution of the
question, the unfolding of the problem, are the business of men;
but the answer which finally the tongue gives, and which here,
in conformity with the pregnant sense of hnfm (vid. at xv. 23, 28),
will be regarded as right, appropriate, effective, thus generally the
satisfying reply to the demand placed before him, is from God. It
CHAP. XVI. 2. 335
is a matter of experience which the preacher, the public speaker, the
author, and every man to whom his calling or circumstances present
a weighty, difficult theme, can attest. As the thoughts pursue one
another in the mind, attempts are made, and again abandoned; the
state of the heart is somewhat like that of chaos before the creation.
But when, finally, the right thought and the right utterance for it
are found, that which is found appears to us, not as if self-dis-
covered, but as a gift; we regard it with the feeling that a higher
power has influenced our thoughts and imaginings; the confession
by us, h[ i[kano<thj h[mw?n e]k tou? Qeou? (2 Cor. iii. 5), in so far as we
believe in a living God, is inevitable.
Ver. 2 Every way of a man is pure in his own eyes;
But a weigher of the spirits is Jahve.
Variations of this verse are xxi. 2, where rwaYA for j`za (according to
the root-meaning: pricking in the eyes, i.e. shining clear, then:
without spot, pure,, vid. Fleischer in Levy's Chald. Wörterbuch, i.
424), tOBli for tOHUr, and j`r,D,-lKA, for yker;Da-lKA, whereupon here without
synallage (for lk means the totality), the singular of the pred.
follows, as Isa. lxiv. 10, Ezek. xxxi. 15. For the rest, cf. with 2a,
xiv. 12, where, instead of the subj. yneyfeB; is used;. ynep;li, and with 2b,
xxiv. 12, where God is described by tOBli NkeTo, The verb NkaTA is a
secondary formation from NUK (vid. Hupfeld on Ps. v. 7), like
NqaTA from Arab. tyakn (to be fast, sure), the former through the
medium of the reflex. NneOKt;hi, the latter of the reflex. Arab. âitkin;
NkaTA; means to regulate (from regula, a rule), to measure off, to
weigh, here not to bring into a condition right according to rule
(Theodotion, e[dra<zwn, stabiliens, Syr. Targ. Nq.etam;, Venet. katar-
ti<zei; Luther, "but the Lord maketh the heart sure"), but to
measure or weigh, and therefore to estimate rightly, to know accu-
rately (Jerome, spirituum ponderator est Dominus). The judgment
of a man regarding the cause of life, which it is good for him to
enter upon, lies exposed to great and subtle self-deception; but
God has the measure and weight, i.e. the means of proving, so as
to value the spirits according to their true moral worth; his investi-
gation goes to the root (cf. kritiko<j, Heb. iv. 12), his judgment
rests on the knowledge of the true state of the matter, and excludes
all deception, so that thus a man can escape the danger of delusion
by no other means than by placing his way, i.e. his external and
internal life, in the light of the word of God, and desiring for
himself the all-penetrating test of the Searcher of hearts (Ps.
336 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
cxxxix. 23 f.), and the self-knowledge corresponding to the result
of this test.
Ver. 3 Roll on Jahve thy works,
So thy thoughts shall prosper.
The proverbs vers. 1-3 are wanting in the LXX.; their absence
is compensated for by three others, but only externally, not accord-
ing to their worth. Instead of lGo, the Syr., Targ., and Jerome
read lGa, revela, with which the lfa, Ps. xxxvii. 57 cf. Iv. 23, inter-
changing with lx, (here and at Ps. xxii. 9), does not agree; rightly
Theodotion, li>;ospm e]pi> ku<rion, and Luther; “commend to the
Lord thy works.” The works are here, not those that are executed,
Ex. xxiii. 16, but those to be executed, as Ps. xc. 17, where NneOK,
here the active to UnOKyilv, which at iv. 26 as jussive meant to be
placed right,, here with v of the consequence in the apodosis impera-
tivi: to be brought about, and to have continuance, or briefly: to
stand (cf. xii. 3) as the contrast of disappointment or ruin. We
should roll on God all matters which, as obligations, burden us, and
on account of their weight and difficulty cause us great anxiety, for
nothing is too heavy or too hard for Him who can overcome all
difficulties and dissolve all perplexities; then will our thoughts, viz.
those about the future of our duty and our life-course, be happy,
nothing will remain entangled and be a failure, but will be accom-
plished, and the end and aim be realized.
Ver. 4 Jahve hath made everything for its contemplated end;
And also the wicked for the day of evil.
Everywhere else hn,fEma means answer (Venet. pro>j a]po<krisin au]tou?),
which is not suitable here, especially with the absoluteness of the;
the Syr. and Targ. translate, obedientibus ei, which the words do not
warrant; but also propter senzet ipsum (Jerome, Theodotion, Luther)
give to 4b no right parallelism, and, besides, would demand OnfEmal; or
UhnefEmal;. The punctuation UhnifEmal;, which is an anomaly (cf. h.TAr;biG;Ka,
Isa. xxiv. 2, and UnyrefAB,, Ezra x. 14), shows (Ewald) that here we
have, not the prepositional Nfamal;, but l with the subst. hn,fEma, which
in derivation and meaning is one with the form Nfama abbreviated
from it (cf. lfama, rfama), similar in meaning to the Arab. ma'anyn,
aim, intention, object, and end, and mind, from 'atay, to place
opposite to oneself a matter, to make it the object of effort. Hitzig
prefers hn,fEmal;, but why not rather UhnefEmal;, for the proverb is not
intended to express that all that God has made serve a purpose
(by which one is reminded of the arguments for the existence of
CHAP. XVI. 5. 337
God from final causes, which are often prosecuted too far), but that
all is made by God for its purpose, i.e. a purpose premeditated by
Him that the world of things and of events stands under the law
of a plan, which has in God its ground and its end, and that also
the wickedness of free agents is comprehended in this plan, and
made subordinate to it. God has not indeed made the wicked as
such, but He has made the being which is capable of wickedness,
and which has decided for it, viz. in view of the "day of adversity"
(Eccles. vii. 14), which God will cause to come upon him, thus
making His holiness manifest in the merited punishment, and thus
also making wickedness the means of manifesting His glory. It is
the same thought which is expressed in Ex. ix. 16 with reference
to Pharaoh. A praedestinatio ad malum, and that in the supralapsa-
rian sense, cannot be here taught, for this horrible dogma (horribile
quidem, decretam, fateor, says Calvin himself) makes God the author
of evil, and a ruler according to His sovereign caprice, and thus
destroys all pure conceptions of God. What Paul, Rom. ix., with
reference to Ex. ix. 16, wishes to say is this, that it was not Pharaoh's
conduct that determined the will of God, but that the will of
God is always the antecedens: nothing happens to God through the
obstinacy and rebellion of man which determines Him to an action
not already embraced in the eternal plan, but also such an one
must against his will be subservient to the display of God's glory.
The apostle adds ver. 22, and shows that he recognised the factor
of human self-determination, but also as one comprehended in
God's plan. The free actions of men create no situation by which
God would he surprised and compelled to something which was not
originally intended by Himself. That is what the above proverb
says: the wicked also has his place in God's order of the world.
Whoever frustrates the designs of grace must serve God in this,
e]ndei<casqai th>n o]rgh>n kai> gnwri<sai to> dunato>n au]tou? (Rom. ix. 22).
Here follow three proverbs of divine punishment, expiatio [Ver-
sühnung] and reconciliatio [Versöhnung].
Ver. 5 An abomination to Jahve is every one who is haughty;
The hand for it [assuredly] he remains not unpunished.
Proverbs thus commencing we already had at xv. 9, 26. h.baG; is a
metaplastic connecting form of h.aboGA; on the contrary, h.aboG;, 1 Sam.
xvi. 7, Ps. ciii. 11, means being high, as h.baGo, height; the form
underlying h.baG; is not h.bAGA (as Gesen. and Olshausen write it),
but h.abeGA. In 5b, xi. 21a is repeated. The translators are per-
338 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
plexed in their rendering of dyAl; dyA. Fleischer: ab aetate in aetatem
non (i.e. nullo unquam tempore futuro) impunis erit.
Ver. 6 By love and truth is iniquity expiated,
And through the fear of Jahve one escapes from evil—
literally, there comes (as the effect of it) the escaping of evil (rUs,
n. actionis, as xiii. 19), or rather, since the evil here comes into
view as to its consequences (xiv. 27, xv. 24), this, that one escapes
evil. By tm,x<v, ds,H, are here meant, not the xa<rij kai> a]lh<qeia of
God (Bertheau), but, like xx. 28, Isa. xxxix. 8, love and faithful-
ness in the relation of men to one another. The b is both times
that of the mediating cause. Or is it said neither by what means
one may attain the expiation of his sins, nor how he may attain
to the escaping from evil, but much rather wherein the true rever-
ence for Jahve, and wherein the right expiation of sin, consist?
Thus von Hofmann, Schriftbew. i. 595. But the b of dsHb is not
different from that of txzoB;, Isa. xxvii. 9. It is true that the article
of justification is falsified if good works enter as causa meritoria
into the act of justification, but we of the evangelical school teach
that the fides quâ justificat is indeed inoperative, but not the fides
quae justificat, and we cannot expect of the O. T. that it should
everywhere distinguish with Pauline precision what even James
will not or cannot distinguish. As the law of sacrifice designates
the victim united with the blood in the most definite manner, but
sometimes also the whole transaction in the offering of sacrifice even
to the priestly feast as serving rPekal;, Lev. x. 17, so it also happens
in the general region of ethics: the objective ground of reconcilia-
tion is the decree of God, to which the blood in the typical offering
points, and man is a partaker of this reconciliation, when he accepts,
in penitence and in faith, the offered mercy of God; but this ac-
ceptance would be a self-deception, if it meant that the blotting out
of the guilt of sin could be obtained in the way of imputation
without the immediate following thereupon of a blotting of it out
in the way of sanctification; and therefore the Scriptures also
ascribe to good works a share in the expiation of sin in a wider
sense—namely, as the proofs of thankful (Luke vii. 47) and com-
passionate love (vid. at x. 2), as this proverb of love and truth, herein
according with the words of the prophets, as Hos. vi. 6, Mic. vi.
6-8. He who is conscious of this, that he is a sinner, deeply
guilty before God, who cannot stand before Him if He did not
deal with him in mercy instead of justice, according to the pur-
CHAP. XVI. 7-9. 339
pose of His grace, cannot trust to this mercy if he is not zealous,
in his relations to his fellow-men, to practise love and truth; and
in view of the fifth petition of the Lord's Prayer, and of the
arable of the unmerciful steward rightly understood, it may be
said that the love which covers the sins, x. 12, of a neighbour, has,
in regard to our own sins, a covering or atoning influence, for
“blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy." That
“love and truth" are meant of virtues practised from religious
motives, 6b shows; for, according to this line, by the fear of Jahve
one escapes evil. The fear of Jahve is subjection to the God of
revelation, and a falling in with the revealed plan of salvation.
Ver. 7 If Jahve has pleasure in the ways of a man,
He reconciles even his enemies to him—
properly (for Myliw;hi is here the causative of the transitive, Josh. x.
1): He brings it about that they conclude peace with him. If
God has pleasure in the ways of a man, i.e. in the designs which
he prosecutes, and in the means which he employs, he shows, by
the great consequences which flow from his endeavours, that, even
as his enemies also acknowledge, God is with him (e.g. Gen.
xxvi. 27 f.), so that they, vanquished in heart (e.g. 2 Sam. xix.
9 f.), abandon their hostile position, and become his friends. For
if it is manifest that God makes Himself known, bestowing bless-
ings on a man, there lies in this a power of conviction which dis-
arms his most bitter opponents, excepting only those who have in
selfishness hardened themselves.
Five proverbs of the king, together with three of righteousness
action and conduct:
Ver. 8 Better is a little with righteousness,
Than rich revenues with unrighteousness.
The cogn. proverb xv. 16 commences similarly. Of tOxUbT; bro,
multitude or greatness of income, vid. xiv. 4: "unrighteous wealth
profits not." The possessor of it is not truly happy, for sin
cleaves to it, which troubles the heart (conscience), and because
the enjoyment which it affords is troubled by the curses of those
who are injured, and by the sighs of the oppressed. Above all
other gains rises h[ eu]se<beia met ] au]tarkei<aj (1 Tim. vi. 6).
Ver. 9 The heart of man cleviseth his way;
But Jahve directeth his steps.
Similar to this is the German proverb: "Der Mensch denkt, Gott
lenkt" [our "man proposes, God disposes"], and the Arabic
340 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
el-‘abd (db,f,hA = man) judebbir wallah jukaddir; Latin, homo pro-
ponit, Deus disponit; for, as Hitzig rightly remarks, 9b means,
not that God maketh his steps firm (Venet., Luther, Umbreit,
Bertheau, Elster), but that He gives direction to him (Jerome,
dirigere). Man deliberates here and there (bwe.Hi, intens. of bwaHA, to
calculate, reflect) how he will begin and carry on this or that; but
his short-sightedness leaves much out of view which God sees;
his calculation does not comprehend many contingencies which
God disposes of and man cannot foresee. The result and issue are
thus of God, and the best is, that in all his deliberations one should
give himself up without self-confidence and arrogance to the
guidance of God, that one should do his duty and leave the rest,
with humility and confidence, to God.
Ver. 10 Oracular decision (belongeth) to the lips of the king;
In the judgment his mouth should not err.
The first line is a noun clause; Ms,q,, as subject, thus needs a dis-
tinctive accent, and that is here, after the rule of the sequence of
accents, and manuscript authority (yid. Torath Emeth, p. 49), not
Mehuppach legarme, as in our printed copies, but Dechi (Ms,q,).
Jerome's translation: Divinatio in labiis regis, in judicio non errabit
os ejus, and yet more Luther's: "his mouth fails not in judg-
ment," makes it appear as if the proverb meant that the king, in
his official duties, was infallible; and Hitzig (Zöckler agreeing),
indeed, finds here expressed the infallibility of the theocratic
king, and that as an actual testimony to be believed, not only
as a mere political fiction, like the phrase, "the king can do no
wrong." But while this political fiction is not strange even to the
Israelitish law, according to which the king could not be brought
before the judgment, that testimony is only a pure imagination.
For as little as the N. T. teaches that the Pope, as the legitimate
vicarius of Christ, is infallible, cum ex cathedra docet, so little does
the O. T. that the theocratic king, who indeed was the legitimate
vicarius Dei, was infallible in judicio ferendo. Yet Ewald main-
tains that the proverb teaches that the word of the king, when on
the seat of justice, is an infallible oracle; but it dates from the first
bright period of the strong uncorrupted kingdom in Israel. One
may not forget, says Dächsel also, with von Gerlach, that these
proverbs belong to the time of Solomon, before it had given to the
throne sons of David who did evil before the Lord. Then it would
fare ill for the truth of the proverb—the, course of history would
CHAP. XVI. 11. 341
falsify it. But in fact this was never maintained in Israel. Of
the idolizing flattering language in which, at the present day,
rulers in the East are addressed, not a trace is found in the O. T.
The kings were restrained by objective law and the recognised
rights of the people. David showed, not merely to those who
were about him, but also to the people at large, so many human
weaknesses, that he certainly appeared by no means infallible; and
Solomon distinguished himself, it is true, by rare kingly wisdom,
but when he surrounded himself with the glory of an oriental
potentate, and when Rehoboam began to assume the tone of a
despot, there arose an unhallowed breach between the theocratic
kingdom and the greatest portion of the people. The proverb, as
Hitzig translates and expounds it: "a divine utterance rests on
the lips of the king; in giving judgment his mouth deceives not,"
is both historically and dogmatically impossible. The choice of the
word Ms,q, (from MsaqA, R. sq Wq, to make fast, to take an oath, to
confirm by an oath, incantare, vid. at Isa. iii. 2), which does not mean
prediction (Luther), but speaking the truth, shows that 10a ex-
presses, not what falls from the lips of the king in itself, but accord-
ing to the judgment of the people: the people are wont to regard
the utterances of the king as oracular, as they shouted in the circus
at Caesarea of King Agrippa, designating his words as qeou? fwnh>
kai> ou]k a]nqrw<pwn (Acts xii. 22). Hence 10b supplies an earnest
warning to the king, viz. that his mouth should not offend against
righteousness, nor withhold it. lfam;yi xlo is meant as warning
(Umbreit, Bertheau), like xbotA xlo, xxii. 24, and a in lfamA is here,
as always, that of the object; at least this is more probable than
that lfm stands without object, which is possible, and that b desig-
nates the situation.
Ver. 11 The scale and balances of a right kind are Jahve's;
His work are the weights of the bag.
Regarding sl,P,, statera, a level or steelyard (from slaPA to make
even), vid. iv. 26; Mninaz;xmo (from NzaxA, to weigh), libra, is another
form of the balance: the shop-balance furnished with two scales.
yneb;xa are here the stones that serve for weights, and syKi, which at
i. 14 properly means the money-bag, money-purse (cf. vii. 20), is
here, as at Mic. vi. 11, the bag in which the merchant carries the
weights. The genit. FPAw;mi belongs also to sl,P,, which, in our edi-
tion, is pointed with the disjunctive Mehuppach legarme, is rightly
accented in Cod. 1294 (vid. Torath Emeth, p. 50) with the con-
342 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
junctive Mehuppack. fPwm, as 11b shows, is not like hmAr;mi, the
word with the principal tone; 11a says that the balance thus, or
thus constructed, which weighs accurately and justly, is Jahve's, or
His arrangement, and the object of His inspection, and 11b, that
all the weight-stones of the bag, and generally the means of
weighing and measuring, rest upon divine ordinance, that in the
transaction and conduct of men honesty and certainty might rule.
This is the declared will of God, the lawgiver; for among the few
direct determinations of His law with reference to trade this stands
prominent, that just weights and just measures shall be used, Lev.
xix. 36, Deut. xxv. 13-16. The expression of the poet here frames
itself after this law; yet in is not exclusively the God of positive
revelation, but, as agriculture in Isa. xxviii. 29, cf. Sirach vii. 15,
so here the invention of normative and normal means of commer-
cial intercouse is referred to the direction and institution of God.
Ver. 12 It is an abomination to kings to commit wickedness,
For by righteousness the throne is established.
As 10b uttered a warning to the king, grounded on the fact of
10a, so 12a indirectly contains a warning, which is confirmed
by the fact 12b. It is a fact that the throne is established by
righteousness (NOKyi as expressive of a rule, like NkaUh, Isa. xvi. 5, as
expressive of an event); on this account it is an abomination to
kings immediately or mediately to commit wickedness, i.e. to place
themselves in despotic self-will above the law. Such wicked con-
duct shall be, and ought to be, an abhorrence to them, because
they know that they thereby endanger the stability of their throne.
This is generally the case, but especially was it so in Israel, where
the royal power was never absolutistic; where the king as well as
the people were placed under God's law; where the existence of
the community was based on the understood equality of right; and
the word of the people, as well as the word of the prophets, was
free. Another condition of the stability of the throne is, after
xxv. 5, the removal of godless men from nearness to the king.
Rehoboam lost the greater part of his kingdom by this, that he
listened to the counsel of the young men who were hated by the
people.
Ver. 13. History is full of such warning examples, and there-
fore this proverb continues to hold up the mirror to princes.
Well-pleasing to kings are righteous lips,
And whoever speaketh uprightly is loved.
CHAP. XVI. 14. 343
Rightly the LXX. a]gapa?, individ. plur., instead of the plur. of
genus, MykilAm;; on the contrary, Jerome and Luther give to the
singr. the most general subject (one lives), in which case it must be
distinctly said, that that preference of the king for the people who
speak out the truth, and just what they think, is shared in by
every one. qd,c, as the property of the ytep;Wi accords with the
Arab. siidki, truth as the property of the lasân (the tongue or
speech). MyriwAy;, from rwAyA, means recta, as MydiyGin;, principalia, viii. 6,
and Myqiyre inania, xii. 11. MyriwAy;, Dan. xi. 10, neut. So neut.
rwAyAv;, Ps. cxi. 8; but is rather, with Hitzig and Riehm, to be read
rw,yvA. What the proverb says cannot be meant of all kings, for
even the house of David had murderers of prophets, like Manasseh
and Joiakim; but in general it is nevertheless true that noble
candour, united with true loyalty and pure love to the king and
the people, is with kings more highly prized than mean flattery,
seeking only its own advantage, and that, though this (flattery) may
fo a time prevail, yet, at last, fidelity to duty, and respect for truth,
ga n the victory.
Ver. 14 The wrath of the king is like messengers of death;
But a wise man appeaseth him.
The clause: the wrath of the king is many messengers of death,
can be regarded as the attribution of the effect, but it falls under
the point of view of likeness, instead of comparison: if the king
is angry, it is as if a troop of messengers or angels of death went
forth to visit with death him against whom the anger is kindled;
the plur. serves for the strengthening of the figure: not one mes-
senger of death, but at the same time several, the wrinkled brow,
the flaming eye, the threatening voice of the king sends forth
(Fleischer). But if he against whom the wrath of the king has
thus broken forth is a wise man or one near the king who knows
that o]rgh> a]ndro>j dikaiosu<nhn Qeou? ou] katerga<zetai (Jas. i. 20), he
will seek to discover the means (and not without success) to cover
or to propitiate, i.e. to mitigate and appease, the king's anger.
The Scripture never uses rP,Ki, so that God is the object (explore
Deum), because, as is shown in the Comm. zum Hebräerbrief, that
were to say, contrary to the decorum divinum, that God's holiness
or wrath is covered, or its energy bound, by the offering up of
sacrifices or of things in which there is no inherent virtue of
atonement, and which are made the means of reconciliation only
by the accommodative arrangement of God. On the contrary,
344 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
rP,Ki is used here and at Gen. xxxii. 21 of covering = reconciling
(propitiating) the wrath of a man.
Ver. 15 In the light on the king's countenance there is life,
And his favour is as a cloud of the latter rains.
Hitzig regards rOx as the inf. (cf. iv. 18), but one says substan-
tively yneP; rOx, Job xxix. 24, etc., and in a similar sense rOxm;
Mynayfe xv. 30; light is the condition of life, and the exhilaration of
life, wherefore Myy.iHaha rOx, Ps. lvi. 14, Job xxxiii. 30, is equivalent
to a fresh, joyous life; in the light of the king's countenance is
life, means that life goes forth from the cheerful approbation of
the king, which shows itself in his face, viz, in the showing of
favour, which cheers the heart and beautifies the life. To speak
of liberality as a shower is so common to the Semitic, that it has in
Arab. the general name of nadnâ, rain. 15b conforms itself to this.
wOql;ma (cf. Job xxix. 23) is the latter rain, which, falling about the
spring equinox, brings to maturity the barley-harvest; on the con-
trary, hr,Om (hr,Oy) is the early rain, which comes at the time of
ploughing and sowing; the former is thus the harvest rain, and the
latter the spring rain. Like a cloud which discharges the rain that
mollifies the earth and refreshes the growing corn, is the king's
favour. The noun bfA, thus in the st. constr., retains its Kametz,
Michlol 191b. This proverb is the contrast to ver. 14. xx. 2 has
also the anger of the king as its theme. In xix. 12 the figures of
the darkness and the light stand together as parts of one proverb.
The proverbs relating to the king are now at an end. Ver. 10
contains a direct warning for the king; ver. 12 an indirect warning,
as a conclusion arising from 12b (cf. xx. 28, where Urc.;yi is not to be
translated tueantur; the proverb has, however, the value of a nota
bene). Ver. 13 in like manner presents an indirect warning, less
to the king than to those who have intercourse with him (cf. xxv.
5), and vers. 14 and 15 show what power of good and evil, of wrath
and of blessing, is given to a king, whence so much the greater
responsibility arises to him, but, at the same time also, the duty of
all to repress the lust to evil that may be in him, and to awaken
and foster in him the desire for good.
Five proverbs regarding wisdom, righteousness, humility, and
trust in God, forming, as it were, a succession of steps, for
humility is the virtue of virtues, and trust in God the condition
of all salvation. Three of these proverbs have the word bvF in
common.
CHAP. XVI. 16-18. 345
Ver. 16 To gain wisdom, how much better is it than gold
And to attain understanding to be preferred to silver.
Commendation of the striving after wisdom (understanding) with
which all wisdom begins, for one gains an intellectual posses-
sion not by inheritance, but by acquisition, iv. 7. A similar
“parallel-comparative clause” (Fl.), with the interchange of bOF
and rHAb;ni, is xxii. 1, but yet more so is xxi. 3, where rHbn, as here,
is neut. pred. (not, as at viii. 10 and elsewhere, adj.), and hWfE,
such an anomalous form of the inf. constr. as here hnoq;, Gesen. § 75,
Anm. 2; in both instances it could also be regarded as the inf.
absol. (cf. xxv. 27) (Lehrgebäude, § 109, Anm. 2); yet the
language uses, as in the case before us, the form hloGA, only with the
force of an abl. of the gerund, as OWfE occurs Gen. xxxi. 38; the
inf. of verbs h"l as nom. (as here), genit. (Gen. 1. 20), and accus.
(Ps. ci. 3), is always either tOlG; or hloG;. The meaning is not that to
gain wisdom is more valuable than gold, but that the gaining of
wisdom exceeds the gaining of gold and silver, the common com-
paratio decurtata (cf. Job xxviii. 18). Regarding CUrHA, vid. at iii. 14.
Ver. 17 The path of the righteous is the avoiding of evil,
And he preserveth his soul who giveth heed to his way.
The meaning of hl.Asim;, occurring only here in the Proverbs, is to be
learned from xv. 19. The attribution denotes that wherein the way
they take consists, or by which it is formed; it is one, a straight
and an open way, i.e. unimpeded, leading them on, because they
avoid the evil which entices them aside to the right and the left.
Whoever then gives heed to his way, preserveth his soul (rmewo
Owp;n, as xiii. 3, on the contrary xxv. 5, subj.), that it suffer not
injury and fall under death, for frm rvs and tvm ywqvmm, xiv. 27,
are essentially the same. Instead of this distich, the LXX. has
three distichs; the thoughts presented in the four superfluous
lines are all already expressed in the one distich. Ewald and
Hitzig find in this addition of the LXX. a component part of the
original text.
Ver. 18 Pride goeth before destruction,
And haughtiness cometh before a fall.
The contrast is hvnf dvbk ynpl, xv. 33, according to which the
"haughtiness comes before a fall" in xviii. 22 is expanded into the
antithetic distich. rb,w,, means the fracture of the limbs, destruction
of the person. A Latin proverb says, "Magna cadunt, inflata
346 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
crepant, tumefacta premuntur."1 Here being dashed in pieces and
overthrown correspond. rb,w, means neither bursting (Hitzig) nor
shipwreck (Ewald). NOlw.Aki (like NOHF.ABi, NOrKAzi etc.), from lwaKA or
lwak;ni, to totter, and hence, as a consequence, to come to ruin,is a a!pac.
leg. This proverb, which stands in the very centre of the Book
of Proverbs, is followed by another in praise of humility.
Ver. 19 Better in humility to dwell among sufferers,
Than to divide spoil among the proud.
The form lpaw; is here not adj. as xxix. 23 (from lpewA, like rsaHE, vi.
32, from rseHA), but inf. (like Eccles. xii. 14, and rsaHE, defectio,
x. 21). There existed here also no proper reason for changing Myyi.nifE
(Chethîb) into MyvinAfE; Hitzig is right in saying that ynf may also be
taken in the sense of vnf [the idea "sufferer" is that which medi-
ates], and that here the inward fact of humility and the outward
of dividing spoil, stand opposed to one another. It is better to live
lowly, i.e. with a mind devoid of earthly pride (Demut [humility]
comes from dēo with the deep e, diu, servant), among men who
have experience of the vanity of earthly joys, than, intoxicated with
pride, to enjoy oneself amid worldly wealth and greatness (cf. Isa. ix. 2).
Ver. 20 He that giveth heed to the word will find prosperity;
And he that trusteth in Jahve, blessed is he!
The "word " here is the word kat ] e]c., the divine word, for lyKiW;ma
rbADA-lfa is the contrast of rbAdAl; zBA, xiii. 13a, cf. Neh. viii. 13. bOF
is meant, as in xvii. 20, cf. xiii. 21, Ps. xxiii. 6; to give heed
to God's word is the way to true prosperity. But at last all
depends on this, that one stand in personal fellowship with
God by means of faith, which here, as at xxviii. 25, xxix. 25, is
designated after its specific mark as fiducia. The Mashal con-
clusion vyrAw;xa occurs, besides here, only at xiv. 21, xxik. 18.
Four proverbs of wisdom with eloquence:
Ver. 21 The wise in heart is called prudent,
And grace of the lips increaseth learning.
Elsewhere (i. 5, ix. 9) Hqal, Jysvh means more than to gain learn-
ing, i.e. erudition in the ethico-practical sense, for sweetness of the
lips (dulcedo orationis of Cicero) is, as to learning, without signifi-
cance, but of so much the greater value for teaching; for grace of
1 An expression of similar meaning is rybt xgrd yrHx = after Darga (to
rise up) comes tebîr (breaking = destruction); cf. Zunz, in Geiger's Zeitschrift,
vi. 315 ff.
CHAP. XVI. 22, 23. 347
expression, and of exposition, particularly if it be not merely
rhetorical, but, according to the saying pectus disertos facit,
coming out of the heart, is full of mind, it imparts force to the
instruction, and makes it acceptable. Whoever is wise of heart,
i.e. of mind or spirit (ble = the N. T. nou?j or pneu?ma), is called,
and is truly, NObnA [learned, intelligent] (Fleischer compares to this
the expression frequent in Isaiah, "to be named" = to be and
appear to be, the Arab. du'ay lah); but there is a gift which highly
increases the worth of this understanding or intelligence, for it
makes it fruitful of good to others, and that is grace of the lips.
On the lips (x. 13) of the intelligent wisdom is found; but the
form also, and the whole manner and way in which he gives
expression to this wisdom, is pleasing, proceeding from a deep and
tender feeling for the suitable and the beneficial, and thus he pro-
duces effects so much the more surely, and beneficently, and richly.
Ver. 22 A fountain of life is understanding to its possessor;
But the correction of fools is folly.
Oetinger, Bertheau, and others erroneously understand rsaUm of
the education which fools bestow upon others; when fools is
the subject spoken of, rsUm is always the education which is be-
stowed on them, vii. 22, i. 7; cf v. 23, xv. 5. Also rsvm does not
here mean education, disciplina, in the moral sense (Symmachus,
e@nnoia; Jerome, doctrina): that which fools gain from education,
from training, is folly, for rsvm is the contrast to Myyi.Ha rOqm;, and
has thus the meaning of correction or chastisement, xv. 10, Jer.
xxx. 14. And that the fruits of understanding (xii. 8, cf. bvF lkW,
fine culture, xiii. 15) represented by MyyH rvqm (vid. x. 11) will
accrue to the intelligent themselves, is shown not only by the
contrast, but also by the expression: Scaturigo vitae est intellectus
praeditorum eo, of those (= to those) who are endowed therewith
(the LXX. well, toi?j kekthme<noij). The man of understanding
has in this intellectual possession a fountain of strength, a source
of guidance, and a counsel which make his life secure, deepen,
and adorn it; while, on the contrary, folly punishes itself by folly
(cf. to the form, xiv. 24), for the fool, when he does not come
to himself (Ps. cvii. 17-22), recklessly destroys his own prosperity.
Ver. 23 The heart of the wise maketh his mouth wise,
And learning mounteth up to his lips.
Regarding lyKiW;hi as causative: to put into the possession of intelli-
gence, vid. at Gen. iii. 6. Wisdom in the heart produceth intelli-
348 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
gent discourse, and, as the parallel member expresses it, learning
mounteth up to the lips, i.e. the learning which the man taketh
into his lips (xxii. 18 ; cf. Ps. xvi. 4) to communicate it to others,
for the contents of the learning, and the ability to communicate it,
are measured by the wisdom of the heart of him who possesses it.
One can also interpret Jysvh as extens. increasing: the heart of the
wise increaseth, i.e. spreads abroad learning, but then vytApAW;Bi (Ps.
cxix. 13) would have been more suitable; vytpW-lfa calls up the idea
of learning as hovering on the lips, and thus brings so much nearer,
for Jysvh, the meaning of the exaltation of its worth and im-
pression.
Ver. 24 A honeycomb are pleasant words,
Sweet to the soul, and healing to the bones.
Honeycomb, i.e. honey. flowing from the JUc, the comb or cell
(favus), is otherwise designated, Ps. xix. 11. qOtmA, with is xPer;ma (vid.
p. 132), is neut. Mfano-yrem;xi are, according to xv. 26, words which love
suggests, and which breathe love. Such words are sweet to the
soul of the hearer, and bring strength and healing to his bones
(xv. 30); for xprm is not only that which restores soundness, but
also that which preserves and advances it (cf. qerapei<a, Rev. xxii. 2).
A group of six proverbs follows, four of which begin with wyx,
and five relate to the utterances of the mouth.
Ver. 25 There is a way which appears as right to a man;
But the end thereof are the ways of death.
This verse =xiv. 12.
Ver. 26 The hunger of the labourer laboureth for him.
For he is urged on by his mouth.
The Syr. translates: the soul of him who inflicts woe itself suffers
it, and from his mouth destruction comes to him; the Targ. brings
this translation nearer the original text (xpAy;Ka, humiliation, instead of
xndbx, destruction); Luther translates thus also, violently abbrevi-
ating, however. But lmefA (from lmafA, Arab. 'amila, to exert oneself,
laborare) means, like laboriosus, labouring as well as enduring
difficulty, but not, as ponw?n tina, causing difficulty, or (Euchel)
occupied with difficulty. And labour and the mouth stand to-
gether, denoting that man labours that the mouth may have some-
what to eat (cf. 2 Thess. iii. 10; wp,n,, however, gains in this con-
nection the meaning of yuxh> o]rektinkh< and that of desire after
nourishment, vid. at vi. 30, x. 3). JkaxA also joins itself to this circle
CHAP. XVI. 27, 28. 349
of ideas, for it means to urge (Jerome, compulit), properly (related
to JpaKA, incurvare, xpAK; hpAKA, to constrain, necessitate), to bow down
by means of a burden. The Aramaeo-Arab, signification, to saddle
(Schultens: clitellas imposurt ei os suum), is a secondary denom.
(vid. at Job xxxiii. 7). The Venet. well renders it after Kimchi:
e]pei> ku<ptei e]p ] au]to>n to> sto<ma au]tou?. Thus: the need of nourish-
ment on the part of the labourer works for him (dat. commodi like
Isa. xl. 20), i.e. helps him to labour, for (not: if, e]a<n, as Rashi and
others) it presses upon him; his mouth, which will have something
to eat, urges him. It is God who has in this way connected to-
gether working and eating. The curse in sudore vultus tui comedes
panem conceals a blessing. The proverb has in view this reverse
side of the blessing in the arrangement of God.
Ver. 27 A worthless man diggeth evil;
And on his lips is, as it were, scorching fire.
Regarding lfay.aliB; wyxi, vid. vi. 12, and regarding hrAKA, to dig round,
or to bore out, vid. at Gen. xlix. 5, 1. 5; here the figure, " to dig
for others a pit," xxvi. 27, Ps. vii. 16, etc.: to dig evil is equivalent
to, to seek to prepare such for others. tb,r,cA Kimchi rightly ex-
plains as a form similar to tb,w.,qa; as a subst. it means, Lev. xiii. 23,
the mark of fire (the healed mark of a carbuncle), here as an adj. of
a fire, although not flaming (hbAhAl, wxe, Isa. iv. 5, etc); yet so much
the hotter, and scorching everything that comes near to it (from
to be scorched, cogn. brew;, to which also JraWA, is perhaps related as a
stronger power, like comburere to adurere). The meaning is clear:
a worthless man, i.e. a man whose disposition and conduct are the
direct contrast of usefulness and piety, uses words which, like an
iron glowing hot, scorches and burns; his tongue is flogizome<nh
u[po> th?j gee<nnhj (Jas. iii. 6).
Ver. 28 A man of falsehood scattereth strife,
And a backbiter separateth confidential friends.
Regarding tOkPuh;Ta (rbdm) wyxi, vid. ii. 12, and NOdmA Hl.away;, vi. 14;
the thought of 28b is found at vi. 19. NGAr;ni (with N minusculum,
which occurs thrice with the terminal Nun) is a Niphal formation
from NgarA, to murmur (cf. dyzinA, from dyzi), and denotes the whisperer;
viz, the backbiter, yi<quroj, Sir. v. 14, yiquristh<j, susurro; the
Arab. nyrj is abbreviated from it, a verbal stem of granA (cf. Aram.
norgo an axe, Arab. naurag, a threshing-sledge =graOm) cannot be
proved. Aquila is right in translating by tonqrusth<j, and Theo-
dotion by go<ggusoj, from in NgarA, Niph. NGar;ni, goggu<zein. Regarding
350 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
JUl.xa, confidential friend, vid. p. 82; the sing., as xviii. 9, is used in
view of the mutual relationship, and dyrip;ma proceeds on the separa-
tion of the one, and, at the same time, of the other from it. Luther,
in translating by "a slanderer makes princes disagree," is in error,
for JUl.xa, fu<larxoj, is not a generic word for prince.
Ver. 29 A man of violence enticeth his neighbour,
And leadeth him in a way which is not good.
Cf. Gen. iv. 8. The subject is not moral enticement, but entice-
ment to some place or situation which facilitates to the violent man
the carrying out of his violent purpose (misdemeanour, robbery,
extortion, murder). smAHA (here with wyxi at iii. 31) is the injustice
of club-law, the conduct of him who puts his superior power in
godless rudeness in the place of God, Hab. i. 11, cf. Job xii. 6.
"A way not good" (cf. Ps. xxxvi. 5) is the contradictory contrast
of the good way: one altogether evil and destructive.
Ver. 30 He who shutteth his eyes to devise falsehood;
He who biteth his lips bringeth evil to pass.
A physiognomical Caveto. The a[[p. leg. hcAfA is connected with
Isa. xxxiii. 15 (Arab. tramp. ghamdi), comprimere, formed from
it. Regarding Crq of lips or eyes, vid. p. 144; the biting of the lips
is the action of the deceitful, and denotes scorn, malice, knavery.
The perf. denotes that he who is seen doing this has some evil as
good as accomplished, for he is inwardly ready for it; Hitzig suit-
ably compares 1 Sam. xx. 7, 33. Our editions (also Löwenstein)
have hl.AKi, but the Masora (vid. Mas. finalis, p. 1) numbers the word
among those which terminate in x, and always writes xlA.Ki.
We now take together a series of proverbs, xvi. 31—xvii. 5, be-
ginning with tr,F,fE.
Ver. 31 A bright diadem is a hoary head,
In the way of righteousness it is found—
namely, this bright diadem, this beautiful crown (iv. 8), which silver
hair is to him who has it as the result of his advanced age (xx. 29),
for "thou shalt rise up before the hoary head," Lev. xix. 32; and
the contrast of an early death is to die in a good old age, Gen. xv.
15, etc., but a long life is on one side a self-consequence, and on
another the promised reward of a course of conduct regulated by
God's will, God's law, and by the rule of love to God and love to
one's neighbour. From the N. T. standpoint that is also so far
true, as in all the world there is no better established means of
prolonging life than the avoidance of evil; but the clause corre-
CHAP. XVI. 32, 33. 351
sponding to the O. T. standpoint, that evil punishes itself by a
premature death, and that good is rewarded by long life, has indeed
many exceptions arising from the facts of experience against it, for
we see even the godless in their life of sin attaining to an advanced
old age, and in view of the veiled future it appears only as a one-
sided truth, so that the words, Wisd. iv. 9, "discretion is to man
the right grey hairs, and an unstained life is the right old age,"
which is mediated by life experiences, such as Isa. lvii. 1 f., stand
opposed to the above proverb as its reversed side. That old Solo-
monic proverb is, however, true, for it is not subverted; and, in
contrast to self-destroying vice and wickedness; calling forth the
judgment of God, it is and remains true, that whoever would reach
an honoured old age, attains to it in the way of a righteous life
and conduct.
Ver. 32 Better one slow to anger than a hero in war;
And whoever is master of his spirit, than he who taketh a city.
Regarding MyiPaxa j`r,x,, vid. xiv. 29, where HaUr-rcaq; was the parallel of
the contrast. The comparison is true as regards persons, with re-
ference to the performances expressed, and (since warlike courage
and moral self-control may be united in one person) they are pro-
perly those in which the bOF determines the moral estimate. In
Pirke Aboth iv. 1, the question, "Who is the hero?" is answered
by, " he who overcomes his desire," with reference to this proverb,
for that which is here said of the ruling over the passion of anger
is true of all affections and passions.
"Yet he who reigns within himself, and rules
Passions, desires, and fears, is more a king;
Which every wise and virtuous man attains."1
On the other side, the comparison is suggested:
Break your head, not so sore;
Break your will—that is more.2
Ver. 33 One casts the lot into the lap;
But all its decision cometh from Jahve.
The Tôra knows only in one instance an ordeal (a judgment of
God) as a right means of proof, Num. v. 12-31. The lot is no-
where ordained by it, but its use is supported by a custom running
parallel with the Mosaic law; it was used not only in private life,
1 Milton's Paradise Regained, ii. 466-8.
2 "Zerbrich den Kopf dir nicht so sehr;
Zerbrich den Willen—das ist mehr."—MATTH. CLAUDIUS.
352 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
but also in manifold ways within the domain of public justice, as well
as for the detection of the guilty, Josh. vii. 14 f., 1 Sam. xiv. 40-42.
So that the proverb xviii. 18 says the same thing of the lot that is
said in the Epistle to the Hebrews, vi. 16, of the oath. The above
proverb also explains the lot for an ordeal, for it is God who
directs and orders it that it fall out thus and not otherwise. A
particular sanction of the use of the lot does not lie in this, but it
is only said, that where the lot is cast, all the decision that results
from it is determined by God. That is in all cases true; but
whether the challenging of the divine decision in such a way be
right in this or that case is a question, and in no case would one,
on the contrary, venture to make the person of the transgressor
discoverable by lot, and let it decide regarding human life. But
antiquity judged this matter differently, as e.g. the Book of Jonah
(chap. i.) shows; it was a practice, animated by faith, in God's
government of the world, which, if it did not observe the boundary
between faith and superstition, yet stood high above the unbelief
of the "Enlightenment." Like the Greek ko<lpoj, qyHe (from qUH,
Arab. hiaki, khaki, to encompass, to stretch out) means, as it is
commonly taken, gremium, as well as sinus, but the latter meaning
is the more sure; and thus also here it is not the lap as the middle
of the body, so that one ought to think on him who casts the lot
as seated, but also not the lap of the garment, but, like vi. 27, cf.
Isa. xl. 11, the swelling, loose, external part of the clothing cover-
ing the bosom (the breast), where the lot covered by it is thrown
by means of shaking and changing, and whence it is drawn out.
The construction of the passive lFaUh (from = Arab. tall, to
throw along) with the object. accus. follows the old scheme, Gen.
iv. 18, and has its reason in this, that the Semitic passive, formed
by the change of vowels, has not wholly given up the governing
force of the active. FPAw;mi signifies here decision as by the Urim
and Thummim, Num. xxvii. 21, but which was no lot-apparatus.
xvii. 1. A comparative proverb with bvF pairing with xvi. 32:
Better a dry piece of bread, and quietness therewith,
Than a house full of slain beasts with unquietness.
Similar to this in form and contents are xv. 16 f. and xvi. 8.
hbAreHE tPa is a piece of bread (tp, fem., as xxiii. 8) without savoury
drink (Theodotion, kaq ] e[auto<n, i.e. nothing with it), cf. Lev. vii.
10, a meat-offering without the pouring out of oil. MyHibAz; are not
sacrificial gifts (Hitzig), but, as always, slain animals, i.e. either
CHAP. XVII. 2. 353
offerings or banquets of slain beasts; it is the old name of the
Mymlw (cf. Ex. xviii. 12, xxiv. 5; Prov. vii. 14), part of which only
were offered on the altar, and part presented as a banquet; and
Hbaz, (in contradist. to HbaF,, ix. 2, Gen. xliii. 16) denotes generally
any kind of consecrated festival in connection with the worship of
God, 1 Sam. xx. 29; cf. Gen. xxxi. 54. "Festivals of hatred" are
festivals with hatred. xlemA is part. with object.-accus.; in general
xlemA forms a constructive, xlem; occurs only once (Jer. vi. 11), and
yxelem; not at all. We have already, vii. 14, remarked on the degene-
rating of the shelamîm feasts; from this proverb it is to be concluded
that the merriment and the excitement bordering on intoxication
(cf. with Hitzig, 1 Sam. i. 13 and 3), such as frequently at the
Kirmsen merry-makings (vid. p. 164), brought quarrels and strife,
so that the poor who ate his dry bread in quiet peace could look on
all this noise and tumult without envy.
Ver. 2 A prudent servant shall rule over the degenerate son;
And he divides the inheritance among the brethren.
Regarding the contrasts of lyKiW;ma and wybime, vid. at x. 5, xiv. 35.
The printed editions present wybime-Nb,B; in genit. connection; a son
of the scandalous class, which is admissible (vid. p. 79 and p. 330);
but Cod. 1294 and Cod. Jaman,1 Erf. No. 2, 3, write wybime NbeB; (with
Tsere and Munach), and that is perhaps right, after x. 5, xvii. 25.
The futures have here also a fut. signification; they say to what
it will come. Grotius remarks, with reference to this: manumissus
tutor filiis relinquetur; qlHy tutorio officio. But if he is a conscien-
tious, unselfish tutor, he will not enrich himself by property which
belongs to another; and thus, though not without provision, he is
yet without an inheritance. And yet the supplanting of the degene-
rate is brought about by this, that he loses his inheritance, and the
intelligent servant steps into his place. Has one then to suppose
that the master of the house makes his servant a co-heir with his
own children, and at the same time names him as his executor?
That were a bad anachronism. The idea of the diaqh<kh was, at
the time when this proverb was coined, one unknown—Israelitish
antiquity knows only the intestate right of inheritance, regulated
by lineal and gradual succession. Then, if one thinks of the de-
generate son, that he is disowned by the father, but that the intelli-
gent servant is not rewarded during the life of his master for his true
1 The Cod. brought by Sappir from Jemen (vid. p. 295), of which there is ar
account in the preface to the edition of Isaiah by Baer and me,
354 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
services, and that, after the death of the master, to such a degree
he possesses the esteem and confidence of the family, that he it is
who divides the inheritance among the brethren, i.e. occupies the
place amongst them of distributor of the inheritance, not: takes a
portion of the inheritance, for qlaHA has not the double meaning of
the Lat. participare; it means to divide, and may, with mean
"to give a part of anything" (Job xxxix. 17); but, with the
accus., nothing else than to distribute, e.g. Josh. xviii. 2, where it
is to be translated: "whose inheritance had not yet been distributed
(not yet given to them)." Jerome, haereditatem dividet; and thus
all translators, from the LXX. to Luther.
Ver. 3 The fining-pot for silver, and the furnace for gold;
And a trier of hearts is Jahve.
An emblematical proverb (vid. p. 9), which means that Jahve is
for the heart what the smelting-pot (from JracA, to change, parti-
cularly to melt, to refine) is for silver, and what the smelting fur-
nace (rUk, from rUK, R., rk, to round, Ex. xxii. 20) is for gold, that
Jahve is for the heart, viz. a trier (NHb, to grind, to try by grinding,
here as at Ps. vii. 10) of their nature and their contents, for which,
of the proof of metals, is elsewhere (xvi. 2, xxi. 2, xxiv. 12) used
the word (cf. NOHBA, the essay-master, Jer. vi. 7) NkeTo, weigher, or
wreOD, searcher (1 Chron. xxviii. 9). Wherever the subject spoken
of is God, the searcher of hearts, the plur. tOBli, once tObbAl;, is used;
the form MybibAl; occurs only in the status conjunctus with the suffix.
In xxvii. 21 there follow the two figures, with which there is
formed a priamel (vid. p. 13), as at xxvi. 3, another tertium com-
parationis.
Ver. 4 A profligate person giveth heed to perverse lips;
Falsehood listeneth to a destructive tongue.
The meaning, at all events, is, that whoever gives ear with delight
to words which are morally reprobate, and aimed at the destruction
of neighbours, thereby characterizes himself as a profligate. Though
frame is probably not pred. but subj., yet so that what follows does
not describe the frame (the profligate hearkens . . . ), but stamps
him who does this as a frm (a profligate, or, as we say: only a pro-
fligate . . . ). frame, for fareme, is warranted by Isa. ix. 16, where
fram (not frAm, according to which the Venet. here translates a]po>
kakou?) is testified to not only by correct codd. and editions, but
also by the Masora (cf. Michlol 116h). bywq;hi (from bwaqA, R. wq, to
stiffen, or, as we say, to prick, viz. the ear) is generally united with l;
CHAP. XVII. 5. 355
or lx,, but, as here and at xxix. 12, Jer. vi. 19, also with lfa. Nv,xA
wickedness, is the absolute contrast of a pious and philanthropic
mind; tUoha, from hUAha, not in the sense of eagerness, as x. 3, xi. 6,
but of yawning depth, abyss, catastrophe (vid. at Ps. v. 10), is
equivalent to entire destruction—the two genitives denote the pro-
perty of the lips and the tongue (labium nequam, lingua perniciosa),
on the side of that which it instrumentally aims at (cf. Ps. xxxvi.
4, lii. 4): practising mischief, destructive plans. rq,w, beginning
the second line is generally regarded as the subj. parallel with frm,
as Luther, after Jerome, "A wicked man gives heed to wicked
mouths, and a false man listens willingly to scandalous tongues."
It is possible that rqw denotes incarnate falsehood, as hy.Amir;, xii. 27,
incarnate slothfulness, cf. hmAr;mi, xiv. 25, and perhaps also xii. 17;
qd,c,, Ps. lviii. 2, hy.AwiUT, Mic. vi. 9; j`UmsA rc,ye, Isa. xxvi. 13, etc., where,
without supplying wyxi (ywen;xa), the property stands instead of the
person possessing that property. The clause, that falsehood listeneth
to a deceitful tongue, means that he who listens to it characterizes
himself thereby, according to the proverb, simile simili gaudet, as a
liar. But only as a liar? The punctuation before us, which repre-
sents frame by Dechi as subj., or also pred., takes Nyzime rq,w, as obj. with
Nyzm as its governing word, and why should not that be the view
intended? The representation of the obj. is an inversion less bold
than Isa. xxii. 2, viii. 22, and that lfa here should not be so closely
connected with the verb of hearing, as 4a lies near by this, that
lfa bywiq;hi is elsewhere found, but not lfa Nyzix<h,. Jewish interpreters,
taking rqw as obj., try some other meaning of Nyzm than auscul-
tans; but neither Nvz, to approach, nor Nyz, to arm (Venet. yeu?doj
o[pli<zei), gives a meaning suitable to this place. Nyzime is equivalent
to NyzixEma. As NyzixExa, Job xxxii. 11, is contracted into NyzixA. so must
NyzixEma if the character of the part. shall be preserved, become Nyzime.
diated by Nyziy;ma.
Ver. 5 He that mocketh the poor reproacheth his Maker;
He that rejoiceth over calamity remains not unpunished.
Line first is a variation of xiv. 31a. God is, according to xxii. 2,
the creator of the poor as well as of the rich. The poor, as a man,
and as poor, is the work of God, the creator and governor of all
things; thus, he who mocketh the poor, mocketh Him who called
him into existence, and appointed him his lowly place. But in
general, compassion and pity, and not joy (l; HmaWA, commonly
356 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
with l;, of the person, e.g. Obad. ver. 12, the usual formula for
e]pixairekaki<a), is appropriate in the presence of misfortune (dyxe,
from dUx, to be heavily burdened), for such joy, even if he on
whom the misfortune fell were our enemy, is a peccatum mortale,
Job xxxi. 29 f. There is indeed a hallowed joy at the actual
revelation in history of the divine righteousness; but this would
not be a hallowed joy if it were not united with deep sorrow over
those who, accessible to no warning, have despised grace, and, by
adding sin to sin, have provoked God's anger.
Ver. 6. With this verse this series of proverbs closes as it
began:
A diadem of the old are children's children,
And the glory of children are their parents.
Children are a blessing from God (Ps. cxxvii., cxxviii.); thus, a
family circle consisting of children and grandchildren (including
great-grandchildren) is as a crown of glory surrounding the grey-
haired patriarch; and again, children have glory and honour in
their parents, for to have a man of an honoured name, or of a
blessed memory, as a father, is the most effective commendation,
and has for the son, even though he is unlike his father, always
important and beneficial consequences. In 6b a fact of experience
is expressed, from which has proceeded the rank of inherited nobility
recognised among men—one may abnegate his social rights, but yet
he himself is and remains a part of the moral order of the world.
The LXX. has a distich after ver. 4 [the Vatican text places it
after ver. 6]: "The whole world of wealth belongs to the faithful,
but to the unfaithful not even an obolus." Lagarde supposes that
o!loj o[ ko<smoj tw?n xrhma<twn is a translation of rt,y, tfap;wi, instead of
rty tpaW;, 7a. But this ingenious conjecture does not amount to the
regarding of this distich as a variation of ver. 7.
The proverbs following, 7-10, appear to be united acrostically
by the succession of the letters w (W, w) and t.
Ver. 7 It does not become a fool to speak loftily,
How much less do lying lips a noble!
As at Isa. xxxii. 5 f., lbAnA and bydinA are placed opposite to one an-
other; the latter is the nobly magnanimous man, the former the
man who thinks foolishly and, acts profligately, whom it does not
become to use lofty words, who thereby makes the impression of
his vulgarity so much the more repulsive (cf. Job ii. 10). rt,y, tpW;
(not rt,yA, for the word belongs to those which retain their Pathach
CHAP, XVII. 8. 357
or Segol, in pausa) is neither elevated (soaring) (Ewald) nor
diffuse (Jo. Ernst Jungius in Oetinger: lingua dicax ac sermonem
ultra quam decorum verbis extendere solita), rather imperative
(Bertheau), better presumptuous (Hitzig) words, properly words of
superfluity, i.e. of superabundant self-consciousness and high pre-
ension (cf. the transitive bearing of the Arab. watr with u[bri<zein,
from u[pe<r, Aryan upar, Job, p. 363). Rightly Meiri, hvxg tpW
hrrWv. It produces a disagreeable impression, when a man of
vulgar mind and of rude conduct, instead of keeping himself in
retirement, makes himself of importance, and weighty in a shame-
less, impudent manner (cf. Ps. xii. 9, where tUl.zu, vilitas in a moral
sense); but yet more repulsive is the contrast, when a man in whom
one is justified in expecting nobility of mind, in accordance with
his life-position and calling, degrades himself by uttering deceitful
words. Regarding the yKi Jxa, concluding a minori ad majus,
have already spoken at xi. 31, xv. 11. R. Ismael, in Bereschith,
Rabba, at xliv, 8, reckons ten such conclusions a minori ad majus
the Scriptures, but there are just as many quanto magis. The
right accentuation (e.g. in Cod.1294) is here bydnl-yk Jx, transformed
from bydnl-yk Jx, according to Accentuationssystem, xviii. 2.
Ver. 8 The gift of bribery appears a jewel to its receiver;
Whitherso'er he turneth himself he acteth prudently.
How 8b is to be understood is shown by 1 Sam. xiv. 47, cf. Josh.
i. 7; the quoque se vertit, prudenter rem agit, has accordingly in
both sentences the person meant by vylAfAB; as subject, not the
gift (Hitzig), of which lyKiW;ya, "it maketh prosperous," is not said,
for lyKiW;hi means, used only of persons, prudent, and therefore suc-
cessful, fortunate conduct. Such is said of him who has to give
(Luther): he presses through with it whithersoever he turns. But
the making of yneyfeB; the subj. does not accord with this: this means
[gift] to one who has to give, appears to open doors and hearts,
not, merely as a golden key, it is truly such to him. Thus vylfb,
as at iii. 27, will be meant of him to whom the present is brought,
or to whom a claim thereto is given. But life means here not the
gift of seasonable liberality (Zöckler), but, as always, the gift of
bribery, i.e. a gift by which one seeks to purchase for himself
xvii. 23) preference on the part of a judge, or to mitigate the
displeasure of a high lord (xxi. 14); here (for one does not let it
depend merely on the faithfulness of another to his duty) it is
358 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
that by which one seeks to secure an advantage to himself. The
proverb expresses a fact of experience. The gift of bribery, to
which, as to a well-known approved means, dHawo.ha refers, appears
to him who receives and accepts it (Targ.) as a stone of pleasant-
ness, a charming, precious stone, a jewel (Juwêl from joie =
gaudium); it determines and impels him to apply all his under-
standing, in order that he may reach the goal for which it shall be
his reward. What he at first regarded as difficult, yea, impossible,
that he now prudently carries out, and brings to a successful con-
clusion, wherever he turns himself, overcoming the seemingly insur-
mountable hindrances; for the enticement of the gift lifts him, as with
a charm, above himself, for covetousness is a characteristic feature
of human nature—pecuniae obediunt omnia (Eccles. x. 19, Vulg.).
Ver. 9 He covereth transgressions who seeketh after love,
And he who always brings back a matter separateth friends.
The pred. stands first in the simple clause with the order of the words
not inverted. That fwp hskm is also to be interpreted here as pred.
(cf. 19a) is shown by x. 12, according to which love covereth all
transgressions. We write fwaP,-hs.,kam; with Dag. forte conjunctivum
of p (as of b in Ezek. xviii. 6), and Gaja with the Sheva, according
to the Meth.-Setzung, § 37; the punctuation fwaP, hs.,kam; also occurs.
What the expression "to seek love" here means, is to be judged,
with Hitzig, after Zeph. ii. 3, 1 Cor. xiv. 1. It is in no case equivalent
to seek to gain the love of another, rather to seek to preserve the love
of men towards one another, but it is to be understood not after 9b,
but after x. 12: he seeks to prove love who does not strike on the
great bell when his neighbour has sinned however grievously against
him, does not in a scandal-loving manner make much ado about
it, and takes care not thereby to widen the breach between men
who stand near to one another, but endeavours by a reconciling,
soothing, rectifying influence, to mitigate the evil, instead of making
it worse. He, on the contrary, who repeats the matter (hnAwA, with
b; of the obj., to come back with something, as xxvi. 11), i.e. turns
always back again to the unpleasant occurrence (Theodotion, deu-
terw?n e]n lo<g&; Symmachus, deuterw?n lo<gon, as Sir. vii. 14, xix. 7),
divides friends (vid. xvi. 28), for he purposely fosters the strife, the
disharmony, ill-will, and estrangement which the offence produced;
while the noble man, who has love for his motive and his aim, by
prudent silence contributes to bring the offence and the division
which it occasioned into forgetfulness.
CHAP. XVII. 10 359
Ver. 10 One reproof maketh more impression on a wise man
Than if one reckoned a hundred to the fool
One of the few proverbs which begin with a future, vid. xii. 26,
p. 265. It expresses what influence there is in one reproof with a
wise man (Nybime, viii. 9); hrAfAG; is the reproof expressed by the post-
bibl. hpAyzin;, as the lowest grade of disciplinary punishment, ad-
monitio, connected with warning. The verbal form tHt is the
reading of the LXX. and Syr. (suntri<bei a]peilh> kardi<an fro-
ni<mou) for they read Nybm bl hrfg tHt, derived from ttaHA, and thus
tHeTA (from Hiph. tHehe); thus Luther: reproof alarms more the intel-
ligent, but tHH with b of the obj. is not Hebr.; on the contrary,
the reading of the LXX. is in accordance with the usage of the
language, and, besides, is suitable. It is, however, first to be seen
whether the traditional text stands in need of this correction. As
fut. Niph. tHaTe, apart from the ult. accent. to be expected, gives
no meaning. Also if one derives it from htAHA, to snatch away, to
take away, it gives no appropriate thought; besides, htH is con-
strued with the object. accus., and the fut. Apoc., in itself strange
here, must be pointed either tHaTa or T;HaTe (after D;Hayi) (Böttcher)
Lehrb. ii. p. 413). Thus tHye, as at Job xxi. 13, Jer. xxi. 13, will
be fut. Kal of tHanA=tHan;yi, Ps. xxxviii. 3 (Theodotion, Targ.,
Kimchi). With this derivation, also, tHaTe is to be expected; the
reference in the Handwörterbuch to Gesen. Lehrgebäude, § 51, 1,
Anm. 1, where, in an extremely inadequate way, the retrogression
of the tone (rvHx gvsn) is spoken of, is altogether inappropriate to
this place; and Böttcher's explanation of the ult. tone from an
intended expressiveness is ungrammatical; but why should not tHaTe,
from tHn, with its first syllable originating from contraction, and
thus having the tone, be Milel as well as Milra, especially here,
where it stands at the head of the sentence? With b connected
with it, tHn means: to descend into anything, to penetrate; Hitzig
appropriately compares altius in pectus descendit of Sallust, Jug. 11.
Jerome rightly, according to the sense: plus proficit, and the Venet.
a]nei? (read o]nei?) a]peilh> t&? suni<onti. In 10b (cf. Deut. xxv. 3;
2 Cor. xi. 24) is to be supplied to hxAme, not MymifAp; (an hundred
times, which may be denoted correctly by hxAme as well as txam;,
Eccles. viii. 12). With the wise (says a Talmudic proverb) a
sign does as much as with the fool a stick does. Zehner, in his
Adagia sacra (1601), cites Curtius (vii. 4): Nobilis equus umbra
quoque virgae regitur, ignavus ne calcari quidern concitari potest.
360 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Five proverbs of dangerous men against whom one has to be on
his guard
Ver. 11 The rebellious seeketh only after evil,
And a cruel messenger is sent out against him.
It is a question what is subj. and what obj. in 11a. It lies nearest
to look on yrim; as subj., and this word (from hrAmA, stringere, to
make oneself exacting against any, to oppose, a]ntitei<nein) is
appropriate thereto; it occurs also at Ezek. ii. 7 as abstr. pro con-
creto. That it is truly subj. appears from this, that frA wq.eBi, to
seek after evil (cf. xxix. 10; 1 Kings xx. 7, etc.), is a connection
of idea much more natural than yrim; wq.eBi [to seek after rebellion].
Thus j`xa will be logically connected with frA, and the reading yrim; j`xa
will be preferred to the reading yrim;-j`xa; j`xa (corresponding to the
Arab. âinnama) belongs to those particles which are placed before
the clause, without referring to the immediately following part of
the sentence, for they are much, more regarded as affecting the
whole sentence (vid. xiii. 10): the rebellious strives after nothing
but only evil. Thus, as neut. obj. fr is rendered by the Syr., Targ.,
Venet., and Luther; on the contrary, the older Greek translators
and Jerome regard fr as the personal subject. If now, in reference
to rebellion, the discourse is of a yrizAk;xa j`xAl;ma, we are not, with Hitzig,
to think of the demon of wild passions unfettered in the person
of the rebellious, for that is a style of thought and of expression
that is modern, not biblical; but the old unpoetic yet simply true
remark remains: Loquendi formula inde petita pod regis aut
summi magistratus minister rebelli supplicium nunciat infligitque.
jxlm is n. officii, not naturae. Man as a messenger, and the
spiritual being as messenger, are both called jxlm. Therefore one
may not understand yrzkx jxlm, with the LXX., Jerome, and
Luther, directly and exclusively of an angel of punishment. If
one thinks of Jahve as the Person against whom the rebellion is
made, then the idea of a heavenly messenger lies near, according
to Ps. xxxv. 5 f., lxxviii. 49; but the proverb is so meant, that it is
not the less true if an earthly king sends out against a rebellious
multitude a messenger with an unlimited commission, or an officer
against a single man dangerous to the state, with strict directions
to arrest him at all hazards. yrizAk;xa we had already at xii. 10; the
root hwH wq means, to be dry, hard, without feeling. The fut. does
not denote what may be done (Bertheau, Zöckler), which is con-
trary to the parallelism, the order of the words, and the style of
CHAP. XVII. 12, 13. 361
the proverb, but what is done. And the relation of the clause is not,
as Ewald interprets it, "scarcely does the sedition seek out evil
when an inexorable messenger is sent." Although this explanation
is held by Ewald as "unimprovable," yet it is incorrect, because
j`xa in this sense demands, e.g. Gen. xxvii. 3, the perf. (strengthened
by the infin. intensivus). The relation of the clause is, also, not
such as Böttcher has interpreted it: a wicked man tries only scorn
though a stern messenger is sent against him, but not because such
a messenger is called yrzkx, against whom this "trying of scorn"
helps nothing, so that it is not worth being spoken of; besides,
Hl.awu or Hl.Awum; would have been used if this relation had been
intended. We have in 11a and 11b, as also e.g. at xxvi. 24,
xxviii. 1, two clauses standing in internal reciprocal relation, but
syntactically simply co-ordinated; the force lies in this, that a
messenger who recognises no mitigating circumstances, and offers
no pardon, is sent out against such an one.
Ver. 12 Meet a bear robbed of one of her whelps,
Only not a fool in his folly.
The name of the bear, as that of the cow, Job xxi. 10, Ps. cxliv. 14,
preserves its masculine form, even when used in reference to sexual
relationship (Ewald, § 174b); the ursa catulis orbata is proverbially
a raging beast. How the abstract expression of the action wOgPA [to
meet], here as e.g. Ps. xvii. 5, with the subj. following, must sound as
finite (occurrat, may always meet), follows from lxav;= wGp;yi-lxav; (non
autern occurrat). wOgPA has on the last syllable Mehuppach, and Zin-
norith on the preceding open syllable (according to the rule, Accent-
system, vi. § 5d).1 in the state of his folly, i.e. when he is
in a paroxysm of his anger, corresponds with the conditional noun-
adjective lUKwa, for folly morbidly heightened is madness (cf. Hos.
xi. 7; Psychol. p. 291 f.).
Ver. 13 He that returneth evil for good,
From his house evil shall not depart.
If ingratitude appertains to the sinful manifestations of ignoble
selfishness, how much more sinful still is black ingratitude, which
recompenses evil for good! (bywime, as 1 Sam. xxv. 21, syn. lmaGA, to
requite, iii. 30, xxxi. 12; Ml.ew, to reimburse, xx. 22). Instead of
wymt, the Kerî reads wUmtA; but that this verb, with a middle vowel,
may be y’f as well as v”f, Ps. Iv. 2 shows.
1 In the Torath Emeth, p. 18, the word is irregularly represented as Milel-
a closed syllable with Cholem can suffer no retrogression of the tone.
362 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 14 As one letteth out water is the beginning of a strife;
But cease thou from such strife ere it comes to showing teeth.
The meaning of this verb rFaPA is certain: it means to break forth;
and transitively, like Arab. fatir, to bring forth from a cleft, to
make to break forth, to let go free (Theodotion, a]polu<wn; Jerome,
dimittit; Venet. a]fiei<j). The LXX., since it translates by e]cousin<an
di<dwsi, thinks on the juristic signification, which occurs in the
Chronicles: to make free, or to declare so; but here Myima rFeOP (vid.
regarding the Metheg at xiv. 31, p. 311) is, as Luther translates,
one who tears away the dam from the waters. And NOdmA tywixre is
not accus. dependent on rFvp, to be supplied (Hitzig: he unfetters
water who the beginning of strife, viz. unfetters); but the part
is used as at x. 17: one who unfetters the water is the beginning
of strife, i.e. he is thus related to it as when one . . . This is an
addition to the free use of the part. in the language of the Mishna,
where one would expect the infin., e.g. fareOzB; ( = faroz;Bi), if one sows,
dyzimeB; (=NyzimeB;), of wantonness. It is thus unnecessary, with Ewald,
to interpret rFvp as neut., which lets water go a water-outbreak;
rFvp is meant personally; it represents one who breaks through a
water-dam, withdraws the restraint of the water, opens a sluice,
and then emblematically the proverb says: thus conditioned is the
beginning of a strife. Then follows the warning to let go such strife
(byrihA, with the article used in the more elevated style, not without
emphasis), to break from it, to separate it from oneself ere it reach a
dangerous height. This is expressed by fla.GaT;hi ynep;li, a verb occurring
only here and at xviii. 1, xx. 3, always in the Hithpa. The Targum
(misunderstood by Gesenius after Buxtorf ; vid. to the contrary,
Levy, under the word ydc II.) translates it at xviii. 1, xx. 3, as the
Syr., by "to mock," also Aquila, who has at xx. 3, e]cubrisqh<setai,
and the LXX. at xviii. 1, e]ponei<distoj e@stai, and Jerome, who has
this in all the three passages, render the Hithpa. in this sense, passively.
In this passage before us, the Targ., as Hitzig gives it, translates,
"before it heats itself," but that is an error occasioned by Buxtorf;
vid. on the contrary, Levy, under the word xyAr;qa (ku<rioj); this trans-
lation, however, has a representative in Haja Gaon, who appeals
for flG, to glow, to Nidda viii. 2.1 Elsewhere the LXX., at xx. 3,
sumple<ketai (where Jerome, with the amalgamation of the two
significations, miscentur contumeliis); Kimchi and others gloss it
by
brfth, and, according to
this, the Venet. translates, pro> tou?
1Vid. Simon Nascher's Der
Gaon Haja u. seine geist. Thätig. p. 15.
CHAP. XVII. 14. 363
sunxuqh?nai (th>n e@rin); Luther, "before thou art mingled therein."
But all these explanations of the word: insultare, excandescere,
and commisceri, are etymologically inadmissible. Bertheau's and
Zöckler's "roll itself forth" is connected at least with a meaning
rightly belonging to the R. lg. But the Arab. shows, that not the
meaning volvere, but that of retegere is to be adopted. Aruchl for
Nidda viii. 2 refers to the Arab., where a wound is designated
as Md xycvhlv faleGAhil; hlvky, i.e. as breaking up, as it were, when the
crust of that which is nearly healed is broken off (Maimuni glosses
the word by Jlqthl, were uncrusted), and blood again comes forth.
The meaning retegere requires here, however, another distinction.
The explanation mentioned there by Aruch: before the strife
becomes public to thee, i.e. approaches thee, is not sufficient. The
verbal stem flg is the stronger power of hlg; and means laying bare;
but here, not as there, in the Mishna of a wound covered with a
crust. The Arab. jal' means to quarrel with another, properly to
show him the teeth, the Poel or the tendency-stern from jali' a, to
have the mouth standing open, so that one shows his teeth; and the
Syr. glasi, with its offshoots and derivatives, has also this meaning
of ringi, opening the mouth to show, i.e. to make bare the teeth.
Schultens has established this explanation of the words, and
Gesenius further establishes it in the Thesaurus, according to
which Fleischer also remarks, "flg, of showing the teeth, the
exposing of the teeth by the wide opening of the mouth, as
happens in bitter quarrels." But byrihA does not agree with this.
Hitzig's translation, "before the strife shows its teeth," is as
modern as in ver. 11 is the passion of the unfettered demon, and
Fleischer's prius vero quam exacerbetur rixa renders the Hithpa.
in a sense unnecessarily generalized for xviii. 1 and xx. 3. The
accentuation, which separates flgthl from byrihA by Rebia Mugrash,
is correct. One may translate, as Schultens, antequam dentes strin-
gantur, or, since the Hithpa. has sometimes a reciprocal signification,
e.g. Gen. xlii. 1, Ps. xli. 8: ere one reciprocally shows his teeth.
Hitzig unjustly takes exception to the inversion wOFn; byrihA. Why
should not the object precede, as at Hos. xii. 15, the wOFn; placed
with emphasis at the end? The same inversion for a like reason
occurs at Eccles. v. 6.
1 [Vid. p. 109, note.]
364 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
Ver. 15 He that acquitteth the guilty and condemneth the righteous
An abomination to Jahve are they both.
The proverb is against the partisan judge who is open to bribery,
like xxiv. 24, cf. Isa. v. 23, where, with reference to such, the
announcement of punishment is emphatically made. fwArA and
qyDica, in a forensic sense, are equivalent to sons (reus) and insons.
MGa (cf. the Arab. jmy'na, altogether, but particularly the Pers. ham
and the Turkish dkhy standing wholly thus in the numeral) is here,
as at Gen. xxvii. 45, equivalent to vyDAH;ya, Jer. xlvi. 12 (in its unions
= united). Whoever pronounces sentence of justification on the
guilty, appears as if he must be judged more mildly than he who
condemns the guiltless, but both the one and the other alike are an
abhorrence to God.
We take vers. 16-21 together. This group begins with a pro-
verb of the heartless, and ends with one of the perverse-hearted;
and between these there are not wanting noticeable points of con-
tact between the proverbs that follow one another.
Ver. 16 Why the ready money in the hand of the fool;
To get wisdom when he has yet no heart?
The question is made pointed by hz,, thus not: why the ready
money when . . . ? Is it to obtain wisdom?—the whole is but one
question, the reason of which is founded in NyixA blev; (thus to be ac-
cented with Mugrash going before).1 The fool, perhaps, even makes
some endeavours, for he goes to the school of the wise, to follow
out their admonitions, hmAk;HA hneq; (iv. 5, etc.), and it costs him some-
thing (iv. 7), but all to no purpose, for be has no heart. By this
it is not meant that knowledge, for which he pays his honorarium,
remains, it may be, in his head, but goes not to his heart, and thus
becomes an unfruitful theory; but the heart is equivalent to the
understanding (vid. p. 174), in the sense in which the heart appears
as the previous condition to the attainment of wisdom (xviii. 15),
and as something to be gained before all (xv. 32), viz. understanding,
as the fitting intellectual and practical habitus to the reception, the
1 If we write -bl,v; with Makkeph, then we have to accentuate hmkH tvnql
with Tarcha Munach, because the Silluk word in this writing has not two
syllables before the.tone. This sequence of accents is found in the Codd. Ven.
1521, 1615, Basel 1619, while most editions have Nyx-blv hmkH tvnql, which is
false. But according to MSS. we have blv without Makkeph, and that is right
according to the Makkeph rules of the metrical Accentuationssystem; vid. Torath
Emeth, p. 40.
CHAP. XVII. 17. 365
appropriation, and realization of wisdom, the ability rightly to com-
prehend the fulness of the communicated knowledge, and to adopt
it as an independent possession, that which the Greek called vou?j,
as in that "golden proverb" of Democrates: polloi> polumaqe<ej
nou?n ou]k e@xousi, or as in Luke xxiv. 25, where it is said that the
Lord opened to>n nou?n, of His disciples to understand the Scriptures.
In the LXX. a distich follows ver. 16, which is made up of 19b
and 20b, and contains a varied translation of these two lines.
Ver. 17 At all times the right friend shows himself loving;
And as a brother is he born for adversity.
Brother is more than friend, he stands to one nearer than a friend
does, Ps. xxxv. 14; but the relation of a friend may deepen itself
into a spiritual, moral brotherhood, xviii. 24, and there is no name
of friend that sounds dearer than yHixA, 2 Sam. i. 26. 17a and 17b
are, according to this, related to each other climactically. The
friend meant in 17a is a true friend. Of no other is it said that
he loves tfe-lkAB;, i.e. makes his love manifest; and also the article
in farehA not only here gives to the word more body, but stamps it as
an ideal-word the friend who corresponds to the idea of such an
one.1 The inf. of the Hiph., in the sense "to associate" (Ewald),
cannot therefore farehA, because fare is not derived from ffarA, but
from hfArA. Thus there exists no contrast between 17a and 17b,
so that the love of a friend is thought of, in contradistinction to
that of a brother, as without permanency (Fl.); but 17b means that
the true friend shows himself in the time of need, and that thus
the friendship becomes closer, like that between brothers. The
statements do not refer to two kinds of friends; this is seen from
the circumstance that HxA, has not the article, as frehA has. It is not
the subj. but pred., as Mdx, Job xi. 12: sooner is a wild ass born or
born again as a man. The meaning of dleUAhi there, as at Ps. lxxxvii.
5 f., borders on the notion of regenerari; here the idea is not essen-
tially much less, for by the saying that the friend is born in the time
of need, as a brother, is meant that he then for the first time shows
himself as a friend, he receives the right status or baptism of such
an one, and is, as it were, born into personal brotherly relationship
to the sorely-tried friend. The translation comprobatur (Jerome)
and erfunden [is found out] (Luther) obliterates the peculiar and
1 The Arab. grammarians say that the article in this case stands, l'astfrâgh
khsânas âljnas, as an exhaustive expression of all essential properties of the
genus, i.e. to express the full ideal realization of the idea in that which is named
366 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
thus intentional expression, for dlaOn is not at all a metaphor used for
passing into the light—the two passages in Proverbs and in Job
have not their parallel. hrAcAl; is not equivalent to hrAcAB;; (cf. Ps. ix.
10, x. 1), for the interchange of the prep. in 17a and 17b would then
be without any apparent reason. But Hitzig's translation also: as
a brother he is born of adversity, is impossible, for l; after dlvn and
dl.ayu always designates that for which the birth is an advantage, not
that from which it proceeds. Thus will be that of the purpose:
for the purpose of the need,—not indeed to suffer (Job v. 7) on
account of it, but to bear it in sympathy, and to help to bear it.
Rightly Fleischer: frater autem ad aerumnam (sc. levandam et re-
movendam) nascitur. The LXX. gives this sense to the l: a]delfoi>
de> e]n a]na<gkaij xrh<simoi e@stwsan, tou?to ga>r xa<rin gennw?ntai.
Ver. 18 A man void of understanding is he who striketh hands,
Who becometh surety with his neighbour.
Cf. vi. 1-5, where the warning against suretyship is given at large,
and the reasons for it are adduced. It is incorrect to translate
(Gesen., Hitzig, and others) Uhfere ynep;li, with the LXX., Jerome,
the Syr., Targ., and Luther, "for his neighbour;" to become
surety for any one is l; brafA, vi. 1, or, with the object. accus., xi.
15, another suitable prep. is bdfaB;; but ynpl never means pro (u[pe<r),
for at 1 Sam. i. 16 it means "to the person," and 2 Sam. iii. 31,
"before Abner's corpse (bier)." Uhfere is thus here the person
with whom the suretyship is entered into; he can be called the
fre of him who gives bail, so much the more as the reception of the
bail supposes that both are well known to each other. Here also
Fleischer rightly translates: apud alterum (sc. creditorem pro de-
bitore).
Ver. 19 He loveth sin who loveth strife;
He who maketh high his doors seeketh destruction.
A synthetic distich (vid. p. 10). Böttcher finds the reason of the
pairing of these two lines in the relationship between a mouth and
a door (cf. Mic. vii. 5, j~ypi yHet;Pi). Hitzig goes further, and sup-
poses that 19b figuratively expresses what boastfulness brings upon
itself. Against Geier, Schultens, and others, who understand
OHt;Pi directly of the mouth, he rightly remarks that hP,h.ayBig;hi is not
heard of, and that hp lyDig;hi would be used instead. But the two
lines harmonize, without this interchangeable reference of os and
ostium. Zanksucht [quarrelsomeness] and Prunksucht [ostenta-
tion] are related as the symptoms of selfishness. But both bear
CHAP. XVII. 20, 21. 367
their sentence in themselves. He who has pleasure in quarrelling
has pleasure in evil, for he commits himself to the way of great
sinning, and draws others along with him; and he who cannot
have the door of his house high enough and splendid enough, pre-
pares thereby for himself, against his will, the destruction of his
house. An old Hebrew proverb says, Nksmty Nynbb qsvfh lk, aedifi-
candi nimis studiosus ad mendieitatem redigitur. Both parts of this
verse refer to one and the same individual, for the insanum aedi-
ficandi studium goes only too often hand in hand with unjust and
heartless litigation.
Ver. 20 He that is of a false heart findeth no good;
And he that goeth astray with his tongue falleth into evil.
Regarding: ble-wq.,fi, vid. xi. 20. In the parallel member, OnOwl;Bi j`PAh;n,
is he who twists or winds (vid. at ii. 12) with his tongue, going
about concealing and falsifying the truth. The phrase j`Pahnv (the
connecting form before a word with a prep.) is syntactically
possible, but the Masora designates the word, in contradistinction
to j`Pahnv, pointed with Pathach, Lev. xiii. 16, with byl as unicum,
thus requires j`PAhnv, as is also found in Codd. The contrast of hfArA
is here bvF, also neut., as xiii. 21, cf. xvi. 20, and frA, xiii. 17.
The first three parts of the old Solomonic Book of Proverbs
((1) x. 1-xii. 28; (2) xiii. 1-xv. 19; (3) xv. 20-xvii. 20) are now
followed by the fourth part. We recognise it as striking the same
keynote as x. 1. In xvii. 21 it resounds once more, here com-
mencing a part; there, x. 1, beginning the second group of pro-
verbs. The first closes, as it begins, with a proverb of the fool.
Ver. 21 He that begetteth a fool, it is to his sorrow;
And the father a a fool hath no joy.
It is admissible to supply OdlAy; developing itself from dleyo, before
Ol hGUtl; (vid. regarding this passive formation, at x. 1, cf. xiv. 13),
as at Isa. lxvi. 3, hlefEma (Fl.: in maerorem sibi genuit h. e. ideo
videtur genuisse ut sibi maerorem crearet); but not less admissible is
it to interpret vl hgvtl as a noun-clause corresponding to the
HmaW;yi-xlov; (thus to be written with Makkeph): it brings grief to him.
According as one understands this as an expectation, or as a con-
sequence, as at xxiii. 24, is rendered either qui gignit or qui
genuit. With lbAnA, seldom occurring in the Book of Proverbs (only
here and at ver. 7), lysiK;, occurring not unfrequently, is inter-
changed. Schultens rightly defines the latter etymologically:
368 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
mareidus h. e. qui ad virtutem, pietatem, vigorem omnem vitae spiri-
tuals medullitus emarcuit; and the former: elumbis et mollitie seg-
nitieve fractus, the intellecually heavy and sluggish (cf. Arab.
kasal, laziness; kaslân, the lazy).1
Ver. 22 A joyful heart bringeth good recovery;
And a broken spirit drieth the bones.
The heart is the centre of the individual life, and the condition
and the tone of the heart communicates itself to this life, even
to its outermost circumference; the spirit is the power of self-
consciousness which, according as it is lifted up or broken, also
lifts up or breaks down the condition of the body (Psychol. p.
199), vid. the similar contrasted phrases HameWA ble and hxAken; HaUr, xv.
13. The a!p. leg. hhAGe (here and there in Codd. incorrectly
written hhAyGe) has nothing to do with the Arab. jihat, which does
not mean sight, but direction, and is formed from wjah (whence
wajah, sight), like hdAfe, congregation, from dfavA (dfayA). The Syn,
Targ. (perhaps also Syinmachus: a]gaqu<nei h[liki<an; Jerome:
aetatem floridam facit; Luther: makes the life lüstig [cheerful])
translate it by body; but for this hvAGe (hy.AviG;) is used, and that is a
word of an entirely different root from hhAGe. To what verb this
refers is shown by Hos. v. 13: rOzmA MK,mi hh,g;yi-xlov;, and healed not
for you her ulcerous wound. rOzmA is the compress, i.e. the bandage
closing up the ulcer, then also the ulcer-wound itself; and hhAGA is
the contrary of hlAfA, e.g. Jer. viii. 22; it means the removing of the
bandage and the healing of the wound. This is confirmed by the
Syr. gho, which in like manner is construed with min, and means
to be delivered from something (vid. Bernstein's Lex. Syr. to
Kirsch's Chrestomathie). The Aethiop. quadriliteral gâhgĕh, to
hinder, to cause to cease, corresponds to the causative Syr. agahish.
Accordingly hh,Ge means to be in the condition of abatement, miti-
gation, healing; and hhAGe (as synonym of hhAKe, Neh. iii. 19, with
which Parchon combines it), levamen, levatio, in the sense of bodily
healing (LXX. eu]ektei?n poiei?; Venet., after Kimchi, a]gaqunei?
1 Nöldeke's assertion (Art. Orion in Schenkel's Bibel-Lexicon) that the Arab.
kasal corresponds to the Hebr. lwaKA proceeds from the twofold supposition,
that the meaning to be lazy underlies the meaning to totter (vid. also Dietrich
in Gesenius' Heb. Wörterbuch), and that the Hebr. s must correspond with the
Arab. . The former supposition is untenable, the latter is far removed (cf.
e.g. xs.eKi and kursî, rp,se and sifr, NKes;mi and miskîn). The verb lwaKA, Aram.
lqT;, is unknown in the Arab.
CHAP. XVIL 23, 24. 369
qerapei<an); and hhAGe byFyhe (cf. xv. 2) denotes, to bring good im-
provement, to advance powerfully the recovery. Schultens com-
pares the Arab. jahy, nitescere, disserenari, as Menahem has done
h.GanA, but this word is one of the few words which are explained
exclusively from the Syriac (and AEthiop.). Mr,G, (here and at
xxv. 15) is the word interchanging with Mc,f,, xv. 30, xvi. 24.
Ver. 23 Bribery from the bosom the godless receiveth,
To pervert the ways of justice.
Regarding dHawo, vid. xvii. 8. The idea of this word, as well as the
clause containing the purpose, demand for the fwArA a high judicial
or administrative post. The bosom, qHe (qyHe), is, as xvi. 23, that of
the clothing. From the bosom, qHeme, where it was kept concealed,
the gift is brought forth, and is given into the bosom, qHeBa; xxi.
14, of him whose favour is to be obtained—an event taking place
under four eyes, which purposely withdraws itself from the obser-
vation of any third person. Since this is done to give to the
course of justice a direction contrary to rectitude, the giver of the
bribe has not right on his side; and, under the circumstances, the
favourable decision which he purchases may be at once the un-
righteous sentence of a qydc, accusing him, or accused by him,
xviii. 5.
Ver. 24 The understanding has his attention toward wisdom;
But the eyes of a fool are on the end of the earth.
Many interpreters explain, as Euchel:
"The understanding finds wisdom everywhere;
The eyes of the fool seek it at the end of the world."
Ewald refers to Deut. xxx. 11-14 as an unfolding of the same
thought. But although it may be said of the fool (vid. on the
contrary, xv. 14) that he seeks wisdom, only not at the right place,
as at xiv. 6, of the mocker that be seeks wisdom but in vain, yet
here the order of the words, as well as the expression, lead us to
another thought: before the eyes of the understanding (yneP;-tx,, as
Gen. xxxiii. 18, 1 Sam. ii. 11, and frequently in the phrase hxrn
'h ynp-tx, e.g. 1 Sam. i. 22) wisdom lies as his aim, his object, the
end after which he strives; on the contrary, the eyes of the fool,
without keeping that one necessary thing in view, wander in alia
omnia, and roam about what is far off, without having any fixed
object. The fool is everywhere with his thoughts, except where
he ought to be. Leaving out of view that which lies nearest, he
loses himself in alliena. The understanding has an ever present
370 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
theme in wisdom, which arrests his attention, and on which he con-
centrates himself; but the fool flutters about fantastically from one
thing to another, and that which is to him precisely of least import-
ance interests him the most.
The series of proverbs, ver. 25-xviii. 2, begins and closes in the
same way as the preceding, and only ver. 26 stands by itself without
apparent connection.
Ver. 25. This verse begins connecting itself with ver. 21:
A grief to his father is a foolish son,
And a bitter woe for her that bare him.
The a!p. leg. rm,m, is formed from rramA (to be bitter, properly harsh),
as sk,m, from ssaKA. The Syr. and Targ. change the subst. into parti-
ciples; some codd. also have rmeme (after the forms lHeme, bseme, rpeme,
fareme), but as may be expected in 25a, Myfik;ma. The dat. obj. instead
of the accus. may be possible; the verse immediately following
furnishes a sufficient example of this.
Ver. 26 Also to inflict punishment on the righteous is not good;
This, that one overthrows the noble on account of his rectitude.
Does the MGa [also] refer to a connection from which the proverb is
separated? or is it tacitly supposed that there are many kinds of
worthless men in the world, and that one from among them is
brought forward? or is it meant, that to lay upon the righteous a
pecuniary punishment is also not good? None of all these. The
proverb must have a meaning complete in itself; and if pecuniary
punishment and corporeal punishment were regarded as opposed to
one another, 26b would then have begun with yki Jxa (quanto magis
percutere ingenuos). Here it is with Mg as at xx. 11, and as with j`xa.
at 11a, and qra at xiii. 10: according to the sense, it belongs not to
the word next following, but to qyDic.ala; and wnafA (whence inf. wOnfE, as
xxi. 11, with the ă in f, cf. also dboxE, xi. 10, for dbox<) means here not
specially to inflict a pecuniary fine, but generally to punish, for, as
in mulctare, the meaning is generalized, elsewhere with the accus.,
Deut. xxii. 19, here to give to any one to undergo punishment.
The ruler is the servant of God, who has to preserve rectitude, ei]j
o]rgh>n t&? to> kako>n pra<ssonti (Rom. xiii. 14). It is not good
when he makes his power to punish to be felt by the innocent as
well as by the guilty.
In 26b, instead of tOkha, the proverb is continued with tOKhal;;
bOF-xlo, which is to be supplied, takes the inf. alone when it pre-
cedes, and the inf. with l; when it follows, xviii. 5, xxviii. 21,
CHAP. XVII. 27. 371
xxi. 9 (hut cf. xxi. 19). tOKha is the usual word for punishment
by scourging, Deut. xxv. 1-3, cf. 2 Cor. xi. 24, N. T. mastigou?n,
de<rein, Rabb. tOKma, strokes, or tUql;ma from hqAlA, vapulare, to receive
stripes. Mybiydin; are here those noble in disposition. The idea of bydn
fluctuates between generosus in an outward and in a moral sense,
wherefore rw,y-lfa, or rather rw,yo-ylefE, is added; for the old editions,
correct MSS., and e.g. also Soncin. 1488, present ylefE (vid. Norzi).
Hitzig incorrectly explains this, "against what is due" (rw,y, as
xi. 24); also Ps. xciv. 20, qHo-ylefE does not mean kata> prosta<g-
matoj (Symmachus), but e]pi> prosta<gmati (LXX. and Theod.), on
the ground of right = praetextu juris (Vatabl.). Thus rwy-ylf means
here neither against nor beyond what is due, but: on the ground of
honourable conduct, making this (of course mistakenly) a lawful
title to punishment; Aquila, e]pi> eu]qu<thti, cf. Matt. v. 10, e!neken
dikaiosu<nhj. Besides, for lf after hKAhi, the causal signification lies
nearest Num. xxii. 32, cf. Isa. i. 5 (hm-lf, on account of anything).
If the power of punishment is abused to the punishing of the
righteous, yea, even to the corporeal chastisement of the noble, and
their straight, i.e. conscientious, firm, open conduct, is made a
crime against them, that is not good—it is perversion of the idea of
justice, and an iniquity which challenges the penal rectitude of the
Most High (Eccles. v. 7 [8]).
Ver. 27 He that keepeth his words to himself hath knowledge,
And the cool of temper is a man of understanding.
The first line here is a variation of x. 19b. The phrase tfaDA fdayA
(here and at Dan. i. 4) means to possess knowledge (novisse);
more frequently it is hnAyBi fdayA, e.g. iv. 1, where fdy, has the inchoative
sense of noscere. In 27b the Kerî is Hvr-rqay;. Jerome translates
it pretiosi spiritus, the Venet. ti<mioj to> pneu?ma. Rashi glosses rqy
here, as at 1 Sam. iii. 1, by fvnm (thus to be read after codd.),
retentus spiritu; most interpreters remark that the spirit here comes
into view as expressing itself in words. It is scarcely correct to
say that MyribAD; rqay; could designate one who is sparing in his words,
but HaUr-rqay; is, according to the fundamental conception of the
verb rqayA, gravis spiritu (Schultens), of a dignified, composed spirit;
it is a quiet seriousness proceeding from high conscientiousness,
and maintaining itself in self-control, which is designated by this
word. But the Chethîb HaUr-rqav; presents almost the same descrip-
tion of character. rqa from rraqA (of the same root as rqy) means
to be firm, unmoveable, kartero>n ei#nai, hence to be congealed,
372 THE BOOK OF PROVERBS.
frozen, cold (cf. frigus with rigere, rigor), figuratively to be cold-
blooded, passionless, quiet, composed (Fl.); cf. post-bibl. HaUr traqo
(Arab., kiurrat ‘ain), cooling = refreshing, a]na<yucij (Acts iii. 20).1
Whether we read rqy or rq, in any case we are not to translate
rarus spiritu, which, apart from the impossibility of the expression,
makes 27b almost a tautological repetition of the thought of 27a.
The first line recommends bridling of the tongue, in contrast to
inconsiderate and untimely talk; the second line recommends cold-
ness, i.e. equanimity of spirit, in contrast to passionate heat.
Ver. 28 continues the same theme, the value of silence:
Even a fool, when he keeps silence, is counted wise;
When he shutteth his mouth, discreet.
The subj. as well as the pred. of the first line avail for the second.
MFaxA, obturare, occludere, usually of closing the ear, is here trans-
ferred to the mouth. The Hiph. wyriH<h, means mutum agere (cf.
Arab. khrs, mutum esse), from 077, which, like kwfo<j, passes from
the meaning surdus to that of mutus (Fl.). The words of Job
xiii. 5, and also those of Alexander: si tacuisses sapiens mansisses,
are applicable to fools. An Arab. proverb says, "silence is the
covering of the stupid." In the epigrammatical hexameter,
pa?j tij a]pai<dentoj fronimw<tato<j e]sti siwpw?n
the word siwpw?n has the very same syntactical position as these
two participles.2
1 “He has made my eye glowing" (askhn, cf. NyHw) is in Arab. equivalent to
"he has deeply troubled me." The eye of the benevolent is bârid, and in the
Semitic manner of expression, with deep psychological significance, it is said
that the tears of sorrow are hot, but those of joy cold.
2 Cf. C. Schulze's Die bibl. Sprichwörter (1860), p. 60 f.
If
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