Laws from Heaven for Life on Earth.
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF THE
BOOK OF PROVERBS.
BY THE
REV. WILLIAM ARNOT,
ST. PETER’S FREE CHURCH, GLASGOW.
Second Series.
Vol. 2
LONDON:
T. NELSON AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW;
EDINBURGH; AND NEW YORK.
MDCCCLVIII.
1858
TO THE READER.
WHILE, as a series of practical comments upon texts selected
from a Book of Scripture, the two volumes now published
constitute one whole; yet, from the nature of the sub-
jects, and the manner in which they have been treated,
each is complete in itself, and independent of the other.
For the sake of those who may see this volume first, or
this volume only, the explanatory note which was pre-
fixed to the former volume is reprinted here:—
These Illustrations of the Proverbs are not critical, continuous,
exhaustive. The comments, in imitation of the text, are intended to
be brief, practical, miscellaneous, isolated. The reader may, however,
perceive a principle of unity running through the whole, if he take
his stand at the outset on the writer's view-point—a desire to lay the
Christian System along the surface of common life, without removing
it from its foundations in the doctrines of Grace. The authority of
the instructions must be divine: the form transparently human.
Although the lessons should, with a pliant familiarity, lay themselves
along the line of men's thoughts and actions, they will work no deli-
verance, unless redeeming love be everywhere the power to press
them in. On the other hand, although evangelical doctrine be con-
sistently maintained throughout, the teaching will come short of its
purpose unless it go right into every crevice of a corrupt heart, and
perseveringly double every turn of a crooked path. Without "the
love wherewith He loved us" as our motive power, we cannot reach
vi TO THE READER.
for healing any of the deeper ailments of the world: but having such
a power within our reach, we should not leave it dangling in the air;
we should bring it down, and make it bear on every sorrow that
afflicts, and every sin that defiles humanity. The two extremes to
be avoided are, abstract, unpractical speculation, and shallow, power-
less, heathen morality; the one a soul without a body, the other a
body without a soul—the one a ghost, the other a carcass. The aim
is, to be doctrinal without losing our hold of earth, and practical
without losing our hold of heaven.
Most certain it is that if the Church at any period, or any portion
of the Church, has fallen into either of these extremes, it has been
her own fault; for the Bible, her standard, is clear from both impu-
tations. Christ is its subject and its substance. His word is like
Himself. It is of heaven, but it lays itself closely around the life
of men. Such is the Bible; and such, in their own place and mea-
sure, should our expositions of it be.
Had our object been a critical exposition of the Book, it would
have been our duty to devote the larger share of our attention to the
more difficult parts. But our aim from first to last has been more to
apply the obvious than to elucidate the obscure, and the selection of
texts has been determined accordingly. As there is diversity of gifts,
there should be division of labour. While scientific inquirers re-exa-
mine the joints of the machine, and demonstrate anew the principles
of its construction, it may not be amiss that a workman should set
the machine a-going, and try its effects on the affairs of life.
W. A.
CONTENTS
PAGE
I. THE ALL-SEEING 9
II. A WHOLESOME TONGUE 23
III. MIRTH A MEDICINE 30
IV. TASTES DIFFER 37
V. HUMILITY BEFORE HONOUR 46
VI. THE MAKER AND THE BREAKER OF A FAMILY’S PEACE 51
VII. THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE 59
VIII. MERCY AND TRUTH 68
IX. PROVIDENCE 74
X. WISDOM AND WEALTH—THEIR COMPARATIVE WORTH 88
XL THE HIGHWAY OF THE UPRIGHT 93
XII. THE WELL-SPRING OF LIFE 99
XIII. THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS 104
XIV. FRIENDSHIP 116
XV. THE BIAS ON THE SIDE OF SELF 126
XVI. A WIFE 131
XVII. ANGER 142
XVIII. A POOR MAN IS BETTER THAN A LIAR 147
XIX. THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK 152
XX. THE SLUGGARD SHALL COME TO WANT 164
XXI. WISDOM MODEST, FOLLY OBTRUSIVE 170
XXII. TWO WITNESSES—THE HEARING EAR/THE SEEING EYE 175
XXIII. BUYERS AND SELLERS 187
viii CONTENTS.
PAGE
XXIV. A GOOD NAME 195
XXV. THE RICH AND THE POOR MEET TOGETHER 200
XXVI. HIDING-PLACES FOR THE PRUDENT 205
XXVII. EDUCATION 209
XXVIII. THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER 228
XXIX. CONVENIENT FOOD 237
XXX. THE RIGHTS OF MAN 244
XXXI. A FAITHFUL FATHER 256
XXXII. THE PROSPERITY OF THE WICKED 268
XXXIII. A BROTHER'S KEEPER 273
XXXIV. PIETY AND PATRIOTISM 282
XXIV. THE SLUGGARD’S GARDEN 290
XXXVI. MONARCHS—UNDER GOD AND OVER MAN 296
XXXVII. A FAITHFUL MESSENGER 303
XXVIII. THE FIRE THAT MELTS AN ENEMY 309
XXXIX. A TIME TO FROWN AND A TIME TO SMILE 317
XL. COLD WATERS TO THE THIRSTY SOUL 323
XLI. AN IMPURE APPETITE SEEKS IMPURE FOOD 328
XLII. NOW, OR TO-MORROW 333
XLIII. THE COUNTENANCE OF A FRIEND 342
XLIV. CONSCIENCE 348
XLV. SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED 353
XLVI. THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE 366
XLVII. PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH 379
XLVIII. LEMUEL AND HIS MOTHER 392
XLIX. A HEROINE 397
L. FAITH AND OBEDIENCE—WORK AND REST 407
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF THE
BOOK OF PROVERBS.
I.
THE ALL-SEEING.
"The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the good. Hell
and destruction are before the Lord: how much more then the hearts of
the children of men?"—PROVERBS xv. 3, 11.
THE omniscience of God is usually considered a funda-
mental doctrine of natural religion. Nobody denies it.
Infidelity in this department is acted, not spoken. Specu-
lative unbelievers are wont, in a free and easy way, to
set down at least a very large proportion of the existing
Christian profession to the credit of hypocrisy. Hypo-
crite is a disreputable name, and most men would rather
impute it to a neighbour than acknowledge it their own:
but it is one thing to repudiate the word, and another to
be exempt from the thing which it signifies. That weed
seems to grow as freely on the soil of natural religion as
in the profession of Christian faith. A man may be a
10 THE ALL-SEEING.
hypocrite although he abjures the Bible. Most of those
who reject a written revelation profess to learn from the
volume of creation that a just God is everywhere pre-
sent, beholding the evil and the good; but what disciple
of Nature lives consistently with even his own short
creed?
The doctrine of the divine omniscience, although owned
and argued for by men's lips, is neglected or resisted in
their lives. The unholy do not like to have a holy Eye
ever open over them, whatever their profession may be.
If fallen men, apart from the one Mediator, say or think
that the presence of God is pleasant to them, it is because
they have radically mistaken either their own character
or his. They have either falsely lifted up their own
attainments, or falsely dragged down the standard of the
Judge.
Atheism is the inner spirit of all the guilty, until they
be reconciled through the blood of the cross. All image
worship, whether heathen or Romish, is Atheism incarnate.
The idol is a body which men, at Satan's bidding, prepare
for their own enmity against God. The gods many and
lords many that thickly strew the path of humanity over
time, are the product ever and anon thrown off by the
desperate wriggle of the guilty to escape from the look
of an all-seeing Eye, and so be permitted to do their deeds
in congenial darkness. When spiders stretched their webs
across the eylids of Jupiter, notwithstanding all the efforts
that Greek sculpture had put forth to make the image
awful, the human worshipper would hide, without scruple,
in his heart the thoughts which he did not wish his deity
THE ALL-SEEING. 11
to know. It was even an express tenet of the heathen
superstitions that the authority of the gods was partial
and local. One who was dreadful on the hills might be
safely despised in the valleys. In this feature, as in all
others, the Popish idolatry, imitative rather than inven-
tive, follows the rut in which the ancient current ran.
Particular countries and classes of persons are assigned to
particular saints. With puerile perseverance, the whole
surface of the earth and the whole course of the year
have been mapped and appropriated, so that you cannot
plant a pin point either in time or space without touch-
ing the territory of some Romish god or goddess. In
this way the ignorant devotee practically escapes from
the conviction of an omniscient Witness. "Divide and
conquer" is the maxim of the enemy when he tries to
deaden or destroy that sense of divine inspection which
seems to spring native in the human mind When he
cannot persuade a man that there is no such witness, he
persuades him, as the next best, that there are a thousand.
When a man will not profess to have no god, the same
end is accomplished by giving him many.
We sometimes feel and express surprise that rational
beings should degrade themselves by worshipping blind,
dumb idols, which their own hands have made; but it is
precisely because the idols are blind and dumb that men
are willing to worship them. A god or a saint that
should really cast the glance of a pure eye into the con-
science of the worshipper would not long be held in
repute. The grass would grow again round that idol's
shrine. A seeing god would not do: the idolater wants
12 THE ALL-SEEING.
a blind one. The first cause of idolatry is a desire in an
impure heart to escape from the look of the living God,
and none but a dead image would serve the turn.
From history and experience it appears that idolaters
prefer to have an image that looks like life, provided
always that it be not living. A real omniscience they
will not endure; but a mimic omniscience pleases the
fancy, and rocks the conscience into a sounder sleep. In
the present generation the Romish craftsmen have tasked
their ingenuity to make the eyes of their pictured saints
move upon the canvass. The eyeball of a certain saint
rolled, or seemed to roll, in its dusky colouring within
the dimly-lighted aisle, and great was the effect on the
devotions of the multitude. In places where Protestant
truth has not shorn their superstition of its grosser out-
growths, the procession of the Fete Dieu is garnished
with a huge goggle eye, carried aloft upon a pole, moved
in its socket by strings and pulleys, and ticketed "The
Omniscient." This becomes an object of great attraction
in the crowd. In one aspect it is more childish than
any child's play; but in another aspect a melancholy
seriousness pervades it. This hideous mimicry of omni-
science is an elaborate effort to weave a veil under which
an unclean conscience may comfortably hide from the eye
of God. After all the darkening and distorting effects of
sin, there lies in the deep of a human soul an appetite
for the knowledge of God, which, when it can do no
more, stirs now and then, and troubles the man. It is
the art of Antichrist to lie on the watch for that blind
hunger when first it begins to stir, and throw into its
THE ALL-SEEING. 13
opening mouth heaps of swine-food husks, to gorge and
lay it, lest it should seek and get the bread of life.
This is the grosser method, which grosser natures adopt
to destroy within themselves the sense of divine omni-
science. There is another way running off in an opposite
direction,—more refined, indeed, but equally atheistic,
more manly, but not more godly, than the crowded Pan-
theon of ancient or modern Rome. This other road to rest
is Pantheism. If there is speculation in an age, it becomes
restive under the thick clay of image-worship. There is a
spirit which will not endure a material idol, and yet is not
the spirit of God. Dagon falls, and the philosophers make
sport of his dishonoured stump. Instead of making a little
ugly idol for themselves, they adopt a great and glorious one
made to their hands. God, they say, is the soul of Nature;
and Nature therefore is the only god whom they desire or
need. Sea, earth, air,—flowers, trees, and living crea-
tures, including man, —the creatures in the aggregate,—
the universe is God. In this way they contrive to heal
over the wound which the sense of an omniscient Eye
makes in an unclean conscience. It is the personality of
God that stings the flesh of the alienated. It is easier
to deal with Nature in her majestic movements than with
the Self of the Holy One. Nature heaves in the sea, and
sighs in the wind, and blossoms in the flowers, and bleats
on the pastures. Nature glides gently round in her
gigantic orbit, and stoops not to notice the thoughts and
words of a human being. He may live as he lists, al-
though Nature is there. Philosophy compels him to reject
the paltry, tangible, local gods of all the superstitions.
14 THE ALL-SEEING.
Reason constrains him to own the universality of the
Creator's presence. The problem in his mind is, how to
conceive of the Lord's eyes being in every place, and yet
indifferent to sin. In order to accomplish this, the per-
sonal, with its pungency, must be discharged from the
idea of God. This done, the great idol, though more
sublime, is not a whit more troublesome than the little
one. The creature, whether great or small, whether God's
hand-work or man's, cannot be a god to an intelligent,
immortal human soul. Neither the idolater's stock nor
the philosopher's universe has an eye to follow a trans-
gressor into those Chambers where he commits his abomi-
nations in the dark; but in every place "our God is a
consuming fire" upon a sin-stained conscience. The dark-
ness and the light are both alike to him (Ps. cxxxix 12).
"In every place" our hearts and lives are open in the
sight of Him with, whom we have to do. The proposi-
tion is absolutely universal. We must beware, however,
lest that feature of the word which should make it power-
ful only render it to us indefinite and meaningless. Man's
fickle mind treats universal truths that come from heaven
as the eye treats the visible heaven itself. At a distance
from the observer all around, the blue canopy seems to
descend and lean upon the earth, but where he stands it is
far above, out of his sight. It touches not him at all; and
when he goes forward to the line where now it seems to
touch other men, he finds it still far above, and the point
which applies to this lower world is as distant as ever.
Heavenly truth, like heaven, seems to touch all the world
around, but not his own immediate sphere, or himself, its
THE ALL-SEEING. 15
centre. The grandest truths are practically lost in this
way when they are left whole. We must rightly divide
the word, and let the bits come into every crook of our
own character. Besides the assent to general truth, there
must be specific personal application. A man may own
omniscience, and yet live without God in the world.
The house of prayer is one important place on earth,
and the eyes of the Lord are there when the great con-
gregation has assembled, and the solemn worship has begun.
He seeth not as man seeth. Thoughts are visible to Him.
Oh! what sights these pure eyes behold in that place!
If our eyes could see them, a scream of surprise would
rend the air. "Son of man, hast thou seen what the
ancients of the house of Israel do in the dark, every man
in the chambers of his imagery? for they say, The Lord
seeth us not; the Lord hath forsaken the earth" (Ezek.
viii. 12). Take your place beside a hive of bees in a
summer day at noon, and watch the busy traffickers.
The outward-bound brush quickly past the heavy-laden
incomers in the narrow passage. They flow like two
opposite streams of water in the same channel, without
impeding each other's motions. Every one is in haste:
none tarries for a neighbour. Such a hive is a human
heart, and the swarm of winged thoughts which harbour
there maintain an intercourse with all the world in con-
stant circulation, while the man sits among the worship-
pers still, and upright, and steady, as a bee-hive upon its
pedestal. The thoughts that issue from their home in
that human heart, bold like robbers in the dark, over-
leap the fences of holiness, suck at will every flower that
16 THE ALL-SEEING.
they reckon sweet, and return to deposit their gatherings
in the owner's cup. The eyes of the Lord are there,
beholding the evil.
The family is His own work, and He does not desert
it. His eyes are open there, to see how father and
mother entwine authority and love, a twofold cord, at
once to curb the children's waywardness and lead them
in the paths of peace; how children obey their parents
in the Lord; how a sister employs that gentleness
whereby God has made woman great, to soothe and win
the robuster brother; how a brother proffers the arm that
the Almighty has made strong, a support for a mother
or a sister in her weakness to lean upon; how masters
become fathers to their servants, and servants lighten
their labour by infusing into its dull heavy body the
inspiring soul of love. In the family, the place where
all these bonds unite, and all these relations circulate,
are the eyes of the Lord its Maker: let all its members
"walk as seeing Him who is invisible."
In the street, in the counting-house, in the shop, in
the factory, these eyes ever are. God does not forget
and forsake a man when he rises from his knees and
plunges into business; the man, therefore, should not
then and there forget and forsake God.
In the tavern, when its doors are shut and its table
spread,—when the light is brilliant and the laugh loud,—
when the cup circulates and the head swims,—in that
place are the eyes of the Lord, and they are like a flame
of fire. It would be a salutary though a painful experi-
ence, if the eyes of these time-killers were opened but for
THE ALL-SEEING. 17
a moment to meet the look of their omniscient Witness,
before he become their almighty Judge.
But the eyes of the Lord are bent on this world, to
behold the good as well as the evil that grows there. Is
there any place among pits thorns and thistles which bears
fruit pleasant to the eyes of its Maker? Yes; there are
fields which he cultivates (1 Cor. iii. 9), and trees which
he plants (Isa. v. 3). On these places his eye rests
with complacency, beholding the growth of his own
grace. One of the places that attract the Redeemer's
eye is a shady avenue where a youth saunters alone on
a summer eve, communing with his own heart, grieving
over its detected backslidings, and breathing a prayer
for reconciliation and renewing. That angular recess in
the ivy-covered rock, dark in daylight by the thickness
of the leafy shade,—that is a place to which the Lord's
eye turns intent; for thither, when the fire burned, the
penitent turned aside unseen; and there he "wept and
made supplication, and prevailed," nor parted from the
place, nor let the Angel of the Covenant go, until he had
gotten a whole Saviour for his soul, and surrendered his
whole soul to the Saviour. This tree of righteousness is
the planting of the Lord. By its freshness and fruitful-
ness he is glorified. The new creation is at least as lovely
in the Creator's eye as the old one was before it was
marred by sin. In that ransomed captive the Redeemer
"shall see of the travail of his soul and shall be satisfied."
"Hell and destruction are before the Lord; how much
more then the hearts of the children of men?" This
terrible truth these hearts secretly know, and their despe-
18 THE ALL-SEEING.
rate writhings to shake it off show how much they dis-
like it. The Romish confessional is one of the most
pregnant facts in the whole history of man. It is a
monument and measure of the guilty creature's enmity
against God. We know authoritatively from their own
books what Rome expects her priests to do in the con-
fessional, and history gives some glimpses of what they
actually do. We have felt the glow of indignation in
our breast as we learned how the confessor fastens like
a home-leech on his victim, and how the victim, like a
charmed bird, abandons itself to the tyrant's will. We
have heard how a full-aged unmarried man explores at
will the half-formed thoughts that flutter in the bosom of
a maid, and rudely rakes up the secrets that lie the deep-
est in the memory of a matron. We have wondered at
the blindness and stupidity of our common nature, in
permitting a man, not more holy than his neighbours, to
stand in the place of God to a brother's soul. There is
cause for grief, but not ground for surprise. The pheno-
menon proceeds in the way of natural law. It is the
common, well understood process of compounding for the
security of the whole, by the voluntary surrender of a
part. The confessional is a kind of insurance office, where
periodical exposure of the heart to a man is the premium
paid for fancied impunity in hiding that heart altogether
from the deeper scrutiny of the all-seeing God. Popish
transgressors have no particular delight in confession for
its own sake. Confession to the priest is felt and dreaded
as an evil. The devout often need spurring to make
them come. And when they come, it is on the principle
THE ALL-SEEING. 19
of submitting to the less evil in order to escape the
greater.
The incoming of the Heart Searcher is feared and loathed,
like a deadly and contagious disease. A quack comes up,
and by dint of bold profession, persuades the trembler
that voluntary inoculation with the same disease in a
milder form will secure exemption from the terrible reality.
The guilty, although he does not like to have his con-
science searched,—because he does not like to have his
conscience searched, submits to the searching of his con-
science. The pretending penitent accepts the scrutiny by
a man, in the hope of escaping thereby the scrutiny of
God. The impudent empiric tells his patient that if he
submit to inoculation, the small-pox will never come.
Behold "the human nature of the question;" behold the
philosophy of the confessional.
It is in principle the old question of the heathen,—
"Shall I give the fruit of my body for the sin of my
soul?" (Mic. vi. 7.) It is not, however, the fruit of the
body that is offered, for they do not make their children
pass through the fire to Moloch now; the spiritual chas-
tity of the soul is laid down as the price of impunity for
sin. God made the human soul for himself. It is vilest
prostitution to abandon it to the authoritative search of
a sinful man. Yet this unnatural sacrifice is made, this
galling yoke is worn, in the vain hope of shutting out the
eyes of the Lord from one place of his own world.
But what fearful dilemma have we here? The Holiest
changeth not when He comes a visitant to a human
heart. He is the same there that he is in the highest
20 THE ALL-SEEING.
heaven. He cannot look upon sin; and how can a
human heart welcome Him into its secret chambers?
How can the blazing fire welcome in the quenching
water. It is easy to commit to memory the seemly
prayer of an ancient penitent, "Search me, O God, and
know my heart; try me, and know my thoughts" (Ps.
cxxxix. 23). The dead letters, worn smooth by frequent
use, may drop freely from callous lips, leaving no sense
of scalding on the conscience; and yet, truth of God
though they are, they may be turned into a lie in the
act of utterance. The prayer is not true, although it is
borrowed from the Bible, if the suppliant invite the All-
seeing in, and yet would give a thousand worlds, if he
had them, to keep him out for ever.
Christ has declared the difficulty, and solved it: "I am
the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto
the Father, but by me" (John xiv. 6). When the Son has
made a sinner free, he is free indeed. The dear child, par-
doned and reconciled, loves and longs for the Father's pre-
sence. What! is there neither spot nor wrinkle now upon
the man, that he dares to challenge inspection by the
Omniscient, and to offer his heart as Jehovah's dwelling-
place? He is not yet so pure; and well he knows it.
The groan is bursting yet from his broken heart: "O
wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the
body of this death?" (Rom. vii. 24.) Many stains defile
him yet; but he loathes them now, and longs to be free.
The difference between an unconverted and a converted
man is not that the one has sins and the other has none;
but that the one takes part with his cherished sins against
THE ALL-SEEING. 21
a dreaded God, and the other takes part with a reconciled
God against his hated sins. He is out with his former
friends, and in with his former adversary. Conversion is a
turning, and it is one turning only, but it produces simul-
taneously and necessarily two distinct effects. Whereas
his face was to his sins and his back to God, his face is
now to God and his back toward his sins. This one
turning, with its twofold result, is in Christ the Mediator,
and through the work of the Spirit.
As long as God is my enemy, I am his. I have no
more power to change that condition than the polished
surface has to refrain from reflecting the sunlight that
falls upon it. It is God's love, from the face of Jesus
shining into my dark heart, that makes my heart open,
and delight to be his dwelling-place. The eye of the just
Avenger I cannot endure to be in this place of sin; but the
eye of the compassionate Physician I shall gladly admit
into this place of disease, for he came from heaven to
earth that he might heal such sin-sick souls as mine.
When a disciple desires to be searched by the living God,
he does not thereby intimate that there are no sins in him
to be discovered: he intimates rather that his foes are so
many and so lively, that nothing can subdue them except
the presence and power of God.
22 A WHOLESOME TONGUE.
II.
A WHOLESOME TONGUE.
"A wholesome tongue is a tree of life."—xv. 4.
NOT a silent tongue: mere abstinence from evil is not
good. The beasts that perish speak no guile; what do
ye more than they? The tongue of man is a talent given
by God, and the commandment, “Occupy till I come,” is
deeply graven in its wondrous structure. He who hides
his talent in the earth is counted wicked and slothful.
The servant vainly pleads that it was not employed for
evil: the Master righteously condemns because it was not
employed for good. Idleness is evil under the adminis-
tration of God.—Not a smooth tongue: it may be soft
on the surface, while the poison of asps lies cherished
underneath. "The mouth of a strange woman is smoother
than oil." A serpent licks his victim all over before he
swallows it. Smoothness is not an equivalent for truth.
—Not a voluble tongue: that active member may labour
much to little purpose. It may revolve with the rapidity
and steadiness of manufacturing machinery, throwing off
from morning till night a continuous web of wordage, and
yet not add one grain to the stock of human wisdom by
the imposing bulk of its weightless product.—Not a sharp
tongue: some instruments are made keen-edged for the
purpose of wounding. "There is that speaketh like the
A WHOLESOME TONGUE. 23
piercings of a sword", (Prov. xii. 18). The wrath of man
worketh not the righteousness of God. A great apostle
used sharpness, and so did his Lord before him; but un-
less we partake of their spirit, we cannot safely imitate
their plan. He would need to have a loving heart and
a steady hand who ventures to cut with a sharp tongue
into the quick of a brother's nature.—Not even a true
tongue: truth is the foundation of all good in speech,
but it is the foundation only. Wanting truth, there is
only evil; but even with it there may be little of good.
Truth is necessary, but not enough. The true tongue
must also be wholesome.
Before anything can be wholesome in its effects on
others, it must be whole in itself. The tongue must be
itself in health before it can diffuse a healthful influence
around. But our tongue, as an instrument of moral
agency, is diseased. It is in the human constitution the
chief outgate from the heart, and the heart of the fallen
is not in health. The scripture of the Old Testament
quoted by Paul in the New, declares, with memorable
pungency, that it is corrupt and corrupting: "Their
throat is an open sepulchre; with their tongues they
have used deceit" (Rom. iii. 13). Government, watch-
ing over the health of the nation, will not permit a grave
to lie open. Because there is putridity in its heart, its
mouth must be closed. The throat of a grave, if left
open, would breathe forth pestilence. Alas! the moral
disease is pouring out moral infection, and no government
can stay the plague. Every corrupt heart is generating
the poison, and every unwholesome tongue is a vent for
24 A WHOLESOME TONGUE.
its escape. The air is tainted. Men both give out and
draw in corruption like breath.
Parents who wisely love their children greatly dread
unwholesome tongues. Sometimes they are in great
straits as to the path of duty. They cannot take the
young out of the world, and yet they are afraid to send
them into it. When a father hears a torrent of polluting
words from a foul tongue on the street, or in a public
conveyance, and returns home to look upon his little boy,
ignorant as yet of full-grown wickedness, he could almost
wish that his child were deaf, and so shielded on one side
from the great adversary's onset. If the wish were law-
ful, you would be inclined to say, Let his ear be open to the
song of birds and the murmur of streams, to the rushing
of the winds and the roll of the thunder; but let him not
hear the voice of man until he hear it new in the kingdom
of the Father—until it burst forth wholesome from the
ranks of the redeemed round the throne, where they vie
with the unfallen in praising the same Lord.
But this cannot be. We and our children are in the
world, and the world teems with evil. In particular, it
is like a lazar-house because of unwholesome tongues.
Hear from the Apostle James a faithful description of the
danger: "The tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity:
it defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire the course
of nature; and it is set on fire of hell. It is an
unruly evil, full of deadly poison" (James iii. 6, 8). One
would think that parents, in view of such a pestilence
abounding, would not be in haste to "bring out" their
children at a tender age into the region of infection.
A WHOLESOME TONGUE. 25
True love would rather shield them as long as possible
from the inevitable contact, and in the meantime move
heaven and earth to have the shield of faith interposed
between the tender conscience of the child and the fiery
darts of the wicked one.
Dogs licked the sores of Lazarus as he lay at the rich
man's gate, and the poor cripple reaped a benefit from
their kindness. The dumb brute has a wholesome tongue,
and an instinct that prompts him to use it. Would that
his master's tongue were as soft, and its touch as sooth-
ing! The best things, corrupted and misapplied, become
the most mischievous. Our tongue is fearfully and won-
derfully made! Great is its capacity for hurt or for heal-
ing. If it were attuned to the praise of God, it would be
a medicine for the sufferings of men. If Christians were
like Christ, they would be more happy and more useful.
He spake as never man spike. When men had sunk
helpless in a deadly disease, "He sent his word and healed
them." For a wounded spirit there is no medicine like
love-drops distilling from a wholesome tongue: even
where they fail to heal, the wound, they will soothe the
sufferer, and so lighten his pain. A high place in the
sight of God and man has the physician who remains on
the battle-field after the conquering host has passed on,
tending indiscriminately wounded friends and wounded
foes; or who plies his task in a plague-stricken city,
entering every house where a chalk-mark on the door in-
dicates that the infection is within. His is an honourable
work. Angels, eyeing him as they pass, might envy him
the work which he has got in the service of the common
26 A WHOLESOME TONGUE.
Lord. But every one of us might attain a rank as high,
and do a work as beneficent. If broken limbs lie not in
our way, broken spirits abound in our neighbourhood.
Sick hearts are rife on the edges of our daily walk.
Although we lack the skill necessary to cure a bodily
ailment, we may all exercise the art of healing on diseases
that are more deeply set. A loving heart and a whole-
some tongue are a sufficient apparatus; and the instincts
of a renewed nature should be ever ready to apply them
in the time and place of need.
The tongue, when it is whole and wholesome, "is a
tree of life." In a former chapter (x. 11) the similitude
employed was a well; but whether the manner of the
diffusion be like a well sending forth its streams, or like
a tree scattering its ripened fruit, the influence diffused
from a good man is "life." The product which issues
by the tongue from a renewed heart is healthful in its
character, and it spreads as seed spreads. In autumn from
the plant on which it grew. "Winged words" have
fluttered about in poetry and prose through all the lan-
guages of the civilized world from old Homer's day till
now. The permanence and prevalence of the expression
prove that it embodies a recognised truth. Words have
wings indeed, but they are the wings of seeds rather than
of birds or butterflies. We are all accustomed to observe
in autumn multitudes of diminutive seeds, each balanced
on its own tiny wing, floating past on the breeze. Some
of these have fallen from useful plants, and some from
hurtful weeds; but the impartial wind bears the good
and the evil alike forward to their destiny. Some plants
A WHOLESOME TONGUE. 27
are prolific almost beyond the reach of arithmetic or of
imagination. These countless multitudes are scattered
indiscriminately over all the land. Words are like these
seeds, in their varied character, their measureless multi-
tude, and their winged speed. They drop off in incon-
ceivable numbers: they fly far: they are widely spread.
It is of deep importance that they should in their nature
be good, and not evil. The tongue is a prolific tree;
it concerns the whole community that it should be a
tree of life, and not of death. Considering the in-
fluence of our words on the world, what manner of
persons ought we to be in all holy conversation and
godliness!
In modern times the art of printing has given wings
to human words in a measure that seems to vie even
with the fecundity of nature. The quantity thus carried
is such as to baffle all our powers of description or con-
ception. But in the department of art, as in that of
nature, there is great variety in the character of the seed,
and a terrible impartiality in the law of diffusion. When
the evil seed is permitted to grow, the wings are at hand
to carry it across the world. It is the part of those who
love their kind, and desire to see this sin-cursed earth
become a paradise again, to keep down the growth of
noxious seed, and cultivate the better kinds. The quan-
tity of vain and hurted words that are flying across the
world on printed pages is enough to make us tremble for
the coming generation. But to stand and tremble in
presence of the danger is neither useful nor manful.
When we hear of unwholesome words being sent week
28 A WHOLESOME TONGUE.
after week by the ton-weight to the principal reservoirs
in the large cities, and thence by various channels distri-
buted over all the land, we should indeed be aroused to
take the measure of the crisis, but not lose heart or hand
at the discovery of its magnitude. Christians should take
heart and hope. We have words and wings for them as
well as those who are against us. We have precious
seed in our hands, and a world to spread it on. Our
Father in heaven expects us to labour on his field. We
have a good Master and pleasant work. In the labour of
laying the words on these pages we are cheered by the
thought that we are in the very act of attaching wings
to the living seed of saving truth, that it may be cast on
the winds at a venture, and borne way, under the direc-
tion of an all-wise Providence, to some needy, desert
place. As we frame these sentences, we are like a humble
artisan in his work-shop, fashioning wings for the word of
righteousness. We are encouraged to pray, as they pass
from our hands, that on these wings that word may be
borne far beyond our sight, and that it may drop, in
Indian jungle, or Australian mine, or American backwood,
on some lone exile, and find entrance into the weary
broken heart which at home in prosperity had been
always hard and closed.
Ye who love the Lord and the brethren, wing the seed
and give it to the wind. It is God's gift, and is in his
keeping. When it goes out of your sight, plead with
Him who employs the winds as his angels to guide it to
some bare but broken ground. While you pray for the
fruitfulness of what has already been scattered, work to
A WHOLESOME TONGUE. 29
scatter more. This or that may prosper; perhaps this
and that too. The very mountain tops shall wave yet
like Lebanon with a harvest from the seed of "whole-
some words." The earth shall yet be full of the know-
ledge of the Lord. The sowers may well wipe their tears
away as they go forth, for they shall one day return
rejoicing, "bringing their sheaves with them." The
Lord gave the word,—the Lord is the Word; great
should be the company of them that publish it (Ps.
lxviii). After all, the shortest and surest method of kill-
ing and casting out the mischievous weeds that infest a
field, is to get the field covered from side to side with a
closely growing crop of precious grain. Wholesome words
are the true antidote to the unwholesome. When the
enemy sows tares, Christ's servants have only one way of
effectually counter-working him, and that is by sowing
wheat. The best way of eradicating error is to publish
and practise truth.
30 MIRTH A MEDICINE.
III.
MIRTH A MEDICINE.
"A
merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance:
but by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken."—xv. 18.
"Hoariness in the heart of man maketh it stoop:
but a good word maketh it glad."—xii. 25.
"A merry heart doeth good like a medicine:
but a broken spirit drieth the bones."—xvii. 22.
THE emotions that thrill in the heart mark themselves in
legible lines on the countenance. This is a feature in the
constitution of man, and a useful feature it is. The
wisdom of our Maker may be seen in the degree of its
development. If there had been more of it or less, the
processes of human life could not have gone on so well.
If the hopes and, fears that alternate in the soul were as
completely hidden from the view of an observer as the
action of the vital organs within the body, the intercourse
between man and man would be far less kindly than it
now is. How blank would the aspect of the world be if
no image of a man's thought could ever be seen glancing
in his countenance! Our walk through life would be
like a solitary march through a gallery of statues,—as cold
as marble, and not nearly so beautiful. On the other
hand, if all the meaning of the soul could be read in the
countenance, the inconvenience would be so great as to
bring the machinery of life almost to a stand still.
Society could not go on if either all the mind's thoughts
MIRTH A MEDICINE 31
or none were legible on the countenance. That medium
which actually exists in the present constitution of hu-
manity is obviously the best. You halve some power of
concealing your emotions, and your neighbour has some
power of observing them. He who made us has done all
things well.
Great purposes in providence are served by this ar-
rangement. If the veil which hangs between the outer
world and our hearts' emotions were altogether opaque,
we would be too much isolated from our neighbours: if
it were perfectly translucent, we would be too much in
their power. The soul within is a burning light, some-
times bright and sometimes lurid: the countenance is a
semitransparent shade, through which the cast and colour-
ing of the inner thought can be seen, but not its articulate
details. A happy heart beaming through a guileless coun-
tenance is the best style of beauty. It is pleasant to look
upon in the spring-time, and does not wither in the winter
of age.
But joy in the heart can do more than make the aspect
winsome. Besides enlivening a dull countenance, it heals
a diseased nature. It “doeth good like a medicine;”
whereas its opposite, "a broken spirit, drieth the bones."
All who have watched the experience of themselves and
their neighbours will acknowledge this in all its breadth
as a practical truth. I know nothing equal to cheerful
and even mirthful conversation for restoring the tone of
mind and body when both have been overdone. Some
great and good men, on whom very heavy cares and toils
have been laid, manifest a constitutional tendency to relax
32 MIRTH A MEDICINE.
into mirth when, their work is over. Narrow minds de-
nounce the incongruity: large hearts own God's goodness
in the fact and rejoice in the wise provision, made for
prolonging useful lives. Mirth, after exhaustive toil,
is one of nature's instinctive efforts to heal the part
which has been racked or bruised. You cannot too
sternly reprobate a frivolous life; but if the life be earnest
for God and man, with here and there a layer of mirthful-
ness protruding, a soft bedding to receive heavy cares
which otherwise would crush the spirit, to snarl against
spurts of mirth may be the easy and useless occupation
of a small man, who cannot take in at one view the
whole circumference of a larger one.
But it is as medicine, and not as food, that mirth is use-
ful to man. As well might the wild ass live and fatten by
snuffing up the north wind, as a man's character become
solid if merriment is its chief or only aliment. To live
on it as daily bread, will produce a hollow heart and a
useless history. But that which is worthless as food
may be precious as medicine. Administered in proper
quantities and at proper times, it will make the staple of
solid seriousness more productive of actual good.
Even a dull observer may see wisdom and goodness
in the habitual cheerfulness of the young. There is a
time to laugh, and childhood is eminently that time. A
sad, sombre spirit in a child, is both the effect and the
cause of disease. Mirth in large quantities is needful
as a medicine for the ailments of childhood, and our Maker
has placed an abundant supply of it in their nature, with
a tendency to draw it day by day for use.
MIRTH A MEDICINE. 33
But some persons and some classes are all too ready
to acknowledge the virtue of mirth as a medicine. There
are quacks who take it up and vaunt its universal effi-
cacy. In ignorance or bad faith they apply it in cases
where it may kill, but cannot cure. Recognising the
law that a broken spirit drieth the bones, these practi-
tioners, when conviction of sin burns like fire in the
patient's conscience, would deliberately pour in a stream
of mirth to quench it. With equal zeal they prescribe
the same medicine as a preventive, lest the wasting body
should be still more enfeebled by an inroad of serious-
ness upon the soul. They will quietly push a novel
beneath the pillow on which the too beauteous cheek of
consumptipn lies. They will search the sick-room round,
and carry off bodily The Saints' Rest, or A Call to the
Unconverted, lest these books should arouse a slumber-
ing soul, and so shake too roughly its frail tenement. In
their own way they adapt and apply the maxim, "A
merry heart doeth good like a medicine."
It is true that to maintain the patient's cheerfulness
hastens the patient's cure. A bright hope within will
sometimes do more to restore the wasted strength than
all the prescriptions of the physician. A light heart we
acknowledge, is itself a potent medicine, and lends effec-
tual aid in co-operation with other cures. If the resto-
ration of the body's health were our only care, we would
not examine scrupulously either the kind or the quantity
of joyfulness that friends might infuse into a fainting
heart. But while the healing of the body is a great
thing, a greater lies beside it. For the chance of con-
34 MIRTH A MEDICINE.
tributing to a corporeal cure, I would not cheat an immor-
tal soul, as it fluttered on the verge of eternity. Is it
true—yea or nay—that before death mercy is offered,
and after it judgment is fixed? Is it true that Christ is
the way to eternal life, and that there is no other? If
it is, to divert a human soul from looking unto Jesus
when the last sands of life are running, is the unkindest
act which man can do to man. If you were Atheists
and Materialists,—if you believed in no God and no here-
after,—there would be at least a melancholy consistency
in occupying life's last hours with trifles, that the spirit,
burdened with a decaying body, should have no other
weight to bear; but it is both cruel and stupid for those
who bear Christ's name to blindfold, at the very exodus
of life, a brother's soul, in order to catch a chance of
temporary benefit to his body.
Nor is this all. This effort to banish care does not
always succeed. Through all these coverings the terrors
of the Lord may burst in, and agitate the soul all the
more fiercely, that you have tried so long to keep them
out. When bodily pains or convictions of conscience rise
to the full, your frivolous pleasures are driven away like
smoke before the wind. A merry heart is a medicine
for his ailment! Granted; but who shall give him a
merry heart? Who shall give the guilty a merry heart
when God is drawing near to judgment, and sin is lying
heavy on his soul? If you could introduce the peace of
God which passeth all understanding, it would keep his
heart and mind; but no inferior consolation can meet thy
case. Will any one dare to say that in nature's extremity
MIRTH A MEDICINE. 35
those who neglect Christ are happier at heart than those
who trust in his love?
When a human heart is stooping and breaking beneath
the heavy load of suffering and sin, "a good word maketh
it glad." But if the man is dying, to assure him he will
soon be better, is not a good word. If the man is in sin
and under condemnation, to assure him his sins are trivial
and his Judge indulgent, is not a good word. A good
word will gladden the grieved heart, but where shall it
be found? Hark! the Man of Sorrows lets it drop
like dew from his own lips—"Peace I leave with you,
my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give
I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let
it be afraid" (John xiv. 27). Happy are they who
have such a comforter in the time of need. David, like
Abraham, saw his Lord's day afar off, and was glad. The
presence of his Redeemer kindled a gladness in his heart
which took the torment out of even dying pains: Yea,
though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death,
I will fear no evil: for thou art with me" (Ps. xxiii.)
True Christians have two advantages over the men of
the world: they are happier now, and safer at last.
There is more gladness put by a gracious God in a be-
lieving heart, than all that the worldly know even when
their corn and wine abound the most. It would be a
great attainment for themselves, and a great means of
good to others, if the disciples of Christ in our day could
let the hope which cheers their hearts also shine in their
faces. If the joy of the Lord, which really is a Chris-
tian's strength within, should sit habitually as a beauty
36 MIRTH A MEDICINE.
on his countenance, his talent would be better occupied
now, and his entrance more abundant at the last. When
Stephen's short but quick career was coming to a close,—
when the seventy elders had taken their places on the
judgment-seat, full of enmity against the name of Jesus,
—when the baser sort of the persecutors, at the in-
stigation of their leaders, had dragged him violently
into the council-hall,—when perjured witnesses, taking
their cue from the keen and cruel eye of Saul, de-
clared in concert that he was a habitual blasphemer of
holy things,—when the meek martyr saw and felt from
many signs that through a boisterous passage he must
quickly go to another judgment—his heart did not lose
its hopefulness, and his countenance did not fall. At
that moment, when the crisis of his fate had come, the
joy that played about his heart shone through: "All
that sat in the council, looking steadfastly on him, saw his
face as it had been the face of an angel." Perhaps that
heaven-like brightness held some of the spectators, and
would not let them go until it led them into the arms of
Stephen's Saviour. We have known a case in which the
gleam of joy on a departing disciple's face feathered the
arrow of divine truth, and sent it home with saving
power to a heart that had hitherto kept its iron point at
bay. If Christians could get living hope lighted within,
and let it beam like sun-light all the day through an open
countenance, their lives would be more legible as epistles
of Christ, and more effectual to win souls.
TASTES DIFFER. 37
IV.
TASTES DIFFER.
"The heart of him that hath understanding seeketh knowledge: but the mouth
of fools feedeth on foolishness. Folly is joy to him that is destitute of wis-
dom.” —xv. 14, 21.
“It is joy to the just to do judgment.” —xxi.15.
TASTES differ widely, and so therefore do enjoyments,
Water is the element of one creature, and air the element
of another. The same material is to this poison, and to
that food. Each species differs in nature from all others,
and nature will have her own way.
Among men, viewed in their spiritual relations, there
is a similar variety of tastes and pleasures. There is first
the grand generic difference between the old man and the
new. The change of nature is radical, and the change of
appetite consequently complete. "What things were
gain to me, these I count loss." So true was the ob-
servation of the heathen as to the effect of the gospel
preached by the apostles. The world to Saul of Tarsus
was turned upside down, from the moment that he met
the Lord in the way, and as a lost sinner accepted par-
don through the blood of the cross. After that moment
his tastes were not only changed; they were absolutely
reversed. What he had formerly chased as gain, he now
loathed as loss. He was a converted man; that is, a
man turned round, and his whole life rushing the other
way.
38 TASTES DIFFER.
Besides the first and chief distinction between the
dead and the living, many subordinate varieties appear,
shading imperceptibly away into each other, according as
good or evil preponderates in the character. The best way
to know a man is to observe what gives him pleasure. A
good man may once or many times be betrayed into foolish
words or deeds, but the indulgence makes him miserable.
Folly, like Ezekiel's roll, was sweet in his mouth, but left
a lasting bitterness behind. Fools feed on foolishness;
it is pleasant to their taste at the time, and they rumi-
nate with relish on it afterwards. The heart's joy in any
act of the life, supplies a surer test of character than the
act itself. Two persons of opposite spiritual tastes may
be detected for once in the same act of evil; but they do
not walk abreast in the same life-course. Sin becomes
bitter to the taste of the renewed, and he puts it away
with loathing; but the corrupt, who has never known a
change, counts the morsel sweet, and continues to roll it
under his tongue. Two young men, of nearly equal age,
and both the sons of God-fearing parents, were seen to
enter together a theatre at a late hour in a large city.
They sat together, and looked and listened with equal
attention. The one was enjoying the spectacle and the
mirth; the other was silently enduring an unspeakable
wretchedness. The name of God and the hopes of the
godly were employed there to season the otherwise vapid
mirth of the hollow-hearted crowd. One youth, through
the Saviour's sovereign grace, had, in a distant solitude,
acquired other tastes. The profanity of the play rasped,
rudely against them. He felt as if the words of the
TASTES DIFFER. 39
actors and the answering laugh of the spectators were
tearing in his flesh. He breathed freely when, with the
retiring crowd, he reached the street again. It was his
first experience of a theatre, and his last. It is a pre-
cious thing to get from the Lord, as Paul got, a new relish
and a new estimate of things. This appetite for other
joys, if exercised and kept keen, goes far to save you
from defilement, even when suddenly and occasionally
brought into contact with evil; as certain kinds of leaves
refuse to be wet, and though plunged into water come
out of it dry.
The gratification of appetite is pleasant. This law of
nature bears witness that God is good. Food and drink
are necessary to the maintenance of life. If, as a general
rule, the act of taking them were painful, the duty would
be neglected, and the race would become extinct. The
Author of our being has made the performance sure by
making it delightful. The pain of hunger is an officer of
the executive under the supreme government of Heaven,
ever on the watch, compelling living creatures to give the
body its necessary support. This beneficent law, like all
the other good things of God, is perverted by the fallen.
This truth of God is profanely turned into a lie by the
corrupt appetites of men. Appetite, and the pleasure of
indulging it, is still a great force when it is turned in the
wrong direction. That which among God's works is
mighty to save life, is in Satan's hand mighty to destroy
it. When the taste is depraved, the pleasantness of the
poison supplies a power like gravitation, silently dragging
down the slave with ever-increasing speed into the
40 TASTES DIFFER.
bottomless pit. If folly were not joy to the fool, he
might soon be induced to forsake it. Nothing will pro-
duce a new life but a new nature.
The soul has an appetite, and needs food as well as the
body. In this department too the tastes are various, and
there is a corresponding variety in the provided supply.
Fools feed on foolishness, and like it. They have no
relish for more solid food. On the other hand, "it is
joy to the just to do judgment." The Just One relished
the doing of the Father's will as his meat and drink.
Christians grow like Christ. Those who hope in his
mercy learn to fall in with his tastes. If we saw a
hungry human being turning away from the finest of the
wheat, and by choice satisfying himself with the husks
that swine do eat, we would shudder in presence of the
prodigy; we would weep over the low estate into which
one of our kind had fallen. Such a perversion of the
bodily appetite is rare—perhaps altogether unknown:
but a greater derangement of the spiritual taste is not
only possible in certain cases; it is the common condition
of men.
It is sad to think how men run to what they like,
with as little forethought and as great impetuosity as
swollen rivers rush towards the sea. In the main the
taste of the renewed leads them to the food which will
sustain and invigorate the health of the soul; but even
they need to watch and pray, lest they enter into temp-
tation. He will not be a thriving, growing Christian,
who partakes freely of joys as they come, on the right
hand on the left. Even a healthful man, if he is
TASTES DIFFER. 41
wise, will observe carefully the nature of his food, and
watch the effects of each kind. If he discovers that any
species, though pleasant at the time, hurts his health
afterwards, he will carefully abstain from the tempting
morsel. You may prove to him that it is not poison,—
that it will not take away his life: that is not enough:
if it is hurtful to his health, he will abandon it. Alas!
the children of this world are wiser in their generation
than the children of light. Men who, on the whole,
value their spiritual life the most, lightly expose its
health to injuries against which they would resolutely
defend their bodies. If a man should eat unwholesome
food from day to day, the mischief would soon become
palpable both to himself and his neighbours. He would
feel his own feebleness, and others would stare at him as
a walking skeleton. But when the spiritual life is ex-
posed to the action of a slow poison, the emaciation of
the soul is a thing not so easily felt by the patient, and
not so easily seen by his neighbours. It is written of
Ephraim in a time of spiritual decay, "Gray hairs are
here and there upon him, yet he knoweth it not" (Hos.
vii. 9). Ah! if the soul's health and sickness were visible
like those of the body, the old question, "Why art thou,
being the king's son, lean from day to day?" would be
appropriately addressed now to many of the royal family
of heaven. The answer, if truly given, would in most
cases be, They feed too much on foolishness, and do not
satisfy themselves with that which was meat and drink to
their Master in the days of his flesh.
In dealing with men for their reformation, they who
42 TASTES DIFFER.
do not begin at the beginning lose all their labour. If
you assume that human nature is already good, and only
needs to be helped forward to higher degrees of virtue,
you miss the mark, and gain nothing. You are fish-
ing with a bait for which the fishes have no taste. They
do not like it, and will not take it. The corrupt are not
naurally alarmed at their own corruption, and eager to
leap into holiness.
You may have seen living, moving things, in the rank-
est material corruption, and shuddered to think that life
of any kind should be imprisoned in such a horrid place.
The instinct of compassion for wretchedness is stirred
within you; but a second thought lays it to rest again.
These worms do not loathe that which is at once their
dwelling and their food. It is their nature: it is their
life to be there. These worms, to your taste so loath-
some, are not ashamed of their condition, and have no
desire to leave it. Although an opportunity is offered,
they do not hasten to escape into cleanness, and wipe
themselves from their filth. Such is moral corruption
and the life therein, if it is left to itself. The tenants of
the mire do not grow ashamed, or weary of it. They
have been bred in it, and it is their delight. Sinners are
not, of their own motion, weary and ashamed of sin.
They do not desire to escape out of it. Although all
intelligent beings, who are not themselves in the mire,
1ook on with inexpressible disgust, whether they be the
angels who never fell, or the saints who have been lifted
up, those who are, and have always been in it, love their
condition, and would not leave it. If in compassion for
TASTES DIFFER. 43
living creatures crawling in material filth, you should bene-
volently pick them out one by one, and lay them in clean
dry beds, you would become their tormentor by taking
them out of their element. Such, to the spiritually impure,
God’s word and messengers are felt to be. The unclean
do not hail them as deliverers. This is the most fearful
feature of our case. It is not like that of a man who has
fallen into the water, and instantly struggles to escape
with all the energy of his being. Sin is the element of
the sinful. The cure is not another place, but a new
nature.
Mahomet manifested great shrewdness in the conception
of his paradise. If he mistook the kingdom of God, he
comprehended well the appetites of men. He promises
his followers as a heaven the fullest gratification of all
their desires. But what if a foundation of eternal truth
be found lying beneath all these abominations! The
prophet’s followers have a right principle in their hands,
although, by turning it upside down, they make it the
most destructive of errors. It is true that heaven will
give unbridled scope to all the appetites of all its inmates.
There will be no crucifying of the flesh there. No man
will have his taste thwarted, or his supply stinted there.
Mahomet is right, in so far as he says that in heaven
every entrant will have all his passions gratified to the
full. The difference lies in this: they expect that hea-
ven’s joys will be made to suit human appetites; we
know that the tastes of the saved will be purified into
perfect conformity with the joys that are at God's right
hand for evermore. In heaven, indeed, there is no
44 TASTES DIFFER.
foolishness to feed upon; but there are no fools to desire
it. Heaven denies no pleasure, and yet provides nothing
impure. All the evil desires are left behind, and all the
good are gratified.
It is time that we who seek that better country should
be forgetting past attainments, and reaching forth after
newer and higher measures of holiness: "Grow in grace."
The night is far spent; the day is at hand. Be ye also
ready. There will be no crucifying of the flesh in heaven!
but that is because there will be no flesh to crucify. It
must be crucified now. The old man must be put off
with his deeds and his desires; and for this salvation
work, "now is the appointed time." Those who do not on
this side of life's boundary-line acquire a taste for holi-
ness, will not on the other side get an entrance into
heaven. "To them that look for Him, He shall appear:"
they who look now in the opposite direction shall not
then behold His face in peace.
HUMILITY BEFORE HONOUR. 45
V.
HUMILITY BEFORE HONOUR.
"Before honour is humility."—xv. 33.
"Pride before destruction; and an haughty spirit before a fall."—xvi. 18.
"A man's pride shall bring him low: but honour shall uphold the humble in
spirit."—xxix. 23.
"IF a man strive for masteries, yet is he not crowned,
except he strive lawfully" (2 Tim. ii. 5). There is only
one way of reaching honour, and the candidates who do not
keep that way will fail. You must go to honour through
humility. This is the law—the law of God. It cannot
be changed. It has its analogies in the material creation.
Every height has its corresponding depth. As far as the
Andes pierce upward into the sky, so far do the val-
leys of the Pacific at their base go down into the heart
of the earth. If the branches of a tree rise high in the
air, its roots must penetrate to a corresponding depth in
the ground; and the necessity is reciprocal. The higher
the branches are, the deeper go the roots; and the deeper
the roots are, the higher go the branches.
This law pervades the moral administration as well as
the material works of God. The child Jesus is set for
the fall and the rising again of many in Israel: but it is
first the fall and then the rising; for "before honour is
humility." Fall they must at the feet of the Crucified,
before they can rise and reign as the children of the great
King. No cross, no crown. "Blessed are the poor in
46 HUMILITY BEFORE HONOUR.
spirit for theirs is the kingdom." What are these, and
whence came they,—they, are in honour now, whatever
their origin may have been,—these that stand before the
throne and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes and
palms in their hands? These are they which came out
of great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and
made them white in the blood of the Lamb, (Rev. vii)
Like Joshua the high priest (Zech. iii.), they were clothed
with filthy garments, before they obtained that glorious
change. If the unhappy guest at the King's table (Matt
xxii.) had gone first through the valley of humilia-
tion, he would not have been cast at last into outer dark-
ness; if he had owned his own garment worthless, he
would have gotten a fit one, free, and not have been speech-
less at the incoming of the King. "Before honour is
humility:" this is the organic law of the kingdom of
heaven. The King is far from the proud, but dwells
with him that is humble and of a contrite heart.
There are two mountains in the land of Israel, equal
in height, and standing near each other, with a deep nar-
row valley between. At an interesting point in the
people's history, one of these mountains bore the curse,
and the other received the blessing (Deut xi. 26-29).
If you had stood then on Ebal, where the curse was
lying, you could not have escaped to Gerizim to enjoy
the blessing without going down to the bottom of the
intervening gorge. There was a way for the pilgrim
from the curse to the blessing, if he were willing to pass
through the valley of humiliation: but there was no flight
through the air, so as to escape the going down.
HUMILITY BEFORE HONOUR. 47
These things are an allegory. All men are at first in
their own judgments on a lofty place, but the curse hangs
over the mountain of their pride. Nature's hopes are
high, but there is wrath from the Lord upon them, be-
cause they dishonour his law by expecting that it will
accept sin for righteousness. All the saved are also on
a mountain height, but God the Lord dwells among them,
and great is the peace of his children. All who have
reached this mountain have been in the deep. They
sowed in tears before they went forth rejoicing, to bear
home the sheaves.
Paul was high at first in nature's pride: "I was alive
without the law once." But the commandment came, like
a light from heaven above the brightness of the sun, and
its instant effect was to cast him down to the ground:
“When commandment came, sin revived, and I died."
He felt that he was altogether vile; he saw that he was
lost. When he had been so brought low in conviction
of sin, he was raised again in the hope of mercy. It
was necessary that he should be brought down, but it
was also necessary that he should rise again. Fear is the
way to trust, but fear is not trust. You must, indeed,
come down from the mountain that is capped with the
curse; but you must then ascend the mountain where
Jesus, transfigured and radiant with the glory of grace,
makes his ravished disciples feel it is good to be
there, and desire to dwell for ever in the light of his
countenance. It is not the going down that will make
you safe and happy. It is not the putting off, but the
putting on, that saves; and the preciousness of putting off
48 HUMILITY BEFORE HONOUR.
the old man lies in this,—that it is the only way of put-
ting on Christ. Before honour is humility; but after
humility is honour. If our hearts are truly humbled,
God has pledged himself to exalt us in due season. In
proportion as we attain the contrite heart, we may count
on his gracious indwelling. If we are led by the Spirit
of the Lord down into humility, we may be assured the
next thing is honour; as we confidently anticipate that
the day will follow the night. The broken heart is the
Lord's chosen dwelling-place. When David was in the
depth (Ps. cxxx.), he waited for the Lord: how? As
those who are exposed to danger in night's darkness wait
for the morning,—keenly feeling the want of it, but con-
fidently counting that it will come. The Lord loves to
be so looked for: to them that look for him he will come,
and his coming will be like the morning. This humility
—this honour have all the saints.
It is a part of the same divine law that "a man's pride
shall bring him low." That which brings a creature far-
thest down is his own rebellious effort to exalt himsel£
It is with spirit as with matter,—the farther it shoots
upward from its own proper sphere into the heavens above,
the deeper will it sink down, and the more will it be
broken by its fall That law operated on spirit, as the
law of gravitation acted on matter, before man was made.
Among the angels that excel in strength, there was a
leap of pride in order to exalt itself, and a conse-
quent fall into the lowest depths of the pit. When these
morning stars fell from the very height of heaven, they
fell into a deep from which even the power of God pro-
HUMILITY BEFORE HONOUR. 49
vides no rising. In the same way man fell. It was a
leap upward that brought us down so low. It was the
proud effort to be as gods that brought man down to the
companionship of devils. Under this eternal law the
Papacy now lies. It cannot glide gently down from its
presumptuous height, and so save itself from destruction.
It has flown too high for falling softly. It is fixed, and
that by unchanging law, that it cannot be reformed, and
must be destroyed.
This law will crush every one of us if we cross its path.
Like the other laws of God, it touches the smallest, while
it controls the greatest. An atom obeys the same im-
pulses that guide a world. Oh, how jealously should a
man watch the swellings of pride in his own breast! How,
eagerly would each desire to have his own pride purged
wholly out! Pride remaining in us will bring us down,
though we were in the highest heaven. When two
things are weighed in the opposite ends of a balance, who
can make both simultaneously descend? The crushing
of the proud is but the other side of the exaltation of the
lowly. Either pride must be cast out of me, or I must be
cast out from the company of the blessed.
The seventy-third Psalm, like the seventh chapter of
the Epistle to the Romans, is a specimen of spiritual auto-
biography. Cut out, at the crisis, a section from that
self-history of a soul: "So foolish was I and ignorant: I
was as a beast before thee. Nevertheless I am continually
with thee: thou hast holden me by my right hand. Thou
shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive
me to glory." Extremes meet here. The lowest and the
50 HUMILITY BEFORE HONOUR.
highest touch each other. Within the compass of a few
lines, recording one man's experience, we find a humility
which depresses him beneath the level of man, and an
honour which admits him into the presence of God. One
moment the penitent feels himself to be brutish; another,
his glad forgiven spirit rises buoyant toward the throne
like a flame of fire, or a ministering angel. These are
the footsteps of the flock. It concerns us to know that
we are on the same track; for none other conducts to
safety. It is when a man is so purged of ride as to count
himself like a "beast," that he is best prepared for the
company of a justifying God, and the spirits of just men
made perfect. They who thus put off their own righteous-
ness as filthy rags, are ready to put on Christ; and in
Him they are counted worthy. Paul kept close on the
track of the Psalmist: in one verse it is, "O wretched
man that I am!" in the next, "I thank God, through
Jesus Christ our Lord" (Rom. vii. 24, 25). If we get
down into the "humility" through which these ancient
disciples passed, we shall share the "honour" to which
they have been raised.
THE MAKER AND THE BREAKER OF A FAMILY'S PEACE. 51
VI.
THE MAKER AND THE BREAKER OF A
FAMILY'S PEACE.
"Better is little with the fear of the Lord, than great treasure and trouble
therewith. Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and
hatred therewith. He that is greedy of gain troubleth his own house."—
xv 16, 17, 27.
"Better is a dry morsel, and quietness therewith, than an house full of sacrifices
with strife."—xvii. 1.
THESE are blessed words in a world of strife. They are
welcome as a well of water springing in the desert. They
drop on weary hearts like rain on the mown grass. The
gift is good. We receive it with gladness, and thank the
Giver.
The constitution of man and the law of God are fitted
into each other, like lock and key. The capability of the
subject corresponds to the rule which the Sovereign enacts.
When the creature falls in with the Creator's will, all the
machinery moves smoothly: when the creature resists, it
stands still or is riven asunder. Truth sweetens the rela-
tions of life falsehood eats like rust into their core.
When they live in love, men meet each other softly and
kindly, as the eyelids meet. Envy casts grains of sand
between the two, and under each. Every movement then
sends a shooting pain through all the body, and makes
the salt tears flow. So good are peace and love for human
52 THE MAKER AND THE BREAKER OF A FAMILY’S PEACE.
kind, that with them a family will be happy though they
have nothing else in the world; and without them miser-
able, although they have the whole world at their com-
mand.
No creature can with impunity break any of the Crea-
tor's laws. He is not a man, that he should fail to detect
or punish the transgressor. He depends not on the acti-
vity of police, or the speed of the telegraph. Sin follows
the sinner, and finds him out, and inflicts the punishment.
Sorrow comes on the heels of sin, as the echo answers to
a sound, as the rebound answers to a blow. Let a
family have abundant wealth, and all the luxuries that
wealth can buy,—a commodious house and a sumptuous
table, broad lands and a troop of attendants,—yet if
strife enters the circle, it will act like leaven in the mass,
and imbitter all their enjoyments. Being under law to
God they cannot escape. When they sin they suffer.
Strife makes them more miserable amidst all their wealth
than a loving family who have not wherewith to buy to-
morrow's food.
A dinner of herbs and a stalled ox indicate the two
extremes,—humble poverty on the one side, and pampered
luxury on the other. These brief expressions open for a
moment the doors of the cottage and of the palace that
we may obtain a glimpse of what is going on within.
Look into the dwelling on this side: it is dinner time:
the family, fresh from their labour, are seated round a
clean uncovered table; there is no meat from the stall or
the flock, no bunch of ripe grapes from the vine-yard, and
even no bread from the corn-field. Some green herbs
THE MAKER AND THE BREAKER OF A FAMILY'S PEACE. 53
gathered in the garden have been cooked and set down
as the meal of the household. The fare, is poor; but this
poor fate and love together make a more savoury mess
than any that ever graced a royal banquet. The people
thrive upon the precious mixture. Look into the lofty
castle on the other side at the moment when this word
throws open its doors. A rich feast is reeking in the
hall. The stalled ox is there, surrounded by a labyrinth
of kindred luxuries. A crowd of attendants must be in the
room, observing every look, and hearing every whisper.
The poor man's family dine in private; the rich man's in
public. This is one point in favour of the poor. The
servant at his master's back is a man with human feel-
ings in his breast. If he has been treated unkindly, anger
rankles in his heart, while the smile that is paid for plays
upon his countenance. If, moreover, there be jealousy
between husband and wife, rivalry between brother and
brother, in this great house, their meeting at a meal is
misery; their politeness before strangers is the encrusted
whitewash on a sepulchre's side, cracking and falling off
at every movement, and revealing the rottenness within.
When love leaves the family circle, it is no longer a piece
of God's own hand-work, and there is no security for safety
in any of its motions. Love is the element in which all
its relations were set, for softness and safety; and when
it has evaporated, nothing remains but that each member
of the house should be occupied in mounting a miserable
guard over his own interests, and against the anticipated
contact of the rest. In that dislocated house each dreads
all, and all dread each. The only distinction remain-
54 THE MAKER AND THE BREAKER OF A FAMILY'S PEACE.
ing is, that the one who is nearest you hurts you the
most.
But mark well, it is neither said in the Bible nor found
in experience that they are all happy families who dine
on herbs, and all unhappy who can afford to feast on a
stalled ox. Some rich families live in love, and doubly
enjoy their abundance; some poor families quarrel over
their herbs. Riches cannot secure happiness, and poverty
cannot destroy it But such is the power of love, that
with it you will be happy in the meanest estate; with-
out it, miserable in the highest. Would you know the
beginning, and the middle, and the end of this matter,—
the spring on high, the stream flowing through the chan-
nel of the covenant, and the fruitful outspread in a dis-
ciple's life below,—they are all here, and all one—Charity:
"GOD IS LOVE;" "Love is of God;" "Walk in love."
In this book the greed of gain stands side by side with
strife, as the twin troubler of a house. As a husband-
man looks on a prevailing weed that infests his garden;
as a shepherd looks on a wolf that ravages his flock, so
our Father in heaven looks on that love of money which
grievously mars the harmony of his own institute, the
family. That instrument of torture points both ways. The
miser, as we know by his name, is a torment to himself:
he is also a thorn in the flesh of those who are nearest to
him. Perhaps in our community, and in our day, more
families are troubled by a lavish expenditure, than by an
undue hoarding of money; but the prevalence of one evil
does not make another evil good. Dealing with one thing
at a time, the words give out a certain sound,—that if a
THE MAKER AND THE BREAKER OF A FAMILY'S PEACE. 55
man be himself a miser, he makes his house miserable.
When God has given a man one of his choicest blessings
a family; and given him, too, means sufficient for their
support; if the man intercept the flow of the Creator's
bounty, and hoard that which was given for use, he dis-
pleases the Giver, and injures the gift, as surely as if he
should impiously arrest the flow of the blood from its
central reservoir, and prevent it from circulating through
the frame. The hoarded blood would clot and stagnate
and corrupt; while the body, for want of it, would pine
away. The benefit of its circulation would be lost, and
its accumulation in one place would become an encum-
brance dangerous to life. Thus the man troubles his
house who diverts the children's daily portion into the
miser's corrupting hoard.
In my earliest years, as far back on the line of life as
memory's vision can distinctly reach, the nearest neigh-
bour of our house on the right, was an old farmer, very
religious and very rich. He had three sons and seven
daughters. Instead of employing the increase of his fields
to elevate the condition and enlarge the minds of his
numerous, winsome, and well-conditioned family, he left
them to nature, and laid up his money in the bank. The
sons and daughters all married in succession, and left him.
Thereafter, at the age of seventy-three, he married a
servant-girl of exactly the same age as his youngest
daughter. The match supplied the young people of the
district with merriment for many months. The young
woman wrought upon the old man's failing faculties, and
in order to secure the money for herself, persuaded him
56 THE MAHER AND THE BREAKER OF A FAMILY'S PEACE.
that all, his children were banded in a conspiracy against
his life. He made his will under this impression, be-
queathing the bulk of his fortune to his wife; and, with a
refinement of cruelty which was certainly not his own in-
vention, devised small sums to each of his sons and
daughters,—to one five pounds, to another ten, to each a
different amount, reaching at the highest the sum of
twenty-five pounds. The sums were made to vary with
the varying shades of the children's guilt, as they were
marked on the imagination of the imbecile parent. The
old man died. The widow enjoyed her legacy unchal-
lenged. But the daughters who had got the smaller
sums went to law with their sisters who had obtained the
larger sums, in order to have them equalized. After
these miserable pittances had served to rend a whole
family asunder in hopeless feuds, the worthless money
itself was lost in law. The God of providence taught me
early, as they teach children now in schools, by a picture,
that "he who is greedy of gain troubleth his own house."
But the teaching was still more specific and guarded
and fatherly than this. At the same time the other
lesson was exhibited with equal vividness on the other
side. Our nearest neighbour on the left—in this case
half a mile distant, and in the former case a quarter—
was another old man, very religious and very drunken.
He had a light rent, a long lease, and an indulgent land-
lord. Plenty of money passed through his hands, but
none ever remained in them. He was not greedy of gain,
and yet he troubled his own house. His spendthrift and
intemperate life aggravated by his religious profession,
THE MAKER AND THE BREAKER OF A FAMILY'S PEACE. 57
told with fearful effect upon a band of stately and intel-
ligent sons. They were all clever, but all made ship-
wreck.
At this advanced period of my life I think still with
interest and awe on the sovereign providence that placed
me, while yet a child, in that middle space between two
evils, opposite, yet equal, and in full sight of both. The
lessons were given not in the thin profile of a single line,
but in the full breadth and varied features of large family
groups. The examples did not glance into sight and out
again like visions of the night: they remained in view
for a long series of years. I saw the beginning, and I
have lived to witness the end. In my childhood they
were sowing the seed beside me, and in manhood I saw
them reaping in tears. When God gave the law to
Moses, it was accompanied by the precise and significant
intimation, "I have written that thou mayest teach."
The same Lord continues writing still on the fleshy tables
of human hearts, and on the same condition—that the les-
son so engraved should not be a talent hid in a napkin,
but published for the benefit of all whom it may concern.
These lines, written by the Lord's own hand in the work-
ings of providence, lie in sharpest outline in the lower
strata of my memory, and are fixed like fossils in the
rock: the tide of city life rushing over them during many
successive years, instead of defacing the letters, seems
only to make the matrix more transparent, and so bring
the characters more clearly out. The possession of these
manuscripts I recognise as the obligation to exhibit them.
The man who lavishly spent his money, troubled his
58 THE MAKER AND THE BREAKER OF A FAMILY'S PEACE.
own house; so also did the man who greedily hoarded it.
Between these two extremes the path of safety lies in the
scriptural rule, "Use this world as not abusing it" (1 Cor.
vii. 31).
The house—the family is God's own work. He in-
tends that it should be a blessing to his creatures. He
framed it to be an abode of peace and love. He visits
his handwork to see whether it is fulfilling its destiny.
Let the disturber beware; an eye is on him that cannot
be deceived, a hand is over him that cannot be resisted.
Whether it be husband or wife, parent or child, master or
servant, the disturber of a house must answer to its
almighty Protector for abusing his gifts, and thwarting
his gracious designs.
"Blessed are the peace-makers: for they shall be
called the children of God." How shall we best bring peace
into a family on earth, and keep it there, until the little
stream that trickles over time be lost in the ocean of
eternity? Invite Christ into the house, and the hearts of
its inmates. "He is our peace,"—with God and with
each other. Invite Him to come in; constrain Him to
abide.
THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE. 59
VII.
THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE.
"All the ways of a man are clean in his own eyes; but the Lord weigheth the
spirits. Commit thy works unto the Lord, and thy thoughts shall be estab-
lished."—xvi. 2, 8.
THE first of these two verses tells how a man goes wrong,
and the second how he may be set right again. He is
led into error by doing what pleases himself; the rule for
recovery is to commit the works to the Lord, and see
that they are such as will please him. When we weigh
our thoughts and actions in the balances of our own
desires, we shall inevitably go astray: when we lay them
before God, and submit to his pleasure, we shall be guided
into truth and righteousness.
Such is the purport of the two verses in general;
attend now to the particulars in detail: "All the ways
of a man are clean in his own eyes." To a superficial
observer this declaration may seem inconsistent with ex-
perience; but be who wrote these words has fathomed fully
the deep things of a human spirit. As a general rule, men
do the things which they think right, and think the things
right which themselves do. Not many men do what they
think evil, and while they think it evil. The acts may be
obviously evil, but the actor persuades himself of the con-
trary, at least until they are done. There is an amazing
60 THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE.
power of self-deception in a human heart. It is deceitful
above all things. It is beyond conception cunning in
making that appear right which is felt pleasant. Some,
we confess, are so hardened that they sin in the face of
conscience, and over its neck; but for one bold, bad man,
who treads on an awakened conscience in order to reach
the gratification of his lust, there are ten cowards who
drug the watcher into slumber, that they may sin in
peace. As a general rule, it may be safely said, if you
did not think the act innocent, you would not do it; but
when you have a strong inclination to do it, you soon find
means to persuade yourself that it is innocent. After all,
the real motive power that keeps the wheels of human
life going round is this:—Men like the things that they
do, and do the things that they like. In his own eyes a
man's ways are clean. If he saw them filthy, he would
not walk in them. But when he desires to walk in a
particular way, he soon begins to count it clean, in order
that he may peacefully walk in it.
In his own eyes: Mark the meaning of these words.
Be not deceived; God is not mocked. Eyes other than
his own are witnessing all the life-course of a man. The
eyes of the Lord are in every place. He does not adopt
our inclination as the standard of right and wrong. He
will not borrow our balances to determine his own judg-
ment in that day. "The Lord weigheth the spirits." Not
a thought, not a motive, trembles in the breast which he
does not weigh; more evidently, though not more surely,
are the gross and palpable deeds of our life open before
him! He has a balance nice enough to weigh motives—
THE FALSE BALANCE DETECT BY THE TRUE. 61
the animating soul of our actions; our actions themselves
will not escape his scrutiny.
Before we proceed to any "work," we should weigh it,
while yet it is a "spirit" unembodied, in the balances
which will be used in the judgment of the great day.
Letters are charged in the post-office according to their
weight. I have written and sealed a letter consisting of
several sheets. I desire that it should pass; I think that
it will; but I know well that it will not be allowed to
pass because I desire that it should, or think that it will;
I know well it will be tested by imperial weights and
imperial laws. Before I plunge it beyond my reach,
under the control of the public authorities, I place it on
a balance which stands on the desk before me—a bal-
ance not constructed to please my desires, but honestly
adjusted to the legal standard. I weigh it there, and
check it myself by the very rules which the Govern-
ment will apply. The children of this world are wise
for their own interests. We do not shut our eyes, and
cheat ourselves as to temporal things and human govern-
ments: why should we attempt to deceive where detection
is certain and retribution complete? On the table before
you lies the very balance in which the Ruler of heaven
and earth will weigh both the body of the act and the
motive, the soul that inspires it. Weigh your purposes
in this balance before you launch them forth in action.
The man's ways are unclean, although, through a deceit-
ful heart, they are clean in his own eyes. By what means,
therefore, "shall a young man cleanse his way? By
taking heed thereto according to thy word " (Ps. cxix. 9).
62 THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE.
A most interesting practical rule is laid down as ap-
plicable to the case—"Commit thy works unto the Lord;"
and a promise follows it,—"Thy thoughts shall be estab-
lished." It is a common and a sound advice, to ask coun-
sel of the Lord before undertaking any work. Here we
have the counterpart lesson equally precious—commit the
work to the Lord, after it is done. The Hebrew idiom
gives peculiar emphasis to the precept—Roll it over on
Jehovah. Mark the beautiful reciprocity of the two,
and how they constitute a circle between them. While
the act is yet in embryo as a purpose in your mind, ask
counsel of the Lord, that it may be crushed in the birth
or embodied in righteousness. When it is embodied,
bring the work back to the Lord, and give it over into his
hands as the fruit of the thought which you besought
him to inspire; give it over into his hands as an offering
which he may accept, an instrument which he may em-
ploy. Bring the work, when it is done, to the Lord; and
what will follow?—"thy thoughts shall be established."
Bring back the actions of your life to God, one by one,
after they are done, and thereby the purposes of your
heart will be made pure and steadfast: the evil will be
chased away like smoke before the wind, and the good
will be executed in spite of all opposition; for "when a
man's ways please the Lord, he maketh even his enemies
to be at peace with him "
A boy, while his stock of experience is yet small, is
employed by his father to lend assistance in certain
mechanical operations. Pleased to think himself useful,
he bounds into the work with heart and hand; but
THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE. 63
during the process, he has many errands to his father.
At the first he runs to ask his father how he ought to
begin; and when he has done a little, he carries the
work to his father, fondly expecting approval, and ask-
ing further instructions. Oh, when will the children of
God in the regeneration experience and manifest the same
spirit of adoption which animates dear children as an
instinct of nature towards fathers of their flesh! These
two rules, following each other in a circle, would make
the outspread field of a Christian's life sunny, and green,
and fruitful, as the circling of the solar system brightens
and fertilizes the earth.
Perhaps this latter hemisphere of duty's revolving circle
is the more difficult of the two. Perhaps most professing
Christians find it easier to go to God beforehand, asking
what they should do, than to return to him afterwards
to place their work in his hands. This may in part
account for the want of answer to prayer,—at least the
want of a knowledge that prayer has been answered.
If you do not complete the circle, your message by tele-
graph will never reach its destination, and no answer will
return. We send in earnest prayer for direction. There-
after we go into the world of action. But if we do not
bring the action back to God, the circle of the suppli-
cation is not completed. The prayer does not reach the
throne; the message acknowledging it comes not back to
the suppliant's heart. To bring all the works to the Lord
would be in the character of a dear child. It would
please the Father. A young man came to his father, and
received instructions as to his employment for the day.
64 THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE.
"Go work in my vineyard," was the parent's command.
"I go, sir," was the ready answer of the son. So far,
all was well; but the deed that followed was disobedience.
The son went not to work in the father's vineyard: but
we do not learn that he came back in the evening to tell
his father what he had done. To have done so would
either have kept him right, or corrected him for doing
wrong.
But some of the works are evil, and how could you
dare to roll these over on the Lord? Ah! there lies the
power of this practical rule. If it were our fixed and
unvarying practice to bring all our works and lay them
into God's hands, we would not dare to do any except
those that he would smile upon. But others, though not
positively evil, may be of trifling importance, and the
doer may decline to bring them to the King, not because
they are impure, but because they are insignificant. The
spirit of bondage betrays itself here, and not the spirit of
adoption. They are small; they are affairs of children;
trouble not the Master. Ah! this adviser is of the earth,
earthy: he knows not the Master's mind. The Master
himself has spoken to the point: "Suffer the little chil-
dren to come unto me, and forbid them not." Be assured,
little children, whether in the natural family of man or
the spiritual family of God, act in character. There is
no hypocrisy about them. The things they bring are
little things. Children speak as children, yet He does
not beckon them away. He rebukes those who would.
He welcomes and blesses the little ones. Nay, more;
He tells us plainly that we must be like them ere we
THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE. 65
enter his kingdom. Like little children without hypo-
crisy bring all your affairs to him, and abandon those
that he would grieve to look upon. Bring to him all
the works that you do, and you will not do any that you
could not bring to him.
"When a man's ways please the Lord, he maketh even
his enemies to be at peace with him" (ver. 7). There is,
it seems, such a thing as pleasing God. If it could not
exist on earth, it would not be named from heaven. Even
to try this is a most valuable exercise. There would be
more sunlight in a believer's life if he could leave the dull
negative fear of judgment far behind as a motive of action,
and bound forward into the glad positive, a hopeful effort
to please God. "Without faith it is impossible to please
Him" (Heb. xi. 6); therefore with faith it is possible.
"They that are in the flesh cannot please God;" there-
fore they that are in the Spirit can. In this aspect of a
believer's course, as in all others, Jesus has left us an
example that we should follow his steps: "I do always
those things that please Him" (John viii. 29). The glad
obedience of the saved should not be thought inconsistent
with the simple trust of the sinful. A true disciple is
zealous of good works; it is a spurious faith that is jealous
of them. Those who, being justified by faith, are most
deeply conscious that their works are worthless, strive
most earnestly to do worthy works.
This, like that which enjoins obedience to parents, is a
commandment "with promise." When your ways please
God, be will make even your enemies to be at peace
with you. This is one of two principles that stand to-
66 THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE.
gether in the word, and act together in the divine
administration. Its counterpart and complement is, "If
any man will live godly in Christ Jesus, he must suffer
persecution." They seem opposite, yet, like night and
day, summer and winter, they both proceed from the
same God, and work together for good to his people. It
is true that the mighty of the earth are overawed by
goodness; and it is also true that likeness to the Lord
exposes the disciple to the persecution which his Master
endured. Both are best: neither could be wanted. If
the principle that goodness exposes to persecution pre-
vailed everywhere and always, the spirit would fail before
Him and the souls which He has made. Again, if the
principle that goodness conciliates the favour of the world
prevailed everywhere and always, discipline would be done,
and the service of God would degenerate into mercenary
self-interest. If the good received only and always per-
secution for their goodness, their life could not endure,
and the generation of the righteous would become extinct:
if the good received only and alway; favour from men,
their spiritual life would be overlaid, and choked in the
thick folds of worldly prosperity. A beautiful balance
of opposites is employed to produce one grand result. It
is like the balance of antagonist forces, which keeps the
planets in their places, and maintains the harmony of the
universe. Temporal prosperity and temporal distress, the
world's friendship and its enmity, are both formidable to
the children of God. Our Father in heaven, guarding
against the danger on either side, employs the two reci-
procally to hold each other in check. Human applause
THE FALSE BALANCE DETECTED BY THE TRUE. 67
on this side is a dangerous enemy, and it is made harm-
less by the measure of persecution which the godly must
endure: on the other side, the enmity of a whole world
is a weight under which the strongest would at last suc-
cumb; but it is made harmless by the opposite law,—the
law by which true goodness conciliates favour even in an
evil world. A Christian in the world is like a human
body in the sea,—there is a tendency to sink and a ten-
dency to swim. A very small force in either direction
will turn the scale. Our Father in heaven holds the
elements of nature and the passions of men at his own
disposal. His children need not fear, for he keeps the
balance in his own hands.
68 MERCY AND TRUTH.
VIII.
MERCY AND TRUTH.
"By mercy and truth iniquity is purged:
and by the fear of the Lord men depart from evil."—xvi. 6.
No object can well be more dull and meaningless than
the stained window of an ancient church, as long as you
stand without and look toward a dark interior; but when
you stand within the temple, and look through that win-
dow upon the light of heaven, the still, sweet, solemn
forms that lie in it start into life and loveliness. The
beauty was all conceived in the mind and wrought by
the hand of the ancient artist whose bones now lie moul-
dering in the surrounding church-yard; but the beauty
lies hid until the two requisites come together,—a seeing
eye within, and a shining light without. We often meet
a verse on the page of the Old Testament scriptures very
like those ancient works of art. The beauty of holiness
is in it,—put into it by the Spirit from the first; and
yet its meaning was not fully known until the Sun of
Righteousness arose, and the Israel of God, no longer
kept in the outer court, entered through the rent veil,
and, from the Holy of Holies, looked through the ancient,
record on an illumined heaven. Many hidden beauties
burst into view on the pages of the Bible, when Faith's
open eye looks through it on the face of Jesus.
One of these texts is now before us. There is more in
MERCY AND TRUTH. 69
it than met the reader's eye before Christ came. The
least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than the Bap-
tist. The feeblest of the faithful after the incarnation
sees more meaning in the Bible than the eagle eye of the
mightiest prophet could discern before it. "By mercy
and truth iniquity is purged." That line of the Scrip-
tures becomes thoroughly transparent only when you hold
it up between you and Christ crucified.
The subject is the expiation of sin. The term is the
one which is employed in connection with the bloody
sacrifices. It intimates that sin is purged by the sacrifice
of a substitute. The two clauses of the verse, balanced
against each other in the usual form, seem to point to
the two great facts which constitute redemption,—pardon
and obedience. The first clause tells how the guilt of
sin is forgiven; the second, how the power of sin is sub-
dued. The first speaks of the pardon which comes down
from God to man; the second, of the obedience which
then and therefore rises up from man to God. Solomon
unites the two constituent elements of a sinner's deliver-
ance in the same order that his father experienced them:
"I have hoped for thy salvation, and done thy command-
ments" (Ps. cxix. 166). It is when iniquity is purged
by free grace that men practically depart from evil.
How then is iniquity purged? By mercy and truth.
The same two things are repeatedly proclaimed as the
grand distinguishing fruit of Christ's incarnation by the
disciple that leant on his breast (John i. 14, 17). "Grace
and truth came by Jesus Christ," whether you take the
term "truth" in its most general sense, or in its specific ap-
70 MERCY AND TRUTH.
plication as the fulfilment of the types. The law, according
to the thunders of Sinai, gives one of these; and the gospel,
according to the imaginations of corrupt men, gives an-
other: but only in Christ crucified both unite. The law
from Sinai proclaims Truth without Mercy, and the unre-
newed heart desires Mercy without Truth. The one would
result in the perdition of men; the other in the dishonour
of God. Truth alone would honour God's law, but destroy
transgressors: mercy alone would shield the transgressors,
but trample on the law. If there were only truth, earth
would no longer be a place of hope: if there were only
mercy, heaven would no longer be a place of holiness.
On the one side is the just Judge; on the other the guilty
criminals. If he give them their due, there will be no
mercy: if they get from him their desire, there will be no
truth. You may get one at the expense of casting out
the guilty multitude; you may get the other at the ex-
pense of putting to shame the Holy One: but apart from
the gospel of Christ, both cannot be.
They meet in the Mediator. In Christ the fire meets
the water without drying it up: the water meets the fire
without quenching it out. Truth has its way now, and
all the desert of sin falls on Him who bears it: mercy
has its way now, and all the love of God is poured out
on those who are one with his beloved Son. Iniquity is
punished in the substitute sacrificed, and so purged from
the conscience of the redeemed. "There is now no con-
demnation to them that are in Christ Jesus." The blood
of Jesus Christ cleanseth from all sin. This is the gospel.
There is no salvation in any other. The Scriptures from
MERCY AND TRUTH. 71
beginning to end testify of Christ. All their promises
are yea and amen in Him. We shall never discover the
meaning of "mercy and truth" until we “look unto
Jesus.” We shall never get our "iniquity purged" until
we "behold the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin
of the world." All the power lies in the great fact, that
Christ died the just for the unjust; and all salvation
comes through the simple act, "Believe in the Lord Jesus
Christ, and thou shalt be saved."
This purging of iniquity is the first and great con-
stituent of the gospel; and the second, which is like
unto it, is, let the pardoned depart from evil. Only "by
the fear of the Lord" can this command be obeyed. In
preceding expositions we have pointed out that the fear
of the Lord means the mingled awe and confidence of a
dear child. Fear of the Lord is a very different thing
from fright at the Lord. The reverential love which
keeps you near tends to practical holiness; but the terror
which drives you to a distance permits you to wallow
there in everything that is unclean.
The fear which produces obedience is generated by
mercy and truth united in the manifested character of
God. Mercy without truth would beget presumption:
truth without mercy would beget despair. The one
manifestation would not touch the conscience of the trans-
gressor, and therefore he would not obey; the other mani-
festation would crush him so that he could not. It is by
the fear of Him who is at once a just God and a Saviour
that men depart from evil. The emotion that fills a
disciple's heart is, like the atmosphere, composed mainly
72 MERCY AND TRUTH.
of two great elements in combination. These are love
and hate. Together in due proportion they constitute
the atmosphere of heaven, and supply vital breath to be-
lievers on the earth. Love of the Saviour who forgives
his sin, and hatred of the sin that crucified his Saviour,—
these two, in one rich and well-proportioned amalgam,
make up the vital element of saints. Separated they
cannot be. To dissolve their union is to change their
essence. As well might one of the atmosphere's consti-
tuent gases sustain the life of man as one of these
emotions satisfy a saved sinner. The separation indeed
is impossible, —perhaps we should say inconceivable.
Hatred of sin is but the lower side of love to the Saviour,
and love to the Saviour is but the upper side of hatred
to sin. In the new nature there is a twofold strain or
leaning, acting constantly like an instinct, although much
impeded in its exercise,—a strain or bent of heart towards
the Lord and away from sin. They who are near to
God depart from evil; and they who really depart from
evil draw near to God. The man in the Gospel (Luke
xii. 45) "said in his heart, My Lord delayeth his coming,"
and then began in his practice to "beat the men-servants
and maidens, and to eat and drink, and to be drunken."
At the two extremities stand the "Lord" and "evil;" in the
midst, this man. He cannot move nearer this side with-
out departing farther from that. If he draw near the
Lord, he will depart from evil: if he draw near to evil, he
must put the Lord far away. When a man determines
on a course of actual transgression, he puts God out of all
his thoughts: when he desires to escape the snares of
MERCY AND TRUTH. 73
Satan, he must walk closely with God. A people near
to Him is a people far from wickedness: a people far
from wickedness is a people near to Him. Absolutely
and in origin, there is none good save one, and that is
God: comparatively among men, the more godly, the
more good. In their course over a parched land, those
streams continue longest full which maintain unimpeded
their union to the fountain. Our goodness will dissipate
before temptation like the morning dew before the sun,
unless we be found in Him and getting out of His fulness.
74 PROVIDENCE.
IX.
PROVIDENCE.
"A man's heart deviseth his way: but the Lord directeth his steps."—xvi. 9.
"There are many devices in a man's heart;
nevertheless the counsel of the Lord, that shall stand."—xix. 21.
THE Bible throughout teaches the providence of God in
theory, and exhibits the providence of God in fact. The
prophecies are one continuous assertion of the doctrine;
the histories one vast storehouse of its fruits. The works
are manifest; the Worker is withdrawn from view. "Thou
art a God that hidest thyself," is one of the songs in which
the trustful praise him. The clouds and darkness that
are round his throne concealed him from the wisest of
the heathen; and yet, at the cry of any Israelite indeed,
he was wont to shine forth from between the cherubim,
and make bare his holy arm as it wrought deliverance.
When a stroke of judgment was about to fall, so heavy
that its sound should echo for terror to the wicked down
through all time, the Lord said, "Shall I hide from Abra-
ham the thing that I do?" Yet, with all their philosophy,
the Athenians in Paul's day were compelled to own that
they worshipped an unknown God. The knowledge of
His ways is hid from the wise and prudent, but revealed
unto babes. "Even so, Father; for so it seemed good in
thy sight." If, as to power, faith can remove mountains,
as to perception it can see through clouds. "The secret
PROVIDENCE. 75
of the Lord is with them that fear him; and he will
shew them his covenant" (Ps. xxv. 14).
"God executeth his decrees in the works of creation
and providence." There are two psalms—the 104th and
105th—placed next each other in the collection, which
correspond to these two departments of the divine adminis-
tration. The one is a hymn to God in nature; the other
a hymn to God in history. In the first He appears
appointing their course to the rivers of water; in the
second, turning whithersoever He will the hearts of men.
This psalm deals with the habitation and its furniture;
that with the inhabitant and his history. These two
songs exhibit an intelligence most comprehensive and a
devotion most pure, circulating in the rustic community
of the Hebrews, at a time when the conceptions of other
nations on the same themes were grovelling and their
worship vile. Both in the history that records the act,
and the psalms that celebrate the Actor, the patriarch
Joseph appears a most vivid portrait standing out of the
canvass, and the Exodus stretches away like a landscape
lying in the light. The persons and events that occupy
that great turning-point in human history serve as speci-
mens of the government which the Most High ever exer-
cises over the children of men.
Providence is as far above us as creation. To direct
the path of a planet in the heavens, and his own steps
over time, are both and both alike beyond the power of
man. God is as much a sovereign in appointing the
bounds of my habitation now upon the earth, as in ap-
pointing the earth at the beginning to be a habitation for
76 PROVIDENCE.
living creatures. Our shoulders could not sustain the
government; we should delight to know that it rests on
His.
These two proverbs of Solomon announce in different
yet equivalent terms that the two grand constituent ele-
ments which exist and operate in the divine government
of the world, are man's free agency and Jehovah's supreme
control. When it is said that a man's heart deviseth his
way, but the Lord directeth his steps, we must not think
that the purpose of the creature is condemned as an im-
pertinence. It is an essential element of the plan. Neither
human purposes, the material on which God exercises his
sovereign control, nor the control which he exercises on
that material, could be wanted. If there were no room
for the devices of a man's heart, providence would disap-
pear, and grim Fate, the leaden creed that crushes Eastern
nations in the dust, would come in its stead. If, on the
other hand, these devices are left to fight against each
other for their objects without being subjected all to the
will of a living One, Faith flees from the earth, and the
reign of Atheism begins.
The desires of human hearts, and the efforts of human
hands, do go into the processes of providence, and consti-
tute the material on which the Almighty work. When
God made man in his own image, a new era was inaugu-
rated and a new work begun. Hitherto, in the govern-
ment of this world, the Creator had no other elements to
deal with than matter and the instincts of brutes; but
the moment that man took his place on creation, a new
and higher element was introduced into its government.
PROVIDENCE. 77
The sphere was enlarged and the principle elevated.
There was more room for the display of wisdom and
power. The will of intelligent moral beings left free,
and yet as completely controlled as matter and its laws,
makes the divine government much more glorious than
the mere management of a material universe. For God's
glory man was created, and that purpose will stand; a
glory to God man will be, willing or unwilling, fallen or
restored, throughout the course of time and at its close.
The doctrine of Scripture regarding providence neither
degrades man nor inflates him. It does not make him a
mere thing on the one hand, nor a god on the other. It
neither takes from him the attributes of humanity, nor
ascribes to him the attributes of deity. It permits him
freely to propose, but leaves the ultimate disposal in a
mightier hand.
When we seek for specimens of providential rule,—of
devices manifold in a man's heart, and the counsel of the
Lord standing accomplished either by or against them all,
the Exodus is, and ever will be, the richest mine. Let us
look at one example, and learn from it the character of
all. The cruel decree, repeated in two different forms,
devoting to death all the male infants of Israel, was one
of the blows, dealt unconsciously by the oppressor's own
hand, which went to break the captive's chain and set
him free. It was an edict that could not be executed.
Blinded by his own eagerness to achieve his object early,
Pharaoh grasped at too much, and therefore obtained no-
thing. It is in this way generally that our Father in
heaven protects the poor from the wicked devices of the
78 PROVIDENCE.
powerful. Evil is kept within bounds by being permitted
to exceed all bounds. Its excesses make it barren. As
well might Pharaoh have commanded the Nile to flow
upward. A massacre of innocents, commanded by a tyrant,
may be executed by his slaves. The babes of Bethlehem
may be slaughtered by the decree of Herod,—a stroke
against Christ in his own person; the Protestants of
France may be murdered in a night,—a stroke against
Christ in his members; but neither the Instigator of
evil nor any of his instruments can secure the execution
of a decree which permanently violates the instincts of
nature. To murder day by day and year by year con-
tinually the infants of a whole people as soon as they
are born, is impossible. God has made it so in the con-
stitution of things. By the power of Pharaoh the Nile
might be dammed up for a day, but all the power of the
world could not stem its flood for a season. So, although
the instincts of nature may be held in abeyance till the
sword has done its short work on the babes of Bethlehem
or the Huguenots of France, they gather strength, like
the river, from the impediment that crossed them, and at
the next onset will sweep all impediments away. Pha-
raoh's decree must have fallen aside as a dead letter when
a few infant corpses had been washed upon the river's
brim. In point of fact, the history contains no trace of
its existence after the childhood of Moses. It served to
prepare the way of a deliverer, and then disappeared.
God served himself of Pharaoh's cruel law, and then
crushed it by the instincts which he has planted in human
breasts. The people of Egypt were flesh and blood;
PROVIDENCE. 79
therefore the purpose of their stony-hearted ruler could
not be accomplished: they had infants of their own, and
therefore could not day by day continue to murder infants,
whose struggling limbs felt soft and warm in the exe-
cutioners' hands.
The huge machine of murder, constructed for the pur-
pose of keeping down the Hebrew population, having
been set in motion, turned round once, and stopped to
move no more; but by its one revolution, it threw a
foundling—a capacious Hebrew mind and a fervid Hebrew
heart—into the palace of the Pharaohs, to be charged
there with all the learning of Egypt, and employed in due
time as the instrument to break the oppressor's rod, and
set his suffering kindred free.
Although God's hand is in it, and all the more because
his hand is in it the history, as to its form, is intensely
human. Everywhere throughout the details, the pur-
poses of men's hearts protrude; and yet God's hand
fashions the issue for his own purposes as absolutely as
it framed the worlds of the solar system, and gave to
matter its laws. The history of ancient Israel is marked
all over with the foot-prints of the Chief Shepherd as he
led his flock, and teems with types or working plans for
the conduct of the divine government to the end of time.
Even the life of the Great Deliverer pointed now to one,
and now to another feature of the Mosaic programme, as
the needle quivers beneath the electric current. In the be-
ginning of his life on earth he went down into Egypt and
out of Egypt again God called his Son. At the close of
his ministry, when be showed the three disciples a glimpse
80 PROVIDENCE.
of his heavenly glory, Moses was his companion, and
Exodus his theme. Children understand and love that
wonderful story. It engraves itself on their memory, and
abides there even unto old age. The book is true to
nature, and true also to grace. Children never weary of
the tale; the children of God can never get enough of its
spiritual lesson.
There is literally no end to the multiplication of im-
pressions on the current history of the world, from the
types which the deep fount of sacred Scripture contains.
They are thrown off as days and years revolve, in num-
ber and variety all but infinite. The Angel is doing
wondrously; it is our part reverently to look on. "Who-
so is wise, and will observe these things, even they shall
understand the loving-kindness of the Lord (Ps. cvii. 43).
Passing over providential arrangements on a small
scale involving similar principles and leading to similar
results, numerous as reflections of sun-light from the
dancing waves, we select as an example one that in seve-
ral features bears an obvious analogy to the Exodus—the
present bondage and prospective freedom of the Negro
race in the United States of America. The process is
not yet complete, and therefore we cannot fully under-
stand what the counsel of the Lord therein may be. We
cannot yet predict all the turnings that the course of
events may take; but the issue is not doubtful. We
know that the Lord reigneth; we know also certain
great principles that run through his administration. We
wait confidently for the end of the Lord in that great
conflict. He that believeth shall not make haste.
PROVIDENCE. 81
The device of many leading politicians in the United
States has been, and is, to maintain three millions of
human beings in slavery, to be bought and sold like cattle
or any other species of property. There are, indeed, in
the laws some shreds of protection for human flesh and
blood, not accorded to other species of possessions; but
these proceed upon low grounds, and never rise to the
recognition of a brother's nature and a brother's rights.
The citizens of that country have probably an average
share of humanity in their personal character; but the
institution to which they cling chokes up the channel
through which the affections of nature ought to flow.
They make laws on the one side to prevent excessive
cruelty in the treatment of slaves, and on the other side
to forbid the dissemination of knowledge, lest it should
emancipate the mind while the body remains in bondage.
These alternate struggles this way and that way are
painful to the community that makes them, and by
no means effectual to accomplish the end desired. To
treat a man as the property of man, is to fight against
nature and against God. He who falls upon this stone
shall be broken. The nation, accordingly, is broken, is
rent asunder, by a wound that refuses to be healed.
Action and reaction are equal and opposite, as well in
morals as in physics. One person or one race cannot
hurt another, without receiving a corresponding injury
in return. If my brother and myself are standing both
together on ice, and I push him violently away from me,
I have thereby pushed myself as far in the opposite direc-
tion. I may succeed in driving my brother out of his
82 PROVIDENCE.
place, but the same effort drives me also out of mine.
The Americans are so situated with respect to their
slaves. They cannot push the Africans aside from the
best condition of humanity on the one hand, without
pushing themselves as far from the best condition of
humanity on the other. Man is not a fixture on the
earth like the everlasting hills. The ground is slippery,
and our foot-hold feeble at the best. It is not in our
power to turn aside a neighbour from his right, and
maintain our own standing and character as before. The
master depresses and degrades his slave; but in that very
act he has deeply wounded the tenderest part of his own
nature. If the oppressed race are necessarily mean, the
oppressing race are necessarily arrogant. As far as the
slave is sunk below the level into brutish insensibility,
so far the master is forced up above it into an odious
unfeeling pride. It is in vain that the potsherds of the
earth strive with their Maker. His laws are even now
silently operating to adjust these inequalities. Some
portions of their working may be already seen cropping
out upon the surface.
Slaves, stung by injuries at home, and favoured by
compassionate hearts abroad, were escaping in a strong
steady stream to a land of liberty. A gradual exodus
had begun, and the dominant power, by the instinct of
self-preservation, adopted a device to arrest it. They
passed an enactment, known as the Fugitive Slave Law,
which requires that the citizens shall aid in delivering
the fleeing African into his pursuers' hands, and imposes
severe punishment on all who shall dare to harbour him
PROVIDENCE. 83
or facilitate his escape. This, it seems, is the best device
which the powerful could employ to keep the feeble
under the yoke. But it has failed, and will fail. Like
Pharaoh's device to keep down his slaves, it contains
within itself the elements of its own dissolution. The
Legislature of the States has ventured to run counter
not only to the principles of justice, but to that which
in human breasts is a stronger thing—the instincts of
nature. Fathers and mothers in the Free States cannot
be compelled to deliver up a fugitive mother and her in-
fant to the mercy of her pursuer. There is a law which
lies underneath that shallow enactment, with power to
hold it in check for a time, and to crush it at last.
That latest effort which the slaveholding power has put
forth to secure their property has probably done more
than any other single event to weaken their tenure, and
ultimately wrench it from their grasp. The counsel of
the Lord, that shall stand, whether the adversary opposed
to it be an ancient despot or a modern democracy. The
stroke which was intended to rivet the fetters of the slave
more firmly, guided in its descent by an unseen hand, fell
upon a brittle link, and broke it through. The news-
papers announced that the cruel device had been enacted
into a law. The intelligence fell like a spark on the deep
compassion that lay pent up in a woman's heart, and kin-
dled it into a flame. The outburst was in the form of a
book, the chief instrument of power usually employed in
these later ages of the world. It is certainly true, and is
widely known, that the enactment of the Fugitive Slave
Law produced the book, and that the book caused a pano-
84 PROVIDENCE.
rama of slavery to pass before the eyes of millions in
America and Europe, inexpressibly augmenting the pub-
lic opinion of the civilized world against the whole sys-
tem, root and branch. Let no one imagine that we are
elevating little things into an undue importance. We
speak of Jehovah's counsel, and how it stands erect and
triumphant over all the devices of men. He is wont to
employ weak things to confound the mighty. Long ago
He employed the tears of a helpless child and the strong
compassion of a woman (Ex. ii. 6) as essential instru-
ments in the exodus of an injured race; and it would be
like himself if, in our day, while statesmen and armies
contend in the senate and the battle-field, he should per-
mit women who remain at home to deal the blow which
decides the victory, and distribute the resulting spoil.
"He sits King upon the floods." "All are His servants."
"Stand still and see the salvation of God."
The exodus of the New Testament, the decease which
Christ accomplished at Jerusalem, when, by the shedding
of his blood, and through a sea of wrath, he opened a way
for his redeemed to pass over, teems even more than that
of the Old Testament with studies of Providence. Caiaphas
proclaimed him the sacrificed substitute for sinning men
(John xi. 49-52), and Pilate recorded his kingly dignity
(John xix. 19). Are Caiaphas and Pilate also among the
prophets? They are, although they know it not. He
who makes the winds his messengers, and the flaming fire
his angels, can harness these untamed spirits, and yoke
them to his chariot. He makes the tongue of Caiaphas
preach the priesthood, and the pen of Pilate write the
PROVIDENCE. 85
sovereignty of Jesus. When God has a message to de-
clare, he is not limited in his choice of the angel who
shall bear it. He can compel the servants of Satan to do
his errands, without even putting off their dark cos-
tume. Their own hearts devise their ways, but the Lord
directs their steps. In pursuing their own devices, they
unconsciously become the instruments of accomplishing
the purpose of God.
"Pilate wrote a title," in Hebrew and Greek and
Latin, and fixed it aloft upon the cross. The title so com-
posed and published was, "JESUS OF NAZARETH, THE
KING OF THE JEWS." In the same spirit the governor
had already said, "Shall I crucify your King?" This
testimony from his view-point served two purposes. It
gave vent to the conviction struggling in his own mind
that the Sufferer was innocent and divine: at the same
time it afforded him the opportunity of taking vengeance
on the Jews for the blood-hound cruelty with which they
had hunted him down, and compelled him, against his own
judgment, to give up the Just One to be crucified. He
held their shame aloft to heaven, and spread it in three
languages across the world. Such is the object which
Pilate "proposes" to himself. But this man's weak vin-
dictive passion God "disposes" so, that it shall proclaim
to Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans, that the crucified is the
King of Israel. Pilate's shaft was well aimed. It reached
its mark, and rankled in the bones and marrow of those
Jewish rulers. The governor, whom their policy had con-
cussed, now overreached them. They were ashamed
that a formal title, under the supreme civil authority,
86 PROVIDENCE.
should publish to the indigenous multitude in their ver-
nacular, and to strangers from the east and west in the
languages of the empire, that the Nazarene on the accursed
tree was their promised, expected King. They requested
that the writing should be changed. Pilate rejected their
request. It was now his turn to tighten the screw on the
flesh of the victim. Revenge at that moment was sweet
to his revengeful heart. "What I have written I have
written!" and he pushed them aside with contempt. He
determined to pillory these proud priests aloft upon the
place of skulls, as the subjects of the Crucified. And yet
God employed that fierce passion to print above the cross,
and publish through all time, a testimony to the royalty
of Emmanuel. Said not the Scriptures truly, "The
wrath of man shall praise Thee?"
We have been contemplating the working of Provi-
dence in those great events which have nations for their
actors, and a world for their stage. We have preferred
to exemplify a principle by the larger specimens of its
produce, as we are wont to illustrate the law of gravita-
tion by the balancing of worlds: but that law may be
seen as well in the drooping of a snow-drop, or the falling
of a leaf. And in like manner our Maker's might and
our Father's tenderness descend with us from great public
events, and follow our private, personal interests, until
they are lost to our view, but not to His, in the micro-
scopic minuteness of a hair falling off or growing gray.
In a storm at sea, when the danger pressed, and the deep
seemed ready to devour the voyagers, one man stood com-
posed and cheerful amidst the agitated throng. They
PROVIDENCE. 87
asked him eagerly why he feared not,—was he an expe-
rienced seaman, and did he see reason to expect that the
ship would ride the tempest through? No; he was not
an expert sailor, but he was a trustful Christian. He
was not sure that the ship would swim; but he knew that
its sinking could do no harm to him His answer was,
"Though I sink to-day, I shall only drop gently into the
hollow of my Father's hand, for he holds all these waters
there." The story of that disciple's faith triumphing in
a stormy sea presents a pleasant picture to those who read
it on the solid land; but if they in safety are strangers
to his faith, they will not in trouble partake of his conso-
lation. The idea is beautiful; but a human soul, in its
extremity, cannot play with a beautiful idea. If the
heart do not feel the truth firm to lean upon, the eye will
not long be satisfied with its symmetry to look at.
Strangers may speak of providence; but only the children
love it. If they would tell the truth, those who are
alienated from God in their hearts, do not like to be so
completely in His power. It is when I am satisfied with
His mercy, that I rejoice to lie in His hand.
88 WISDOM AND WEALTH—THEIR COMPARATIVE WORTH.
X.
WISDOM AND WEALTH—THEIR COMPARATIVE
WORTH.
"How
much better is it to get wisdom than gold?
and to get. understanding rather to be chosen than silver?—xvi. 16.
THE question only is written in the book; the learner is
expected to work out the answer. We, of this mercantile
community, are expert in the arithmetic of time; here is
an example to test our skill in casting up the accounts of
eternity. Deeper interests are at stake; greater care
should be taken to avoid an error, more labour willingly
expended in making the balance true. Old and young,
rich and poor, should take their places together in the
school, and, under the Master's own eye, work this preg-
nant problem out to its issue.
The question is strictly one of degree. It is not,
Whether is wisdom or gold the more precious portion for
a soul? That question was settled long ago by common
consent. All who in any sense make a profession of faith
in God, confess that wisdom is better than gold; and this
teacher plies them with another problem,—How much
better?
Two classes of persons have experience in this matter,
—those who have chosen the meaner portion, and those who
have chosen the nobler; but only the latter class are
capable of calculating the difference suggested by the
WISDOM AND WEALTH—THEIR COMPARATIVE WORTH. 89
text. Those who give their heart to money, understand
only the value of their own portion: those who possess
treasures in heaven, have tasted both kinds, and can
appreciate the difference between them.
When a man has made money his idol and his aim, he
may be made to feel and confess that it is a worthless
portion. He may understand well that a world full of it
cannot procure for him one night's sleep when he is in
pain,—cannot dispel the terrors of an unclean conscience,—
cannot satisfy the justice of God,—cannot open the gate
of heaven. The man, in his misery, can tell you truly and
intelligently that gold, as the chosen heritage of an im-
mortal, is worthless; but how much better heavenly wis-
dom would have been, he cannot tell, for he has never
tried it. As the man born blind cannot tell how much better
light is than his native darkness; as the slave born under
the yoke of his master cannot tell how much better liberty
is than his life-long bondage; so he who has despised the
treasures that are at God's right hand, cannot conceive
how much more precious they are to a man in his ex-
tremity than the riches that perish in the use. A man
knows both what it is to be a child and what it is to be
a man; but a child knows only what it is to be a child.
He who is now a new creature, has experience also of the
old man; but he who has not yet put off the old man, has
no experience of the new. Only those who have chosen
the better portion can intelligently compare the two.
But even these cannot compute the difference. Eye
hath not seen, ear hath not heard it. Wisdom from
above, like the love of God, passeth knowledge. Even
90 WISDOM AND WEALTH—THEIR COMPARATIVE WORTH.
those who are best instructed can stretch their line but
a little way into the depth. How much better is wisdom
than gold? Better by all the worth of a soul, by all the
blessedness of heaven, by all the length of eternity. But
all these expressions are only tiny lines that children fling
into the ocean to measure its depth withal. None of them
reach the ground. It is like the answer of a little child
when you ask him How far distant is that twinkling star?
It is very very far above us, he will say; but with all the
eagerness of his tone and gesture—with his outstretched
finger, and twittering lips, and glistening eye, he has not
told you how deep in the heavens that lone star lies. As
well might you expect to find out God, as find out, here
in the body, the measure of the goodness which he has
laid up for them that fear him.
In a time of war between two great maritime nations, a
ship belonging to one of them is captured on the high seas
by a ship belonging to the other. The captor, with a few
attendants, goes on board his prize, and directs the native
crew to steer for the nearest point of his country's shore.
The prize is very rich. The victors occupy themselves
wholly in collecting and counting the treasure, and arrang-
ing their several shares, abandoning the care of the ship
to her original owners. These, content with being per-
mitted to handle the helm, allow their rivals to handle
the money unmolested. After a long night, with a steady
breeze, the captured mariners quietly, at dawn, run the
ship into a harbour on their own shores. The conquerors
are in turn made captives. They lose all the gold which
they grasped too eagerly, and their liberty besides. In
WISDOM AND WEALTH—THEIR COMPARATIVE WORTH. 91
that case it was much better to have hold of the helm,
which directed the ship, than of the money which the
ship contained. Those who seized the money and ne-
glected the helm, lost even the money which was in their
hands. Those who neglected the money and held by the
helm, obtained the money which they neglected, and
liberty too. They arrived at home, and all their wealth
with them.
Thus they who make money their aim suffer a double
loss, and they who seek the wisdom from above secure a
double gain. The gold with which men are occupied
will profit little, if the voyage of their life be not pointed
home. If themselves are lost, their possessions are worth-
less. It is much better to get wisdom, for wisdom is
profitable to direct, and the course so directed issues in
Rest and Riches. When Christ is yours, all things are
yours, and gold among them. The gold and the silver
are His, and whether by giving them to you, or withhold-
ing them from you, he will compel these his servants to
attend upon his sons.
The ship may carry a precious cargo of this world's
goods, but the main concern of the master is not the
quantity and value of his freight. It is better to come
home empty a living man, than to be cast away in com-
pany with your riches. Alas! I think I see many men
spending their days and nights down in the hold keeping
their eyes on the coffers, permitting the vessel which
carries both themselves and their treasures to drift at the
mercy of wind and tide. Come up! come up! This is
not your rest. This is a tempestuous and dangerous sea.
92 WISDOM AND WEALTH—THEIR COMPARATIVE WORTH.
Look to the heavens for guiding light; keep your eye on
the chart and your hand on the rudder. Immortal man!
let your chief aim and effort be to pass safely through
there troubled waters and arrive at last in the better
land. As to wealth, if you carry little with you, plenty
awaits you there. "We passed through fire and water,
yet thou broughtest us to a wealthy place."
THE HIGHWAY OF THE UPRIGHT. 93
XI.
THE HIGHWAY OF THE UPRIGHT.
"The highway of the upright is to depart from evil:
he that keepeth his way preserveth his soul."—xvi. 17.
EVERY man has a highway of his own. It is formed, as
our forefathers formed their roads, simply by walking
often on it, and without a predetermined plan. Foresight
and wisdom might improve the moral path, as much as
they have in our day improved the material. The high-
way of the covetous is to depart from poverty and make
for wealth with all his might. In his eagerness to take
the shortest cut he often falls over a precipice, or loses
his way in a wood. The highway of the vain is to depart
from seriousness, and follow mirth on the trail of fools.
The highway of the ambitious is a toilsome scramble up
a mountain's side towards its summit, which seems in the
distance to be a paradise basking in sun-light above the
clouds, but when attained is found to be colder and barer
than the plain below. The upright has a highway too,
and it is to "depart from evil."
The upright is not an unfallen angel, but a restored
man. He has been in the miry pit, and the marks of
the fall are upon him still. Even when a sinner has
been forgiven and renewed—when he has become a new
creature in Christ, and an heir of eternal life—the power
of evil within him is not entirely subdued, the stain of
94 THE HIGHWAY OF THE UPRIGHT.
evil not entirely wiped away. He hates sin now in his
heart, but he feels the yoke of it in his flesh still. His back
is turned to the bondage which he loathes, and his face to
the liberty which he loves. He hastens away from evil, and
if he looks behind him at any time, it is to measure the
distance he has already made, and quicken his pace for
the time to come. In this way the pilgrim walks un-
wearied, nor dares to rest until in dwellings of the right-
eous he hear that "melody of joy and health:" "Salva-
tion to our God who sitteth upon the throne, and unto
the Lamb" (Rev. vii. 10). Then at last he ceases to
depart from evil; for there is no more any evil to depart
from. He treads no more his chosen beaten highway,
because he is now at home.
The man who has found this highway and keeps it,
"preserveth his soul." How necessary to each other
reciprocally are doctrine and life! To sever them is to
destroy them; and to sever them is a more common error
in Christendom than most are able to perceive or willing
to confess. Doctrine, although both true and divine, is
for us only a shadow, if it be not embodied in holiness.
Nothing more effectually serves Satan's purpose in the
world than a strict creed wedded to a loose practice.
This union secures a double gain to the kingdom of dark-
ness. It keeps the man himself in bondage, and also
exposes to shame the gospel of our Lord and Saviour.
The true doctrine is necessary to salvation, because it is
the only way of reaching righteousness. The precious-
ness of revealed truth lies in this, that it teaches how we
may please God, first and primarily by the righteousness
THE HIGHWAY OF THE UPRIGHT. 95
of Christ, second and subordinately by personal obedi-
ence. He who keepeth his way preserveth his soul:
conversely, he who departs from it shall perish.
There stands the word in all its simplicity and blunt-
ness: the preserving of your soul depends on the keeping
of your way. The way is obviously the life: no reader
can mistake the meaning of the term. It was not the
profession, but the "walk" of those Philippian back-
sliders that made Paul weep, and ranked them "enemies
of the cross of Christ." The Lord himself, in the sermon
on the mount, has settled this point with extraordinary
precision and minuteness (Matt. vii. 21-27), especially
in the parable of the two houses, that of the wise man
built upon a rock, and that of the foolish man built upon
the sand. He has graven as with a pen of iron, and the
point of a diamond in the rock for ever, the lesson that a
sound creed will not save a careless liver in the great
day.
To contend for a high standard of doctrine, and be
satisfied with a low standard of life, is a fatal inconsistency.
It is a "damnable heresy," whoever brings it in; for it
issues in the loss of the soul. At certain periods in the
history of the Church, and among certain communities of
professors, evangelical doctrine has prevailed, while moral-
ity has languished. This knowledge, dissociated from
obedience, is a more melancholy object of contemplation
than the actual idolatry of Athens, where the living God
was unknown; as a blighted corn field is a sadder sight
than a bare unsown moor. In the early Christian cul-
ture some fields ran waste in this way, on which much
96 THE HIGHWAY OF THE UPRIGHT.
labour had been expended; and to these the reproof of
James is specially addressed: "But wilt thou know, O
vain man, that faith without works is dead?" (ii. 20.)
It is as false in philosophy as in religion to assume that
a knowledge of the way will lead those home who refuse
to walk in it.
In our day and our country, the supreme and funda-
mental importance of truth in doctrine is generally
acknowledged and inculcated in the religious education of
the people. This is both right and necessary, but it is
not enough. Why should men separate and set up as
rivals the knowing of the right way, and the walking in
the way that is right? You may as well pit against
each other the seeing eye and the shining light, some
declaring for this and some for that as the one thing
needful. Shake off prepossessions and traditions; go in
simplicity to the Bible; sit at the feet of Jesus, and
listen to the Teacher sent from God; and you will find
that a so-called right believing which does not clothe it-
self in right living, so far from being a passport to safety,
is an aggravation of guilt. "To him that knoweth to do
good and doeth it not, to him it is sin."
When a wanderer has been met, like Paul, in the way
of death, and led into the way of life, the end is not yet.
Let not him that putteth on his armour boast himself as
he that putteth it off. Those who have found the way
must keep it. There are many out-branching by-paths,
and many enticers clustering round the entrance of each.
"Watch and pray that ye enter not into temptation."
"He that endureth to the end, the same shall be saved."
THE HIGHWAY OF THE UPRIGHT. 97
While we learn in this verse that a soul is preserved by
keeping the way, we may observe the counterpart truth
glancing from behind,—"a soul is lost by departing from
the way."
It is in the way, the conduct, the life, that the breach
occurs whereby a soul is lost, that seemed to bid fair for
the better land. It is probable that with nine out of
every ten of our people in this favoured land, the enemy
finds it easier to inject actual impurity into the life than
speculative error into the creed. Danger to the soul is
greater on the side of practice than on the side of faith.
A shaken faith, I own, leads the life astray; but also a
life going astray makes shipwreck of the faith. I do
not teach that any righteousness done by the fallen can
either please God or justify a man; but I do teach, on
the authority of the Bible, that a slipping from the way
of righteousness and purity in actual life is the main stay
of Satan's kingdom —the chief destroyer of souls. When
your conduct becomes impure, your belief will not continue
sound. It is more common in the experience of indi-
viduals, if not also in the history of the Church, to find
evangelical doctrine undermined by sinful practice, than
to find holy practice perverted by a heterodox belief. A
successful assault by the enemy on either side will ruin all,
but in the battle of life the side of conduct is weaker and
more exposed than the side of profession. If the spirits
of darkness could be heard celebrating their success, while
erroneous doctrines might, in their dreary paean, occupy the
place of Saul who slays his thousands, indulged lusts
would certainly be the David who slays his ten thousands.
98 THE HIGHWAY OF THE UPRIGHT.
Young men and women! when you are in the place and
the hour of temptation, look to that apostle who had
sorely stumbled himself and therefore, when confirmed
by grace, was better fitted than others to have compas-
sion on them that are out of the way; his eyes are red
with weeping and his manly heart is breaking in his
breast: he cries with an exceeding great and bitter cry,
that should run through you like a sword in your bones:
"Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pil-
grims, abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the
soul" (1 Peter ii. 11).
Every one has a highway, and every one is a traveller.
The whole human race are travelling, each on his, own
chosen track, across Time and toward Eternity. Every
traveller has something very precious in his custody—
the most precious of created things—his own soul. "What
shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose
his soul?" You will lose it, pilgrim, if you go off the
way. The miners in the gold fields of Australia, when
they have gathered a large quantity of the dust, make
for the city with the treasure. The mine is far in the
interior. The country is wild: the bush is infested by
robbers. The miners keep the road and the day-light.
They march in company, and close by the guard sent to
protect them. They do not stray from the path among the
woods; for they bear with them a treasure which they value,
and they are determined to run no risks. Do likewise,
brother, for your treasure is of greater value, your enemies
of greater power. Keep the way, lest you lose your soul
THE WELL-SPRING OF LIFE. 99
XII.
THE WELL-SPRING OF LIFE.
"Understanding is a well-spring of life unto him that hath it."—xvi. 22.
THE well is deeper now than Solomon in his day was able
to penetrate, and sends forth accordingly a fuller, fresher,
more perennial stream. Then, in ancient Israel, it was much
to learn from the lips of the king all that the Spirit taught
him about understanding as a well-spring of life; but a
greater than Solomon is here teaching us, and the youngest
scholar who sits at Jesus' feet may in these high matters
be wiser than the ancients. "Whosoever drinketh of the
water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the
water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of
water springing up into everlasting life" (John iv. 14).
Behold the lessons of David's son, expanded and completed
by David's Lord!
Understanding is a well-spring to him that hath it:
but in me dwelleth no good thing. Every good gift and
every perfect gift is from above. A rainless sky makes a
barren land. As long as the heavens are brass, the earth
will be iron. There are many living well-springs on the
earth, but the fountain-head is on high. The earth gets
all the good of the refreshing streams as much as if they
were originally its own; and yet it is indebted to the sky
for every drop that rises in its springs and flows in its
rivers. The springs are in the earth for possession and
100 THE WELL-SPRING OF LIFE.
benefit, though not of the earth as their independent
source. It is thus with the understanding which becomes
a well-spring of life to men. It is in them; they possess
it, and enjoy all its preciousness: but it is not their own.
It is the gift of God. They have nothing which they
did not receive.
Two things are necessary to the opening and the flow
of well-springs—deep rendings beneath the earth's surface,
and lofty risings above it. There must be deep veins
and high mountains. The mountains draw the drops
from heaven; the rents receive, retain, and give forth the
supply. There must be corresponding heights and depths
in the life of a man ere he be charged as a well-spring
with wisdom from above. Upward to God and down-
ward into himself the exercises of his soul must alter-
nately penetrate. You must lift up your soul in the
prayer of faith, and rend your heart in the work of re-
pentance; you must ascend into heaven to bring the
blessing down, and descend into the depths to draw it up.
Extremes meet in a lively Christian. He is at once very
high and very lowly. God puts all his treasures in the
power of a soul that rises to reach the upper springs, as
the Andes intercept water in the sky sufficient to fertilize
a continent. And when the Spirit has so descended like
floods of water, the secret places of a broken heart afford
room for his indwelling, so that the grace which came at
first from God rises within the man like a springing well,
satisfying himself and refreshing his neighbours.
Enlarging the germ of thought which Solomon infolded
within the Old Testament scriptures, the Lord intimated
THE WELL-SPRING OF LIFE. 101
that this well, when charged and set a flowing, springeth
up into everlasting life. There are many joys springing
from the earth, and limited to time,—joys which God
provides, and his children thankfully receive; but the
characteristic defect of all these is that those who drink
of them shall thirst again. It is recorded of Israel in the
wilderness, that they came one day to a place where were
twelve wells, and seventy palm-trees. Here, then, were
two of the pilgrims' chief wants amply supplied—shade
and water: but we learn from the history that at another
station in their journey, a few days afterwards, the
people were reduced to extremities again by thirst.
Such are all the temporary refreshments provided for pil-
grim's by the way. He who has solaced himself at these
wells to-day will thirst again to-morrow. But the well-
spring of life, the water that flowed from the Rock, will
follow the weary all their way, and refresh them most
when their thirst is greatest—in the final conflict with the
latest foe. "That Rock was Christ"
"To him that hath it," said Solomon, will understand-
ing be a well-spring. "Whosoever drinketh of the water
that I shall give him," said Jesus, "shall never thirst."
Both the Old Testament and the New distinctly teach
that grace offered by God may only increase the condem-
nation: it is grace accepted by man that saves. There
is plenty in the fountain, for "God is love;" and yet you
may thirst again, and thirst for ever. There is plenty
falling, for in Christ our Brother, and for us, all the ful-
ness of the Godhead bodily dwells; and yet you may
thirst again, and thirst for ever. The Son of God came
102 THE WELL-SPRING OF LIFE.
the Life of men, and yet many men live not. The Son
of God came the Light of the world, and yet whole nations
are sitting in darkness. "He that hath the Son hath
life." He is the wisdom of God. This wisdom is life
"to him that hath it;" but the greatness of this salvation,
and the freeness of its offer, only aggravate the guilt of
those who neglect or despise it.
Thirst and water, the appetite and its supply, are fitted
into each other like a lock and key in human art, or
the seeing eye and the shining light among the works of
God. In these pairs, either member is useless if it be
alone. However exquisite in itself one side of the double
whole may be, it is barren if it want its counterpart.
Water can no more nourish fruit alone than dust; dust can
no more nourish fruit alone than water. Let the dust be
refreshed by water,—let water saturate the dust. The
two apart were both barren: their union will be prolific.
Thirst without cater is merely pain: water without
thirst is merely waste. It is when thirst receives water,
water quenches thirst, that a substantial benefit accrues.
We should carefully observe this inexorable law of na-
ture, and learn that it reigns with all its rigour in the
spiritual sphere. Men who personally reject the gospel
seem to expect that the gospel will save them notwith-
standing. Understanding cannot be a well-spring of life
to him that hath it not. The terms are, "Whosoever will,
let him take the water of life freely." Even the love
of God cannot offer more favourable terms than these, and
it remains true, that those who will not take the water
of life perish for want of it. At Jerusalem, in the days
THE WELL-SPRING OF LIFE. 103
of his flesh, on the last day of the feast, Jesus uttered a
great cry. It was a cry of fear and grief. It came from
the breaking heart of the Man of Sorrows. He feared,
as the feast days were passing, lest the time of mercy
should run out, and those lingerers be lost. He who
knew what is in man and before him, was anxious: they
who knew neither themselves nor their Judge, were con-
fident. He cried out: they kept silence. His cry was, "If
any man thirst, let him come unto me and drink" (John
vii. 37). He saw the water of life poured out and running
to waste. He saw, too, a multitude of lifeless, withered,
perishing souls. What he desired to see in them was a
thirst that would induce them to take the offered mercy.
Alas! now when the Giver cries, the needy sit silent: a time
will come when the needy will cry, and the great Giver
will refuse to answer! The loss of a soul is an exceeding
bitter thing at every stage of the process, from the begin-
ning to the close. Now there is water, but no thirst:
then there will be thirst, but no water. If these two be
not joined in the day of mercy, they will remain separate
through the night of doom. If God's cry, "Take, take!"
be left echoing unanswered in heaven, man's cry, "Give,
give!" will echo unanswered through the pit. If God's offer
be barren in time for want of man's desire, man's desire in
eternity will be barren for want of an offer to meet it
from God. To him that hath it, this wisdom from above
will be a well-spring of life;—to those who refuse it, life
will never spring at all.
104 THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS.
XIII.
THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS.
"Let a bear robbed of her whelps meet a man,
rather than a fool in his folly."—xvii. 12.
THE wrath of man is a dreadful thing. The mere recital
of the havoc which it has wrought on the earth would
sicken the stoutest heart. Who can calculate how many
acts of cruelty, done by man upon his fellow, have ac-
cumulated for the inquisition of the great day, since the
blood of Abel cried to heaven for vengeance against his
brother. The rage of wild beasts is short-lived, and their
power is circumscribed within narrow limits. Man has
more cause to dread his brother than all the beasts of the
forest. It is easier to meet a bear robbed of her whelps,
than a fool in his folly.
Cruelties are of different species, owing their origin to
diverse passions, and perpetrated with a view to diverse
ends. Ambition has often steeped her hands in blood.
Many sweet olive plants, especially of those that spring
round royal tables, have been nipt in the bud, lest their
growth should obstruct the path of a usurper hastening
to the throne. Perhaps it is not strictly correct to say
that war perpetrates, for it consists of cruelties. It is,
rather than does, murder. Jealousy, too, leaves many
victims on its track. And Superstition, Pagan, Moham-
medan, and Popish, has lighted the fires of persecution in
THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS. 105
every land, and relieved the world of those who had
grown so like to God that the world could not endure
their presence. These, and many other species of cruelties,
have offended God and afflicted man ever since sin began;
but the cruelty specified in this text is of another kind.
It is not the cruelty of the warrior in his thirst for glory
not the cruelty of the persecutor, in his blindness think-
ing to please God by destroying men. It is the cruelty
of a fool in his folly.
Nothing so exactly answers to this description as a
drunkard in his drink Both the tree and its fruits cor-
respond precisely to Solomon's report. The proverb fully
characterizes the violence done by drunkards, and can be
applied to nothing else that is done on a large scale in
our country and our day. An instance may be found
of a fool's cruelty, apart from the influence of intoxication,
more terrible to meet than the rage of a bereaved wild
beast; but this kind is not characteristic of the nation or
the age. In the records of drunkenness, cases answering
to the description of the text are piled in heaps like the
hills. Elsewhere they are either not found at all, or
found so seldom as not sensibly to affect the general esti-
mate. We are therefore not only permitted, but com-
pelled, if we attempt an application of the proverb at all,
to gather our instances where they are to be found,—
among the fools who drive their judgment out by strong
drink.
Instances of violence in this form seem to be increasing
in number and atrocity in the present day. At all events,
it is certain that they attract the attention of statesmen
106 THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS.
and philanthropists much more now than in former times.
Day by day, as our eye runs over the loathsome list of
wife-beatings and wife-murders, by drunken husbands,
we read at the same time, in the same columns, indignant
denunciations of the dastard deeds, and peremptory de-
mands for more astringent laws to repress the growing
enormity. This species of crime, it is acknowledged on
all hands, is the fruit of drunkenness.
The public journals are never long free from the details
of some gigantic atrocity. Before one tragedy has passed
through the usual three acts in presence of the public,
another is announced, and begins to obtain its run. First,
the curtain suddenly rises and reveals a new deed of blood.
When the neighbourhood has wondered nine days at the
cruelty of a fool, the solemnities of the trial succeed.
The foreground is occupied by the public-house, and the
process whereby a number of men divest themselves at
once of the money they have toiled for and the judgment
which God has given them. Many subordinate episodes
adhere to the principal plot. Glimpses are gotten, through
doors accidentally opened in the cross-examination, of the
drunkard's naked children at home, or the coolness of the
publican in the prosecution of his business. This act
closes with the solemn answer of the jury's foreman, the
black cap of the judge, and removal of the weeping
prisoner to the cell of the condemned. The last short
act opens with the sound of carpenters' hammers in the
misty dawn, and closes soon with the dead body of the
drunkard dangling on the gallows. A thrill runs through
the crowd, and a sigh escapes from such hearts as retain
THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS. 107
some tenderness. The people return to their employment,
the newspapers chronicle the event, and it glides away on
the tide of time into the darkness of the past. But ere
these harsh echoes have died away from the ear of the
public, some other she-bear in human form meets and
mangles her helpless victim. The public is put through
the same process over again. So frequently do these
shocking barbarities pass before our eyes, that they
have, in a great measure, lost the power to shock us.
We bear of them unmoved, as things that have been, and
that will be, and that cannot be prevented. If a tenth
of the accidents, assaults, and murders, with which the
folly of drunkards is year by year desolating the land,
were produced by any other cause, the community would
rise as one man and put forth all its wisdom and might
in an effort to pluck up the evil by the root. The na-
tion bears with appalling patience the tearing out of its
own bowels by the cruel madness of the drunkard.
Not long ago the local authorities of a certain district in
India sent to the supreme government a representation that
as many as sixteen persons within the territory had perished
in one year by the bite of a small poisonous snake, and
requesting permission to set a price upon the head of the
reptile, with the view of uniting the whole population in
an effort to exterminate their subtle and deadly foe. The
government granted all their demands, and proclaimed a
liberal reward for every dead snake that should be brought
in. The people, thus encouraged by their rulers, entered
heartily into the plan, and the work was done. Ah! in
compassion for my country, I am tempted to wish that
108 THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS.
our scourge had come in the form of poisonous serpents.
Sixteen lives lost by that plague within a year, in a popu-
lation perhaps as great as ours, were sufficient to bind the
rulers and the people together in a solemn league, and
send them forth, as by the summons of the fiery cross, to
root out their destroyer. Our annual loss in the ignoble
battle is to be reckoned not by tens but by thousands, and
yet we have neither head to contrive nor heart to execute
any plan adequate to the emergency. We seem to be as
helpless as the children that mocked Elisha in the paws
of the bears that tore them.
But, great and numerous as the publicly reported atro-
cities of drunken folly are, they constitute only a small
proportion of what the nation suffers from that single
scourge. From the nature of the case and the position
of the parties, most of the cruelties, inflicted in secret,
are suffered in silence; most of the murders, done by
slow degrees, escape the notice of the judicial authorities.
To hurt a stranger once on the street brings a drunkard
into trouble; but he may hurt his own flesh and blood a
hundred times at home, and hear no reproof, except the
sighs of the helpless sufferers. When the fool kills a com-
panion outright at once, with a knife or an axe, the law
lays its strong hand upon him: but although, by blows,
and nakedness, and hunger, he wear out by inches the
life of his wife and little ones, he escapes with impunity.
From personal observation, within my own sphere, and
the testimony of others similarly situated beyond it, I
know that a great amount of crime in this form is left
unpunished, unnoticed.
THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS. 109
I have entered the house of a labouring man, at his own
earnest request, and found in it besides himself an ill-clad
wife and a sick daughter. On making inquiry regarding the
girl's health, I have heard the wife and mother, in tones that
had long lost all their softness, declare, "She is dying, and
there," pointing to her husband, "there is her murderer."
He made no effort to deny the charge, or even palliate his
guilt, for he was sober and repentant at the moment.
The appearance of the man, the house, the child, corrobo-
rated, by unmistakable symptoms, the woman's strong
indictment. It was true: the daughter was dying, and
the father was her murderer. But, fool though he was,
he did not hate his child; he did not desire her death.
When he was "in his folly," he treated her so as to waste
her life away; and he returned to his folly as often as he
earned a few pence with which he might purchase spirits
in the nearest public-house. By long habit, and in con-
sequence of the permanent effect which frequent inebria-
tion had left upon his brain, he could not, or (what as to
its effects on others is practically equivalent) would not
refrain. Given a shilling in that man's hand, and a public-
house within reach, and his intoxication follows as surely as
any of the sequences of nature. It has done so for many
years. All the neighbourhood knows it. Murder of the
worst kind is done in that house in open day-light, and in
sight of all. Murder is so done in many thousand houses—
we say not homes—of this our beloved land, and, provided
it be done slowly and without much noise, we abandon the
victims to their fate, and permit the murderers to go free.
It is only "in his folly" that even the fool is more
110 THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS.
dangerous to society than a wild bear would be. Com-
paratively few of these outrages would be committed if the
perpetrators did not destroy their judgment and inflame
their passions by drink. It is demonstrable that the
guilt of the resulting crime lies mainly in the inebriation
from which it sprung. If the fit pass off without any act
of violence, no thanks to the man who voluntarily de-
prived himself of reason for a time, and so exposed his
neighbour's life as well as his own to serious risk. Every
man who makes himself drunk, thereby places the limb
and life of his neighbour in danger. He has no right to
do so, and he should be punished for doing it.
Morally and economically this nation suffers much from
the lightness with which the act or habit of intoxication
is viewed and treated, both by those who commit it and
those who look on. In the public opinion it seems
scarcely to be regarded either as a sin or a crime. Even
where it is so regarded, the impression is trivial, and the
prevailing tendency is either to palliate the guilt of the
deed, or make mirth of it as innocent. When the crime
of murder is committed by a drunk man, we would not
remove any of the guilt from the perpetrator, but we
would lay a large proportion of it on the act by which
he bereft himself of reason. A man drinks all the even-
ing, quarrels with his comrade at midnight, and in the
quarrel sheds that comrade's blood. Although he was
"in his folly," and scarcely knew what he did when he
dealt the blow, we admit no palliation,—we hold him
responsible to the full before God and before man. The
guilt lies on the man who, being sober and intelligent,
THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS 111
made himself drunk and unintelligent. He is guilty not
merely of the indiscretion of taking too much drink, but
of shedding his brother's blood. The deprivation of
reason by his own hand was the guilty act, and the guilt
of murder lay in it, as the tree within the seed. The
aims that followed, in so far as the controlling reason
was actually in abeyance, was the unconscious consequence
of an act already done. A Guy Fawkes might fire a train
calculated to creep along the ground in silence for an hour
before it should produce an explosion. That train might
explode a mine, over which stood, innocent and uncon-
scious, a thousand men. He who lighted it might be at
a distance,—might die and be in eternity before the ex-
plosion, but, notwithstanding, he was guilty of the blood
of all these; and the blood of all these would ooze through
the earth, and trickle into the pit, and find him out in
"his own place," to be a make-weight in his doom. In
the act of drinking to excess a man fires the match. For
anything he knows the other end of that match may be
dipt in murder; and when it is fired it will run its
course: he cannot extinguish it.
We all abhor the deeds of cruelty which the "fool in
his folly" so frequently commits; but, alas! we have not
all an adequate estimate of the guilt attaching to the
man at the moment and in the act of entering into
his folly. Public abhorrence and indignation should
be stirred up and directed upon the act whereby a man
turns himself into a bear bereaved of her whelps, and
not reserve themselves until it be ascertained how many
children the ferocious animal has torn limb from limb.
112 THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS.
I shall record here, for the reader's benefit, the leading
features of one case. I know it well, and shall tell it
truly. A young man, now the only son of a widow, the
only brother of a virtuous sister, began active life with the
best opportunities and the fairest prospects. In the social
circle he contracted habits of intemperance, in the usual
way. By degrees, he drank himself into delirium tremens.
The disease returned so frequently, and with such violence,
that it became necessary to place him under restraint.
When his mother and sister, after bearing long, were at
length worn out, a warrant of lunacy was obtained at the
moment when he was "in his folly," and the fool was
confined in the lunatic asylum. There he got no whisky,
and, in consequence, long before his term had expired,
he was in his right mind again. At the expiry of the
three months he was dismissed,—for there is no law by
which his confinement could be prolonged. He soon drank
himself back into madness. Another warrant followed,
and another period of confinement. Again came a cure
in the asylum, and a consequent dismissal. Whenever his
senses return, the law lets him loose; and whenever he is
loose, he drinks away his senses. I have lost reckoning
of the times, but for many years that young man's life
has passed in regular alternations of madness produced by
drink, and sanity produced by compulsory abstinence.
He lives his alternate quarters at home and in the mad-
house.
What has this youth done for his mother in her age
and widowhood? He has lain a mountain of lead on her
heart. Her burden would be comparatively light, if her
THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS. 113
only son were in his grave. He debased himself by his
own free will at, first, but he cannot now work his own
cure. His softened brain and scorched stomach draw in
strong drink as a dry sponge draws in water. He is in
the grasp of a disease which is incurable, except by
abstinence from the stimulant; and if the stimulant is
within his reach he will not abstain.
I have heard of a torture invented by the Inquisition
which correctly shadows that widow's suffering. The victim
is laid on her back, and bound to a table, with her breast
bared. A huge pendulum, fastened in the lofty ceiling,
is set in motion over her. Silently, heavily, slowly, it
swings from side to side of the gloomy chamber, right
over the victim's breast. A sharp blade protrudes down-
ward from the bulb below, and above, the machine is so
constructed that each vibration lengthens the rod by a
hair's-breadth. As the eyes of the sufferer become accus-
tomed to the dim light of the prison, she observes the
quivering glance of the polished blade as it is swinging
past. Nearer it comes, and nearer to her bosom; tortured
already before it is touched. At length the knife's point
grazes the skin. By the law of nature, the pendulum
continues pitilessly to wag to and fro, tearing deeper and
deeper at each vibration, till at last it lets out the heart's
blood, and sets the prisoner free.
That widow is so bound; that widow's breast is so
torn. Her only son is the horrid engine, set in motion
by possessing demons, and playing with helpless and
awful regularity over her. His alternate movements
are slowly cut-cutting into his mother's heart. Swing-
114 THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS.
ing obedient to that overmastering lust, he is tearing
out her life by inches, heedless and heartless as the
iron rod and bulb that wagged in the inquisitor's dun-
geon.
Thus the "fool in his folly" is tearing the flesh of the
mother that bore him, more cruelly than a bereaved she-
bear would, and the nation stands by indifferent or help-
less, able neither to invent a cure nor to inflict a punish-
went.
I am witness of many murders, slow but sure. Some
of the victims have broken limbs, and many have broken
hearts. One class live on the wounds and bruises of
another, while the majority of the public pursue their own
business, caring for none of these things. I am weary of
witnessing the triple wrong—the tortures of the writhing
victims, the wild-bear ferocity of fools in their folly, and
the culpable indifference of the world. "Arise and de-
part; for this is not your rest, because it is polluted."
"A rest remaineth for the people of God." "They shall
not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain." Those
who have sailed aloft on the atmosphere, as ships sail on
the sea, tell us that the upper side of the darkest thunder-
cloud which threatens the earth, is like a vale of paradise
basking in the sunlight. Thus, while the proclamation,
"Drunkards shall not inherit the kingdom of God," is, in its
aspect earthward, a terror from the Lord to alarm the
guilty; it is, in its aspect upward, a consoling promise to
the heirs that their home in heaven will not be disturbed
by those wild bears that terrified or tore them in the
house of their pilgrimage. When the Lord, and they who
THE CRUELTY OF FOOLS. 115
waited for him, had, in symbol, entered into the eternal
rest, "the door was shut." The clang of the shutting
door resounds in both directions, a terror, indeed, to those
that are without, but a thrill of joy unspeakable through
all who are within. "Nothing shall enter that defil-
eth."
116 FRIENDSHIP.
XIV.
FRIENDSHIP.
"A friend loveth at all times, and a brother is born for adversity.” —xvii.17.
"A man that hath friends must shew himself friendly:
and there is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother."—xviii. 24.
MUCH has been said and sung about friendship among
men. Even the broken fragments of it that remain now
on earth are sweet to weary wayfarers. The glimpses of
it which we get in life are like those little isolated pools
which stand in the deeper portions of a water-coarse in
summer, when the spring-head has failed, and the stream
has ceased to flow. Some broken bits of heaven are
mirrored on their surface, when all around is dull and
earthy. The burning eye gets some relief when it rests
upon them; and parched lips are refreshed by the
water, such as it is which they still contain. To creatures
who are “but for a season,” and have never known the
fresh, full flow of the living stream, these little pools seem
very pure, and cool, and deep. These, accordingly, have
become the theme of earth's most joyful songs. Here
in the desert they deserve all the praise that they get.
We shall not lose sight of these little pools until the
river flows full again. They will continue to cheer dis-
ciples on their pilgrimage through the desert, and will not
be forgotten until they disappear in the river which makes
glad the City of God. When the redeemed of the Lord
FRIENDSHIP. 117
shall enter the kingdom, these remnants of true friend-
ship, which were their rejoicing in the house of their pil-
grimage, will have no glory because of the glory that ex-
celleth. A new song will be sung about friendship when
the new heavens and the new earth shall appear. Many
disappointments in the past generate fear for the future,
and "fear hath torment," —a torment which dilutes, if it
does not positively imbitter, the joys of an imperfect
love; but perfect love when it comes casteth out fear,
sad the joy of the Lord from its fountain-head flows forth
unimpeded, filling the chosen vessels to the brim.
In the Scriptures we learn where the fountain of true
friendship lies, what is its nature, why its flow is impeded
now, and when it shall be over all like the waves of the
sea.
"A friend loveth at all times." This proverb might
be employed, if not positively as a definition of true
friendship, at least negatively as a test to detect and ex-
pose its counterfeit. Sternly applied, it would diminish
the crowd of fair-weather friends that flutter round the
prosperous, as much as the proclamation permitting
cowards to return, thinned the ranks of Gideon's army
when the foe was near. Love is a holy thing. It comes
from heaven, and, according to the measure of its pre-
valence, changes the face of the world, and turns its de-
sert into a garden. Men who are strangers to its nature
frequently appropriate its good name. We flatter our-
selves that we are loving, when we are merely selfish.
You love, and love much. You are distinctly sensible
of that blessed emotion circulating, and circulating in great
118 FRIENDSHIP.
volume, through your being. It is directed upon cer-
tain objects, now one and now another. Here is a neigh-
bour, for example, whom you love. Both according to the
definitions of the Bible, and in the estimation of the world,
he is worthy. Surely then your emotion is pure on
both sides; in its character, and its object. Nay; the
conclusion is too hastily drawn. A number of mirrors
are set round a little child. He looks into them all in
turn, and admires each. What then? does he think the
mirrors beautiful? No; he sees and admires only him-
self, although, in his childishness, he is not aware that
the beauty which draws him is all his own.
Alas! we often use our friends only as looking-glasses
to see ourselves in. We imagine that we are loving
them because we look towards them while we love; but
it is the reflection of our own interest, all the time, that
leads us captive. Apply this proverb to detect the spurious-
ness of such love. The shining counterfeit grows black
when you touch it with the word. A friend loveth at all
times, and in all places. Love, while it remains essen-
tially the same, appears tenfold more loving when its ob-
ject has fallen from prosperity into poverty; as a lamp burn-
ing in daylight shines much more brightly in the darkness.
Many will court you while you have much to give; when
you need to receive, the number of your friends will be
diminished, but their quality will be improved. Your mis-
fortune, like a blast of wind upon the thrashed corn, will
drive the chaff away, but the wheat will remain where it
was. How very sweet sometimes is the human friendship
that remains when sore adversity has sifted it!
FRIENDSHIP. 119
Of the many steamers that ply with passengers on
the Clyde through all the sunny summer, one only con-
tinues its course on the Lord's day. As no business is
done on that day, the voyage is emphatically a pleasure-
trip, and doubtless there are many professions of brother-
hood and fellow-feeling among the joyous company. In
the narrow river near Glasgow, when the air was bright
with sunlight and the water's surface like a mirror, one of
the passengers, who, finding the sail not sufficient of itself,
had adopted other means to augment his pleasure, lost
his balance and fell overboard. Although he struggled
for some time on the surface, the poor man sank and
perished, ere his friends, all dry and comfortable, reached,
by a circuitous route, the fatal spot. If there had been
one in all the crowd with the nerve of a man, not to say
the love of a Christian in his heart, he would have leapt
into that still water and held his brother up a few mo-
ments until help had come from gathering hundreds.
While our Father in heaven reigns over all, we often need
help from a brother's hand; and I pray that when I am
in danger I may be surrounded by other friends than a
company of Sabbath pleasure-seekers. I would not count
much either on the pith of their arm or the compassion of
their heart. That species of pleasure takes the manliness
out of a man, and forces native selfishness up to its fullest
growth.
Man in his weakness needs a steady friend, and God in
his wisdom has provided one in the constitution of nature.
Not, intrusting all to acquired friendship, He has given
us some as a birthright inheritance. For the day of
120 FRIENDSHIP.
their adversity a brother is born to many who would not
have been able to win. one. It is at once a glory to God
in the highest and a sweet solace to afflicted men, when
a brother or a sister, under the secret and steady impulses
of nature, bears and does for the distressed what no other
friend, however loving, could be expected to bear or do.
How foolish for themselves are those who lightly snap
those bonds asunder, or touch them oft with corrosive
drops of contention One who is born your brother is
best fitted to be your friend in trouble, if unnatural strife
has not rent asunder those whom their Maker intended
to be of one spirit. In visiting the sick I am often
constrained to exclaim in glad wonder, What hath the
Lord wrought! when I see the friendships of nature sup-
plying a ministry in sickness for the poor, such in tender-
ness and patience as the wealth of a world could not buy
for the rich.
"There is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother."
He must be a fast friend indeed; for a brother, if nature's
affections have been cherished, lies close in, and keeps a
steady hold. I know how closely a brother sticks, for I
have been warmed and strengthened by the grasp; and
have shivered as if alone in a wintry world when it slack-
ened in death, and dropped away. I know by tasting,
both the worth and the want of a brother's love. It
seemed the chief earthly joy of my youth. Perhaps the
stream flowed more strongly because it was all con-
fined within one channel, and that a narrow one; for
I had only one brother, and him I had not long.
We grew up together in childhood, and at the softest
FRIENDSHIP. 121
period of life were run into one by kindred tastes in-
herited, and common objects pursued. While we were
passing together through the tender but decisive stage of
youth, he was smitten by his death-disease, and I was
spared in health. One was taken, and another left: not
so taken, however, or so left, as to make a sadden sepa-
ration; for the malady, besieged the tower of his strength
three full years and a half ere its gates were opened and
the life given up. Born of the Spirit, and having his new
life hid with Christ in God, he was, and felt himself to be,
beyond the reach of that enemy who was closing round
the body, and cutting off its resources. As the outward
man was perishing, the inward man, both as to intellect
and faith, was renewed day by day. Through his weak-
ness, and my strength, we were let into each other much
more deeply than if both had been feeble, or both robust.
It was something analogous to that other work of God in
his creatures—woman's weakness and man's strength, so
arranged with a view to completer union. Such a fusion,
whether accomplished by a general law or a special pro-
vidence, is good for man. We did stick closely together,
till death divided us. His pale brow was in my hands
when its aching ceased. His grave in the village church-
yard became a place of pilgrimage. The memory of that
brother cleaving to my soul, after he had gone to rest, was
God's own hand holding me back from enticing vanities,
at the period of their greatest power, that, undistracted
by the tumult of the world, I might better hear his own
paternal voice. Oh! When hindering things are taken out
of the way of God's work, a brother lies very close to a
122 FRIENDSHIP.
brother! He who comes closer must be no common
friend.
And yet there is a Friend that comes closer than a
brother. I do not venture to give a judgment here on
critical grounds, Whether the text contains a specific and
intentional prophecy regarding the Son of Man, the Saviour.
But this is not necessary. We reach the same object
more surely in another way. The affirmation in the text
is, that close though a brother be, there is a friend that
comes closer still. It is the idea of a friendship more per-
fect, fitting more kindly into our necessities, and bearing
more patiently with our weakness, than the instinctive
love of a brother by birth. From God's hand-work in
nature a very tender and very strong friendship proceeds:
from his covenant of mercy comes a friendship tenderer
and stronger still. Now, although in some sense the
conception is embodied in the communion of saints, its
full realization is only found in the love wherewith Christ
loves his own. When the Word became flesh, and dwelt
among us, man found a Friend who could come closer to
his heart than any brother. The precious germ which
Solomon's words infold, bore its fully ripened fruit only
when He who is bone of our bones and flesh of our flesh
gave himself, the Just for the unjust. Thus, by a surer
process than verbal criticism, we are conducted to the
man Christ Jesus, as at once the Brother born for our
adversity and the Friend that sticketh closer than a
brother. The brother and the friend are, through the
goodness of God, with more or less of imperfection, often
found among our fellows; but they are complete only in
FRIENDSHIP. 123
Him who is the fellow of the Almighty. Whoever would
prosecute the twin ideas to their utmost issue, must pass
out through humanity, and settle down in "God with us"
beyond.
In the day of your deepest adversity, even a born
brother must let go his hold. That extremity is the
opportunity of your better Friend. His promise, "Lo, I
am with you alway," entering into your sinking spirit,
kindles the light of life in its darkness, and your con-
fiding answer is, "I will not fear, for thou art with me."
"A man that hath friends must show himself friendly."
It is another example of the pervading law, action and
reaction are equal. When love is received, it is reci-
procated. It is one of the most repulsive features of
fallen humanity, to tale selfishly material good from an-
other, and refuse to show kindness to a neighbour when
an opportunity occurs. This phase of selfishness, pictured
by the Lord's own lips, is held up for our reprobation in
the Bible (Matt. xviii. 26-30). A man in his distress
asked and obtained mercy on a large scale from his mas-
ter, and then harshly refused a little grace, when a fel-
low-servant humbly besought it at his hands. The man
had a friend, and yet would not show himself friendly.
Our best friendship is due to our best Friend. He
deserves it and desires it. The heart of the man Christ
Jesus yearns for the reciprocated love of saved men, and
grieves when it is not given. "Where are the nine?" he
exclaimed with a sigh, when one only of the cleansed
lepers came back to praise him. Who shall measure the
strength of that longing for the friendship of his friends
124 FRIENDSHIP.
which drew from his loving heart the triple appeal,
"Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me?"
Recall now the idea with which our exercise opened,
that we may gather another lesson from it in the close.
The separated pools remaining in the deeper places of the
river's bed, after the river has dried up from it source,
become narrower, and shallower, and muddier as the
season advances. If no new supply come down, they
will soon be dry. Even before they are wholly dry, the
water is hot and stagnant, unsatisfying and repulsive;
and after the water has exhaled, the place where it lay is
noisome. Such are friendship of the earth, if they be
of the earth merely. As life draws onward to age, one
and another will fail you. The breadth and depth of
your pool will diminish apace, as secretly and insensibly,
but as surely, as a lake is reduced in bulk by evapora-
tion, when the sources of its supply have failed. When
friends become fewer, you have not the power which you
possessed in youth, of forming new intimacies to supply
the place of the old. Not only does the absolute quan-
tity of available friendship gradually decrease; your capa-
bility of enjoying the remainder decreases too. Disap-
pointments in the course of life do more to make us dis-
trustful than success to render us confiding. The friends
grow fewer, and feebler grows your trust in friends. It
is a desolate thing to grow old in this world, and have
none but the world and the worldly to lean upon in the
day of need. The last little pool that lay in nature's
deepest place has vanished like the rest, and the weary
has not a drop of consolation now to cool his tongue! He
FRIENDSHIP. 125
has always been without God in the world, and now he
is without man. The nether springs are dry, and the
upper springs he never knew. Woe is me for the friend-
less!
But for those who are in faith's union with the Fountain
head another experience is prepared. To them that look for
Him he shall appear. In due season a stream will flow
in the desert. The little pools in the river-bed of their
life will be lost too; not by a drying up, but by an over-
flowing. In the spring-time of youth close with the
sinners' Friend, and be will not leave you comfortless
when age draws on.
"One there is above all others:
Oh, how he loves!
His is love beyond a brothers:
Oh, how he loves!
"Earthly friends may pain and grieve thee,—
One day kind, the next day leave thee;
But this Friend will ne'er deceive thee:
Oh, how he loves!"
126 THE BIAS ON THE SIDE OF SELF.
XV.
THE BIAS ON THE SIDE OF SELF.
"He that is first in his own cause seemeth just;
but his neighbour cometh and searcheth him."—xviii. 17.
THIS proverb touches human life at many points, and
human beings feel it touching them. It accords with
common experience. It is much noticed, and often quoted.
Evidence of its truth flashes; upon us from the contacts
and conflicts of life at every turn. This word falling
from heaven on the busy life of men, is echoed back from
every quarter in a universal acknowledgment of its just-
ness.
It is true to nature—nature fallen and distorted. It
does not apply to humanity in innocence. It has no
bearing on the new nature in a converted man. It does
not describe the condition which the unfallen possessed,
which the regenerated aim at, which the glorified have
regained. This scripture reveals a crook in the creature
that God made upright. There is a bias in the heart, the
fountain of impulse, and the resulting life-course turns
deceitfully aside. Self-love is the twist in the heart within,
and self-interest is the side to which the variation from
righteousness steadily tends.
"He that is first in his own cause seemeth just." The
word refers to the most common form of contention in
the world. A man's interest is touched by the word or
THE BIAS ON THE SIDE OF SELF. 127
deed of another: forthwith he persuades himself that
what is against his own wish is also against righteous-
ness, and argues accordingly. He states his own case.
But he leans over to one side, and sees everything in a
distorted form. Matters on his own side are magnified:
matters that are against himself are overlooked. View-
ing the whole case from, this position and in this attitude,
he gives forth a representation of it, as it appears to his
eye; but the representation is false. His conduct is both
a sin and a blunder it offends God, and will not deceive
men. We are not now dealing with a case of deliberate,
intentional falsehood. We are not describing the vulgar
vice of making and telling a lie. We speak of a sin that
is much more covert, and to some classes, on that account,
much more dangerous. There are amongst us lying lips
and brazen faces not a few. There are persons who in-
vent a new lie to clear each turn of a tortuous course,
apparently with as much readiness and ease as you would
throw your arms out now to this side and now to that,
to keep yourself from stumbling in a rugged path. There
are others who, in a sense, speak the truth with their
lips, and yet have lies bidden in their hearts. The heart
makes the lie, deceiving first the man himself, and there-
after his neighbours the bent is in the mould where
the thought is first cast in embryo, and everything that
comes forth, is crooked.
In my early childhood—infancy I might almost say—a
fact regarding the relations of matter came under my
observation, which I now see has its analogue in the
moral laws. An industrious old man, by trade a mason,
128 TO BIAS ON THE SIDE OF SELF.
was engaged to build a certain piece of wall at so much
per yard. He came at the appointed time, laid the foun-
dation according to the specifications, and proceeded with
his building, course upon course, according to the approved
method of his craft. When the work had advanced seve-
ral feet above the ground, a younger man, with a steadier
hand and a brighter eye, came to assist the elder operator.
Casting his eye along the work, as he laid his tools on
the ground and adjusted his apron, he detected a defect,
and instantly called out to his senior partner that the wall
was not plumb. "It must be plumb," rejoined the
builder, somewhat piqued, "for I have laid every stone
by the plumb-rule." Suiting the action to the word he
grasped the rule, laid it along his work, and triumphantly
pointed to the lead vibrating and settling down precisely
on the cut that marks the middle. Sure enough the
wall was according to the rule, and yet the wall was not
plumb. The rule was examined, and the discovery made
that the old man, with his defective eye-sight, had drawn
the cord through the wrong slit at the top of the instru-
ment, and then, from some cause which I cannot explain,
using only one side of it, had never detected his mistake.
The wall was taken down, and the poor man lost several
days' wages.
It is on some such principle that people err in prepar-
ing a representation of their own case. They suspend
their plumb, not from the middle, but from one edge of
the rule, and that the edge which lies next their own inter-
ests. The whole work is vitiated by a bias in the rule
which regulates the workman.
THE BIAS ON THE SIDE OF SELF. 129
This is not a light matter. Perfect truth will be the
consummation in heaven, and should be the steady aim
on earth. Honesty sufficient to keep you out of prison
is one thing, and honesty that will adorn the doctrine of
Christ is another. He left us an example, and it is our
part to follow his steps. The reproof of this proverb
touches not the life of the man Christ Jesus. Guile
was not found in his Mouth. How calm and truthful is
every statement! No one coming after and searching
him could find any flaw. The disciples, though they
loved and followed him, lingered far behind Disciples
now have abundant room for growth of grace in this
direction. On this side there is a large field for progress
in conformity to the example of Christ.
What do ye more to others? In the statement of
your case, do you permit a selfish desire for victory to
turn your tongue aside from the straight line of truth?
He who is through Christ an heir of heaven has an inter-
est in being true before God, infinitely greater than in
appearing right before men. Why should he neglect the
greater and follow the less? There is room for improve-
ment here, and improvement here would tell upon the
world. If we lived in heaven and walked with God, our
bearing, when we were called to plead our own cause,
would reveal our home and our company. If the whole
tone and strain of our evidence, in a case that touched
our own temporal interests, were cast in the pattern that
Jesus gave, the world would readily observe the likeness
and take knowledge of us that we had been with him.
They would own the act as a fruit not indigenous on
130 THE BIAS ON THE SIDE OF SELF.
earth, and conclude that the tree which bore it was the
planting of the Lord. In all this he would be glorified.
"His neighbour cometh and searcheth him." If a
man can detect exaggerations on one side, and conceal-
ments on the other, amounting to untruthfulness in their
general effect, it shows that the fear of God was not
before the eyes of the witness when he emitted his evi-
dence. To walk with God in the regeneration is the
short and sure way to rigid truth in all our intercourse
with men. Acquaint yourself with him before you
speak, and then let all the world sift your testimony. To
make certain that you shall never be put to shame for
your words by the searching of a neighbour, submit your
heart's thoughts beforehand to the searching of the Lord.
In vain would your neighbour scrutinize your testimony,
if your God and Saviour had at your invitation searched
the germ, while it was a purpose forming within your
heart. According to the rural proverb, "The rake need
not come after the besom." The Adversary will find
nothing, if a greater than he has been there before him.
A WIFE. 131
XVI.
A. WIFE.
"Whose findeth a wife findeth a good thing, and obtaineth favour of the Lord."
—xviii. 21
"A prudent wife is from the Lord."—xix. 14.
"The contentions of a wife are a continual dropping." "It is better to dwell
in the wilderness, than with a contentious and an angry woman."—xix. 13;
xxi. 19.
THESE three portions, scattered promiscuously over several
chapters, contain three distinct but connected propositions.
The first intimates that the marriage relation, as the
appointment of God, and without particular reference to
the character of the persons, is good for man. The second,
that when a man, upon entering that relation, obtains a
wife who is in her individual character a prudent woman,
he has obtained a blessing above all price. The third,
that when the object chosen to occupy a relation so ten-
der and close is personally unworthy, the calamity to the
man is great in proportion to the preciousness of the
divine institute which has in this case been perverted.
The three announcements may be more briefly expressed
thus: 1. A wife—the conjugal relation as such—is a
good gift of God. 2. When the wife is a good woman,
there is a double blessing, in the nature of the relation,
and in the character of the person fulfilling it. 3. When
the woman's own character is evil, her position as a wife
indefinitely augments her power for mischief. Having
132 A WIFE.
thus once for all set forth the subjects in their order and re-
lations, I shall not rigidly adhere to the logical arrangement,
but permit the illustration in some measure to revert to the
miscellaneous form which characterizes the original text.
Had the first text made the boon depend on the per-
sonal goodness of the wife, it would have been more
easily understood, but the range is wider, and the mean-
ing deeper, as it is. The word declares boldly, and
without qualification, that a wife is a gift from God, and
good for man. The text which intimates that a prudent
wife is from the Lord tells a truth, but it is one of the
most obvious of truths. The text which intimates that
a wife is a favour from the Lord, without expressly stipu-
lating for her personal character, goes higher up in the
history of providence, and deeper into the wisdom of
God. His Maker in the beginning said, "It is not good
for man to be alone;" and after all the ill that came to him
through that weaker vessel, the same word remains as
true as ever. Although Satan tempted Eve, woman as
she came from God's hand, is the meetest help for man.
The catastrophe did not take the Omniscient by surprise;
the event did not change his view.
"From the beginning God made man male and
female." He knows what is in man whom he made.
Of design he made neither complete. He left a want in
each, that the two might coalesce into one—one flesh
and one spirit. Woman, who becomes the filling up of
the vacuum in man, balancing his defects, absorbing the
excesses of his cares, and reduplicating his joys,—woman,
by her constitution and her place, is a good thing,
A WIFE. 133
and should be devoutly sought as well as devoutly
acknowledged, a favour from the Lord.
The Creator of Man gives peculiar honour to this
ordinance. He has framed the world in accordance with
it. The designed imperfectness of an individual runs
through all life, vegetable as well as animal; and the
same type meets us on every hand, even in inanimate
nature. Duality is necessary to completeness. This
feature runs down from units to fractions,—from persons
to the subordinate members of which they consist. You
meet it in the hands, eyes, ears, of your own body. The
principle that two are better than one lies very deep, and
spreads very widely in the works of God. Having set
it thus in nature, he solemnly appoints it in his word,
and guards it in his providence. When he made man in
his own image, he gave great prominence to this principle
by mailing him at first alone, and thereafter finishing the
incompleted work. He defended the integrity of the
institution in thunder from Sinai, and engraved it in
the tables of stone. He chose it as the body in which
his own spiritual relation to ransomed Israel might be-
come, as it were, visible: "Thy Maker is thy husband."
And when Christ came to make all things new, he
expressly took the marriage union under his own pro-
tection; certified it as an original appointment of God
for man; purged it of the corruptions wherewith Jewish
tradition had overlaid it; and gave it over to his church
in such terms, that his apostles ever after delighted to
call himself the Bridegroom, and his people the bride
prepared for his coming.
134 A WIFE.
This union is greatly honoured by God, and much
dishonoured by man. We should recognise this as one
great cause of his controversy with us, when we lament
the judgments that fall on the nation and the deadness
that lies on the church. In treating lightly what he
counts so grave, in defiling that which he desires to keep
holy as a fitting emblem of Christ's union to the saved,
the nation is provoking the Most High to jealousy, and
suffering retribution, in the uneasy motion or abrupt
rending of the various joints which bind society together.
The extent to which this holy institution is profaned
and disregarded, both in high places and low, is one of
the abominations done in the land, for which those who
seek a revival should sigh and cry.
Here is a presumptuous abuse which provokes the Lord
to anger, and torments the community by infusing rotten-
ness into its bones:—Among certain classes marriage is de-
liberately contemplated beforehand, and in the fulness of an
evil time deliberately resorted to, as a cure to save a liber-
tine in the last resort. In some quarters it seems to be
scarcely regretted that a youth with large prospects should
run riot in early manhood, seeing he has marriage to fall
back upon when he is wearied with his own ways. The
slight and measured reprobation of this course, not to speak
of the positive approval, is a daring defiance of the Holy
One. Vengeance is exacted by the awful machinery of his
providential law. The shallow trick is not successful.
Man cannot cheat the Omniscient. The barbs of punish-
ment are bedded in the crime, and infallibly run through
the criminal. When a young man, deceived it may be,
A WIFE. 135
and encouraged by he opinion of those who surround
him, throws the reins on the neck of his passion, he
flatters himself that he has a good heart,—that at any
moment, ere matters go too far, he has it in his power to
marry, reform, and enjoy the staid, sober pleasures of
wedded life. He flatters himself indeed! He is laying
a lying unction to his soul. Licentiousness takes out of
a human heart the softness necessary to complete conjugal
union. Although the wounds which a libertine's soul has
ignobly gotten in the house of the strange woman may be
healed, through mercy, to the saving of the soul's life, their
effects never can be removed, until the body crumble into
dust. There is a hardness which for ever prevents the
peculiar fusion of nature implied in two becoming one flesh.
Consciousness of antecedent impureness, and mutual sus-
picion thereby generated, constitute an effectual bar to
the full fruition of he good ordinance of God. They
who have dared the knowledge of evil, are inexorably
driven from the garden, and must maintain an uneasy
conflict against wild beasts without and thistles within,
all their days. You cannot enjoy the pleasures of sin,
and when these have failed, turn round and take the
pleasures which our Father in heaven has provided for
the pure. A treaty of alliance you may have, like those
which potentates frame to regulate the intercourse of
nations; or a partnership, like that which constitutes a
mercantile firm; but marriage, as God appointed it at
creation, and Christ described it,—marriage you can-
not have, if you profanely grasp it as a convenience to
stop your own excesses and decently cover the disgrace
136 WIFE.
which they have entailed. No; the real coalescence of
two into one, which doubles the joys and divides the
sorrows of life, is an inner Eden, from which the weary
debauchee is debarred for ever, as if by an angel with a
flaming sword.
"It is better to dwell in the wilderness, than with a
contentious and an angry woman." Though the bond in
itself be a blessing, an unequal yoke only galls the
wearers. Every one has known some pair chained
together by human laws, where the hearts' union has
either never existed or been rent asunder. Two ships
at sea are bound to each other by strong short chains.
As long as the sea remains perfectly calm, all may be
well with both; though they do each other no good, they
may not inflict much evil. But the sea never rests long,
and seldom rests at all. Woe to these two ships when
the waves begin to roll! There are two conditions in
which they might be safe. If they were either brought
more closely together, or more widely separated, it might
yet be well with them. If they were from stem to stern
rivetted into one, or if the chain were broken, and the
two left to follow independently their several courses,
there would be no further cause of anxiety on their
account. If they are so united that they shall move as
one body, they are safe; if they move far apart they are
safe. The worst possible position is to be chained
together, and yet have separate and independent mo-
tion in the waves. They will rasp each other's sides
off, and tear open each other's heart, and go down
together.
A WIFE. 137
See in this glass the different kinds of conjugal union
which obtain in actual life, and the corresponding conse-
quences. Let it be a real marriage,—let the two be no
longer twain, but one flesh; and then, though the united
pair may experience many ups and downs in the troubled
sea of life, they will rise and fall together. Common
troubles will never make them tear each other. The two
in one will present a broader surface to the sea, and stand
more steady when it rages. But when the two are not
one—when the mysterious cement has broken, or never
taken band—when they obey separate impulses and
point in different directions, while yet they are tied to-
gether by a legal contract, their condition is dreadful.
How many wretched paires, separate and yet bound, are
tossing on the troubled sea of time! It is now a racking
check when the binding chain is suddenly tightened, and
now a rasping of their sides when they come together.
Such are the alternations of married life where hearts are
divorced and legal bonds still hold fast. Now and then
a faint shriek is heard through the whistling winds; and
when the spectators look in that direction, one of the
labouring vessels has disappeared. "To him that hath shall
be given, and he shall have abundance; but from him that
hath not shall be taken even that which he hath." This
awful law is ever at hand to defend or avenge God's
primeval institute. As becomes a great King, the rewards
are great on the one side, the sanctions heavy on the other.
"The contentions of a wife are a continual dropping."
Contentions are not pleasant in any circumstances, but
the closeness of the parties, whether in moral relation or
138 A. WIFE.
physical position, indefinitely augments the discomfort.
A man may pass through a sharp contention in the hall
of legislation or the mart of commerce, and an hour after-
wards mingle with an unburdened heart in the sports of
his children. The conflicts which are waged abroad may
be left behind you when you go home, if love unmixed
be waiting there to receive you. But a man soon be-
comes distracted if he is tossed like a shuttlecock from
the wearing cares of business to the biting strifes of
home, and from the biting strifes of home back to the
wearing cares of business. A quarrel between a man and
his wife is, as to the torment which it inflicts, the nearest
thing to a quarrel between the man and his own con-
science. Next after himself she lies closest to him, and
the pain of a disagreement is proportioned accordingly.
Specifically, this contention is a continual dropping. Let
a wife note well that the resulting mischief does not
depend on the degree of furiousness which may charac-
terize the conflict. It depends on length rather than
loudness. A perennial drop may do more to drive a
man to extremities than a sudden flood. A little for
ever is more terrible to the imagination than a great out-
pouring at once.
"A continual dropping" is said to have been one of
the engines which the wit of man contrived when it was
put upon the stretch for the means of torturing his
fellows. The victim was so placed that a drop of water
continued to fan at regular intervals on his naked head.
With length of time, and no hope of relied the agony
becomes excruciating, and either the patient's reason or
A WIFE. 139
his life gives way. Let a wife, or a husband, beware:
Don't make home miserable by gloomy looks and taunting,
discontented words. Don't deceive yourself with the
plea that your complaints were never immoderate: if
your moderate complaints never cease, they will eat
through a man's life at last. Although no such disturb-
ance should ever occur as would demand the presence
of the police, or give you among your neighbours the
character of a scold, the patience of a husband may be
utterly worn out Though words of discontent should
never rise into the violence of a passion—although they
should never be heavier than drops of water—yet, if they
continue drop, drop, dropping, so that he sees no prospect
of an end, his heart will either be hardened into indif-
ference or broken into despair. Love cannot be sustained
by dislike, administered in moderate quantities. If it do
not get positive, manifest, gleaming love to live upon,
it will die.
It is the testimony of all who have in person probed
the sores of society, that unfeeling, spendthrift husbands,
and sullen, slovenly wives, are to a large extent correla-
tives. In a very great number of cases, the two are
found together in the same dwelling. In all these, it is
further manifest that the two act reciprocally on each
other as cause and effect,—a drunken husband making a
sullen wife, and a sullen wife making a drunken husband.
How often the circulating train of connected evils is set
in motion at first by the fault of the husband, and how
often by the fault of the wife, cannot be precisely ascer-
tained. One may, however, infer that the predominance
140 A WIFE.
of the evil lies on the side where there is predominance
of power. But making all due allowance on this side, it
remains sure and obvious, that the contentions of a
woman, falling like water-drops on her husband's head,
cause the drunkenness in many cases, and aggravate it in
all. In illustration of another text, I have distinctly inti-
mated, that if we had a greater number of sober husbands
we would have greater number of smiling wives: here,
desiring to divide the word as one who must give an
account, I say, the other hand, if there were a greater
number of smiling wives, there would be a greater number
of sober husbands.
"Only in the Lord" (1 Cor. vii. 39), is the apostle's
rule on this subject. In view of all the difficulties, it is
sufficient, and it alone.
If these suggestions have been cast mainly in a nega-
tive rather than a positive form—if, like the Decalogue
itself, their prevalent aspect be, "Thou shalt not"—there
is a cause. Laws are made for the rebellious. The
obedient find a great reward in the act of keeping the
commandment, and the reproof which is aimed at pre-
sumptuous transgressors passes harmlessly over them. I
would fain give the encouragement and the warning too;
but where the blessing and the curse lie so near each
other, it is difficult to divide them aright. This divinely-
appointed union is, in human life, like the busy bee
returning laden home. The sweetest honey and the
sharpest sting lie in it both; and they lie not far apart
But for the honey it has been created, not for the sting:
for the honey it lives and labours, not for the sting. The
A WIFE. 141
sting is there only to make the honey secure. That
which is of the highest value is most sternly guarded.
The armed sentinel keeps watch beside the jewelled crown.
Every day, and all the day, the honey is gathered and
stored and enjoyed: the sting lies idle in its sheath, and,
except to ward off or punish violence, is never used at all.
Those who in marriage lawfully seek and enjoy the
sweets wherewith God has charged it, complain not of
the sting that never touches them. For thieves and
robbers it has been planted there, and the honest have
no desire to pluck it out.
142 ANGER.
XVII.
ANGER
"The discretion of a man deferreth his anger; and it is his glory to pass over a
transgression."—xix. 11.
"A
man of great wrath shall suffer punishment:
for if thou deliver him, yet thou must do it again."—xix. 19.
"It
is an honour for a man to cease from strife:
but every fool will be meddling."—xx. 3.
TELL me the specific rebukes that most thickly dot the
pages of the Bible, and I will tell you the specific sins
that most easily beset mankind. In that glass we may
behold our own defilements and dangers. If any vice is
often reproved in the word of God, you may be assured it
springs prolific in the life of man.
In this book of morals anger is a frequently recurring
theme. The repetition is not vain. If the evil did not
abound on earth, the reproof of it would not come so oft
from heaven. There is much anger springing secretly in
human hearts, and its outbursts greatly imbitter the in-
tercourse of life. It disturbs the spirit in which it dwells,
and hurts, in its outgo, all who lie within its reach. It
is an exceedingly evil and bitter thing. Its presence
goes far to make this world a restless sea, and its absence
will be a distinguishing feature of the rest that remaineth.
Anger cannot, indeed, be, and in a certain sense ought
not to be, cast wholly out of man in the present state. On
some occasions we do well to be angry; but in these cases
ANGER. 143
both the nature and the object of the affection should be
jealously watched. The only legitimate anger is a holy
emotion directed against an unholy thing. Sin, and not
our neighbour, must its object: zeal for righteousness,
and not our own pride must be its distinguishing charac-
ter. The exercise of anger, although not necessarily sin-
ful, is for us exceedingly difficult and dangerous. It is
like fire in the hands of children. Although it is possible
for them in certain cases to handle it safely and usefully,
we know that in point of fact they more frequently do
harm with it than good. Accordingly we are accustomed,
as a prudential measure, to forbid absolutely its use among
the children. If anger in the moral department is like
fire in the physical, we, even the best of us, are like little
children. Unless we have attained the wisdom and sta-
ture of "perfect men in Christ," we cannot take this fire
into our bosom without burning thereby ourselves and
our neighbours. Thus it comes about, that although
anger be not in its own nature and in all cases sinful, the
best practical rule of life is to repress it, as if it were.
The holy might use it against sin in the world, if the holy
were here, but it too sharp a weapon for our hand-
ling. Let any one who tries to crucify the flesh and to
please God, scrutinize his own experience in this matter,
and he will find that the less he has felt of anger, the bet-
ter it has been for the peace of his conscience and the use-
fulness of his life.
As usual in these laws of God's kingdom, suffering
springs from the sin, as the plant from its seed. "A man
of great wrath shall suffer punishment," and he shall
144 ANGER.
suffer, although no human tribunal take cognizance of his
case. The impetuous tide of passion will listen to no
counsel, and submit to no control. Although the flood
springs within the man, it carries him away. The pro-
geny as soon it is generated, is too strong for its
parent. He who this moment produced it, is next mo-
ment a helpless captive in its hands. When the frenzy
runs high the "man of great wrath" gores right and left,
like a wild bull, who are within his reach; but, when
the frenzy has subsided, he is tormented by a remorse
from which the brute is free. More is expected from the
man than from the brute, and when no more is gotten,
heavy retribution is at hand. The conscience, bent aside
by the force of passion, comes back rebounding when
that force is spent; and then he who acted as a brute,
must suffer as a man. A man of great wrath, is a man
of little happiness. The two main elements of happiness
are awanting; for he is seldom at peace either with his
neighbour or himself.
There is an ingredient in the retribution still more
direct and immediate. The emotion of anger in the mind
instantly and violently affects the body in the most vital
parts of its organization. Hot cheeks and throbbing
temples follow the mysterious spark of passion in the
soul, as thunder-peals follow the lightning's flash. In
presence of this phenomenon, an unfathomable work of
God within our own being, it behoves us to "stand in
awe and sin not.” When the spirit in man is agitated
by anger, it sets the life-blood a-flowing too fast for the
safety of its tender channels. By frequent commotions these
ANGER. 146
organs are injured: under great excesses they sometimes
break. Thus, even the organs of the body, impedi-
ments are thrown the path of passion, and the flesh
smarts for the spirit's waywardness.
The best practical specific for the treatment of anger
against persons is to "defer it." Its nature presses for
instant vengeance, an the appetite should be starved. A
wise man may indeed experience the heat, but he will do
nothing till he cools again. When your clothes outside are
on fire you wrap yourself in a blanket, if you can, and so
smother the flame: in like manner, when your heart
within has caught the fire of anger, your first business
is to get the flame extinguished. Thereafter you will
be in a better position to form a righteous judgment,
and follow a safe course.
"To pass over a transgression" is a man's "glory." This
is like the doctrine of Jesus, but not like the manners of
the world. It is a note in unison with the sermon on
the mount, and at variance therefore with most of our
modern codes of honour. It has often been remarked
that the Bible proves itself divine by the knowledge of
man which it displays; but perhaps its opposition to
the main currents of a human heart is as clear a mark
of its heavenly origin as its discovery of what these cur-
rents are. The vessel which moves up the strong stream
of men's desires does not get from that stream its motive
impulse. The breath of heaven gives it direction and
urges it on. The best law on that subject which springs
on earth makes it a man's glory to obtain satisfaction, and
counts it his disgrace to pass an injury unavenged. We
146 ANGER.
may discover her how little civilization by itself can do
for man. The rule regarding injuries which prevailed
throughout Europe in the generation now passing away
coincides precisely with the sentiment of savage tribes.
The principle of the duel reigned so imperiously till of
late, in military and semi-military circles, that the man who
dared to pass over an injury was, by a very vulgar species
of persecution, driven from his post and his profession.
This sentiment, which happily is passing away in our
day, neither marked the Christian nor made the gentle-
man. The same sentiment prevailed among the Highland
clans of Scotland before the Bible reached their hearts, or
roads led soldiers and sheriffs to their fastnesses. The
most savage communities and the most refined stood, in
the matter of the duel, nearly on the same level, and both
were opposed alike to Scripture and Reason. "Looking
unto Jesus" is, all, the grand specific for anger in both
its aspects, as a sin and as a suffering. Its dangerous
and tormenting fire, when it is kindled in a human breast,
may be extinguished best by letting in upon it the love
wherewith he loved us. Let Faith arise and make haste
and open the doors of an angry heart to the compassions
which flow in Christ crucified: the incipient tumult will
be quenched like a spark beneath a flowing stream. If
you abide in him sinful anger will be kept or cast out,
and that which remains, being like his own, will neither
trouble you nor hurt a brother.
A POOR MAN IS BETTIES THAN A LIAR. 147
XVIII.
A POOR MAN IS BETTER THAN A LIAR.
"A poor man is better than a liar."—xix. 22.
THE imperial standard of weights and measures has
been sent by the King into the market-place of human
life, where men are busy cheating themselves and each
other. Many of these merchantmen, guided by a false
standard, have all their days been accustomed to call
evil good and good evil. When the balance is set up by
royal authority, an the proclamation issued that all
transactions must be tested thereby, swindlers are dis-
mayed and honest men are glad. Such is the word of
Truth when it touches the transactions of men.
Although society has, in many important aspects,
advanced in these later times, it is our wisdom to cast
former attainments behind us, and press on for more.
Public opinion greatly needs to be elevated and rectified
in its judgment of men and things. Society is like a
house after an earthquake. Everything is squeezed out
of its place. No angle remains square: every pillar is
leaning; all is awry. The whirling world of human in-
tercourse is out of joint, and must undergo a grand
operation of "reducing" ere its movements become safe
or easy.
Although here and there an individual may courage-
ously protest, the great public opinion of the nation prac-
148 A POOR MAN IS BETTER THAN A LIAR.
tically sets the gentleman high above the man, without
waiting to define very precisely what is a gentleman.
Exact definitions in this matter would go far to set us
right. In misty evenings sharpers get more than their
own, and honest men less. Day-light would put the
parties upon a more equal footing. As long as any
sharper, under favour of the thick haze that hangs over
the public mind, may, by dint of a good coat, a gold ring,
and a stock of impudence, pass himself off as a gentleman,
and bear away the substantial benefits attached to that
dimly defined rank the people must lay their account
by frequent suffering in purse and person. Every now
and then the public is cheated and wounded; but for our-
selves, we confess that we do not greatly pity the public.
For most of its misfortunes on this side, it has itself to
blame. You alighted fawningly on a scare-crow gentle-
man, guided by his costume and his equipage. You are
now impaled alive on his sharp fleshless arms of sticks
and nails. You are suffering, we confess, but we reserve
our tears; for if you had looked for a man, you would
have found one, and been infolded now in the warm, soft
embrace of a brother. A standard has been set up in the
market-place to measure the pretences of men withal,
and those who will not employ it, must take the conse-
quences. According to that standard "a poor man is better
than a liar;" if, in the face of that sure index, you de-
spise an honest man because he is poor, and give your
confidence to the substance or the semblance of wealth,
without respect to righteousness, you deserve no pity
when the inevitable retribution comes.
A POOR IS BETTER THAN A LIAR. 149
Error in this matter is not confined to any rank. It
is as rife in high places as in low. The tendency to
trust in quacks seems to be an instinct in human nature,
which education and experience can never wholly re-
move. Breaches of trust and fraudulent bankruptcies
are certainly not diminish either in number or magni-
tude. In the course of the last two or three years, the
cases seem to have been more numerous and more serious
than at any former period within the range of our
memory. We sympathize with the denunciations launched
by the sufferers against the depredators of every rank
and every hue. It would not be easy to give them, in
the form of moral castigation, more than their deserts.
We accordingly make no effort to shield the delinquents
from the blows that fall thick and heavy on their devoted
heads. As that part of the business is done heartily, if
not very wisely, by the public themselves, we shall step
round to the other side, where we can see the castigators,
and there endeavour to estimate what share of the blame
lies at their own door. "There are two at a bargain;"
in every one of these great and complicated frauds there
are two parties. One alone, however evil in his own
nature, could not bring forth any fruits of mischief
Swindlers would not produce much commotion in society
if they found no dupes. Rogue and fool are pairs; either
is barren if it do no meet its mate. Many are ready to
lecture the swindler;—we have a word for the dupe.
"Do not cheat," is a needful and useful injunction in
our day; and "Do I not be cheated" is another. The
trade of the swindle would fail if the raw material were
150 A POOR IS BETTER THAN A LIAR.
not plentiful and easily wrought. The reckless life of a
son is, indeed, a proof of his own wickedness; but it may
be also a proof of his father's self-pleasing indulgence.
Such is the homage paid to wealth, that any man who,
with some degree of adroitness, puts on its trappings,
will be followed by a crowd of worshippers. "Covetous-
ness is idolatry." Not without cause is the definition
written in that pungent form. Every species of idolatry
begets a kind of sottish blindness. The idolaters lose
their common sense. They are given over to believe a
lie. The wide-spread sufferings that periodically rend
the community, at the discovery of full-grown fraud, are
the strokes which our own sin inflicts when it finds the
sinners out. If the community would cease to value a
man by the appearance of his wealth, and judge him ac-
cording to the stand and of the Scriptures, there would be
fewer prodigies of dishonesty among us. When we learn
practically to honour true men, although they labour for
their daily bread, and turn our back upon liars, although
they drive their carriages, we shall be less exposed to the
depredations of unjust men, and more under the protec-
tion of a righteous God.
There is a most refreshing simplicity in the language
of Scripture upon these points. This word speaks with
authority. It is not tainted with the prevailing adula-
tion of riches. A dishonest man is called a liar, however
high his position may be in the city. And the honest
poor gets his patent of nobility from the Sovereign's
hand. The honest rich are fully as much interested in
this reform as the honest poor. Make this short proverb
A POOR MAN IS BETTER THAN A LIAR. 151
the key-note of our commercial system, and these epi-
demic panics will disappear. Get this standard acknow-
ledged in the exchange, and the reformation is accom-
plished. Let it become the fashion to frown on all
falsehood, whether spoken or acted—all unrealities, how-
ever specious their appearance; let it become the practice,
open and uniform, to honour the honest, as far as he is
known, however poor he may be; and swindling will die
out for want of food. After each catastrophe people go
about shaking their heads and wringing their hands,
asking, What will become of us, what shall we do? We
venture to propose an answer to the inquiry: From the
Bible first engrave on your hearts, then translate into
your lives, and last emblazon aloft on the pediment of
your trade temple, this short and simple legend—
"A POOR MAN IS BETTER THAN A LIAR."
152 THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK.
XIX.
THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK.
"Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging;
and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise."—xx. 1.
FROM our point of view it seems strange that in the
verbs we should not have met with a specific warn-
ing regarding the dangers of strong drink until now.
The book is eminently practical. It was a book for the
times. It rebuked impartially the vices and follies of
every class. Covetousness, anger, falsehood, dishonesty
all the more common vices that infest society have, in
the preceding portion of the book, been repeatedly ex-
posed and reproved; but hitherto drunkenness has not
found a place in the discourses of this ancient Hebrew
preacher. I cannot account for this, except by the sup-
position that the vice was comparatively rare.
If Solomon had lived among us, and written a volume
of lessons on life in the same style as the Book of Pro-
verbs, he could not have reached the twentieth chapter
without a word on drunkenness. This vice, with its
causes and consequences, would have crossed his path in
every movement, and forced itself upon his notice every
day. It would have claimed a place at an earlier stage,
and continued to protrude through almost every para-
graph. If such a book in our day and land should pro-
ceed as far ere any allusion to strong drink appeared, it
153 DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK.
would indicate a bias in the writer's mind, and under-
mine the authority of all his teaching. Ah, it would be
a blessed day for our poor beloved fatherland, if it were
possible here honestly to compose such a sermon for the
times, introducing intemperance at a late period, and
saying little about it even then! Although the sin ex-
isted and produced its appropriate sorrows in those
ancient days and those Eastern lands, it could bear no
comparison with our experience, either as to its absolute
extent or its proportion to other kindred ills.
In regard to the whole subject of intemperance, it is
of the utmost importance to observe and remember the
difference between wine-growing countries in ancient
times and our own northern land now. The main points
of distinction are these two:—1. The chief agent of
intoxication among us is not wine at all, but a much more
potent draught, which was entirely unknown to antiquity.
2. Even the wines which we use, partly imported from
abroad and partly manufactured at home, are, by ad-
mixture of spirits and other materials, much more power-
ful as intoxicants than the wines ordinarily used of old
on the soil which produced them. I adjure all, as they
fear God and regard man—as they would save themselves
and the in brethren, not to overlook these distinctions. I
entertain a sorrowful and solemn conviction, which I
have often spoken before, and speak now again weeping,
that many among us wrest to their own destruction those
scriptures which commend the use of wine. To quote
these expressions and apply them, without abatement, to
the liquors now ordinarily used in this country, is logi-
154 THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK.
cally incorrect, and practically most dangerous. It is
quite to true that wines capable of producing intoxication
were made and used in those days: it is also quite true
that there were both drunkards and isolated acts of
inebriation in those days: yet it is neither just nor safe
to assume that what is said in the Scriptures of wine is
applicable, without restriction, to our ardent spirits or
brandied wines. As to the measure of the difference,
exact knowledge is probably not attainable, and it does
not become any one to dogmatize; but if all were in-
duced to acknowledge that there is a difference, and
stirred up to seek direction for themselves, from Him who
gives the word, as to how far a scriptural commendation
of the weaker may be transferred also to the stronger
stimulant, our object would be obtained; for they who
seek shall find: the meek He will guide.
It would be out of place to agitate here the questions
regarding the nature of ancient wines, and the meaning of
the several different Hebrew and Greek words indiscrimi-
nately translated "wine" in the vernacular version of the
Scriptures. I deem it my duty, however, to record at this
place the indisputable facts: 1. That some of the wines
of antiquity possessed the intoxicating property in various
degrees, and some of them did not possess it at all. 2.
That several terms, totally distinct from each other in ety-
mology, are in the original Scriptures applied to the manu-
factured juice of the grape, and, as a general rule, rendered
in our version indiscriminately by the term "wine." I
take this opportunity further of expressing, sorrowfully
and solemnly, my conviction that the questions arising
THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK 155
out of these facts in our day, are in themselves as inter-
esting, and in their bearing as important, as any questions
of history or philology can possibly be. It may be that
the unwise attempting to solve them fall into dangerous
mistakes and that the wisest cannot solve them fully;
but the questions are grave and worthy of the most seri-
ous consideration. To ignore them as impertinent or
trifling, and quote from the English Bible a text about
ancient Judean wine in support of modern Scottish whisky,
is not right, and cannot long be successful.
Avoiding, therefore, the examination of particulars, as
being, on account of its necessary length, unsuitable for
these pages, I submit a general proposition, which I be-
lieve all my readers will feel to be safe and moderate:
The expressions in Scriptwre which commend wine and
strong drink are LESS applicable to the liquors in ordi-
nary use among us, and the expressions which denounce
them, MORE. How much less, and how much more, it is
difficult precisely to tell. Every one must judge for him-
self; as or me, I shall, God helping me, endeavour, in
the difficulty, to lean to the safer side.
The characteristic of strong drink which this text singles
out is its deceitfulness. In the illustration of it I shall
exclusively regard our own day and our own circum-
stances. The warnings of Scripture may be intensified
manifold when brought to bear on the power of our in-
toxicants to "mock" their victims. If the fruit of his
own vine sometimes chastised the unwary Israelite with
whips, the fiery products of our distilleries chastise the
nation with scorpions. The little finger of strong drink
156 THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK.
in modern times is thicker than the loins of its father and
representative in Solomon's day. The deceits which our
enemy practises are legion; and legion too are the unwise
“who are deceived thereby." I shall now enumerate a
few of these lying devices.
1. A great quantity of precious food is destroyed in
this country that strong drink may be extracted from the
rubbish. Barley, the principal material, is a wholesome
grain, and if it be unsuited to the taste of the community
in the form of food, others might be cultivated in its stead.
The fruit of the earth, therefore, which is fit for the food
of man, is destroyed by man's own hand, to supply him
with drink. As to the quantity so consumed, exact sta-
tistics are not necessary for our purpose. We can afford
to leave a margin wide enough for all contingencies. On
an average of ten years the quantity of barley converted
into malt in the United Kingdom has been nearly six
millions of quarters annually. When you add to this the
unmalted grain consumed in the distillation of spirits in
Ireland, you have an aggregate sufficient to feed between
four and five millions of people throughout the year.
When I see cart-loads of dirty, brown, reeking rubbish
passing along the streets, food for pigs and cattle, I gaze
with melancholy interest on the repulsive object. The
sight, though few would count it poetical, is more sugges-
tive to my imagination than shady groves at noon, or
moonlight on a rippling lake. I think of the yellow wav-
ing harvest field which reproduced its seed a hundred-fold
—of the labourers who tilled it going home with heavy
hearts to their half-fed children—of the amen that rose
THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK. 157
from many a cushioned pew when the prayer for daily
bread as addressed to "our Father in heaven." If the
question, "Where is the bread which I have given you?"
should now peal in thunder from the throne, this nation
must stand speechless, between those bounteous harvest
fields on the one hand, and these steaming, fetid heaps of
husks which the swine do eat, on the other.
So much we destroy of that which God commands the
earth to bring forth for the life of man; and what do we
obtain in return? A large quantity of malt liquors and
distilled spirits. And is the gain not equivalent, or
nearly equivalent, to the loss, in the material means of
support life? Here lies another deceit:
2. The curative and strengthening properties of our
strong dinks, which are so much vaunted, are in reality
next to nothing. We except, of course, the infinitesi-
mal proportion of them that is used as medicine. We
speak of the ordinary use of these articles as a bever-
age by the people. A vague but influential notion
is abroad that there is a good deal of nourishment
in ale and spirits. The evidence of science is distinct
and decisive on the other side; but it is not potential on
the mind and conduct of the community. Ardent spirits
contain no nourishment at all. If they contribute at any
time to the quantity of force exerted by man, it corre-
sponds not to the corn which you give to your horse, but
to the whipping. A master who has hired you only for
a day, and desires to make the most of his bargain, may
possibly find it his interest to bring more out of your
bones and sinews by such a stimulus; but you certainly
158 THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK.
have no interest in lashing an additional effort out of
yourself to-day, and lying in lethargy to-morrow. The
ardent spirits put nothing in; whatever therefore they
take out, is taken from your body. The inevitable con-
sequence is, permanent feebleness and shortened days.
Whatever gain it may be to the master, every atom of
exertion drawn forth by the stimulant is a dead loss to
the man. As to malt liquors the case is different, but the
difference is small. When you go down among infini-
tesimals the calculation is difficult. Our strong drink is
eminently a mocker. It successfully deceives the people
as to the quantity and the kind of nourishment which it
contains. How many gallons of porter an Englishman
must drink ere he get into his stomach a quantity of food
equal to a loaf of bread, I do not remember, and I fear
readers would be incredulous if the figures were set down.
Liebig has a pleasant notion about balancing on the point
of a pen-knife, like a pinch of snuff, all the nourishment
that the most capacious German swallows with his beer
in a day. And it is chemistry that he is giving us; not
poetry or wit. He is submitting the results of a scien-
tific analysis. But people don't believe the chemists,—
at least not with that kind of belief which compels a man
to thwart his own appetite. We believe them when they
detect by their analysis a few grains of arsenic in an ex-
humed body, and on the faith of their evidence we hang
a man for murder; but we do not believe them when
they tell us how little sustenance and how much poison
is in our beer. Why? Because we like our beer. It
takes a great deal of evidence to convince us, when our
THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK. 159
appetite is on the other side. Draymen may be seen
in London, belonging to the breweries, living, as it
were, at the fountain-head of drink, and showing an im-
posing bulk of body. If we judge men by the standard
applied to fat cattle, they will bear away the prize. But
apart from all moral considerations, and looking to the
men as machines for doing work, the bulk damages the
article. It will not last;—see the tables of mortality.
It is not sound; if the skin is scratched, it cannot be
healed again. How much better bodies these might have
been,—how much better working machines,—if they had
eaten as bread the grain which has been destroyed to
supply them with porter! How much tougher bodies—
how much brighter souls!
3. Strong drink deceives the nation by the vast amount
of revenue that it pours into the public treasury. It is
a true and wise economy to tax the articles heavily for
behoof of the community, as far and as long as they are
sold and used; but it is a false and foolish economy to
encourage the consumption of the article for the sake
of the revenue which it produces. Drink generates
pauperism, and pauperism is costly. Drink generates
crime, and crime is costly. If the national appetite for
stimulants should suddenly cease, and the stream of taxa-
tion which constitutes one-third of the imperial revenue
should consequently be dried up, a smaller amount of
money, no doubt, would pass through the treasury; but
we would find it easier to pay our way. A comfortable
balance is a healthier thing for a mercantile firm, or an
imperial treasury, than mere magnitude of transactions,
160 THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK.
where the expenditure is continually threatening to rise
above the income. They who are deceived into the
belief that strong drink enriches the nation “are not
wise.”
There is a huge living creature with as many limbs as
a Hindoo idol, and these limbs intertwined with each
other in equally admired confusion. The creature having
life must be fed, and being large must have a great deal of
food for its sustenance. One day, having got rather
short allowance, it was rolling its heavy head among its
many limbs, and felt something warm and fleshy. Being
hungry, it made an incision with its teeth, laid its lips to
the spot, and sucked. Warm blood came freely: the
creature sucked its fill, and, gorged, lay down to sleep.
Next day it supplemented its short rations in the same
way. Every day the creature drank from that opening,
and as this rich draught made up about one-third of its
whole sustenance, the wonder grew, why it was becoming
weaker under the process from day to day. Some one
at last bethought him of turning over the animal's inter-
mingled limbs, and found that all this time it had been
sucking its own blood! The discoverer proposed to
bandage the spot, and not permit the continuance of the
unnatural operation. The financiers cried out, " A third
of the animal's sustenance comes from that opening; if
you stop it, he will die!"
Behold the wise politicians who imagine that the body
politic would die of inanition if it were deprived of the
revenue which it sucks from its own veins, in the shape
of taxes on the consumption of intoxicating drinks!
THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK. 161
4. In far as human friendship is, in any case, depend-
ent on artificial stimulant for the degree of its fervency,
it is a worthless counterfeit. No man who entertains a
proper respect for himself will accept the spurious coin in
the interchange of social affections. There is another
sphere on which the deceiver sometimes operates,—a
sphere so high, that I am afraid to follow him thither
and contend with him there. I am in a strait betwixt
two. I dare not speak it out, lest the very mention of
it should offend God's little ones and I dare not pass it
in silence, lest some unwise brother should stumble into
the snare for want of the timely warning. The priests
of Israel were expressly prohibited from tasting wine or
strong drink before they approached the altar (Lev. x. 9).
When the redeemed of the Lord—a spiritual priesthood
all—enter into the Holiest through the blood of Christ,
no spark of strange fire should be permitted in any de-
gree to add intensity to the flame of their emotions.
5. Perhaps, after all, the chief deception practised by
strong drink on the community lies in the silent, stealthy
advances which it makes upon the unsuspecting taster,
followed, when the secret approaches have been carried to
a certain point, by the sure spring and relentless death-
gripe of the raging lion who goes about amongst us seek-
ing whom he may devour. All are not so deceived into
drunkenness: the majority are not so deceived. If they
were, the vessel of the State would soon go down bodily.
Even as it is, the drunkards, a sweltering inert mass of
brutalized humanity, lie so heavy in her hold, that a prac-
tised eye may observe a sickly stagger as she yet boldly
162 THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK.
breasts the wave. How came all these into that con-
dition of shame and wretchedness? Ask these many
thousands of mindless, pithless, hopeless inebriates—ask
them one by one; they will all tell, and tell truly, that
they did not intend to sink into that condition, but sank
into it beyond recovery ere they were aware of danger.
You are strong; you feel your footing firm: so did they.
"Let him that thinketh he standeth, take heed lest he
fall.” This Bible warns you that wine is a mocker. The
warning applies with greatly augmented force to us. I
implore the reader to observe that the caution to the
sober, to beware of the deceiving, insnaring power of
strong drink, is not the alarm of an enthusiast, but the
word of the living God.
A deceiver is in the midst of us. He has many strong-
holds in our streets: he has free access to our homes. His
victims are many; and his treatment of them is merciless.
Like the old serpent, he fastens his chains always by guile,
never by violence. His professions are friendly, and his
approaches slow. He touches the taste, and pleases it:
he is therefore invited to return. Every time he is admit-
ted to the tongue he sends along the nerves to the brain
an influence, as secret as the electric current along the
wire, and as sure. The effect is distinctly felt each time,
but it seems to go off soon. It does not all go off, how-
ever. Something remains, invisible, it may be, as the
effects of light at first on the photographer's plate, but
real, and ready to come out with awful distinctness at a
succeeding stage. When the brain is frequently exposed
to the comings and goings of these impressions, silent and
THE DECEITFULNESS OF STRONG DRINK. 163
secret as rays of light penetrating the camera, it acquires
imperceptibly the susceptibility which an accident any day
may develop into an incurable disease. Considering the
power of this deceiver,—considering the number around
us who are deceived thereby,—considering the wondrous
delicacy and susceptibility of the human brain,—consider-
ing that in this life the soul can neither learn nor act ex-
cept through the brain, as its organ,—considering that
strong drink goes by a secret postern direct into the pre-
sence-chamber of the soul,—considering the satanic malig-
nity with which it holds the struggling victim,—consider-
ing how few of those who have fallen into this pit have
ever risen again, and how tenderly God's word warns us
not to venture near its slippery brim,—surely it is the part
of wisdom to lean hard over to the safer side. Brother!
your immortal soul is embodied in flesh. You have in
that body only one organ through which the soul can act,
either in getting from God or serving him. That organ
is refined and delicate beyond the power of words to ex-
press. If its eye is dimmed and its feeling blunted, your
soul has lost its only avenue of access to the Saviour. As
you hope to see God, beware of those mists that cloud
the vision of the soul. As you hope to feel a Redeemer's
love softly embracing you in a dying hour, beware of
those drops that have turned so many hearts into stone.
164 THE SLUGGARD SHALL COME TO WANT.
XX.
THE SLUGGARD SHALL COME TO WANT.
“The sluggard will not plow by reason of the cold;
therefore shall he beg in harvest, and have nothing."—xx. 4.
THE reproof of slothfulness often recurs: we may safely
infer that it was a besetting sin in the Hebrew common-
wealth. It is a vice to which primitive and pastoral
communities, other things being equal, are more liable
than merchants and artisans. You may expect to find
more of it in the Scottish Highlands than on the wharves
of Liverpool, or in the mills of Manchester. As a general
rule, it is not the weak side of the Anglo-Saxon race.
Our history and position in the world prove that we pos-
sess in large measure the counterpart virtue. Other vices
thrive on our busy industry, like parasites upon living
creatures; but it cannot be said that we are nationally a
slothful people.
Individual instances of sloth, however, occur amongst
us; all the more inexcusable because of the industry which
abounds. Short and sure is the process by which the
sluggard's sin finds the sluggard out. If he does not
plough, he cannot reap. If he is idle in the seed-time, he
will be hungry in the harvest. The very alphabet of
providential retribution is here. The simplest may read
the law when it is written in letters so large, and so fully
exposed to the light. We submit to the law as inevitable;
THE SLUGGARD SHALL COME TO WANT. 165
and wherever reason is even moderately enlightened,
we acquiesce in the law as just and good. No man
who neglects his field in spring complains that it does
nothing for him in autumn. We all know that such the
law is, and most of us secretly feel that such it should be.
God's system of government is not to work for man,
but to supply him with the means of working for himself.
He gives rain from heaven; but if we do not till and sow
on earth, our fields will not be fruitful, our hearts will
not be glad. He gives seed, but he gives it to the sower.
Riches without limit are stored in His treasuries, but only
the hand of the diligent can draw them forth. No man
expects a different arrangement of the providential laws,
and no wise man desires it. It is better for man, as man
now is, that he is placed in circumstances to win his bread
by the sweat of his brow, than if bread had dropped into
his lap from heaven, or sprung spontaneously from the
earth. Our Father has graciously turned the very curse
into a blessing. The rod that was lifted in anger to
smite the alien, descends as discipline to correct the child.
There is a silent submission to the law, if not an in-
telligent acquiescence in its propriety. All our habits of
acting are formed in accordance with it. A poor man
honestly seeking work is everywhere respected: a sturdy
beggar clamouring for alms is everywhere despised. The
common sense of men falls in with the express injunction
of the gospel, that he who will not work should not be
allowed to eat (2 Thess. iii. 10).
This principle lies deep in the nature of things, and
pervades every department of the divine government. Its
166 THE SLUGGARD SHALL COME TO WANT.
operation is as sure and uniform in morals as in matter.
The Scriptures frequently employ the physical facts as
wherewith to print off for learners the spiritual law.
May "He that ministereth seed to the sower, increase
the fruits of your righteousness," is Paul's prayer for the
Corinthians when he longed for their growth in grace
(2 Cor. ix. 10). He knew that God would give it; but
he knew also that it would be given only as the increase
of the field is given. Writing at another time to the
same people, he says, "We are labourers together with
God; ye are God's husbandry" (1 Cor. iii. 9). True, the
Author and Finisher of their faith will not leave them in
the greatest of all matters to their own resources. God
works in concert with men for their good; but he works
in a special department and within well-defined limits.
He is a fellow-worker in promoting their spiritual pro-
gress, but it is as he co-operates with men in their "hus-
bandry." He does not relieve the husbandman from tilling.
God is a fellow-worker in giving him rain from heaven;
but if he does not till and sow he will beg in harvest,
although the Almighty offers to be his partner in the work.
Such is the law by which the husbandry of the heart is
regulated. The promise, sufficient, yet not redundant, is,
“Their soul shall be as a watered garden" (Jer. xxxi. 12).
Notwithstanding the promise of an omnipotent co-oper-
ator, the garden well watered by the rain of heaven will
be a fruitless waste if it be not tilled, fenced, sown, weeded.
This is no abatement from the worth of the promise or
the kindness of the Promiser. If He should so work with
men either in spirit or in matter, as that the fruit would
THE SLUGGARD SHALL COME TO WANT. 167
be sure dependently of the husbandman's labour, all dis-
tinctions between good and evil would be lost and govern-
ment become impossible.
He is in this husbandry a fellow-worker; the indus-
trious cannot fail: but He works only in his own de-
partment: the lazy cannot succeed. Your soul is the
garden: it need not lie barren, for He will water; but it
will lie barren, if you do not work.
The watered field will fill no man's bosom in the har-
vest if it be not tilled in spring. "Break up your fallow
ground" (Jer. iv. 3). When the heart is beaten hard by
troops of worldly cares treading constantly over it and
not broken up or made small by exercises of self-exa-
mination and godly sorrow, the seed does not go beneath
the surface, and, so far from reaping a golden harvest, you
never see even the promises of spring. But although the
field be tilled and broken from its depths, the labour will
be unprofitable if it be sown with tares or not sown at
all the seed is the word;" and ourselves are the field
to be cultivated. Put the good seed plentifully in. Hide
the word in your heart diligently, hopefully, as the hus-
bandman commits his precious seed to the ground. If we
do not sew our own field, how shall we help to sow the
field of our neighbour? Even a tilled and sown field may
be rendered in a great measure unproductive for want of
fences. If it be left exposed to every comer, its early
sprouting will be trampled under foot, and the hopes
which it kindled will be quenched in tears. If men
would treat their souls as carefully as they treat their
fields, all would be well. Draw defences round your
168 THE SLUGGARD SHALL COKE TO WANT.
soul: keep out those who would cruelly or carelessly
tread down the buds of beginning grace. Leave not
your heart open, like an exposed common, to the reckless
tread of promiscuous passers. Tempters, like wild boars
of the woods, prowl round about your garden: ward them
resolutely off; keep it for the Master and his friends.
Further still: the tilled, sown, fenced garden, may be over-
run with weeds, and the full-grown fruit be choked before
it reach the ripening. In the garden of your soul weeds
spring up without any sowing. Unless you labour daily
to keep them down, they will gain upon the good seed
and overtop it. As a man who loves his garden may be
seen stooping down every now and then in his daily walk
through it to pluck out and cast over the wall each weed
that meets his eye as it is struggling through the ground;
so a man that loves his soul and would fain see it flour-
ishing, is ever on the watch for malice and envy and
falsehood, and vanity and pride and covetousness,—for
any and for all of the legion-species of bitter roots that
are ever springing up, troubling himself and defiling his
neighbours (Heb. xii. 15). They that are Christ's have
crucified, and all their life long continue to crucify, their
own lusts.
All these efforts for the garden will be useless if it
is not watered: but, on the other hand, the plentiful
watering of the garden with rain from heaven will not
make it fruitful if any of these operations are neglected.
These operations lie to our hand. God works with us,
indeed, but he will not perform for us these works. He
co-operates by giving us refreshing rain, and commands
THE SLUGGARD SHALL COME TO WANT. 169
us to meet his gift by our industrious labour. He does
for a soul what he does for a garden. It shall be watered.
The grace of the Spirit shall not be wanting; yet, in the
spiritual husbandry, the sluggard who will not plough shall
not reap.
Not having any ripened grain to reap, he falls a-beg-
ging when the harvest comes: "Lord, Lord, open to us."
But it is too late. The Lord does not give at that time,
and in that way. He will give seed to the sower in
spring, but not alms to the sluggard in harvest. He gave
seed and rain, and saw them wasted. He pleaded with
men to accept and use them, and they would not. At
last, when they plead with him, he will not. In an ac-
cepted time they would not take the seed: in a rejecting
time they cry for the fruit of eternal life, and are sent
empty away. Alas! the sluggard begs in harvest, "and
has nothing." His soul was the only real treasure that
he ever had, and now it is lost.
170 WISDOM MODEST, FOLLY OBTRUSIVE.
XXI.
WISDOM MODEST, FOLLY OBTRUSIVE.
"Counsel in the heart of man is like deep water: but a man of understanding
will
draw it out. Most men will proclaim every one his own goodness:
but a faithful man who can find?"—xx. 5, 6.
HERE are two twin misfortunes from which mankind
suffer much,—the retiring bashfulness of true worth, and
the chattering forwardness of empty self-esteem. The
man who has something which would do good to his
fellows, is apt to keep it within himself: the man who has
nothing solid, is continually giving forth sound. The
wisdom which we value we cannot obtain, for it lies in
the heart of a modest man like water at the bottom of a
deep well: the folly of which we are weary we cannot
escape, for it babbles spontaneously from the fool's tongue
on the crowded thoroughfares of the world. It would be
a double benefit to society if the one man could be per-
suaded to say more, and the other to say less in the
heart of that man there is "counsel;" but it is like deep
water, and "a man of understanding" is required to draw
it out. On the lips of this man is vain-glory, which
bursts out unbidden; and a "faithful man" is needed
to keep it in. Who amongst us has not groaned under
the afflictions, either separately or both together? Who
has not felt, alternately or simultaneously, the counter-
part twin desires, that the fountains of this wise heart
WISDOM MODEST, FOLLY OBTRUSIVE. 171
were opened and the mouth of that fool shut? The two
kindred a sufferings generate two kindred desires; and these
two desires should make us expert in the two useful arts
of drawing out the good in conversation and keeping in
the frivolous.
1. How to draw out the good. "Counsel in the heart
of a man is like deep water: but a man of understanding
will draw it out." Some men have the root of the matter
within them, but no tendency spontaneously to give it
out. Constitutional timidity, or the grace of modesty,
or both combined, may shut in any company the wisest
lips. A stone lies on the well's mouth, and a man of
understanding is the Jacob who rolls it off, that all the
circle may draw and drink. It is a touching picture, and
represents a frequently-recurring fact in actual life. A
man who is at once wise and modest is compared to a
deep well. Although a supply of water is within, neigh-
bours may walk round the brim and get no refreshing,
because it is deep and still. This is not a rare case. The
conversation in a company is often frivolous, although the
company is not destitute of solid, well-charged minds.
When no one has skill to draw out the wisdom of the
wise, the folly of the fools will rush out without any
drawing, and inundate the circle. It is not to be ex-
pected that men of solid gifts will spontaneously exert
themselves to bring out their treasures and press their
instructions on unwilling ears. A righteous man may
here and there be found so ardent in his love, and so
zealous of good works, that his mouth is like "a well of
life" (x. 11), spontaneously pouring forth a perennial
172 WISDOM MODEST, FOLLY OBTRUSIVE.
stream; but many real wells are of the deep, still sort,
which keep their water within themselves, until some one
draw it out. There is a certain sensitiveness which often
seals up within a man not only the treasures of useful
information, but also the graces of the Spirit. He who
has the tact to wait his opportunity, and gently draw the
covering aside, and touch the vein, and make the treasures
flow, has conferred, by a single stroke, a double benefit,—
one on the company for whom, and another on the indi-
vidual from whom, the instruction has been drawn. When
water is drawn from a deep well, the thirsty who stand
round its brim enjoy the benefit; but an advantage
accrues also to the well itself. When much is drawn out
the circulation sweetens the supply, and leaves it as large
as before. One who values time, and watches for oppor-
tunities of improving it, may be as useful to society by
drawing "counsel" out of others as by giving it himself.
2. How to repress the worthless. "Most men will
proclaim every one his own goodness; but a faithful man
who can find?" This humiliating description is more
literally true, and more extensively applicable, than we in
the present artificial state of society are able to perceive.
There is so much of politeness on the surface, that it is
exceedingly difficult to estimate how much of real
humility exists in the heart. Polish is a picture of grace,
and pictures skilfully painted sometimes look very like
life. Among uncivilized tribes or little children, the
reality is more easily seen. Unsophisticated nature, when
it has a good opinion of itself, frankly declares it. The
complicated forms of refined society supply convenient
WISDOM MODEST, FOLLY OBTRUSIVE 173
folds where the sentiment which cannot creditably be con-
fessed may be prudently concealed. To cover vain-glory
under a web of soft phraseology is not the same as to
crucify the lusts of the flesh. "This poor, worthless
effort of mine," may in secret mean, "This great achieve-
ment which I have successfully accomplished." We
would not, however, discard the idiom of modesty which
refinement has infused into our speech; it is often true,
and always comely. It is not that we love the garb of
humility less, but its living body more.
It easy to find a man who will proclaim his own
goodness, but a faithful man, who will keep down such
egotism, is more needful and more rare. This faithful-
ness, where it exists, develops itself in two branches,
the one suppressing our neighbour's vanity and the other
our own. The last mentioned is first in the order of
nature, and in relative importance the chief. True faith-
fulness, like charity, begins at home. If you do not first
successfully crush your own self-esteem, your efforts to do
that service for others will provoke laughter or kindle
wrath. Faithful reproof of another's foibles is a virtue
which come can exercise without an effort. They deal a
hearty blow on the head of a luckless brother egotist who
stands in the way of their own advancement, and then
expect to be praised for faithfulness. But it is Jehu's
driving. The zeal which impels it is not pure. It is a
spurious faithfulness that spares self-esteem at home and
smites it abroad.
Most proclaim their own goodness; but a faithful man
who can find? The ailment is prevalent, the remedy
174 WISDOM MODEST, FOLLY OBTRUSIVE.
rare. But if faithfulness is seldom found, it is precious
in proportion to its scarcity. When it is of the true,
solid, authoritative kind, loquacious vain-glory flees before
it like smoke before the wind. You may have seen a
mighty boaster, self-constituted sole monarch in the centre
of a gaping crowd, quenched in a moment by the entrance
of one honest man who knew him. An honest man is
indeed a noble work of God, and a useful member of the
commonwealth. Happy is the society that possesses a
few tall enough to be visible over all its surface, and stern
enough to scare away the vermin of empty boasters that
prey upon its softer parts.
A consistent Christian is, after all, the best style of
man. A steady faith in the unseen is the safest guide
through the shifting sands of things seen and temporal.
When a man's treasure is in heaven, he is not under the
necessity of courting popular applause. Those who have
truly humbled themselves before God, experience no in-
clination falsely to magnify themselves in the sight of
men.
TWO WITNESSES. 175
XXII.
TWO WITNESSES—THE HEARING EAR AND
THE SEEING EYE.
"The hearing ear, and the seeing eye,
the Lord hath made even both of them."—xx. 12.
Two witnesses, the hearing ear and the seeing eye, are
summoned forth to prove before the world that the Maker
of all things is wise and good. These two palm branches,
ever green, plaited into a simple wreath, are chosen from
the whole earth as a diadem of glory for the Sovereign's
brow. These words so gently spoken, these works so
wonderfully made, challenge for their Author the homage
and service of all intelligent created beings.
It is a well-known fact in human experience, that the
nearer wonders are to the observer, and the oftener they
occur, the less wonderful they seem to be. Perhaps the
most powerful practical fallacy in life is to confound things
that are common with things that are of little value.
The counterpart and complement of this error is, to esteem
a thing in proportion to its distance and rarity. Bread and
water, light and air, are lightly esteemed and ungratefully
wasted by those who would pass a sleepless night if a little
sparkling stone were stolen or lost. God's word invites us to
consider his works. He takes it ill when we blindly over-
look the wisdom and goodness with which they are charged.
“This famous town of MANSOUL had five gates, in at
176 TWO WITNESSES.
which to come, out at which to go and these were made
likewise answerable to the walls,—to wit, impregnable,
and such as could never be opened nor forced but by the
will and leave of those within. The names of the gates
were these:—Ear-gate, Eye-gate, Mouth-gate, Nose-gate,
and Feel-gate." The reader will recognise in the picture
John Bunyan's hand, although his name is not inscribed
on the corner of the canvass. The ear and the eye are
the two chief gateways through which the human soul,
in its imperial palace, receives its knowledge from heaven
or earth. They are suitable specimens of divine work-
manship, for being submitted to the inspection and em-
ployed in the instruction of men.
The ear and eye are curious instruments fixed in the
outer walls of the bodily frame, for receiving impressions
from sound and light, and conveying corresponding sen-
sations to the mind.*
The ear, as a complex mechanical apparatus, lies
almost wholly within the body and beyond our sight:
only a wide outer porch through which the sound enters
is exposed to view. The mechanism within, like that of
all the corporeal organs, exhibits abundant evidence of
contrivance exerted intelligently with a view to a specific
end. The sound passing successively through a suite of
chambers each appropriately furnished, touches in the in-
nermost the extremities of the nerves which bear the
message to the brain. The eye, though more easily ob-
served, is scarcely more wonderful in its structure, adap-
* See a most interesting and instructive little treatise on the Five Gateways of
Knowledge, by Professor George Wilson of the University of Edinburgh.
TWO WITNESSES 177
tations, and uses. It is a window in the wall of this
house of clay, without which it would be comparatively
a dark and dreary dwelling for the soul. It is supplied
with a machinery in the form of eye-lids for washing and
wiping the glass all day long, so that the window may
never be dusty. It has an opening for receiving rays of
light, which enlarges itself spontaneously when the light
is scarce, in order to take in much; and contracts itself
spontaneously when the light is plentiful, in order that
less may be admitted. It has transparent lenses like a
telescope through which the rays pass; and a white cur-
tain on its inmost wall, like a camera, on which the pic-
tures of external objects are painted. Into that canvass
from behind nerves are introduced like electric wires,
through which the soul receives in her presence-chamber
instant intimation of all that is going on without. Sun
pictures of the outer world were taken instantaneously
upon a prepared plate, by an instrument of small bulk
which a man can carry about with him, long before the
invention of photograph. Inventors are only discoverers
of what already is, and has from the beginning been.
They are hounds of keener scent, who track the secret
footsteps of nature more stanchly than their neighbours;
and nature is nothing else than the method by which it
pleases God to carry on his work. The rule applied to
religion, is in its very terms strictly applicable also to ark
"Be ye imitators of God, as dear children."
The adaptation of each organ to its object, presents an
additional evidence of wise design, perhaps even stronger
than that which the mechanism of the instrument supplies.
178 TWO WITNESSES.
The ear would be nothing without sound. The eye, with
all its curious and exact machinery, would be an elaborate
abortion if light were not, or were subject to different
laws. Whatever evidence of beneficent design may lie
separately in the seeing eye and the shining light, it is
multiplied a thousand-fold by the perfect reciprocal adap-
tation which subsists between them.
Philosophy has long puzzled its disciples with questions
regarding the reality of the external world. Seeing that
the human mind does not come directly in contact with
earth and air and sea, but only receives pictures or notions
of them through the organs of sensation, a doubt has been
raised whether substances corresponding to these pictures
have any real existence. As the picture of an object is
not sufficient evidence that the object exists, it has been
said, Sensations of the external world, which are only
pictures conveyed to the brain through the senses, do not
certainly prove that the external world really is. This
question, though in itself an interesting one, is scarcely
entitled to rank higher than a plaything. It is useful in
calling our attention to the means by which we obtain a
knowledge of things beyond ourselves, but it has not
power to throw the slightest shade of uncertainty over the
existence of these things. The eye and the ear are the chief
instruments by which we ascertain the existence and quail-
ties of external objects, and God is the maker of them both.
For that very use he framed them and gave them to his
creatures and he has done all things well. There are no
deceptions in his plan, and no blunders in its execution.
Besides, our belief in the existence of things is con-
TWO WITNESSES. 179
firmed by the mouth of many independent witnesses. To
each object several of the senses, and to many all, bear
concurrent testimony. The eye and the ear do not act
in concert. They are as independent of each other as any
two witnesses that ever gave evidence in a trial. If the
eye should give a false testimony, the ear would correct
it. To suppose that all the senses were made for telling
lies, an a corroborating each other in their falsehood, is at
once to magnify the wonders of the contrivance, and
ascribe it to Satan instead of God. These gateways of
knowledge were pierced in the body by its Maker's own
hand, that the soul might not sit darkling within its
house of clay. The hearing ear and the seeing eye, the
Lord hath made even both of them. He, into whose
hands believers commit the keeping of their souls, is "a
faithful Creator" (1 Peter iv. 19).
On is subject, and in this point of view, the Popish
doctrine of transubstantiation possesses a peculiar interest.
We look at it in its philosophical rather than its religious
aspect. It comes across our path here, not as a perversion
of the word, but as a dishonour done to the works of God.
Our cause of quarrel with it in this place is, that it pours
contempt on the seeing eye, which the Lord has made
and given to his creatures.
The belief, inculcated and professed throughout the
mysterious spiritual commonwealth of Rome, that the
bread and wine in the sacrament of the Supper are
changed at the utterance of the consecrating word, and
are no longer bread and wine, but the body and blood of
Christ, is a great feature in the working of the human
180 TWO WITNESSES.
mind, and a great fact in the history of the human
race. It sprung up in a dark age, and was irrevocably
incorporated in a system which professes itself infallible
and dares not change. The dogma of transubstantiation
could not be cast out when an age of light returned, be-
cause to lose the prestige of immutability would be more
destructive to Rome than to retain a belief which places
her in contradiction to the laws of nature and the senses.
of men. Accordingly they retain it, and, with impudence
on the one side, and ignorance on the other, manage to
keep their heads above water in some way, notwithstand-
ing the weight and awkwardness of their burden.
This doctrine brings the huge bulk of Popery right
across the path on which we are now advancing. They
teach that what I taste and see to be bread and wine, is
not bread and wine at all, but the flesh and blood and
bones of a human body,—the very body that was nailed
to the cross on Calvary! They thereby repudiate the tes-
timony of the senses, competently given, and disparage
the work and gift of God. They concede that the senses,
in as far as they give, or can give, a testimony on the
subject, report the elements to be bread and wine; but
affirm that the senses are not in all cases trust-worthy,
and specify cases in which erroneous inferences are some-
times drawn from the impressions of a single sense.
Suppose we should commence the controversy on the
other side, by showing that their position proves too
much, and cuts away the ground on which they stand:—
If the senses deceive, how can I be sure that my ear con-
veys to me the words of the priest? Under this pressure
TWO WITNESSES 181
they select the sense of hearing, and affirm that it may be
trusted, and it alone. The senses of seeing, tasting,
smelling, and feeling, all take cognizance of the object,
and all concur in representing it to be bread. The sense
of hearing does not take cognizance of the object at all,
and has no testimony to give. And this one they select
as the only one that should be trusted! Five witnesses
are called to give evidence regarding a certain fact. The
question, "Were you present?" is put successively to all
the five. The first four answer, Yes; the last one, No.
The next question is, "Did the prisoner commit the deed?"
The first four answer, Yes; the last one answers, No. The
jury return a verdict of acquittal. But they are perjured
men. They have a purpose to serve. They have be-
lieved one witness who was not present, against four wit-.
nesses who were. Such is the state of the case when
contemplated in the abstract, but it becomes much clearer
and stronger when we refer to examples in Scripture.
After his resurrection, and before he ascended to heaven,
Jesus showed himself alive, "by many infallible proofs,"
to the apostles whom he had chosen (Acts i. 3). And
what were the proofs which he gave? The evidence of
the senses, and that alone;—"being seen of them forty
days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the king-
dom of God." It was the evidence of sight and hearing.
When the resurrection of Christ—the fact on which the
world's redemption hangs—is to be proved, the hearing
ear and the seeing eye are the two witnesses called to
support it. They are competent and true, for "the Lord
hath made even both of them." The evidence of the
182 TWO WITNESSES.
senses is either sufficient proof of a fact, or it is not. If
it is sufficient, transubstantiation is not true, for the senses
testify against it: if it is not sufficient, the resurrection
of Christ is not proved, for it has no other evidence to
rest on. Thus the foundation of a believer's hope and
foundation of the Popish system cannot both stand:
thus is Popery proved to be Antichrist.
In this place, however, we enter the lists against that
mysterious power, expressly in defence of the hearing ear
and the seeing eye as the good gifts of a true God. He
counts their evidence sure, for he has made it a link of
the chain on which his great salvation leans, when it is
let down to men. Through these inlets comes to us the
knowledge, not only of earth, but also of heaven; not
only of time, but also of eternity. It is by seeing and
hearing that the word enters a believing heart; and the
entrance of the word giveth life. The word, coming in
and abiding, is life—life for evermore. He that hath the
Son hath life.
Man and his faculties are spoken of in Scripture as
vessels or instruments, wherewith God works out his
plans. Paul was a "chosen vessel" for containing and
bearing to the nations Christ's name (Acts ix. 15). The
Romans were enjoined to yield not only themselves in
general, but specifically their "members as instruments
of righteousness unto God" (Rom. vi. 13). He honours
his own work in our bodies, although we blindly despise
and abuse it. These eyes and ears which he has made,
are, as instruments, worthy of his wisdom. They are
capable of useful employment in his service. It is
TWO WITNESSES. 188
breach of trust to use them in another and adverse in-
terest.
The Omniscient is not bound to us and the organs of
our body for the accomplishment of his plans. With or
without us, he will do all his pleasure. It is our surest
safety be on his side—our greatest honour to be em-
ployed his instruments. The world which he works
in is full of the tools which he works with. In trees
and plants, every thorn and leaf and tendril is a cun-
ningly-contrived instrument fitted to conduct some delicate
operation in the vegetable economy. In animals, every
member of the body is a tool. The work-shop is full of
materials and implements. Again, every part of creation
is an instrument necessary and suitable for some depart-
ment of the universal work. The internal fires of the
globe are machinery for heaving up the mountain ridges,
and causing the intervening valleys to subside. The
clouds are capacious vessels made for carrying water from
its great reservoir to the thirsty land. The rivers are a
vast water-power in perpetual motion, slowly wearing
down the mountains, and spreading the debris in layers
on the bottom of the sea. The sun is an instrument for
lighting and warming the world, and the earth's huge
bulk a curtain for screening off the sunlight at stated in-
tervals, and so giving to weary workers a grateful night
of rest. Chief of all the instruments for the Master's use is
man, made last, made best,—broken, disfigured, and de-
filed by sin, but capable yet, when redeemed and renewed,
of becoming a vessel for conveying God's goodness down
to creation, and creation's praises articulate up to God.
184 TWO WITNESSES.
In our religious exercises we must not limit our view
to the soul and its sins, so as to neglect the body and its
organs; for, in acts of sin or of holiness, the body is related
to the soul as the moving machinery to the water-stream
which drives it. In spiritual matters we are accustomed
to think with something like contempt of the senses and
their organs. There is some risk of error and loss at this
point. It is true that we deserve contempt when we
waste them on vanity or cripple them by vice. But
these members are worthy of their Maker. They are
given to us for the noblest purposes. They are given in
trust. We should highly esteem the talent, and dili-
gently occupy it till the Giver come. He is not ashamed to
own that hearing ear and that seeing eye as his. He who
spread out the heavens, and sprinkled them with spark-
ling worlds, points to these members of our bodies as
specimens that will sustain his glory. How warily should
they walk upon the world who bear about with them
these precious and tender jewels, the cherished property
of the great King! How carefully should we preserve
from pollution these delicate instruments, to which he is
even now pointing as evidence of his skill and kindness!
Christian! these ears and eyes are the openings whereby
light and life have reached your soul; occupy them hence-
forth with sounds and sights that will please Him. If I
am Christ's, these ears and eyes have been bought for
himself by the price of his own blood. I must not em-
ploy them to crucify him afresh, and bring him to an
open shame. Let me listen to those sounds and look at
those sights which I would listen to and look at if he
TWO WITNESSES. 185
stood beside me listening and looking too. To other
sounds let me be deaf,—to other beauties blind.
The subject is not a little one. Issues inconceivably
great depend on the purposes to which we now apply
these good gifts of God. Our time and our eternity both
depend on their use or abuse. The conflict rages now:
the victory will be decided soon. Through their ears
and eyes disciples, like their Lord, are plied with strong
temptations. To them as to him the kingdoms of the
world and their glory are offered, on the same dark con-
dition. Sin waves its painted beauties and shakes its
music-bells to win and enslave. Through unwary ears
and eyes the adversary enters to drag the soul into cap-
tivity and death.
Hark! another voice! Behold another sight! "Hear,
and your souls shall live." "Come unto me, all ye that
labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest."
Hear these words of life: behold that Lamb of God who
taketh sin away. By these openings, which his own
hand has made into our being, God our Saviour will send
in light and life.
Soon these ears and eyes will be closed for ever against
earthly sounds and sights; but they will open again for
other entrants. The trumpet shall sound, and every ear
shall hear it. "All that are in their graves shall hear
the voice of the Son of man, and shall come forth." Nor
shall the world's destiny be pronounced by an invisible
Judge. He shall come as the lightning comes, and every
eye shall see him; they also who pierced him. The voice
of judgment will penetrate the ear that was deaf to the
186 TWO WITNESSES.
message of mercy. The outcast will have an ear to hear,
but no word of hope will ever reach it: an eye to see,
but no light will ever dawn to meet its straining.
Let my ears now hear the word, and my eyes behold
the beauty of the Lord: then, at his appointed time, let
them close in peace. When next they open, they shall
see and hear, what eye hath not seen nor ear heard as
yet—"the things that God hath prepared for them that
love him."
BUYERS AND SELLERS. 187
XXIII.
BUYERS AND SELLERS.
"It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer;
but when he is gone his way, then he boasteth."—xx. 14.
A VERY large proportion of man's intercourse with man
is occupied by the acts of buying and selling. Nation
buys from nation separated by the sea,—citizen from
citizen separated by a street. In the progress of civili-
zation the commercial relations of states are gradually
rising above the political in importance and power. Fleets
and armies may, by a sudden blow, derange the course of
commerce for a time, but its accumulated waters soon ac-
quire a momentum sufficient to carry away all artificial
impediments, and clear or make a channel for themselves.
The many rivulets of domestic trade obey the same laws
as the majestic rivers of international commerce. Buy-
ing and selling on every scale, from the pennyworth of
the poor widow to the precious cargo of a merchant prince,
have in time past flowed like rivers, and like them will
continue to flow. It is not in the power of men to stop
or turn either class of streams. Those circulations that
are necessary to the world's well-being are placed by the
almighty Ruler beyond the reach of man's capricious will
and meddling hands. Neither our own body nor the
body of the earth is dependent on our thoughtfulness for
the flow and reflow of its life-blood. In like manner,
188 BUYERS AND SELLERS.
though in measure less complete, commerce holds direct
of the universal Lawgiver, and spurns the behests of par-
liaments and kings. It determines its reservoirs in the
interior, traces its own channel along the plain, curving
now to this side and now to that without giving an ac-
count of its ways, and at last chooses its own outlet on
the ocean. Each of these circulations maintains a life
after its kind; and it is good for man that, alike in the
momentum of their flow and the degree of their occa-
sional deflection, they obey other laws than his.
The chief effort of the first Napoleon, in the latter
years of the great war, was to intercept the flow of com-
merce into Britain by his celebrated Continental System,
and so compel us to capitulate, like a garrison whose
supply of water is cut off. The scheme failed, notwith-
standing the vast resources employed in its behalf; and
the extraordinary energy with which it was prosecuted.
The commerce of nations is of the nature and dimensions
of a mighty river,—no embankments made by man can
arrest its course. The increase of commerce in our day
is a happy omen for the future of the race. Next to the
spread of the Truth in power, buying and selling are the
best antidotes to the spirit and practice of war.
The passing and repassing of merchandise through some
of the greater arteries of the world's commerce is a sight
eminently fitted to arrest and occupy alike the imagina-
tion, the intellect, and the heart. The stream of carts
and trucks and boats through the heart of a great com-
mercial emporium, is as sublime as rushing rivers or
floating clouds. Through its prosaic crust the true poet's
BUYERS AND SELLERS. 189
eye can see a pure and healthful current witnessing the
beneficence of God and bearing blessings to men. Some
silly people of other countries have sneered at Britain as
a nation of merchants. They may as well sneer at the
waters which bear our merchandise, or the winds which
waft it on. We could sit easy under the taunts of
strangers for the quantity of our buying and selling, if
we had no cause to reproach ourselves on account of its
character. The nation's trade is the nation's honour;
the dishonest tricks that mingle with it constitute in that
matter our real, our only disgrace. Commerce is a noble
occupation,—be it ours to keep its mighty current pure.
Looking now to the exchange of commodities in its
minuter details, it occupies in a very large proportion the
time and attention of neighbours when they meet. Let
a framer, for example, take in this light a note of a
week's transactions. He will find that most of his meet-
ings and conversations were connected with buying or
selling. On the one hand are a numerous class from
whom he obtains his supplies by purchase; and, on the
other, a smaller class to whom in larger transactions he
disposes of his produce by sale. His business with each
is a bargain. The community is not divided into two
classes,—one of buyers and another of sellers. The in-
terests of all are much more completely interwoven than
would be possible under such an arrangement. Each
class and each individual is a buyer and seller by turns.
He who sells bread buys clothes, and he who sells clothes
buys bread. This intermixture binds society together.
It is in some measure analogous to the chemical admix-
190 BUYERS AND SELLERS.
ture of constituents which secures the solidity and cohesion
of tones or timber.
Buying and selling, then, constitute in a great measure
the point of contact for individuals as the particles which
make up society in the mass; and it is of the utmost
importance that there should be softness and cohesiveness,
not hardness and repulsion, on both sides at the meeting-
place. If suspicion and dishonesty prevail there, the peace
of each will be marred, and the strength of the whole
diminished. Truth and trustfulness will bind us into
one, and union is strength. The soundest commonwealth
is a commonwealth of honest men.
Throughout the Proverbs reproofs frequently occur
directed expressly against the unjust balances of the dis-
honest seller: the sentence now before us uncovers the
disingenuous pretences of the untruthful buyer. The
blame of existing evils does not all lie at the seller's door.
Allowing, for the moment, that he is guilty of all the
tricks which the public so readily and so indiscriminately
impute to him, the question remains, To what extent did
the community of buyers, by their own tortuous conduct,
produce in the seller the vice by which they suffer and of
which they complaint? The case by its very nature pre-
cludes the possibility of a precise analysis, but perhaps
we would not greatly err if we should assume, in a gene-
ral way, that nearly half of the mischief belongs to the
buyer.
The counts of the indictment against the seller are nu-
merous and varied, but the one with which we are
more immediately concerned here is,—He asks for his
BUYERS AND-SELLERS. 191
article a larger price than it is fairly worth, and if he
cannot get what he first demands, he will sell it at a much
lower price, rather than not sell it at all. Well, this is your
complaint: assuming it to be true, and not justifying his
conduct, we raise the other question,—How far are you,
the buyers, guilty of inoculating the sellers with that
vice?
By expecting dishonesty in the seller, you produce it.
The piece of goods is displayed and examined. You
desire to purchase it, and ask the price. If from your
knowledge of the article you think it too high, and deter-
mine not to give so much, it is perfectly competent and
fair to offer a lower price. But when you demand an
abatement, simply in order to bring the seller down, not
based on a judgment as to the worth of the goods, you
endanger both his conscience and your own. This kind
of demand will be made upon the seller equally whether
he asks at first ten shillings for the article or five. It is
not a legitimate judgment regarding the bargain at all,
but a morbid appetite to bring down the price. This
occurs not once or twice, but many times every day. Con-
ceive yourself in the seller's place. This blind and uni-
form demand for an abatement presses upon him from
successive customers, like the continuity of a stream. He
perceives that the people who make it are not competent
to form opinion on the value of the goods. He per-
ceives that their aim is to bring him down from the
price which he has first announced, whatever it may be.
He perceives that the satisfaction of the buyer is not re-
gulated by the real advantage of his bargain, but by the
192 BUYERS AND SELLERS.
difference between the price that was first asked and
that which was ultimately accepted. The pressure thus
brought to bear upon the seller to turn him aside from
the line of righteousness is very strong. It is true he
ought to withstand the pressure; but it is also true that
his customers ought not to subject him to its dreadful
strain. If he yields to the temptation, his method is
short and easy: he asks a higher price than the goods
are worth, and then pleases the purchaser by letting
it down.
The cunning buyer, when the price is named, addresses
himself vigorously to the work of depreciating the article.
Proceeding by rhyme rather than by reason, he reiterates
some unvarying formula, like that which the text has
preserved in a fossil state since Solomon's day,—"It is
naught, it is naught." When he has kept the dealer un-
der the clack of this mill for a sufficient length of time,
he offers a price, perhaps the half or two-thirds of that
which was at first demanded. His offer is accepted:
he shoulders his prize, believes the goods are excellent
and cheap, and goes home chuckling over his achieve-
ment. He imagines he has circumvented the dealer.
The dealer, being one degree more cunning, has circum-
vented him. At every step of this miserable process,
buyer and seller are fellow-sinners, and fellow-sufferers.
If the public say to the merchant, Ask only one price,
and we will cease to beat down; the merchant may reply
the public, Cease to beat down and I will ask only
one price. Trust begets honesty, and honesty begets
trust.
BUYERS AND SELLERS. 193
We well aware that the art of higgling is in a great
measure antiquated now. The mine has been well-nigh
wrought out, and the diggers are trying other veins. The
old, base, undisguised see-saw process of knaves and fools
going into each other, the one asking a double price, and the
other pleased with a bad bargain because he has screwed it
down, has fallen now into the lower and more vulgar strata
of commercial life. In the higher spheres of trade, sellers
and buyers alike would be ashamed in the present day to
begin, in this form, the reciprocating series of deceit. I
rejoice over the advancement which has been made. I
believe that a large proportion of it is a real gain, and is
due to the diffusion of sound principles. I am not so
sanguine, however, as to believe that the root of the evil has
been destroyed. When the more healthful public opinion of
the age prevents it from sending forth its branches in one
direction, it will push them out in another. The forms of
its manifestion will vary with time and circumstances,
but a great amount of distrust and dishonesty, reciprocally
generating each other, still hangs over the border line
where men meet to make bargains, rendering it a com-
paratively waste and withered region—a region where
grace finds it hard to live and grow.
In the days when England and Scotland were rival
kingdoms and their barbarous peoples animated by here-
ditary feuds, a traveller found, as he neared the border on
either side, a wide, uncultivated, unproductive territory.
The soil was generous, and the sky over-head As fair, as in
other portions of the country; but the inhabitants on
either side occupied themselves with alternate raids, and
194 BUYERS AND SELLERS.
each ruthlessly devastated his neighbour's land. The two
parties contrived to make matters nearly equal one year
with another. The balance was kept even by the impar-
tial desolation of both. At this day, too, the interests of
English and Scotch on both sides of the border line are
maintained on a footing of perfect equality. Neither ob-
tains any advantage over the other: yet waving corn-fields
touch the separating rivulet on either brim. There is no
belt of barrenness. The labour of our forefathers in
fighting against each other was more than lost. Peace
can make neighbours equal as well as war, and give them
all their crops beside.
A state of warfare makes a barren border. Mutual
suspicion between buyer and seller makes the two equal
by wasting both. Trust on the one side and Truth on
the other would make bargaining morally as pleasant and
profitable as any other exercise in life. Righteousness
at the point of contact would do for the parties what peace
on the border has done for contiguous kingdoms: it would
at once weld the two into one, and preserve intact the in-
terests of each.
Might the analogy be pursued yet another step? The
shortest and surest way of preventing a devastating hos-
tility on the borders, is to imbue the hearts of the bord-
erers on both sides with loving loyalty to one rightful
King. When independent and hostile tribes are brought
under complete subjection to the prince, they cease to wage
war against each other. Those who are under law to
Christ, will not try to overreach their neighbours in a
bargain.
A GOOD NAME. 195
XXIV.
A GOOD NAME.
"A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches,
and loving favour rather than silver and gold."—xxii. 1.
WE are not good judges of value, in the public market
of life. We make grievous mistakes, both in choosing
and refusing. We often throw away the pearl, and care-
fully keep the shell. Besides the great disparity in
value between the things of heaven and the things of
earth, some even of these earthly things are of greater
worth than others. The valuables in both ends of this
balance belong to time; and yet there is room for a choice
between them. There is a greater and a less, where
neither is the greatest.
A trader at his counter has a certain set of weights
which he uses every day, and all day, and for all sorts of
commodities. Whatever may be in the one scale, the
same invariable leaden weight is always in the other.
This lump of metal is his standard, and all things are
tried by it. Riches practically serve nearly the same
purpose in the market of human life. Whether people
are aware of it or not, riches become insensibly the
standard by which other things are estimated. As the
dealer mechanically throws his old leaden pound weight
into one scale, whatever species of goods the other may
contain; so in human life, by a habit so uniform that it
196 A GOOD NAME.
looks like instinct, men quietly refer all things to the
standard of gold.
This is a mistake. Many things are better than gold;
and one of these is a good name. A good conscience, indeed,
is better than both, and must be kept at all hazards; but,
in cases where matters from the higher region do not
come into competition, reputation should rank higher
than riches in the practical estimation of men. If a man
choose honour as the substantial portion of his soul, it
flits before him as a shadow, and he is never satisfied;
but shadow though it be, and worthless alone, it is pre-
cious as an accompaniment of the substance. The
shadows are not the picture, but the picture is a naked,
ungainly thing without them. Thus the atmosphere of
a good name surrounding it, imparts to real worth addi-
tional body and breadth. As the substitute for a good
conscience, a good name is a secret torment at the time,
and in the end a cheat; but as a graceful outer garment
with which a good conscience is clothed, it should be
highly valued and carefully preserved by the children of
the kingdom. Robes rich in texture, and comely in
form, would not make a wooden image gainly; but it
does not follow that they are useless to the living human
frame. An idol is vile, whether it be gold or a good
name; but as articles in the inventory of our Father's
gold is good, and reputation better.
The term "loving favour" serves to indicate the
sweetness of being esteemed and loved by our neigh-
bours. The Lord, who has made us capable of that
enjoyment, does not set it down as sin. If we be "a
A GOOD NAME. 197
people near unto him," he will take care that we shall
not be spoilt by over-doses of loving-kindness from men.
It is our part so to act as to deserve that love: then, if
it be given, we may innocently enjoy it; if it be with-
held, we should meekly submit. If in adversity even a
brother turn his back, a Friend remains who sticketh
closer.
I do not know any department of providence in which
the hand of God is more frequently or more visibly dis-
played, than in maintaining before the world the good
name of those who, before himself, maintain a good
conscience. A small parenthesis of two words in the
evangelic history serves, like a magnetic needle, to point
out in this matter the way of the Lord. Among the
twelve, there was one named Judas, besides the betrayer,
a man faithful to the Lord. His fellow-disciple John
(xiv. 22) having occasion in the course of his history to
record a question which this Judas addressed to the
Master, adds to his name the significant notandum, "Not
Iscariot." "The shields of the earth belong unto God,"
and he is ever ready to throw one round the reputation of a
true disciple, when danger is near. The Master knows who
betrays him, and who proves faithful. He will not per-
mit the two to be confounded. Eli made a mistake when
he reckoned Hannah among the drunkards, but her
righteousness came out as light. There will be no confu-
sion in the current accounts of the world; for its Governor
is wise and powerful. When the good and the evil come
near each other in sound, some note is inserted at the
point, so large that he who runs may read it; some paren-
198 A GOOD NAME.
thetic "not Iscariot" is woven into the thread of history,
to keep the marches clear between the disciple and the
traitor. He will not spare the sins of his servants. Now
by the stern rebuke, "Get thee behind me, Satan,"
and now by the silent look that melts the fickle
denier's heart, he will take vengeance on their inven-
tions; but he will encircle themselves in his own everlast-
ing arms.
An interesting example of "particular providence" in
this department has been recently brought to light. A
brief entry was discovered in an authentic record, which
seemed to leave a stain on the memory of Patrick Hamil-
ton, the herald and first martyr of the Scottish Reforma-
tion. In the household accounts of the royal treasurer
for the year 1543, a sum is entered for a gown to Isobel
Hamilton, a lady of the queen's household, "daughter of
Patrick, abbot of Ferne." This was evidently the martyr's
daughter, in all probability a posthumous child. He died
young. Hitherto no mention had ever been made of his
marriage. In the silence of history it was assumed that
he had not been married. Could it be that this youth,
whom we have all along considered in every sense a holy
martyr of Christ, had imitated in his life the licentious-
ness of the Romish dignitaries whom be denounced?
Almost as soon as the question was raised, an answer was
provided. Evidence the most incidental, undesigned,
and certain, appears in time to shield the confessor's good
name at the threatened point The writings of Alexander
Alesius, a contemporary Scotchman, a witness of Hamilton's
death, and a Convert of his ministry, have lately been
A GOOD NAME. 199
brought to light on the Continent.* The affectionate
pupil, all unconscious of the use that would afterwards be
found for his testimony, records, in a treatise written
while he was an exile for the truth in Germany, that
Hamilton married a "lady of noble rank," in the interval
between his return from the Continent and his trial at
St. Andrews. The letters of a true disciple's name were
beginning to appear very like those of the traitor, and
forthwith the writing, "Not Iscariot," beamed from the
wall, as emblazoned there by an angel’s hand.
_____________________________________________
*Precursors of Knox—Patrick Hamilton. By Professor Lorimer of London.
200 THE RICH AND THE POOR MEET TOGETHER.
XXV.
THE RICH AND THE POOR MEET TOGETHER.
"The rich and the poor meet together."—xxii. 2.
IN observing and representing the relative position of these
two, or of any two, much depends upon the view-point.
When you stand among the crowd on the surface of the
plain, the rich and the poor appear to move on lines far
apart and never once to approach each other from the be-
ginning of life's journey to its close. In their birth they
seem to be far asunder; one is exposed to hardship as soon
as his eyes are opened to the light; the other is tenderly
cared for, before he knows that he needs care. In their
childhood, intercourse is forbidden, as if it would intro-
duce infection. In maturity the divergence is still farther
increased; and distance is maintained even in the grave.
This proverb briefly and bluntly affirms that the rich and
the poor meet: but where, and when? If we look not to
exceptional instances, but to the ordinary course of events,
these seem to be the very two classes who are all their life-
time most widely separated, and never meet at all
Change the view-point, and the scene will change.
When you lift your eyes from the earth and look on
objects in the expanse of heaven, worlds that move in
separate orbits appear to touch each other, and several,
like water-drops in contact, merge into a larger one.
Thus the spaces between rich and poor, which seemed so
THE RICH A THE POOR MEET TOGETHER. 201
vast to themselves and other observers near them, disap-
pear when eternity becomes the background of the view.
They meet by appointment of their common Lord. There
are many inevitable meeting-places and meeting-times.
They meet in their birth and their death—in the cradle
and the grave. At the beginning and at the end, and at
many of the intermediate to stations of life's pilgrimage, the
two courses touch each other, and the two pilgrims walk
side by side.
At birth they meet, answering each other by a cry.
The one is animated lust, the other animated dust; and
both have within themselves the seeds of many sorrows.
In regard to the two grand distinguishing features of
man's present condition, sin and suffering, they stand pre-
cisely on the same level; and if in some minor points
there is a distinction, its amount is too insignificant to
affect greatly the general result. Even in the periods
of infancy and childhood the two paths converge more
closely than superficial observers deem. If the rich man's
infant gets more attention from servants, the poor man's
child lies more constantly on his mother's breast. There
is compensation here, arranged by Him who balanced so
nicely the greater an the lesser orbs that circulate in
space. Mother-love cannot be made by man nor hired
for money. We do not undervalue the faithfulness and
affection of domestics. We find no fault with gas-light;
it is inestimably useful in the absence of day. Such is a
hired servant's care of an infant; it is excellent of its
kind, but not to be compared with that which is of God's
own kindling in a mother's heart. It ought to be instruc-
202 THE RICH AND THE POOR MEET TOGETHER.
tive to the rich and reassuring to the fainting, overbur-
dened poor, to observe and remember that the welfare of
an infant depends much more on the character than on
the wealth of its parents. For this special object a good
name is rather to chosen than great riches.
Each sickness a meeting-place between the rich and
the poor, and these occur frequently in the path of life.
A rich man's tooth is at least as liable to caries as a poor
man's, and it aches as keenly. The best joys, too, as
well as the sharpest pains, are common to the two condi-
tions. Food, rest, sleep; light, sounds, odours; family
affections and social intercourse,—these and other main
arterial streams of sensitive enjoyment are at least as
great, and pure, and sweet, in the ordinary experience of
the poor as in the ordinary experience of the rich.
It would, however, be a defective, and therefore in so
far an untrue, representation of the facts, to speak only
of those meetings between rich and poor which nature
and providence inexorably prescribe. There are meetings
not a few in our day and our land, spontaneous in their
character and beneficent in their effects. Some on both
sides justly estimate the reciprocal relations of the parties,
and honestly address themselves to the duties which these
relations impose. This is one of the brightest features
of the age,—a gleam of sunlight gilding a somewhat
dusky landscape. Good intentions alone, however, will
not gain this cause. It is an apostleship that demands
the wisdom of the serpent at least as much as the harm-
lessness of the dove. There are precious rights on both
aides that ought to be preserved. One must walk softly
THE RICH AND THE POOR MEET TOGETHER. 203
over that meeting-ground, lest he rudely tread on some-
thing that is dear to a brother. Those approaches only
are safe and useful in which each man is both obliged to
respect his neighbour and permitted to respect himself.
Willing union of rich and poor for mutual benefit, is the
true preventive of those revolutionary shocks which reduce
all classes to a level beneath a despot's feet. Looking to
the measure of our privileges in this respect, we have
good cause to thank God and take courage. When cloud
meets cloud in our skies, they seem, although charged
with antagonist forces, to give and take gently until the
equilibrium is restored; in other countries the same forces,
more rigidly pent up, have found relief in the lightning's
flash and the thunder’s roar. The adjustment comes, but
it is with the deluge.
But, close though they are at many stations on the
way, the life-lines of rich and poor approach each other
still more nearly towards their close. They meet, with-
out a figure, in the grave. Unto dust both, and both
alike, return. They meet at the judgment-seat of Christ.
None may be absent when the roll of our race is called
from the great white throne. At that bar there are no
reserved seats, no respected persons.
The lesson is obvious, and it looks both ways. The
poor need it as much as the rich, and the rich as much
as the poor; here, too, there is equality. Let the one
learn humility, the other contentment. If both be
"bought with a price" and both, in their several stations,
glorify God, yet another meeting awaits them at another
meeting-place. In Christ Jesus now there is neither
204 THE RICH AND THE POOR MEET TOGETHER.
Greek nor barbarian, neither bond nor free, neither male
nor female. That union avails to efface the distinctions
that are most deeply marked in nature; much more those
which lie on the surface of changing circumstances. There
will be no rich men in heaven, for the sinful are all in
utmost need; neither will there be any poor men there,
for all who enter are "rich in faith, and heirs of the
kingdom." The rich and the poor meet together in the
Father's house; the Lord is the Redeemer of them all.
Faith exercises a decisive influence on practice. The
hope, cherished now, of mingling on terms of complete
equality with the whole family of God, when they
assemble in the Father's house, would cast out corroding
jealousies, and sweeten all the intercourse of life. Those
who are bought by the same price, and called by the
same name, should habitually look forward to the time,
not distant, when the distinctions which now separate
one from another be lost in the equal perfection of
all. And those who "have this hope in Him," that
earthly distinction will shortly terminate, should "purify
themselves, even as He is pure," from that selfishness
which, in various forms, turns the necessary inequalities
of human condition into thorns for tearing human hearts.
HIDING-PLACES FOR THE PRUDENT. 205
XXVI.
HIDING-PLACES FOR THE PRUDENT.
"A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself:
but the simple pass on, and are punished."—xxii. 3.
ONE main element of safety is a just estimate of danger.
Many of the great diasters that have occurred in war are
due to the rashness which springs from undervaluing the
enemy's power. He who foresees the evil, hides himself
until it pass; and he who so hides himself escapes the storm
which lays lofty rashness low. There is much room for
this species of prudence to exercise itself upon, in relation
both to the present life and to that which is to come.
There are both encompassing dangers and safe hiding-
places in the several regions of our secular business, our
moral conduct, and our religious hopes.
1. In the ordinary business of life there are evils which
may be foreseen by the prudent, and places of shelter in
which he may safely lie. When speculation is rife, for
example,—when all that a man has, and much that
belongs to his neighbour, is risked at a throw, and a for-
tune made by return of post,— when people, made
giddy by success, farther and faster into the stream,
—evil is near and imminent. It hangs like a thunder-
cloud overhead. The prudent in such an hour is on
his guard. He seeth the evil before the bolt has
actually fallen. He seeks a place of shelter. Nor is that
206 HIDING-PLACES FOR THE PRUDENT.
shelter far away His daily labour and his legitimate
business will be a sufficient defence against these foes.
A disciple who has his heart in heaven should beware of
fretting because his hands are full all day long with
earthly business. Labour, when the Lord appoints it for
his people, is a strong wall built round them to keep
dangerous enemies out.
2. Evils lie before us in the region of practical morality
—evils for which the prudent keep a sharp out-look.
Frivolous and licentious companions, theatres, Sabbath
amusements, and a multitude of cognate enticements,
press upon a young man like wind: if he be like chaff,
he will be carried away. The wisest course is to go into
hiding. In your father's house and in your sisters' com-
pany,—among sober associates and instructive books,—
in the study of nature or the practice of art,—a multi-
tude of hiding-places are at hand. Even there the
enemy will seldom find you. But a deeper, safer refuge
still,—a strong tower of defence, from which all the fiery
darts of the wicked will harmlessly rebound,—is that
"name of the Lord" into which the righteous run. All
the power of the world and its god can neither drive a
refugee forth from that hiding-place, nor hurt him
within it.
3. But the greatest evils lie in the world to come, and
only the eye of faith can foresee them. To be caught
by death unready, and placed before the judgment-seat
without a plea, and then cast out for ever, are evils so
great that in their presence all others disappear like stars
in the glare of day. But great though they are, the
HIDING-PLACES FOR THE PRUDENT. 207
prudent may foresee and the trustful prevent them.
There is a refuge, but its gate opens into Time. If the
prudent do not enter now, the simple will knock in vain at
the closed door, when he has passed on into eternity with-
out any part in Christ. If the needy are numerous, the
refuge is ample. If the exposed are in poverty, the admis-
sion is free. If the adversary is legion, the Saviour is God.
"The simple pass on, and are punished." "How long,
ye simple, will ye love simplicity?" Although the saved
are not their own saviours, the lost are their own de-
stroyers. The reason why they perish is declared by
Him who knows the hearts: "Ye will not come unto
me." A man is passing on in the way which he has
chosen. He is eating and drinking, and making merry.
Guilt is on his conscience, but he feels not its fiery bite;
wrath is treasured over him, but he fears not its final out-
pouring. The open door of mercy abuts upon his downward
path, but he heeds it not: he passes on—he passes by it.
As he passes, a voice falls upon his ear; it is the voice of
God's own Son conjuring him with strong crying and
tears to turn and live. Startled for a moment by the
sound, he pauses and looks; but seeing nothing that
takes his fancy, he passes on again. Again a voice be-
hind him cries, in tones which show that life and death
eternal are turning on their hinge, "Repent, lest you perish!
why will you die?" He stops and looks behind. It is
a fit of seriousness, but it soon goes off. He heard a
sound; but it must have been an echo in the mountains,
or a call to some wanderer who has lost his way. Stop-
ping his ears, and shutting his eyes, he passes on. Deaf
208 HIDING-PLACES FOR THE PRUDENT.
to warnings from above, and blind to beacons reared
before him, he still passes on, until, at a moment when
he counts his footing firmest, he stumbles over the brink
of life, and falls into the hands of the living God! This
fall, the Bible to us, "is a fearful thing." Fear it now,
and flee, ye who are passing on through life in your sin,
and without a Saviour. Surely it should be plain to
any rational being, that though a man may live without
God in the world he cannot escape from God when he
dies. Do those who are passing on with their backs to
Christ, and their hearts full of vain shows, know where
life's boundary-line lies, or what awaits themselves be-
yond it? Why will men pass on, if they are on such a
path that another step may be perdition?
If there were no hope, the wanderers would have no
resource but to go forward in despair until their doom
declared itself. But here, and now, blessed hope abounds.
Cease to go on neglecting the great salvation, and the
great salvation is ready for you. Seek and ye shall
find. They are not the great, and the wise, and the
good, who escape, but the sinners who seek the Saviour,—
the prudent who foresee the evil, and hide. The ques-
tion is not, How great is your sin? or, How long have you
been a sinner? If you are lost while another is saved, it
is not because your guilt is greater than his, but because
you neglected the salvation which he deemed precious.
If the simple is punished at last, it is because, in spite of
a beseeching, weeping Saviour, he "passed on" through
the day of grace, and fell upon the day of judgment.
EDUCATION. 209
XXVII.
EDUCATION.
“Train up a child in the way he should go;
and when he is old, he will not depart from it.” —xxii.6.
AT all times and in all places education is a matter of
first-rate importance and in this country at the present
time its importance in some measure, felt and acknow-
ledged. It has become, or at least is becoming, the
question of the day. Out of it many difficulties spring;
over it many battles are fought. It should moderate our
grief however, and silence our fretful complaints, to
remember that our troubles grow out of our privileges.
This species of thistle is found only in fat corn-fields. It
is never seen in uncultivated moors. It is because we
have so much education that we complain so loudly of
the deficiency, and cry so earnestly for more. Besides
all the noise which we make about the quantity of edu-
cation, we quarrel energetically about the kind. Now,
although this state of warfare is not the optimism in
which we should acquiesce as a final attainment, yet, as
a symptom of progress, we might have worse. The edu-
cational difficulties which trouble us do not agitate the
worshippers of Brahma or Mahomet. Few of them are
felt in Spain or Italy. These questions do not rise in
those portions of the world where superstition and des-
potism crush the intellectual energies of the people. If
210 EDUCATION.
an adventurous inquirer at any time dare to raise them,
he is silenced by a short and simple process. Tyrants
make a solitude, and call it peace. When they point with
scorn to the strifes which agitate Protestant communities,
we sit easy under the taunt. We love not the contentions
for their own sake, but we love liberty so much that we
endure, with some measure of equanimity, the troubles
which, while men continue imperfect, must follow in its
wake. If the uneasy twisting and groaning of the body
politic prove that the nation, in matters of education, is
on a sick-bed, they prove also that she is not in the
grave. Granted that Britain educationally is ailing;
other countries that might be named are dead. We
would be glad to see the silent satisfaction of robust
health, but, in the meantime, we like the cry which in-
dicates life, better than the stillness that broods over the
body when the spirit has gone.
This verse of he Bible is a pregnant utterance on our
much-vexed question. It goes to the point at once, and
goes through all the points in a very short space of time.
Root and branch of the case are here. Adopting the
terms of the English version, as conveying the sentiment
of the original substantially and perspicuously, without
the aid of and critical remarks, we find in it three clearly
distinguished yet closely related parts:—
1. Whom we should educate—the material: "A
child."
2. How We should educate—the process: "Train up."
3. Into what we should educate—the aim and issue:
"In the way he should go."
EDUCATION. 211
In education, the material should be pliable, the
method skilful, an the pattern divine. These three
points correspond nearly to the philosophy, the art, and
the religion of the question.
1. The material on which the educator operates,—"A
child." That childhood is the proper period for education
is one of the most obvious of all general truths. In
profession, at least, it is universally acknowledged. The
law on which it is founded holds good in all countries
and all times. Its range is not limited to human kind.
It traverses the boundary of the animal kingdom, and
determines the form of a branch as well as the character
of a man. The world teems with analogies, both real and
obvious, whereby the moralist may enforce the duty of
educating in the comparatively pliable period of youth.
You may, within cerrtain limits, determine at will the
direction of a river, a tree, a man, if you touch them
near their sources, where they are tiny and tender; but
none of the three when full-grown can be bent, except
in very minute degrees, and at an expense of labour
greatly disproportionate to the result. The belief uni-
versally diffused through society, and floating impalpable
in the moral atmosphere, has at one spot been precipi-
tated and solidified in the convenient mould of a
rhythmical Scottish proverb:—
"Learn young, learn fair;
Learn auld, learn nair."
In the horizon of the nation's future there is no more
ominous cloud than the multitude of children that are
advancing to maturity uneducated. We were slow to
212 EDUCATION.
learn the danger; but we are in some measure aroused at
length. The lesson has been lashed into us by the rod
of correction, gentler admonitions had been tried in
vain. The aggregate of crime was becoming so great,
that the vessel of the State was sensibly staggering under
its weight. When we came to close quarters with full-
grown criminals, we found that neglected children are
the raw material out of which they grow. Efforts were
put forth by individuals, societies, and the legislature, to
mitigate or arrest the evil. Hence the ragged schools
and kindred institutions which have of late years occupied
so large a share of the public attention, and which char-
acterize the philanthropy of the day. The opinion
boldly proclaimed by some distinguished Christian patriots,
That no man has a right to rear a young savage in his
house, and let him loose when full-bodied to prey upon a
civilized community, seems to be making its way toward
general acceptance. It is conceded that when parents
cannot, or will not educate their children, the nation may
and should, in its own interest, effectually interfere. The
disputes that have arisen respect not the principle, but
the best method of carrying it into practice. Slowly and
painfully the confession has been wrung from an afflicted
and penitent people, that to ply the gallows and the
penal colonies for the punishment of convicted malefac-
tors is only the 1eft-hand side of national duty; while we
permit careless or profligate parents to inundate society
with a brood of young Anakim, a hybrid compound of
animal strength and moral imbecility. The double con-
viction is taking possession of the popular mind, and
EDUCATION. 213
already expressing itself in imperial legislation, that the
nation in its collection capacity should come to the rescue,
and that the rescue can be effected only by a thorough
and universal education of the young. We live in an
active and hopeful time. Life does not stagnate for
want of movement. There is room for all—for the man
of thought, and the man of labour–for all who have
talents, and all the talents of each. We need a spark of
truth from the head of the wise, and a push from the
arm of the strong—one contribution to the direction of
the movement, and another to its force. To draw the
country out of the slough in which it has deeply settled
down, we need a long pull, and a strong pull, and a
pull all together.
We must not deceive ourselves by accepting a shadow
for the substance. A general confession that the thing
ought to be done is not the doing of the thing. The
kind of evil spirit that possesses the outcast, neglected
youth of the kingdom, will not go out before a blast of
words, whether spoken or printed. After all that has
been said, the great part of the work remains to be
done. The number of children undergoing a training
into evil, is at once the greatest disgrace and the greatest
danger to the commonwealth. The most formidable
barrier, however, which impedes practical reformation is
neither the inertia of parliament nor the intolerance of
sects, but the short-sighted selfishness of human hearts.
It costs something to keep our outcast brother in a course
of training from childhood into adolescence, and therefore
under various pretexts we shuffle the obligation off. The
214 EDUCATION.
sin most surely finds us out and exacts a fourfold retri-
bution, but we are not prudent enough to foresee the evil
and hide from it betimes in measures of prevention.
Even the machine which has been erected for the ac-
complishment of work is left in part unemployed,
not for want of the raw material, but to save the expense
of the operation. Corporations and communities, penny
wise and pound foolish, save their money, and leave the
lost little ones lying in the nation's skirts, like the cannon
balls which they sew up in the hasty winding-sheet of
those who die at sea, a dead-weight to make the body
sink. The guardians of a union may stave off an assess-
ment by making strait the gate of entrance to the industrial
school;* but out of the ashes of every such crushed
request a sturdier applicant springs up, whose demands
they will be compelled to grant,—whose heaviest drafts
they will be compelled to honour. It is easy to abandon
feeble infants, but when abandoned children have grown
wicked men, the voice must be heard, and their weight
will be felt. Crime and punishment constitute the awful
Nemesis of our neglect. Train up a child in the way
he should go, while he is a child. For that specific
work, now only is the accepted time; now is the day of
salvation.
2. The process of education,—"Train up a child." Of
_________________________________________________
* I have myself danced attendance on a police magistrates' court from day to
day, according to successive appointments by the officials, provided with
witnesses and the person of the culprit, in the hope of rescuing a fatherless child
from a training in beggary by her own mother; and have been compelled to retire
from the conflict baffled and disgusted, because agents of parochial boards
protected successfully the cash-box of their constituents.
EDUCATION. 215
late years much attention has been directed to the distinc-
tion between teaching and training. The effort was
needed, and has been useful. The tendency in a former
age to pile up reading, writing, and a few other kindred
arts, and call them education, was superficial in its philo-
sophy, and disastrous in its practical results. There can-
not be training without teaching; but there may be
teaching without training. The various branches of
knowledge which the teacher imparts constitute as it
were the elements which the trainer employs. They are
the types skilfully cast, and lying in the fount before him;
but they have little meaning, and less power, until they
have been arranged his frame, and submitted to his
press. Moral train according to a divine standard,
with the view of moulding the human being, while yet
young and tender, into right principles and habits of
action, and using up in its processes all kinds and degrees
of information within its reach, is the only education
worthy of the name. So much has of late been done in
this department, and so familiar have all the intelligent
portion of the community become with the subject, that
though it comes most naturally in our way, we do not
think it necessary in this place either to explain what
moral training is, or enforce its paramount importance
in education.
The oldest training school is still the best. Home is
the best school-room, sisters and brothers the best class-
fellows, parents the but masters. The chief value of
those charitable institutions for the training of the young
which characterize and honour our age, consists in sup-
216 EDUCATION.
plying the lack of home education. These schools deserve
all the praise that has been bestowed on them; but it is
on the principle that when the best has entirely failed,
the next best is very precious. When limbs are broken,
hospitals are excellent; but it would have been better
both for the patients and the community if hospitals had
not been needed. To make well in the industrial school
is good; but to keep well in the home is better,—is best.
We speak specifically of training, the highest department
of education. As to its subordinate materials, the arts
of reading and writing, and the like, parents even in the
best state of society do well to avail themselves of pro-
fessional aid; but themselves should preside over the
process, and with their own hearts and hands labour to
get the whole, while soft, cast into a heavenly mould of
truth and righteousness. Let any one and every one help
in spreading a sail and catching a breeze, but let the
parent keep the helm in his own hands.
Formidable obstacles, both intrinsic and extrinsic, pre-
vent or impede parental training. In some cases personal
deficiencies, in others the pressure of circumstances from
without, and in many both barriers combined, stand in
the way of the work. But in all these the beautiful law
of providence appears, that good principles and habits, as
well as bad, count kin and help each other. Suppose a
father and mother personally deficient, but desiring to
have their children trained to truth and righteousness,
—observe how the various portions of the machinery
work together for good. In giving them children, and
filling their hearts with parental love, God has supplied
EDUCATION. 217
them at once with the best exercise for improvement and
the most powerful motive to urge them on. Love to the
little ones will make them try the training, and each trial
will increase their capacity for the work. Every effort
to train their children will elevate themselves; and every
degree of elevation to which they attain will be an addi-
tion to their power of doing good to the children. God's
good gifts run in circles. An entrance into his family
in the spirit of adoption secures for you the benefit of
them all. If you should certainly know that in five
years hence your boy, who is now a little child, would fall
into a deep river all alone, you would not wait till the
event should happen ere you prepared to meet it. You
would begin now the process which would be safety then.
Your child cannot swim, and you are not qualified to
teach him; but forthwith you would acquire the art
yourself; that you might communicate it to him, and that
he might be prepared to meet the emergency. Now
beyond all peradventure your child, if he survive, will in
a few years be plunged into a sea of wickedness, through
which he must swim for his life. Nothing but right
moral principles, obtained from the Bible, and indurated
by early training into a confirmed habit, will give him
the necessary buoyancy. Hence, as you would preserve
your child from sinking through the sea of sin into final
perdition, you are bound to qualify yourself for training
him up in the way he should go.
In like manner when the obstacles are extrinsic, the
necessities of his child supply the parent with motives to
exert himself for the removal; and the effort which he
218 EDUCATION.
makes for his child will rebound in blessings on himself
For example, if a parent has, through carelessness or a
supposed necessity, adopted a line of life which demands
Sabbath-day labour, or late hours all the week, he will
discover, as his children grow up, that his business is
incompatible with his duty to them. If, from love to his
family and enlightened desire for their welfare, he suc-
cessfully shake off the bondage, and obtain the means of
living without giving the Lord's day or the evening hours
to labour, he has thereby secured a double boon,—to his
children and to himself.
Sabbath-school instruction, although good as far as it
goes, does not supply adequate moral education for the
juvenile hordes which infest the streets of our large cities.
The interval between Sabbath and Sabbath is too wide.
It is like spreading a net with meshes seven inches wide
instead of one, before a shoal of herrings. By the great
gap of the week, the little Arabs easily slip through, in
spite of the stout string which you extend across their
path on the Sabbath evening. Ply the work by all
means, and ply it hopefully. Labour for the Lord in that
department will not be lost. Saving truth is thereby
deposited in many minds, which the Spirit of God will
make fruitful in future day. Ply the work of Sabbath
schools, but let not the existence and abundance of these
efforts deceive us into the belief that the work is ade-
quately done. The Sabbath school cannot train up a
child. The six days' training at home, if it be evil, will,
in the battle of life, carry it over the one day's teaching
in the school, however good it may be.
EDUCATION. 219
3. The aim and end of education,—"Train up a child
in the way he should go.” This is the most important
of the three. Wisdom in choosing the proper time, and
skill in adopting the best method, would be of no avail
if false principles were thereby instilled into the mind,
and evil habits ingrafted on the life. If you are in the
wrong way, the more vigorously you prosecute the journey
the sooner will disaster come. If we do not train the
children in Truth and Righteousness, it would be better
that we should not train them at all. Here, at the very out-
set, we meet full in the face the old question, "What is
truth?" The Teacher to whom Pilate petulantly put the
question will give us the answer, if we reverently sit at
his feet: "I am the way, and the truth, and the life;
no man cometh unto the Father but by me." Christ is
the truth, and the Scriptures the standard by which truth
may be known. This is not only religiously the best
solution of the question, but philosophically the only
solution that can be given. If we do not adopt the
Bible as our standard in training the young, combined
training is impossible. If in moral principles every man
is his own lawgiver, there is no law at all, and no autho-
rity. You may train fruit-tree by nailing its branches
to a wall, or tying them to an espalier railing; but the
tree whose branches have nothing to lean on but air is
not trained at all. It is not a dispute between the
Scriptures and some other rival standard, for no such
standard exists or is proposed. It is a question between
the Bible as a standard and no standard at all. But
training without an acknowledged standard is nothing-
220 EDUCATION.
is an empty from of words, by which ingenious men
amuse themselves. There are some who would borrow
from the Bible whatever moral principles they have, and
yet are unwilling to own the Scriptures, in their integrity,
as an authority binding the conscience; because, if it is
binding in one thing, it is binding in all.
We assume, then, that if moral training has any sub-
stantial existence, it is a training according to the rule
and under the authority of the Bible, as the revealed
will of God. In efficient training these two things are
absolutely necessary,—a rule to show the ignorant what
the way is, and authority to keep the wayward on it.
A thread extended in the air between two points is a
sufficient rule for those who need nothing but a rule, and
by such a line, accordingly, the builder rears his wall;
but an extended thread pointing out the boundary be-
tween your garden and your neighbour's is not sufficient
where children and ripe fruit are brought into contact.
Besides a mark to let them see where their neighbour's
property is, a wall is needed to keep them out of it. In
the Scriptures, received and revered as the inspired word
of God for the whole duty of man, we have at once a
conspicuous rule and a supreme authority. Those who
practically neglect, or theoretically oppose that word, have
bereft themselves both of the knowledge and the power
necessary in the moral training of youth. They have
neither a line to let the honest see the right way, nor a
sanction to prevent the dishonest from transgressing it.
The adverse argument of theorists, although it opens
up an interesting field of speculation, does not in practice
EDUCATION. 221
exert much power. The objection to scriptural doctrine
in the training of the young proceeds upon the assumption
that, if you imbue the mind with opinions before the
judgment is capable of independently sifting the evidence,
the ultimate issue cannot be a reasonable service. The
difficulty so pressed emits an imposing sound, but its
heart is hollow and its sides are thin. It collapses under
the slightest rub. To leave the mind throughout child-
hood without prepossessions in regard to religious truth
is simply impossible. The question does not lie between
furnishing the mind with opinions in youth, and leaving
it empty. Left empty it cannot be. We are limited to
the alternative of filling it with the sifted wheat of truth,
or abandoning it to be filled with the flying chaff of
various error. If you do not employ the revealed doc-
trines of the Bible as an authoritative rule in the training
of your child, you have not maintained neutrality: you
have decided for your child against the authority of the
Bible. When he has, under your training, grown up to
manhood without God in the world, you cannot bring
him back to the softness of childhood again, to correct the
error, if error there has been. We are shut up to the
necessity of making a choice for the moral training of
our children, as certainly as we are shut up to the necessity
of choosing the kind of food by which their bodies shall
be sustained.
But further: the argument which proves that we should
not commit the child according to our opinion, proves too
much, and therefore proves nothing. The principle would
compel you to leave the child untaught on many other
222 EDUCATION.
points besides the doctrines of revealed religion. The
youth whose intellect has been highly educated from
childhood, may in maturity adopt the opinion that such
education is an evil, and that he would have been happier
if he had grown up a worse philosopher and a robuster
man. But he is committed for ever by the choice of his
parents. The effects of that choice cannot be removed.
The same reasoning holds good even in matters more
exclusively physical. On the same supposition you have
no right to determine for your child the kind of food and
clothing to which his frame shall be habituated, for that
choice once made can never in its effects be reversed.
The child could not judge; you judged for him; and the
man is bound all his days by your decision. Some sort
of training, both physical and moral, you must give the
child, and you are bound to give him that which in your
judgment is best, for he is incapable of forming a judg-
ment for himself.
A Chinese parent compresses his child's feet, by shoes
of peculiar shape and diminutive size. An African parent
covers his child's face with fantastic markings, and stamps
them indelibly the flesh. Both operations are useless
and cruel. They thwart the purposes of God, and leave
a blemish on his beautiful work. These parents sin in
thus disfiguring for life the bodies of their children. They
err; but where does the error lie? Not in the fact of
forming a judgment as to the treatment of their infants,
but in forming a judgment that is false and injurious.
In this enlightened community every parent, by aid of
professional skill, performs a painful operation on the
EDUCATION. 223
body of his infant. He makes a wound in the flesh, and
into that wound insinuates a drop of poisonous fluid.
The poison circulates through the blood. A fever ensues,
and an unsightly so regrows over the wound, leaving a
permanent mark in the skin. You find no fault with the
parent for all this. Why? Because he thereby dimin-
ishes greatly the risk of a dangerous disease. The opera-
tion is useful. The judgment that dictated it was sound.
This shows on what ground the Chinese and African
should be condemned. If you say they went beyond
their province when they took it upon themselves to
judge for others to the effect of indenting indelible marks
upon their flesh, you include in your condemnation those
parents who, with the most enlightened affection, inocu-
late their children to preserve them from small-pox. Both
in the physical and moral departments the error lies, not
in forming a judgment and carrying it out, but in form-
ing and executing erroneous judgment. The court
is competent, if the sentence be according to truth.
But the moral training of children is much more
effectually obstructed by the dead-weight of indifference
which will not do it, than by the theoretic opposition
which argues that it should not be done. An erroneous
principle may be met by argument—may be neutralized
by diffused truth; but what can argument do against the
inertia of parents who, in thousands and tens of thou-
sands, eat and drink and sleep, leaving their children to
nature and chance, as trees of the forest or beasts of the
field?
In this department much remains to be done. Our
224 EDUCATION.
position, nationally, is not high in the godly upbringing
of the young at present; but one good symptom is, that
we have of late been in some measure awakened to ob-
serve and confess our defects. In the meantime three
classes of persons amongst us should be supported by all
the help that human arms can offer, and cheered by all
the hopes that can be brought from heaven. These are,
(1.) Those parents who devote themselves at home to the
training of their own children in the way of truth and
goodness; (2.) Those who prosecute household missionary
work in lapsed and listless families; and (3.) Those who,
by combined effort and on a large scale, gather outcast
children into schools, whether on the Lord's day or
throughout the week, and there nobly do their best to
heal again the wounds which other hands have already
made.
It is a blessed employment to be leading little ones to
Jesus. We know that it is a service with which the
Lord himself is well pleased. These neglected wanderers
when gathered in, constitute the kingdom, and satisfy the
soul of the King. To gather them is honourable work.
It is a "well-doing" of which Christians should never
weary.
THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER 225
XXVIII.
THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER
"The rich ruleth over the poor,
and the borrower is servant to the lender."—xxii. 7.
THE law is laid down in general terms, that it may be
freely modified in its application by the circumstances of
each case. It is not written, Thou shalt not borrow; or,
Thou shalt not lend. The text describes the practical
consequences of the act, and leaves every reader to judge
for himself whether his circumstances permit or require
him to come under their influence. In some cases it may
be right to borrow, and in others it is certainly wrong:
this text does not cut the knot and make morality easy
by an authoritative permission on the one side, or an
authoritative prohibition on the other. It is an instance
of the reserve which is a common characteristic of Scrip-
ture. Minute direction are not given for the conduct of
daily life. Principles are laid down and tendencies indi-
cated. From these every man must construct a working
plan for himself, according to the analogy of faith and
the testimony of conscience.
A book of medicine, emanating from the highest autho-
rity, distinctly describe the effects of a certain stimulant,
when administered internally, upon the human body. It
quickens the circulation, and stirs all the vital functions
into a greater than their normal activity; but when the
226 THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER.
effect of the potion has passed away, a lassitude super-
venes, which brings down the patient's strength to a lower
point than that at which it stood before the application
of the stimulant. The medicine adds nothing to the per-
manent resources of the system, but gives you the com-
mand of a stronger impulse for a time, on condition of full
repayment, and something to boot, as the price of the
accommodation. Already we know certainly that this
article of the pharmacopoeia may in peculiar circumstances
be useful as a medicine, but can never in any case be
available as food. A man may be so situated that the
power of making an extraordinary effort for an hour will
be worth purchasing at the price of an exhaustion many
degrees below his normal condition during the whole of
the following day. In such a case temporary resort to
the medicine may be a lawful expedient. But no circum-
stances can possibly make it wise or safe to administer or
use it from day to day as an ordinary article of food.
The expedient to which the "borrower" resorts in his
difficulty is precisely such a stimulant. It is not neces-
sarily and in all cases evil. It is a medicine, but not
food. It may sometimes be administered with good effect
at the crisis of the pecuniary distress. But such is the
character of this substance, that you cannot safely employ
it as a curative agent at all, unless you secure the highest
professional advice as to the prescription at first, and ex-
ercise the most scrupulous care afterwards in the actual
administration of the dose. Thus prescribed and thus
administered it is lawful and useful. It is one of those
good things of God which watchful disciples may receive
THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER. 227
with thankfulness, and use with profit. When you have
taken into considertion the character and capacity of
the individual who requires the stimulant, the kind
and extent of the losses that have temporarily placed him
in straits, and the prospects of trade at the time, gener-
ally in the community and particularly in his own depart-
ment—when you have considered and compared all these
elements, and found that the stoppage is only a momen-
tary faint in a sound constitution, by all means administer
the draught: but watch the patient while he is under its
influence, and bring him back as soon as possible to his
ordinary regimen. If he begin to like the stimulant,
and the dreamy comfort which it supplies; if he manifest
a tendency to resort to another dose, as soon as the effects
of the last begin to wear away,—the symptoms are alarm-
ing. The patient has acquired a morbid appetite for the
medicine. The cure has become more dangerous to him
than the disease.
There is a remarkably close analogy between the ex-
pedient of borrowing money in a temporary strait, and
the expedient of borrowing for the moment from your
own future store by means of opium or ardent spirits.
There is a likeness in the usefulness and power of the ex-
pedients when skilfully applied at the crisis of an ailment;
a likeness in the tendency to undue repetition of the
stimulants, often begotten in the patient by their use; and
a likeness in the wretched life-long bondage to which the
victim is reduced when that which at first was occasion-
ally resorted to as a medicine has become necessary to
him as daily food.
228 THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER.
When an honest and industrious man has been thrown
into pecuniary distress by a series of adverse circum-
stances which he could neither foresee nor avert, he may
—he should cast about for some one who can, by a loan,
help him over the chasm which has suddenly opened
across his path and forbids his progress. When a man
of worth has fallen into such a strait, he generally finds
some one able and willing to do a brother's turn. In
this lower sphere of temporal things, they who wait upon
the Lord are often enabled to renew their strength. In
this department, they who observe wisely the course of
events, may often see and taste the loving-kindness of
the Lord. Having frankly grasped in his weakness a
brother's offered arm, he puts all his energies to their
utmost stretch, in order to reach at the earliest moment
an independent footing, where he can stand alone again.
This done, he takes his own burden upon his own
shoulders, and sets his benefactor free. It is well. He
fell into distress. He applied a remedy. The remedy
was successful. He is thankful for the relief which it
gave him, but he has no desire to continue the application
of the remedy. He casts it away as the convalescent
casts away his drugs, glad that he had them in the time
of need, but as glad to get quit of them when the time
of need is past. This hearty, conclusive repudiation of
the labelled bottles that stood in rows in his sick-room
is one symptom at the cure is complete. The tendency,
wherever it is manifested, to continue sipping at the
stimulant or narcotic draught, is evidence that if the
patient has been relieved of one disease, he has in the
THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER. 229
process contracted a worse. The honest man who bor-
rowed in a time of need, never breathes freely till he is
standing on his own feet, and working his own way
again. "Owe no man anything," sounded in his ears as
long as he was in debt; and he felt that he could not
answer to the Lord whose word it is if he should indo-
lently neglect any opportunity of reducing it. His fear
of God and his regard for man conspire to strain every
nerve in the effort to be free.
But there is in the community a numerous class whose
normal condition is debt. If at the first they took bor-
rowed money, as they might take opium, a medicine to
relieve an acute disease, which would not yield to other
means, they chew it now every day and all day, as the
staff of their life. The appetite has become like a second
nature. Whenever real life touches the dreamer roughly,
be opens his eyes languidly, takes another pill, and sleeps
himself into the fool's paradise again, until the next jolt
disturbs his ignoble slumbers. This disease is prevalent
in the community. There are dealers of various grades
who seem to count debt their element. They live in it.
They do not expect get out of it. They scarcely wish
—at least they never energetically strive to get out.
They borrow and spend, and borrow again, in a weary
unvarying circle. If they lose, the loss falls on others,
for they never possess anything which is really their
own. The disease is chronic, and the patient in some
sense actually likes to be in it. To him the negative
condition of debt affords fewer cares than would the
positive possession of wealth. A community cannot
230 THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER.
thrive in which this habit of life largely prevails: a
family is wretched whose daily supply is filtered through
this unhealthy medium. A soul cannot grow in grace
while the lower life is steeped in this stagnant ele-
ment.
Besides the ravages which it commits in the higher
sphere of commerce, this vice is spreading among the
labouring poor, and weakening society by eating into its
foundations. The difference between a workman who
pays his way as he goes, and a workman who lives on
credit, is in one aspect very small, and in another very
great. A very small sum of money saved or squandered,
and a very slight personal effort made or refused, will
turn the balance and determine whether of the two con-
ditions shall be yours; but though the antecedents of the
two conditions lie so near each other, their consequences
are far apart. A very little, in the way of cause, will
place a man in this position or in that; but this position
will produce to its occupant, in the way of effect, a life
of comfort, and that position a life of misery. A little
makes the difference; but the difference which that little
makes is very great.
Morally an materially the habit of borrowing is to
a working man and his family an incalculable evil. It
is eminently a demoralizing habit. The man who indulges
it loses by degrees the power to keep a shilling in his
pocket. The winsome but delicate bloom of self-respect
is soon worn off. By giving up the exercise, you soon
destroy the power of foresight. The capacity of self-denial
is destroyed and the reins flung loose on the neck of indul-
THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER. 231
genes. Such is the blighting influence of this habit that
no virtue can live in its atmosphere.
As it is morally a vice, it is economically a blunder.
Here the truth of the text comes most clearly out, that
the borrower is servant to the lender; and a degrading
service it is. If the workman borrows from his em-
ployer, he is enslaved to the capitalist, and has lost the
power of maintaining his own rights. If he borrows
from a shopkeeper, he has thrown away the privilege of
buying in the cheapest market. The vice is reduced to
a system in large communities, and cultivated as a trade.
It is a wound received in life's stern battle, and left with-
out a bandage to fester in the sun: it affords food and
feasting to a horde of vermin, but wastes the poor soldier's
life away.
Two mechanics are employed in the same factory, and
live with their families in contiguous dwellings. From
the one house, at certain stated seasons, the wife and
mother issues with money in her hand to purchase
necessaries for her household: from the other, the wife
and mother steals out at irregular intervals and untimely
hours to borrow the means of satisfying her children's
hunger. Into both houses the same amount of weekly
wages comes; but twenty shillings laid out bring more
comfort into this house than into that. The buyer goes
to any shop that pleases her and takes there the articles
which she judges cheap and good. The borrower is led
by an agent to the shopkeeper who is willing to part with
his goods without receiving their price. The merchant
who sells on credit to such a class of customers needs a
232 THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER.
large profit, and takes it. The article is dearer to the bor-
rower than it is to the buyer, and not so good. The agent
must be paid too for seeking out the customer, and it is the
customer who pays for being sought out. The borrower
is the lender's slave. The servant is impoverished, and
probably in the long-run the master is not enriched.
When the system is fully elaborated, the agent prowls
about during the day, when the wives are idle and the
husbands absent, baiting his hook, and getting its barb
insinuated into the victim's flesh. He gives a showy
article in hand, which the woman may wear to-morrow,
although she has not a penny wherewith to pay for it.
Her name is inscribed in his book under an obligation to
pay one shilling every week, until the payments reach a
pound,—this sum being considered sufficient to cover
material, agency, risk, and interest. Ten or twelve
weeks in succession the poor woman wends her way to
the appointed place and deposits her shilling. Then the
gaudy garment disappears from her shoulders, Perhaps
the pawnbroker’s a shelves could give some account of it.
She has not now the comfort of possession. When the
article is off her back, the shilling slips from her memory.
The payments interrupted one day—one hour beyond
the stipulated time. At this opening a pair of pincers,
diabolically prepared beforehand, are introduced, to tear
out the pound of flesh according as it is in the bond.
They are constructed thus: Certain messengers, or sheriff's
officers, in league with the agent and sharers of the spoil,
come in with a summons to the small debt court. De-
creek as a mater of course, goes against the defaulter,
THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER. 233
expenses and all. A large portion of the expenses con-
sists of fees to the officers. If, in addition to the prin-
cipal, the names of two securities have been attached to
the bond, each is served with a summons, and a triple
profit accrues. Business and pay are thus created for the
company, and the miserable borrower serves the associated
lenders as the worn-out camel serves the watchful vul-
tures, when the caravan has passed and left it lying still
living on the sand. One form of human vice suggests
and sustains another. As long as men will fight and
kill each other in thousands, creatures in human form
will follow the trail of armies, and prowl on the battle-
field at night, stripping the dead, and occasionally, per-
haps, giving the finishing stroke to the dying. As
long as the improvidence of multitudes shall provide
the carcass, harpies will hover overhead, and make a
bold swoop down for a morsel as often as an opportunity
occurs. Nor is it to be expected, considering their
character and calling, that when the victim is helplessly
prostrate, they will always be scrupulously conscien-
tious in waiting till the breath go out. The rank cor-
ruption that has been allowed to creep over the economic
condition of the people, allures and harbours these loath-
some night birds. The evils are deeply seated and widely
spread,—only one cure can fully meet the malady; but
the evils lean on each other, and to cut the roots of one
would impede the progress of the rest.
We have already said that a very small amount of
money and effort would suffice to turn the scale, and give
the borrower all the buyer's vantage-ground. Of time a
234 THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER.
week, of money twenty shillings sterling,—this is all ex-
ternal to the men, that constitutes the interval between
them. In a fishing village, on the margin of an estuary
through which one of our larger rivers pours itself into
the sea, live two labouring men. On each is laid the
task of pulling his boat with the produce of certain
fisheries daily up the river, to a market town about
fifteen miles inland. One starts with the flowing tide,
and returns on its receding wave. The other delays his
departure till the tide has turned. A single mistake in-
sures a double misfortune. The sluggard must contend
against the stream in his upward voyage, and the tide has
set in against him again ere he is ready to return. These
two men accomplish the same distance in a day, and over
the same course; but the task of the one is easy, and the
task of the other hard. Such is the difference between
the workman who, having fallen behind the world once,
remains behind it always, and the workman who begins
by paying his way, and has always the means of paying
it. One effort, one sacrifice, and instead of running
hither and thither with your wages to pay the debts of
the past, you have the money free in your hand to com-
mand the market for the time to come. This could
easily be accomplished, but the character which would
keep matters right when they are right is not so easily
attained. Although you should give the borrower a sum
of money sufficient to pay all his debts, he will soon be
deeper in debt than ever. Unless the moral principle be
implanted, and the provident habit formed, no amount of
material contribution can improve the condition of the
THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER. 235
people. Wealth and charity in league cannot do it.
Although mountains of gold and silver were thrown into
the chasm, it would gape as dark and wide as before.
In this matter as in others we must adopt the Lord's
way, and employ his instruments. Train up a child in
the way he should go, and when he is old he will in no
wise depart from it.
These things are more intimately connected with
spiritual religion than the reader at first sight may sup-
pose. If one should say in regard to the natural history
of animals, Let have the life of the living creature, and
we care not what may be the constituents of the element
in which it dwells, you would not count him a discrimin-
ating observer. No less does he miss the mark who, in
efforts for the regeneration of the people, concerns him-
self only with their faith in Christ, and neglects, as irre-
levant, the economics of their homes.
Spiritual life, we confess, is the one thing above all
others needful for the dead in sin; but that life will not
thrive—that life cannot be in an alien element. The
double difficulty of paying an old debt and contracting a
new one is precisely "the care of this life" which will most
effectually choke the word and make it unfruitful. When
Moses proclaimed to Israel in Egypt the richest promises
of God, it is expressly recorded that "they hearkened
not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bond-
age" (Exod. vi. 9). The consolation which the law-
giver brought to them from the treasures of divine grace
was the very medicine which their broken hearts needed;
but these hearts were so crushed by oppression that they
236 THE BONDAGE OF THE BORROWER.
could not take the consolation in. The perplexity of the
Hebrews when they were compelled to make bricks with-
out straw could not be greater than that of a labouring
man in one of our cities, with hungry children round him,
and his wages all spent before they are won. The pawn-
broker and his kin are harder masters than any Pharaoh
that ever ruled in Egypt. When the borrower is conclu-
sively subjected to the lender's yoke, his bondage is more
irksome than that under which ancient Israel groaned.
The perennial anguish which accompanies this economic
dislocation forbids the approach of saving truth to the
soul that needs it most. The new life, begotten by the
Spirit and growing into strength, would prevail to cure
CONVENIENT FOOD. 237
XXIX.
CONVENIENT FOOD.
"When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what is before thee:
and put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man given to appetite. Be not de-
sirous of his dainties: for they are deceitful meat."—xxiii. 1-3.
FORTY years ago, the banks of the River Earn, five or
six miles above its confluence with the Tay, an elderly
countryman, the tenant of a small farm, sat on a mossy
bank beneath the shade of a beech-tree, and ate from his
own knee the dinner which his boy, then playing beside
him, had brought at the appointed hour to the field of
labour. A gentle breeze fanned gratefully the branches of
the sheltering tree, and the grizzled locks on the bared head
of the labourer. Fleecy clouds were flying slowly over a
back-ground of blue sky, and answering shadows flitting
across the waving fields of hay and corn. At that moment
the lord of the manor passed by. Too kind-hearted to
turn aside, and too polite to interrupt the meal of his
tenant friend, he said without stopping as he passed, in
tones as gentle as a mother's when she soothes her
child to sleep,—"Well, Robert, you are dining." "Yes,
my lord," replied Robert, with the usual elevation of the
hand in token of respect, and glancing upward through
the beechen boughs to the glorious canopy beyond,—"Yes,
my lord, and I have an elegant dining-room." A sup-
pressed smile could be seen playing about his lordship's
238 CONVENIENT FOOD.
lips, as he stalked forward with stately step in his wonted
solitary, silent roam. I was there the only witness. My
memory faithfully records the scene and recalls the laconic
colloquy. The facts were deeply planted in my mind at
the time, but the philosophy did not begin to bud till long
afterward. The only effect which the great man's ap-
proach produced on me was to make me leave the chased
butterfly uncaught, and the coveted wild-flower unplucked,
and creep close to my protector, holding in my breath
till "my lord" was out of sight. Since that period, and
especially since both the interlocutors have passed away
from the stage, I have often recalled that and similar in-
terviews that passed under my observation, and thought
with a sigh, how happy this country would be in its do-
mestic condition, and how mighty in its foreign relations,
if the several classes of society through all its borders
were knit to each other by bonds as soft and strong as
these. Two and thirty years these two lived in the
relation of landlord and tenant. During that period
the rent was never changed, and never in arrear. In
their intercourse the superior was never haughty, the
inferior never presuming. The one maintained all the
dignity of the noble, the other all the self-respect of the
man. When the tenant died in a good old age, the land-
lord, himself by that time advanced in years, mourned for
the loss of a friend, and said with tears that his patri-
monial fields were growing less lovely as the old occupiers
were, one by one, departing.
The dining room was such as nature only could pro-
vide, and the dinner was all that nature needed. When
CONVENIENT FOOD. 239
an appetite such as hay-making begets in a healthful
frame turns the plainest fare into a luxury, the maximum
of both pleasure and utility in eating is attained. An
ignoble warfare is waged, an ignoble race is run,
when people strive to make up for the failing appetite
of the indolent eater by elaborate refinements in the
ingredients and preparation of the food. Luxury makes
the senses dull, and then intenser luxury is needed to
penetrate into the quick of these dull senses. On either
side men strive to produce and maintain a right relation
between the appetite and the food. On this side, rich
fools strive by culinary art to raise the savour of the
viands to such a point of pungency that they shall pro-
duce lively sensation of pleasure on a worn and weary
palate. On that side, the wise, whether rich or poor, by
exercise and temperance easily bring healthful hunger up
to such a pitch that it finds sweetest luxury in the
hardest fare. In this matter the multitude are not left
to their own judgment. They are in better hands.
Labour and open air are imposed upon them whether
they will or not, for their good. Our Father in heaven
cares for them as for children. Delicate dishes, fitted to
provoke into activity the languid desire, cannot be pro-
vided for the majority of men: the other alternative is
the better of the two. Where there is not wealth to
season the food, this labour to invigorate the appe-
tite. Here is yet another point at which the rich and
the poor meet together. Setting aside exceptional cases
from both classes, it will probably be conceded by all dis-
passionate observers, that the poor on the whole enjoy as
240 CONVENIENT FOOD.
much pleasure through the sense of taste from their food
as the rich.
The first specific warning on the subject which the
Proverbs contain is given in these three verse. The
case supposed is that of a ruler—a man of wealth and
luxurious habits—who prepares a feast and invites his
friends. The guests are enjoined to consider well the
delicacies that set before them, and beware of excess.
The two elements which constitute the danger are both
taken into account. These are, the weakness of the
tempted and the strength of the temptation. Coarse
fare tends to check the excesses of an inordinate appetite:
and a subdued appetite makes you safe with the most
luxurious food. The danger is doubled where both the
elements meet—when a ruler spreads a tempting feast,
and the guest is a man given to appetite.
It is of the Lord that hunger is painful, and food gives
pleasure. Between these two lines of defence the Creator
has placed life, with a view to its preservation. If eating
had been as painful as it is pleasant to our nature, the
disagreeable duty would have been frequently forgotten
or neglected, and the world, if peopled at all, would have
been peopled by tribes of walking skeletons. The ar-
rangement which provides that the necessary reception of
aliment into the system gives pleasure to the senses, is
wise and good. It is an ungrateful return for our Maker's
kindness when the creature turns his bounty into licen-
tiousness. The due sustenance of the body is the
Creator's end; the pleasantness of food the means of
attaining it. When men prosecute and cultivate that
CONVENIENT FOOD. 241
pleasure as an end, they thwart the very purposes of
Providence. When the pleasure is pursued as an object,
it ceases to serve effectually as a means of healthfully
maintaining the living frame.
When the appetite is strong, and the food enticing, the
danger of sinning and suffering is great,—greater than
most of us care to observe, and acknowledge to ourselves.
The warning here is strongly expressed, and all its strength
is needed. "Put a knife to thy throat," is in form similar
to the injunctions of the great Teacher, to pluck out the
offending right eye, and cut off the offending right hand.
"Be not desirous of his dainties, for they are deceitful
meat." They are of set purpose made deceitful. They are
prepared by an artist of skill, whose whole life is devoted to
the study. Resisting virtue in the guests must be strong
indeed, for the temptation is as powerful as wealth and
experience can make it.
Although there is much poverty in the community
there is also much wealth. Wherever there is much
wealth there is much luxury. Some forms of luxury are
much more dignified and safe than others. We speak
here of one form only, one that lies near the bottom of
the scale. Great feasts are a ready outlet for great riches;
and in this way, accordingly, those who have much money
and little refinement relieve themselves of their surplus.
I am well aware that in this matter much depends on
circumstances, and an absolute rule is not possible. I
shall not, by descending into the details of the kitchen
and the dining-room, give the culprit an opportunity of
laughing down the reproof. I cannot come down to dis-
242 CONVENIENT FOOD.
pute with epicures about the number of dishes and the
ingredients of each. With my footing firm on the higher
platform, I can deal a more effective blow. "Whether
ye eat or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory
of God." "Put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man
given to appetite." This is the authority on which we
stand: these are the rules which we prescribe. Let these
rules be laid along the feasts of the wealthy, and their
dimensions be curtailed.
In this department of practical duty, as in many others,
innocence and guilt are not divided from each other by a
visible partition-wall rising sheer up between them.
They meet on each other's margin as the colours of the
rainbow meet. In all cases it is a matter of degrees.
The point of optimism is not fixed. It moves from side
to side with the internal constitution of the individual,
and the condition of society around him. If it were not
so, there would be a defect in the moral discipline of men.
The dividing line is not such as to force itself on the
notice of those who do not look for it. They who seek
shall find it; they who do not seek shall miss it. The
law of the greatest good in the sustenance of our bodies
is, like God its author, the rewarder of them that diligently
seek it.
To sit two dreary hours, as if pinioned to your chair
and your neighbour, in a room kept steaming with hot
viands, chasing each other out and in,—to have so many
dishes of diverse flavours placed under your nostrils in
quick succession, that, unless your gastric stability be
above the average, you cannot comfortably partake of any
CONVENIENT FOOD. 243
one,—to have your ears filled meantime with matter not
much more ethereal than that which occupies your other
senses,—all this I would be disposed to shun as an en-
durance, rather accept as a favour. The money is
not well laid out. The time is not profitably spent.
Unnecessary cares laid on the heads of the house, and
unnecessary labour on the servants. Worst of all, the
mind is clogged by all that goes beyond the sufficient
supply of nature's need. In greater or less measure, the
dipping into these manifold and artfully-prepared meats
impedes the soul in its flight, as when the feet of a winged
insect are immersed in mud. We have need for all our
mental power always. The soul needs all its buoyancy
to bear home the precious freight, and should not be
willingly weighed down by such vile ballast. Simplicity
in these things both imparts the highest pleasure and
brings in the richest profit. Simplicity is both godly
and manly. Religion prescribes, philosophy approves
simplicity.
244 THE RIGHTS OF MAN.
XXX.
THE RIGHTS OF MAN.
"Rob not the poor, because he is poor: neither oppress the afflicted in the gate:
for the Lord will plead their cause, and spoil the soul of those that spoiled
them."—xxii. 28.
"Remove not the old landmark; and enter not into the fields of the fatherless:
for their Redeemer is mighty; he shall plead their cause with thee."—xxiii.
10, 11.
THE margin of the Forth opposite Edinburgh is fringed
for several miles by a broad belt of trees, very lofty and
very luxuriant, as these matters go in this northern clime.
The line of the shore at the spot is partly a curving bay,
and partly a rocky, precipitous headland. A straight
arched avenue of beeches, dimly lighted in the day-time
through the telescopic opening on the sky at its farther
extremity, might seem the vestibule of some vast temple
not made with hands of men, yet sacred to the worship
of the Creator. Labyrinths of shaded walks,—now
straight, now curving,—now closed on both sides by
thickets, and now exposing suddenly a solitary sail on the
glittering sea or the spires of the distant city,—persuade
the urban visitant that he is approaching the forbidden
precints of some feudal palace. Yet the people of all
ranks pass and repass unchallenged. No liveried warder
is seen watching for trespassers. At either end the
visitor enters by a breach in a substantial stone wall of
recent workmanship. The aides of the gateways are not
squared by the tool of the mason. Both openings are
THE RIGHTS OF MAN. 245
ragged disruptions, as if the walls had been blown up by
gunpowder or breached by cannon shot, to make way for
an assaulting column. Why this mark of war in a scene
over which a perfect peace is brooding? Thereby hangs
a tale. There was a war, and the peace which now pre-
veils is the fruit of victory.
A few years ago, the great proprietors of the neigh-
bourhood, believing that their rights were absolute, built
the public out by a massive wall of stone and lime. The
people quickly burst the barriers and regained possession.
But they did not stop there. They organized, procured
funds, and tried the case in the courts of law. They
were successful, and secured for themselves and posterity
the unchallenged right to one of the finest marine pro-
menades that the varied coast-line of our island supplies.
Peasants, artisans, and merchants, mothers and children,
young men and maidens, tread promiscuously these stately
avenues, with the firm step and upward look of the free.
The neighbouring nobles have not a surer right to their
castles and estates. An attempt was made, in good faith,
but in ignorance, remove an ancient landmark. It
failed. The rights the poor were defended successfully
against the encroachments of the rich.
To whom did the feeble owe their victory over the
strong? A court of law, you will say, and no feudal
superior, threw its broad shield over them. It did: but
the real cause of the event lies deeper. A mightier Re-
deemer espouses the cause of the poor in this land. The
liberty of the subject is secured by a more ancient charter
than that which constitutes the Court of Session. The
246 THE RIGHTS OF MAN.
Bible is the true Magna Charta of British freedom.
Courts of law were established in this land at a time
when the Bible was under ban, and what did our fore-
fathers gain by the privilege? Courts of law did not
then protect the property and person of the poor from
the grasp of the powerful. They dispensed law, but not
justice. The triumph of true religion brought in the era
of equal rights. When the conscience was emancipated
from the thraldom of the priest, the property was secure
from the aggression of the noble. When the people
placed themselves under the law of God, they no longer
suffered from the lawlessness of men.
There is a causal connection, and not merely a coinci-
dence, between the spread of God's word and the security
of men's rights in a land. This may be demonstrated
either by examining the contents of the Book, or by
reading its history. I know of no country really free in
which the Bible is laid under restraint, and no country
enslaved where the Bible is free. Some have zealously
advocated the rights of man, and striven at the same time
to throw discredit on the Scriptures. The double labour
was labour lost. To undermine the foundation does not
contribute to the stability of the superstructure. To blot
out the first table of the Decalogue is not the best way of
enforcing the second. If you teach that a man may have
no god, or any god, or all gods, you cannot thereafter
so effectually bring home the commandments, "Thou shalt
not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not covet."
Living creatures, the most noxious and loathsome,
have instincts ever true to guide them in their effort to
THE RIGHTS OF MAN. 247
preserve their own life. Such are systems of despotism.
While they know not and do not good, they know unerr-
ingly what will destroy or preserve themselves. Deceit-
ful in all else, they may be trusted for one thing—for
knowing surely, and warding off vigorously, whatever
would endanger their own existence. With the true in-
stinct of self-preservation, tyrants, great and small, cast or
keep out Bibles from their territory. The operation of
this principle has embodied in the history and jurispru-
dence of nations the most convincing evidence that the
word of God is the true palladium of popular liberty.
The Truth's chief enemies become the unwilling witnesses
of the Truth. One obvious method of proving that the
Bible favours spiritual, political, and social liberty, is to
show that tyranny, spiritual, political, and social, sets it-
self with all the steadfastness of an instinct against the
Bible.
1. The Bible and spiritual tyranny are, in their nature,
reciprocally antagonist. If we show that spiritual tyranny
instinctively fears and hates the Bible, we shall have
proved that the religion of the Bible favours the spiritual
emancipation of mankind. The Popedom is the most
finished specimen of spiritual tyranny that the world has
ever seen. It is not necessary to give evidence of this.
Both parties to our present argument will acknowledge it.
It is known and acknowledged by all who are outside of
the Pope's thraldom, that all who are within it are spiritu-
ally slaves. The right of private judgment is denounced
as damnable heresy at Rome. "I believe as the Church
believes," is lauded as the most perfect creed. The best
248 THE RIGHTS OF MAN.
Papist is the man who has no will and no opinion but that
of his priest; and the best priest is the man who has no
will but that of his superior. No man within the grasp
of the Papacy allowed to think for himself. This is
evident and notorious. But this most consummate spiri-
tual despotism wants and treats the open Bible as its
most dangerous foe. Popery has use for the Bible shut,
perverting and employing it thus to enforce its own de-
crees; but the Bible open—God's word spoken to men,
as shines his sun out of heaven upon the earth, it cannot
endure. The advocates of Rome acknowledge that the
use of the Bible is not freely allowed to the people.
They confess that it is given only to such persons as the
priest knows to be discreet, and as far as he permits them
to use it. This is enough to show that the Bible is the
acknowledged enemy of Rome. None but dangerous and
dreaded books are so treated. In Italy, accordingly, and
wherever Popery is supreme, the frontiers are more jealously
guarded against the introduction of the Bible than against
the inroads of armed men. In the circular letters of the
Pope, in our own day, the Bible is denounced as the under-
miner of his throne.
Surely sceptics, who are zealous for human liberty,
should see in this an evidence that the Bible comes from
the Maker and Preserver of man.
2. As Rome serves for a specimen of spiritual, Russia
may serve as a specimen of political despotism. Both
kinds actually exist in each; but the most outstanding
characteristic of Rome is the spiritual, and of Russia the
political slavery. The Pope is first and essentially a spi-
THE RIGHTS OF MAN. 249
ritual despot, and thereby he has reduced his subjects also
into political bondage. The Czar is first and essentially
a political despot, and thereby he has employed the mate-
rial resources of the state to subjugate the souls of a nation.
Rome has employed its despotism over the soul, to enslave
also the body; Russia has employed its despotism over
the body, to enslave the soul. The religion of Russia
is only a department of state administration. It is, like
the religion of the old Roman empire, in the hands of the
government, and used chiefly for the purpose of making
the masses loyal to the empire. As in the pagan system
of old, the Emperor becomes practically the object of
attachment and religious reverence. But it is on the
basis of a material temporal authority that all this semi-
spiritual superstructure has been reared. Historically the
Czar was a king before he became a god to Russia.
Whereas it is the Pope's spiritual authority that procures
for him money and armies: it is the Emperor's money
and armies that obtain for him the superstitious homage
of his ignorant subjects.
This political tyranny, with the true instinct of self-
preservation, casts out and keeps out Bibles and Christians.
If the Bible be not the friend of liberty, why does the
Emperor of Russia seize or turn every Bible at his fron-
tier? The northern Pope, like his Italian brother, has no
objection to a closed Bible. You may give his people a
Bible if it be in a language which they do not understand;
but the Bible in the Russian tongue is contraband. If
any one doubts whether Russia proscribes the Bible, let
him try to introduce it within her borders. At the bor-
250 THE RIGHTS OF MAN.
der line he will feel an argument that will fully convince
him.
To both these species of tyranny, and to both these
arch-tyrants, our own country and our own Queen afford
a blessed contrast. In this country, mind is free: in
Italy it is enslaved by a blasphemous spiritual hierarchy.
If any man doubts the double fact, let him change places
with some of the Italian martyrs who are wandering in
exile or lying in a prison for the crime of being found in
their own houses with open Bibles before them. But in
Italy the Bible is proscribed, while it has free course here.
The inference is obvious and sure. No honest open mind
can fail to take it in. Both Rome and Britain agree in the
sure instinctive feeling that the Bible favours the freedom
of the soul. Therefore Rome keeps it out, and Britain lets
it in. Rome wards it from her shores as she would the
plague: Britain spreads it as sunlight over all her borders.
In Britain there is real political liberty for all classes
—imperfect, indeed, but in such measure as is nowhere
else seen on a large scale, except among our own sons and
brothers who have planted our liberty in another soil. In
Russia the government is the most absolute autocrasy that
it is possible to reduce to practice in human affairs. The
Emperor of Russia is as strictly a despot as the limited
capabilities of man will permit. Both Britain and Russia
feel with unerring instinct that the Bible introduces, de-
fends, consolidates political and civil liberty. There-
fore Britain lets the Bible in, and Russia keeps it out.
They know what they are doing. The creatures are
acting after their kind.
THE RIGHTS OF MAN. 251
3. The Bible is the enemy of social tyranny, and there-
fore the friend of social liberty. The most outrageous
violations of human freedom in the social relations that
have been known in modern times among civilized nations
are the slave trade and slavery. It was Christianity that
first abolished the trade, and then emancipated the slaves.
There were two long battles, and two glorious victories.
The first secured that no more African men should be
stolen from their homes and carried into bondage by
British ships: the second procured the actual freedom of
all who had been already bought, or born in bondage,
throughout the dominions of the Crown. No fact in
recent history is more certain than this, that it was the
love of Christ that gave the impulse to that holy war,
and the Scriptures that directed its course. The lives of
its heroes are the biographies which Christians put into
the hands of the young, in the hope of winning them to
a Saviour, and without reference to the question of slavery.
Clarkson and Cowper, Wilberforce and Buxton, the army
that overcame slavery, the chiefs and the men, were a
Christian army. The force that burst its bloody bonds
was the force of truth, deposited from the Scriptures into
human hearts, and becoming vital in believing men. The
explosive energy which prevailed to heave up and cast
away the mountain-weight of self-interest opposed, was
the conviction in Christians that slavery is against the
word and will of God.
Those who, in the present day, keep African negroes
in bondage, have done more than cross the landmark and
enter the fields of the fatherless. They do not permit
252 THE RIGHTS OF MAN.
their brother to possess a field—they do not permit their
brother to possess himself. Those who carried them from
their native land at first, robbed the poor because he was
poor: those who now refuse to set them free, are oppress-
ing the afflicted in the gate. The Redeemer of these
orphans is mighty, and he will plead their cause.
But surely the slaveholders believe that the Bible is on
their side, for they constantly appeal to it in their own
defence. Why then do they frame laws to keep the
negroes from knowing it Why do they cast citizens into
prison whose only crime is that they have taught slaves
to read the Bible? When the slaveholders quote Scrip-
ture in support of their institution, the fact proves that
they need its support, not that they have it. When
they are really convinced that the word of God gives
divine sanction to their right of property in the Africans,
they will teach the Africans to read, and supply each with
a Bible. The Pope and those Republicans have more in
common than themselves suspect. Both are jealous of
God's word, becanse both bold in bondage their fellow-
men.
In our own country the most conspicuous example of
removing ancient landmarks and robbing the poor of their
heritage occurs in connection with the day of rest.
"Remember the Sabbath-day, to keep it holy," is a very
ancient landmark. The Father of our spirits set it up
for the benefit of man, when man was first made. Some
endeavour to tread it down, that they may rob the poor
of their heritage, which lies safe behind it. How shall
the poor man defend his patrimony, when his powerful
THE RIGHTS OF MAN. 253
neighbours are bent on adding it to their overgrown
domains? His only safety is to point to the ancient
landmark, and appeal to his almighty Protector. If he
give up the Lord's day to labour, he will plead in vain,
This or that great man promised an equivalent. The day
is his by an ancient charter from the King. It is his
wisdom to fall back on that authentic instrument, and
defy the aggressors. If the labourer hold his rest day on
that authority, he will succeed; if not, he will fail. What
man gives, man can take away. The rich are rulers
everywhere. The poor will go to the wall, unless he
lean direct on the Omnipotent.
The command is, "Enter not into the fields of the
fatherless." Orphans under age are the feeblest class of
the community. In all countries these have been the
peculiar prey of heartless oppressors. Because they have
no help in man, God takes up their cause and makes it
his own. If you have the prospect of leaving an orphan
child behind you at your departing, you take care to
assign your property for his use, but you do not place it
in his power. Poor child! the first sharper who passed
would snatch it from his hands. You look for some one
wise and great and good, and constitute him guardian of
your infant's inheritance. You place the treasure under
the guardian's authority, for behoof of your child.
So, "the Sabbath was made for man," but "the Son
of man is Lord of the Sabbath." It is a precious legacy
from the Maker of all things to poor, short-sighted, silly
children. If it were in their own hands, they would
barter the boon away to swindlers. But our Father in
254 THE RIGHTS OF MAN.
heaven, although he made it for our use, has not placed
it in our power. Christ is constituted Lord of the Sab-
bath, and yet the Sabbath is a day for man. If it were
in our power, it would soon be wrenched from our grasp:
in his hands it is in safe keeping. If the poor know
where their strength lies, they will keep their heritage.
If these orphans appeal to their mighty Redeemer, the
powers of the world dare not plant a foot within their
fields. Let the fee-simple lie in the Trustee's hands, and
come to him weekly for the usufruct. He will preserve
the capital; you will enjoy the life-rent.
So far has the law of God infused its spirit into the
statute-book of this favoured land, and so complete is the
supremacy of law, that we cannot point to an actual case
of a rich man stepping with impunity over the ancient
landmark and taking away the field of the fatherless.
There is much of secret deceit which human laws can
never reach; but strong-handed oppression is among us
impossible. While the poor have cause to rejoice in this,
the powerful have no reason to repine. When a free
Bible becomes the protector of right, the rights of all
classes are protected equally. There is no respect of per-
sons with God. In so far as the principles of the Scrip-
tures affect the jurisprudence and habits of a people, the
balance is held even between conflicting interests and
parties. When the common people, by a process of law,
successfully maintained their own rights, they did not fol-
low up their victory by a tumultuous assault upon the
rights of the proprietors. Had they done so, law and
public opinion would have conspired to repress the out-
THE RIGHTS OF MAN. 255
rage. When the people gain a victory in a land where
the word of God is not diffused and reverenced, they
follow it up, and return the blow with interest. The
oppressed become the oppressors. In so far as justice in
our land prevails, and victors are moderate, we are indebted
for the benefit to the free circulation of the Scriptures, and
the hold which their doctrines have obtained upon the
public mind. In proportion as the fear of the Lord per-
vades a community, the legislation will be wise and the
executive impartial. If we accept the greater; we shall
secure also the less. If a people seek first the kingdom
of God, they will get it, and a kingdom on earth besides.
A people religiously right, will not long remain politically
wrong. As worship rises to heaven, justice radiates on
earth. If faith go foremost, charity will follow.
256 A FAITHFUL FATHER.
XXXI
A FAITHFUL FATHER.
“My son, if thine heart be wise, my heart shall rejoice, even mine," &c. &c.—
xxiii. 15-35.
THE style of the composition has again changed: at this
place the sayings are not isolated. The discourse has
become connected and continuous. It is almost dramatic.
It is a life-like sketch. Each feature stands out in strong
relief and in the perspective all blend easily into a con-
gruous whole. The picture seems to move and speak.
When the curtain rises, two persons are seen in close con-
versation on the stage. One is verging towards age,
although his look is still fresh and his step vigorous. His
companion, though not yet of full stature, has turned his
back on boyhood, and strives to look the man. They are
a father and his son. They have stepped forth from their
dwelling in the evening, to enjoy a walk together through
the adjoining fields. For the moment they have no other
company, and need none. The senior has laid aside a
portion of the austerity that belongs to his years, and the
junior a portion of the levity that belongs to his. Each
has approached the other, and notwithstanding disparity
of age, they have met in the midst a well-matched pair.
The father stooping to sympathize with the child, encour-
ages the child to rise into sympathy with the father.
There is wisdom in this method. If the instructor had
A FAITHFUL FATHER. 257
been more forbidding, the pupil would have been more
frivolous. A parent should spare no effort to make him-
self the companion of his boy. The victory is half won
when the boy learns to like the company of his father.
To obtain a meeting,—to get the two minds really
brought into kindly contact, is a great point, but it is not
the whole. A platform to work upon is secured, but the
work remains yet to be done. Notwithstanding the points
of coincidence, these two are in many features diverse.
The elder, for example, looks both behind and before; the
younger, forward only. The objects lying in front of them
for the time, are the wine-cup and the sumptuous feast,
the loud song and the merry circle. These things seem
bright in the boy's eye, and he bounds forward impatient to
participate in their promised joys. The father sees the same
things, but forms a different judgment regarding them.
The experience of the past decisively modifies the pro-
mises of the future. Rays from above and from behind
converging on these painted pleasures, reveal a rottenness
in their hollow heart. He sees the inside, and the end of
them. He knows that they are vanity and vexation of
spirit. He looks upon his boy, and grieves to see that
his eye is glistening in a tumultuous hope of indefinite
enjoyment. He knows that, unless these springs prove
dry, they will be poisonous; but from the youth's view-
point, a rainbow beauty is painted on the spray that rises
from their agitated waters. Fain would the affectionate
father tear off the tinsel from these seducers, and reveal
the cheat in time to his inexperienced child.
Meanwhile, in the pauses of the converse, some prayer
258 A FAITHFUL FATHER.
rises from that father's heart, unheard until it reaches the
ears of the Lord of hosts. Perhaps it is the ancient
prophet's cry adapted to his own case: "Lord, I pray
thee, open the young man's eyes, that he may see."
2 Kings vi. 17. In some sense a mediator, striving to
lay his hand upon both, he plies with pains his own son
according to the flesh, and with prayers his own Father
in the Spirit. Here is a companionship—here an occu-
pation on which angels may well desire to look. May
the Lord hear this man when he cries in faith, and the
youth hear him when he speaks in faithfulness.
The foremost word of the colloquy is gladsome en-
couragement: "My son, if thine heart be wise, my heart
shall rejoice, even mine." A parent's brow should not
always wear a frown when it is turned toward his child.
There should be at least as much drawing as of driving
in the discipline of the family. Reproof, however faith-
ful, and punishment, however just, make up at the best
only one side of a two-fold operation. The spirit of a
child will bend and break under the dead-weight of
monotonous, unrelieved objurgation. We should be as
ready and forward to rejoice with him in his well-doing,
as to be displeased with his faults. There is reason to
fear that deficiency at this point is common and mischiev-
ous. It comes easier to nature to launch forth successive
rebukes, to chase each successive error of a boisterous
child, than to watch, and discriminate, and cherish, and
praise, whatever is good. If a parent sit in his easy chair
enjoying his own reverie, taking no notice of the finer
features of character that burst out thickly in the pro-
A FAITHFUL FATHER. 259
gress of the play, and never make his presence felt ex-
cept by an angry bark when some naughty noise disturbs
his dream, his children may grow up to something good,
but they will owe very little of their moulding to him.
It is probable that the only effects of his interference
will be to make the young heartily dislike the reprover,
and cling more closely to the faults.
It is worthy of remark, that in the two verses immedi-
ately preceding this tender, affectionate, encouraging ad-
dress, the necessity and duty of corporal correction are
reiterated in terms of even more than the usual pungency:
"Withhold not correction from the child for if thou
beatest him with the rod, he shall not die. Thou shalt
beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from
hell." The command is framed upon the supposition
that parents often fail on the side of tenderness. The
word is given to nerve them for a difficult duty. There
is no ambiguity in the precept. Both the need of cor-
rection and the tremendous issues that depend on it are
expressed with thrilling precision of language. A parent
is solemnly taken bound, as he loves his child and would
deliver his soul, to enforce his lessons by the rod, when
gentler measures fail. But the next moment, as if he
were in haste to get into a more congenial element, that
stern father stands with a smile lighting up his coun-
tenance, and a stream of winning words flowing from his
lips, engaging the youth to goodness by foretastes of its
glad rewards: "My son, if thine heart be wise, my heart
shall rejoice, even mine." Iron is not penetrated unless
it is supported beneath as strongly as it is struck from
260 A FAITHFUL FATHER.
above. On some such principle it is that blows only
bruise, and leave the character more unshapely than ever,
unless there be an effort of positive cheering to sustain,
fully equal in power and continuity to the pressure of re-
proof that bears against evil from the other side.
But the youth, although he dutifully yields to the bet-
ter judgment of his father, secretly thinks that in doing
so he is depriving himself of many pleasures which others,
not under similar restraint, freely enjoy. Parental ex-
perience anticipates the difficulty, and meets it; "Let
not thine heart envy sinners." Their happiness is hollow;
their prosperity short-lived. “Surely there is an end,
and thine expectation shall not be cut off.” It is as
much as to say that their expectation shall not ripen into
possession. The blossom is luxuriant, but the fruit is
already blighted. The young look on life as little chil-
dren look on a fine picture; the objects that lie in the
fore-ground, a bush or a cottage, fill the eye with their
bulk, and the chief beauties of the landscape are ne-
glected. Even the wisest of men never completely
acquire the art of apportioning rightly their regard be-
tween the really small but apparently great things that
fill up the fore-ground of time, and the apparently small
but really great things that stretch away into the eter-
nal. This lesson, in its higher stages, the parent is still
learning day by day, while he teaches its rudiments to his
inexperienced child.
But hard work lies before us here, and we must go
into the heart of it. The rude battle of life is raging,
and we must strike home. The lessons selected are those
A FAITHFUL FATHER. 261
which the pupil needs; not those which may be pleasant
to the master, or interesting to the audience. Life is
real. The preparation for it must be regulated by its
actual requirements. To educate a young man for his
life voyage is stern work. To go about and cull the
beautiful flowers is not enough. We must grasp the
thorns and thistles with a resolute hand. The things
that are amongst us must even be named amongst us,
although the sound grate harshly on a disciple's ear. Let
us follow this father over the course of lessons which he
gives his child.
1. "Be not among wine-bibbers." Mark well where
the teacher begins. He sees the first narrow point of
the rail that leads life into a line of error, and runs for-
ward to turn it aside, so that it may not intercept
and destroy the precious freight that is approaching.
This father sees a danger long before his son become
a drunkard—before even he become a companion of
drunkards. To be in the company of those who circu-
late and sip strong drink, he counts unsafe for the youth.
That company and that employment this father dreads
—this lesson teaches to shun. Our lessons to the young
on this subject would be more successful, if, like this
text, they should begin at the beginning. Keep out of
harm's way: go far from the entrance of the abyss;—
this is the style of Scripture on that momentous
theme.
On the principle of supplying the right, as well as
forbidding the wrong kind of enjoyment, he gives a
glimpse of a happy family circle, by way of contrast
262 A FAITHFUL FATHER.
with the club of revellers: "The father of the righteous
shall greatly rejoice: thy father and thy mother shall be
glad." The enemy pleases the tastes of youth: those
who are on the other side must countermine in that direc-
tion. A dirty or sombre home cannot compete with a
brilliant club-house or tavern. A frowning father and a
scolding mother cannot compete with a merry circle of
boon companions. It is not enough to meet the smiles
of vice with the frowns of virtue. We must meet entice-
ment with enticement. Material comforts at home and
glad looks from its inmates cannot, indeed, be in the
place of God to renew an evil heart; but they will do
more than any other human agency to save the youth,
and, in the worst, event, keep your own hands clean.
2. "Buy the truth, and sell it not." This teacher is
skilful in the word of righteousness. He divides the
truth aright. He knows that a soul cannot live on
negatives. While with one hand he strives to purge
the poison out, with the other he administers the bread
of life. Although these twin devils, drunkenness and
whoredom, with which he is grappling, were cast out of
the youth's heart, if that heart remain empty, both will
soon return with others worse, and take up their abode
again in the empty house. After each stroke dealt to
drive out the evil, there is an alternating effort to fill
the vacancy with saving truth. Although you were able
to chase out every foul spirit in succession by the pun-
gency of your reproof your labour is lost unless you in-
troduce that peace of God which will keep the heart and
mind against the subsequent assaults of the returning and
A FAITHFUL FATHER. 263
re-enforced foe. It is not the devil out of you, but Christ
in you, that is the hope of glory (Col. 1. 27). Buy the
truth, whatever it may cost; sell it not, whatever may
be offered. Accept the portion which has been bought
by the Redeemer's blood, and is offered free to you. "I
am the Truth," said Jesus. Close with him, and trust
in his salvation. When your heart is so occupied, these
lusts will knock for admission in vain. "This is the vic-
tory that overcometh the world, even your faith."
3. "A strange woman is a narrow pit" That father's
heart is burning within him as he talks with the youth
by the way. He has told him of the wisdom from above,
the way of mercy in the covenant; but he will not stop
there. He returns to another gate of the city Mansoul,
where the legions of the enemy are congregating for the
assault. Having within the palace crowned the rightful
King, he girds himself again for battle, and betakes him-
self to a threatened post. Well done, good and faithful
servant! The work of presenting to a sinner the mani-
fested salvation of God, thou hast done; and the work of
loudly, plainly, particularly warning the professing dis-
ciple, to avoid every appearance of evil, thou hast not left
undone.
One remarkable peculiarity of this chapter is the junc-
tion and alternation of these two kindred sins. There
they stand, like two plants of death, each growing on its
own independent root, and nourished by the same soil,
but cleaving close to each other by congeniality of nature,
and twisted round each other for mutual support. This
word takes a sun-picture of these brethren in iniquity,
264 A FAITHFUL FATHER.
as they combine their strength to dishonour God and en-
slave men. As if one green withe, growing rank on the
sap of corruption, were not enough to hold the captive,
the two, by an evil instinct, plait themselves into one.
Woe to the youth who has permitted this double bond to
warp itself round his body! A Samson's strength cannot
wrench it away. The alliance, so generally formed and
so firmly maintained, between drunkenness and licentious-
ness, is a master-stroke of Satan's policy. It is when
men have looked upon the deceitful cup, and received into
their blood the poison of its sting, that their eyes behold
strange women; and when they have fallen into that
"narrow pit," they run back to hide their shame, at least
from themselves, in the maddening draught. Here is one
father who is willing to take upon his lips some names
which his heart loathes, rather than by silence permit his
son to go forward unwarned, unarmed, into the ambush
which the enemy has laid. Let sons who hear this alarm
stand and start back, and keep far from the way of trans-
gressors. These deep ditches yawn on every side for
living prey. The youth who has inflamed his passion
and dimmed his reason by stimulants, is most liable to
stagger on the slippery brink, and fall. Turn from the
dangerous place and the dangerous company; turn, and
live.
4. "Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when
it giveth his colour in the cup, when it moveth itself
aright. At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth
like an adder." This teacher does more than merely
counsel the youth not to drink to excess. This father
A FAITHFUL FATHER. 263
distinctly advises his son to turn his eyes away from
the face of that cup, which has a charm in its visage
and a sting in its tail. For my part, I shall endeavour
to follow his example. I shall do what I can to per-
suade my son not to look at all upon any cup, whose
nature it is to sting those who take much, and to tempt
to much those who taste a little. I shall keep close by
the very words of Scripture. I shall say to him, My son,
"look not thou upon it." "It has cast down many strong
men;" and "let him that thinketh he standeth, take heed
lest he fall."
5. "Thou shalt be as he that lieth down in the midst
of the sea, or as he that lieth on the top of a mast. They
have stricken me, shalt thou say, and I was not sick;
they have beaten me, and I felt it not: when shall I
awake? I will seek it yet again." This remarkable
description would prove, although it stood alone, that
ancient brewers contrived to manufacture liquors of
power sufficient to produce and sustain full-grown drunk-
enness, and that ancient drunkards contrived to make
themselves thorough sots upon such drinks as they had.
If the malady in its more advanced stages had not ex-
isted, this description would not have been written, and
could not have been understood. There may have been,
and there certainly were, differences between ancient and
modern times, as there are now between vine-growing
and grain-growing countries, both as to the power of the
draughts used and the proportion of inebriates to the
population; but specimens of intoxicating drink and in-
toxicated men were not wanting in Solomon's kingdom
266 A FAITHFUL FATHER.
in Solomon's day. Gross drunkenness is not a new
thing under the sun, although its material resources have
been greatly increased and its sphere greatly enlarged in
these latter ages of the world.
"The love of the Spirit" appears in this faithful de-
scription of the oinomaniac. One would think that to
unveil this loathsome madness in presence of the sane,
would keep them for ever far from every avenue that
might possibly lead to its precincts. But alas! experi-
ence shows that a description of sin's doom is not suffi-
cient to deter the corrupt from sin. To know the conse-
quences, bodily and spiritual, of any vicious indulgence,
will not by itself save, but it is a primary necessity among
the means of saving. Therefore in mercy and faithful-
ness it is given here.
It is as a lion that the devil goeth about seeking whom
he may devour, and as a lion he devours his victims. It
is a characteristic of the feline tribe to let go their prey
when they are sure of it, and amuse themselves by clutch-
ing it again. Thus the drunkard becomes a plaything in
the lion's paw. He is sober. He repents of his excesses.
He intends to be temperate now. No man shall ever see
him drunk again. Has he escaped? Has the wounded
mouse escaped when the cat has opened her claws, and
permitted it to creep forward? He is wearied with his
own way. He was sick. He was like one that lay on
the top of a mast. He loathes the enemy that overcame
him, and himself for ignobly succumbing. But notwith-
standing all this when he awakes he will seek it yet
again. Some false friend will put the cup to his mouth,
A FAITHFUL FATHER. 267
and when the fire has again touched the membranes, all
is in a blaze. I have seen many of my fellow-creatures
in the grasp of that mysterious malady which is so graph-
ically pictured on this page of the Scripture. Their
despairing cries and haggard looks haunt my memory.
The meaning that looked from the faces of their relatives
when the grave had at last closed on the victim haunts
me too. Dread of their destroyer has been burnt into
my soul by the sights that I have seen. I adopt and
repeat the two-fold counsel of this wise and affectionate
father: Feed on saving truth, and flee from the approaches
of danger—flee from the approaches of danger, and feed
on saving truth. I receive from the Bible and give to
the young these two heavenly counsels: "Buy the truth;"
"Look not on the cup." Get the treasure for your soul,
and keep out of the robber's way.
268 THE PROSPERITY OF THE WICKED.
XXXII.
THE PROSPERITY OF THE WICKED.
"Be not thou envious against evil men, neither desire to be with them. Fret not
thyself because of evil men, neither be thou envious at the wicked: for there
shall be no reward to the evil man; the candle of the wicked shall be put
ont."—xxiv. 1, 19, 20.
SIN is like sound, and it finds the moral nature of fallen
man, like the atmosphere, a good conducting medium.
The word or deed of evil does not terminate where it is
produced. It radiates all round; and besides the direct
propagation from a centre by diverging lines, it further
reduplicates itself by rebounding like an echo from every
object on which it falls. Human beings may well stand
in awe when they consider the self-propagating power of
sin, and the facilities which their own corruption affords
it. Different persons are affected in different ways. One
is shaken by the example of wickedness in its first outgo;
another by its rebounding blow. One is carried away in
the stream; another hurts himself by his violent efforts to
resist it. Some imitate the sin; others fret against the
sinner. Both classes do evil and suffer injury. Whether
you be impatiently "envious against evil men," or weakly
"desire to be with them," you have sustained damage by
the contact.
Here, it is not the first and direct, but the secondary
and circuitous effect of bad example, that is prominently
brought into view. The reproof in this word is intended
THE PROSPERITY OF THE WICKED. 269
not so much for the facile who glide with the current, as
for the proud who betray a sullen and discontented spirit
in their struggle to oppose it.
To turn aside in company with the wicked is not the
only direction in which danger lies. Those who resist
the example of evil most vigorously may fall into a deep
pit on the other side. Some who are in no danger of
falling in love with their neighbour's sin, may be chafed
by it into a hatred of their neighbour. You do not
weakly imitate the deed, but do you proudly despise
the doer? This is the snare which lies on a disciple's
path. This is the warning which the Master gives
them. The example of Jesus is peculiarly applicable
here. It exhibits complete separation from sin in con-
junction with the tenderest compassion for sinners.
Those who hope in his mercy should be conformed to his
image. When you detect in your own heart an im-
patient fretting against an evil-doer, consider where you
would have been if the Holy One had so regarded you.
The gentleness of Christ is the comeliest ornament that a
Christian can wear.
But besides an impatient fretting against another be-
cause he is wicked, there is a discontented envying of his
condition because, though morally evil, he is materially
prosperous. This is the more presumptuous form of the
sin. The other was a fretting against man; this is a
fretting against God. It is directly to impugn the jus-
tice of the divine government. The seventy-third psalm
contains a detailed record of Asaph's experience when
he was in conflict with this temptation. He frankly
270 THE PROSPERITY OF THE WICKED.
confesses how far he fell: "My feet were almost gone;
my steps had well-nigh slipped. For I was envious at
the foolish, when I saw the prosperity of the wicked."
He saw great wickedness and great prosperity meeting
in the same persons. Forthwith the presumptuous
thought sprung up that nothing is to be gained by good-
ness: "I have cleansed my heart in vain." Knowing
that this thought must be an error, he was, notwith-
standing, unable to solve the difficulty until he went
into the sanctuary of God. Then and there the mystery
was solved: "Then understood I their end." The solu-
tion was obtained by getting a higher stand-point and
a more extended view. The prosperity was but for a
moments and the sin of the prosperous was preparing for
them tribulation without measure and without end.
Successful ungodliness did not trouble this tempted dis-
ciple after he got in the house of God a glimpse of its
awful issue. From that time forward he counted "afflic-
tion with the people of God" a better portion than "the
pleasures of sin for a season."
At the present day those who desire "to live godly
in Christ Jesus" are often exposed to this fiery trial. A
neighbour who neither fears God nor regards man has
been successful in business. You are struggling ineffect-
ually against difficulties in trade, endeavouring in the
meantime to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk
humbly with God. You have kept a good conscience
and lost your money; he has kept his money and let a
good conscience go. You are trudging along the road
care-worn and wearied; he is whirled past in his carriage.
THE PROSPERITY OF THE WICKED. 271
Beware, brother, as your eye follows the brilliant equipage
quickly diminishing in the distance before you,—beware
of the feelings that glow at that moment in your weary
heart. Envy of that rich man is rank rebellion against
an overruling God. Your position is too low and too
near. The range of vision is limited, and the little that
may be seen is dim with dust. To elevate the observer
gives him at once a wider compass and a purer medium.
From a height he both sees more and sees it better than
from the level ground. When Asaph met the prosperous
scoffers down in the crowded market-place, he saw only
their condition for the time; but when he ascended the
hill of God, and entered there the sanctuary, his eye from
that elevation could run along their glittering life and
descry its gloomy end. The same experience, described
in figurative language, happened to John in Patmos:
"After this I looked, and behold a door was opened in
heaven: and the first voice which I heard was as it
were of a trumpet talking with me; which said, Come
up hither, and I will show thee things which must be
hereafter" (Rev. iv. 1). In order to drive envy of the
prosperous out of a disciple's heart, nothing more is
needed than a window open in heaven, and an invitation
from the angel, "Come up hither." A longer look and a
clearer sky will enable you more intelligently to compare
your own condition with his. When in the spirit of
adoption, and from the place of a son, you look along the
career of those who fear not God, you will learn to acknow-
ledge that your lines have fallen in a more pleasant place,
and that you have obtained a more goodly heritage.
272 THE PROSPERITY OF THE WICKED.
Some heirs of the kingdom now in the body thank
God fervently for causing the riches of their parents to
take wings and fly away. They see some who have
inherited wealth caught and carried away by the tempta-
tions which it brings. They tremble to think where and
what themselves would now have been, had the world
courted them at a time when they would have been most
easily won by its fascinations. The world's cold shoulder
in their youth was not pleasant to nature at the time,
but they now know that it was the safer side. Instead
of envying, they pity the people who are getting riches
and forgetting God. By experience they have learned
that their own hearts are not trust-worthy; they think it
likely that if they had been equally prosperous they
would have been equally godless. They rejoice with
trembling; they tremble with rejoicing, as they think
how wisely their lot has been appointed by a Father in
heaven, and how unwisely it would have been chosen if
their own wishes had been granted.
If a Christian, whether rich or poor, envy any man's
possessions, he is forgetting his place and his prospects.
The heirs of a kingdom are inexcusable if they cast a
longing eye upon a few acres of earth which a neighbour
calls his own. A "lively hope" would effectually still
these tumults in a believer's breast. They who walk by
faith are not easily disturbed by the things which appeal
to sight. The rest that remaineth, when kept full in
view, makes the poising toils feel light. "Blessed are
the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven."
A BROTHER'S KEEPER. 273
XXXIII.
A BROTHER'S KEEPER.
"It thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death, and those that are
ready to be slain; if thou sayest, Behold we knew it not; doth not he that pon-
dereth the heart consider it? and he that keepeth thy soul, doth not he know
it! and shall not he render to every man according to his works?"—xxiv. 11, 12
THE principle that God, our common Father, counts
every man his brother's keeper, pervades the Scriptures
as an animating spirit, and is here, in vivid language, ex-
pressly affirmed and defined. From the beginning it was
so. Nowhere can this truth be more distinctly seen
than as it glances reflected from the black, hard heart of
the first murderer. Cain's sullen denial, when rightly
read, is equivalent to a disciple's positive confession; for
that carnal mind was in violent enmity against God. In
the lie that flashes back from that guilty conscience you
may read the heavenly truth that touched and tormented
it. As from the beginning, so it is also at the end: he
who closed the record of Revelation in Patmos, in charac-
ter by that time as well as doctrine a contrast to the
murderer of Abel, embodies the principle in the last words
of inspiration, and disappears in the very act of stretching
out his hands to save a brother who is ready to perish:
"Let him that heareth say, Come; and let him that is
athirst come; and whosoever will, let him take the water
of life freely" (Rev. xxii. 17). Prophetic before, apostles
after, and Jesus in the midst, all conspired to teach, by
their lips and by their lives, that a man liveth not to
274 A BROTHER'S KEEPER.
himself; and dieth not to himself. Ye who bear the
Saviour's name, and trust in his love, ye are not your
own; ye are bought with a price. Ye have talents to
lay out, and a work to accomplish—a Master to serve
and a brother to save. Look not every man on his own
things, but every man also on the things of others.
Whoso hath this world's good, or the next world's good,
or both, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth
up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the
love of God in him?
I know not any point in the whole circumference of
duty on which the human mind makes a more obstinate
stand than here, against the authority of God. The de-
termination to be his own master, and do what he liked
with himself, seems to have been the very essence of the
sin which constituted man's fall, and still animates the
fallen. "Who is lord over us?" is the watch-word of the
life-long battle between an evil conscience and a righteous
Judge. Here the commandment is exceeding broad. Like
divine omniscience, it compasses the transgressor before
and behind. It checks his advance, and cuts off his
retreat. Although a man should actually maintain, in rela-
tion to every brother, the neutrality which he professes, it
would avail him nothing. Under God as supreme ruler,
and by his law, we owe every human being love; and if we
fail to render it, we are cast into prison with other less
reputable debtors. Nor will anything be received in pay-
ment but the genuine coin of the kingdom. It must be
love with a living soul in it and a substantial body on it.
If it be a material gift thrown to a needy brother, wanting
A BROTHER'S KEEPER. 275
the fellow-feeling of a sympathizing heart, it is a body
without a soul—a carcass loathsome to the living; if it be
a sentimental emotion resembling pity, unaccompanied by
any corresponding deed, it is a soul without a body—an
intangible spirit. A pure emotion must animate the act:
the act must be animated by a pure emotion. The great
Teacher has so constricted the parable of the talents that
on this point none can miss its meaning. No actual in-
jurer of his neighbour is introduced into the picture at
all. The heaviest sentence which the Bible contains, or
the lips of Jesus uttered, is left lying on the “unprofit-
able servant”—the man who failed to do good with the
means at his disposal (Matt, xxv. 30). But Christ's
example prints this lesson in still larger letters than his
preaching. By looking unto Jesus we may learn it better
than by listening even to his own word. Where would
we have been now, if he had satisfied himself with ab-
staining from inflicting injury on a fallen world? He did
not let us alone in our extremity: as we desire to be like
him we should not desert our brother in his need. Jesus
bids us do good, and shows us the way. Listen to his
teaching, and follow his steps.
The law which runs through the Scriptures on this
point is laid down in these verses in copious, clear, and
memorable terms. The distress of a neighbour, the indif-
ference of a selfish man, the excuses which the guilty
presents to his own questioning conscience, and the ter-
rors which the Lord holds over his head, are marshalled
all in order here, and made to pass before our eyes like a
portion of actual life.
276 A BROTHER'S KEEPER.
First of all, what ails our brother, that he needs the
compassion of a tender heart and the help of a strong
arm? He is "drawn unto death," and "ready to be
slain." This is the very crisis which at once needs help
and admits it. If the danger were more distant, he
might not be sensible of his need; if it were nearer, he
might be beyond the hope of recovery. He is so low
that help is necessary; yet not so low as would render
help vain. He is "drawn unto death," and therefore is
an object of pity; but his life is yet in him, and there-
fore he is a subject of hope. Such, in general terms, is
the work which lies to our hands in the world.
The death into which a neighbour is gliding may be
the death of the body, or the death of the soul, or both
together. The example of Christ and the precepts of
Scripture concur in teaching us to acknowledge either
danger, and render either aid. A deaf ear, a blind eye
a palsied arm, a breaking heart, Jesus instantly owned as
claims on his compassion; but he was grieved when men
went away with the healed body, feeling not the death
and seeking not the life of the soul. We should go and
do likewise. Count disease and poverty a valid claim
for help, but count not the cure complete when these wants
have been relieved.
Disciples now are certainly like their Lord in this de-
partment of his experience: they find the sense of tem-
poral want and the urgency for temporal relief much more
common and more keen, than grief for guilt or desire for
pardon. We direct attention to the disease which draws
the soul to death; that which draws the body down
A BROTHER'S KEEPER. 277
directs attention to itself. The man is not yet in the
death that is final and hopeless. He is sliding gradually
into it; something is drawing him down, and that some-
thing is within him. If that ailment be not cast out,
perdition is sure. The sting of death is sin, and already
that sting is planted deep in the soul. It has not yet
reached its issue, but it is running its inevitable course.
When a poisonous serpent plunges its sting into the flesh
and blood of a man, the man lives yet a while. The
body does not instantly become cold. The poison min-
gles with the blood, and so permeates the frame. The
fever rises, tumultuously but steadfastly, like the tide.
The serpent's sting has taken hold of the life, and is
drawing it surely to death. Like this uneasy interval is
human life, until it is made new in Christ. The sting of
the Old Serpent has gotten hold, and will not let go until
it be taken out by a Stronger One. "Sin when it is
finished bringeth forth death." If a gang of captured
Africans, chained to each other, were in our sight driven
from the interior to the shore for sale, there would not
be a dry eye amongst us as the sad procession passed.
These chains, and that death to which they draw the vic-
tims, are things seen and temporal. Captives more nu-
merous, and more firmly bound, are drawn along our
thoroughfares to a greater death! If we had spiritual
perception to estimate the distress, our compassion would
not be shut up within our own bosoms for lack of subjects
to exercise it on.
Such are the objects and such their claim: how do
those meet it who have themselves gotten help from God?
278 A BROTHER'S KEEPER.
The form of the warning indicates the point at which the
defect is anticipated: "If thou forbear to deliver." The
Author of this word knows what is in man. The point
of the sword goes to the joints and marrow. It does not
assume that men, when they see a brother drawn unto
death, will in mere wantonness give him a blow to hasten
his fall. Such a deed of gratuitous wickedness may here
and there be found; but it is an abnormal excrescence,
and not the ordinary fruit which even fallen humanity
bears. If the reproof had been aimed at that enormity,
it would have missed the most of us. The arrow, pointed
higher, comes more surely home. The charge is not that
we strike a standing brother down, but that we fail to
raise a fallen brother up. The law under which we live
is the law of love; and whenever any doubt arises as to
practical details, the Pattern is at hand to mould it on
and test it by: "Love one another as I have loved you."
A Christian doing good should be like an artist working
from a model, looking alternately from the rude material
in his hands up to the perfect example which he imitates,
and down from that example to the rude material
again.
The excuse, "We knew it not," will not avail us in as
far as we might have known. "Seek, and ye shall find,"
applies to opportunities of saving them that are ready to
perish, as well as to benefits which we may obtain for
ourselves. Ignorance will not be reckoned for innocence,
if He who pondereth the heart saw it selfishly keeping
the disagreeable knowledge away. He that keepeth thy
soul will ask one day what thou hast done for the keep-
A BROTHER'S KEEPER. 279
ing of others, and He will then render unto every man
according to his works.
The conclusion of the whole matter may be expressed
in these words of the apostle: "Let us not be weary in
well-doing; for in due season we shall reap, if we faint
not. As we have therefore opportunity, let us do good
unto all men, especially unto them who are of the house;
hold of faith" (Gal. vi. 9, 10). The two limits are, on
this side "opportunity," and on that side "all men."
Between these two lies the ample exercise-ground for a
Christian, on which be is expected, like his Master, to go
about doing good. Do more for the household of nature
or of faith than you do for those who are distant from
you or from God,—it is not sinful to respect these rela-
tions and permit them to influence the proportion of your
efforts; but the heart's compassion should acknowledge no
limit to its flow short of the world's boundary, and the
helping hand no limit to its stretch except the opportunity
and the power.
The destinies of men are so closely interwoven together,
that every one of us has a direct interest in delivering
those who are now drawn unto sin and death. If we
forbear to help him who is falling now, he and his may
drag down with themselves our children when we are no
longer here to prevent the calamity. That poor wretch
who is drawn, like the Gadarene swine, by possessing
spirits down a steep place into the abyss, has a number
of young children littering in the hovel which they call
their home. These children are growing up a brood much
more dangerous than savages. In them the forces of
280 A BROTHER'S KEEPER.
civilization are under the control of barbarism. They
are an ingredient which, in proportion to its bulk, darkens
and pollutes the society into which it is poured. My
children must be poured into the same great tide of time,
and I cannot keep them from indiscriminate contact with
its varied impurities. Thus, by my love to my own chil-
dren, God binds me to do my best for my neighbours;
and the rod which is lifted up for punishment will strike
me on the tenderest place, if I neglect this salvation
work.
A few miles above Montreal, the two great convergent
rivers of British America, the St. Lawrence and the Ot-
tawa, meet. The St. Lawrence is a pure stream, of a
peculiar, light-blue colour: the Ottawa is dark, as if it
were tinged by moss in its way. After their meeting
the two rivers run side by side a few miles, each occu-
pying its own half of one broad bed; but gradually the
boundary line disappears, and all the waters are mingled
in one vast homogeneous flood. Although the life of the
inhabitants below depended on preserving the pure ceru-
lean hue of the St. Lawrence, it could not possibly be
preserved. All the might of man cannot prevent the
Ottawa from tinging the united waters with its own dark
shade. Unless the darkness can be discharged from its
springs, that great affluent will effectually dye the main
river in all its lower reaches. Behold the picture of the
process by which the neglected children of our unsaved
brother, meeting our own at a lower point in time's roll-
ing current, will blot out the distinction which is now
maintained. Behold the rod lifted up in our sight to
A BROTHER'S KEEPER. 281
prevent the neglect now, or punish it hereafter! The
dark cellars in which ignorant, vicious, godless parents,
now pen their hapless brood, are the springs which feed
a mighty river. Our little ones rise in cleaner spots, and
in the meantime a solid bank separates the streams. But
that turbid river lies within the same basin, and by the
laws of nature must converge towards the central channel
of society. It is an affluent. We must accept the fact,
for we cannot change it. We dread that dark stream
which, at a little distance, is flowing parallel with our
own. Over the embankments, now not very lofty, we
bear sometimes the ominous gurgle of its rapid flow.
There is only one way of subduing that terrible enemy.
If we cower timidly in our own hiding-place, the destruc-
tion which we thereby invite will quickly overtake us.
In this warfare there is no armour for the back of the
fugitive. Safety lies in facing the danger. The evil
which in its issue is a deluge, may in its origin be suc-
cessfully neutralized. Below you cannot keep the gathered
volume out: above you may do much to purify the rising
spring.
282 PIETY AND PATRIOTISM.
XXXIV.
PIETY AND PATRIOTISM.
"My son, fear thou the Lord and the king:
and meddle not with them that are given to change."—xxiv. 21.
"THERE are two kings and two kingdoms in Scotland," said
James Melville to his royal master; and our forefathers
sturdily maintained the maxim through a long series of
troubles, until the tyrants fell and liberty triumphed.
The supreme authority of God, and the subordinate autho-
rity of human government may both have fullest scope
in the same country, and at the same time. Godliness
and loyalty, like brethren dwelling together in unity, may
possess the same heart, and the heart is all the nobler that
these twin inhabitants have made it their home. Those
who cherish both principles together fulfil best the specific
duties which belong to each. The Covenanters and Puri-
tans were not faultless men. By aid of the light which
we now enjoy, some of their measures may be corrected
and improved: but it is too late to make them better now,
and it is a pity that our philosophers who see their faults
so clearly when they are in their graves, had not been
present in the conflict to give them counsel. In the
main, those men were right, and God has blessed their
labours. They were the honour of their country, and
have proved the benefactors of their race. Those who
laugh most loudly at their faults, have in secret no
PIETY AND PATRIOTISM. 283
sympathy with their virtues. Looking outward at the
present experience of other nations, and upward through
the history of our own, patriots, rejoicing in achieved
liberty, may well tremble yet as they try to picture what
our condition might have been at this day, if God had
not raised up rank after rank of religious and loyal men—
a break-water to receive the waves of combined spiritual
and temporal despotism, and ward them from our shores.
The fear of the Lord and the fear of the king are in
themselves great and interesting subjects, but at present
I ask the reader only to glance at their order and rela-
tions. I speak not of godliness and loyalty separately
and in all their extent, but only of their mutual bearing
upon each other. Submission of heart and life to the
King Eternal overrides and controls, yet does not injure,
a citizen's allegiance to an earthly ruler. This principle
lies deep, and spreads far. It reaches all lands, and runs
down through all generations. The word is, "Fear the
Lord and the king." The fear of the Lord must go first,
but the fear of the king may follow. The supreme does
not crush, it protects the subordinate. Although the
heart is full of piety, there is plenty of room for patriot-
ism. Nay more, patriotism nowhere gets full scope ex-
cept in a heart that is already pervaded by piety. These
elements are like the two chief constituent gases of the
atmosphere. The space which envelops the globe is full
of one gas, and it is also full of another. To discharge
the nitrogen would not make the space capable of con-
taining more of the oxygen. The absence of the one
constituent destroys the quality but does not enlarge the
284 PIETY AND PATRIOTISM.
quantity of the other. Take away godliness, and your
loyalty, without being increased in amount, is seriously
deteriorated in kind. Take away loyalty, and you run
great risk of spoiling the purity of the remanent godliness.
God's works are all good: his combinations are all
beneficial. If we attempt to amend, we shall certainly
mar them.
Obedience to rulers is a positive command. It is bind-
ing everywhere and always, until it is taken off by the
same authority that imposed it. Men are not permitted
to determine for themselves how far they shall go in
obedience to magistrates. Such a principle would pro-
duce universal anarchy, and is not found in the Bible.
Go forward in your allegiance to "the powers that be,"
not until you think you have gone far enough, but until
you come upon the law of God, claiming the space in
front for Himself, and absolutely forbidding your ad-
vance. Go forward with the fear of the king, unless
and until the fear of the Lord cross your path like a
wall.
There is room for every effort by the citizens to get
laws amended and grievances redressed, but no permission
given in the Scriptures to rise in rebellion with the view
of achieving any temporal good. Resistance is not pre-
scribed as a remedy when the magistrate invades your
rights; that terrible resource is held in reserve for one
terrible contingency—when the magistrate invades the
rights of God. If any one, looking from the political
view-point, should say this concedes only a limited mea-
sure of liberty; it is not my business to supply an answer.
PIETY AND PATRIOTISM. 285
My duty is to point out what the Scriptures teach. To
their authority I fondly cling; for the subject on inde-
pendent grounds of philosophy is too deep for me. If I
am cast abroad upon abstract speculation for the grounds
and limits of a subject's obedience, I am in a sea where
I can feel no bottom and see no shore. No feasible rule
can be laid down, except that which the Scriptures con-
tain. Let any man try to write down a scale showing
when and wherefore private persons may lawfully resist
public authority, and he will soon be convinced that the
task is hopeless. Every attempt to define the liberty of
rebellion, will be found to open a door to anarchy.
In point of fact very little of the liberty that now
exists in the world has been achieved by violent resistance
to governments because of oppression in temporal things.
Wherever civil liberty is large and lasting, it has grown
slowly by successive accretions, the effect of peaceful
effort: or, if it has been obtained wholesale, it will pro-
bably be found that the tyrant government fell and broke
itself upon a resisting people in the effort to usurp the
authority which belongs to God. Violent revolutions,
although provoked by injustice and oppression on the
part of princes, have seldom secured and consolidated the
liberty of the people.
The condition of the European continent now, and its
history during the last ten years, lead us back, in the
interests of patriotism as well as religion, to the very
letter of the scriptural rule, "Fear the Lord and the king,
and meddle not with them that are given to change."
It is true that the people have been unjustly oppressed
286 PIETY AND PATRIOTISM.
by their rulers; but it is also true that they have gained
nothing by rebellion. We can observe these two facts;
but we cannot do much more. The subject is too deep
for us. God in his word condemns all tyranny on the part
of princes, but he does not there prescribe an armed rising
of the people as the method of redressing their wrongs.
He retains the retribution in his own hand, and permits
it to fall in his own time on the head of the guilty.
Men who intelligently fear God, and make his word their
law, while they unite with every patriot in efforts to
improve the condition of the people and the laws of the
state, are disposed to bear wrong when their temporal
rights only are invaded, and to reserve the ultimate
remedy of resistance for those laws of man that would
compel them to violate the law of God.
Among enlightened Christians loyalty is more than a
negative principle. It is not enough for them that they
refrain from resisting constituted authority. They learn
from the Scriptures to be "subject not only for wrath but
for conscience' sake." Fear of the king is comparatively
a feeble sentiment. Alone it cannot long withstand as-
sailing temptations. The fear of the Lord is a mightier
principle. It is its nature, wherever it lives and thrives,
to strike its roots down into the deepest places of a
human heart. In the Scriptures the feebler force is made
fast to the stronger, and so carried through in trying
times. Loyalty is most secure where it has godliness to
lean upon.
The Popedom has appropriated these doctrines to itself,
and employed them for its own ends. The principle of
PIETY AND PATRIOTISM. 287
Melville is adopted at Rome. The priests teach most
earnestly that allegiance to a temporal sovereign is
limited, and controlled by a prior and superior spiritual
claim. This truth perverted has become the main-stay of
popish power. They adopt the divine revealed law,
"Fear the Lord and the king," and foist an old Italian
priest, the chief or the tool of a college of cardinals, into
the place of the living God. The nations, with their eyes
put out, grind like Samson in the mill of these lordly
priests. The Romanists are accustomed to take up the
arguments wherewith we defend the truth, and employ
them to support their own lie. Hence, when the ancient
war-cry of our forefathers, "We must obey God rather
than man," began to rise in a crisis of our own day, the
politicians recognised a wonted sound, and exclaimed, Here
is Popery over again. Yes; the doctrine of the Cove-
nanters and of the Papists is the same. Both maintain
and teach that a supreme allegiance is due to One
Supreme, and that obedience to human governments
comes in under it, and only in as far as may be consis-
tent with it. Up to this point they agree; but in one
thing they differ. Those accord the supreme allegiance
to God, according to the rule of the Scriptures; these
accord it to the Pope, as advised by the dark and selfish
counsels of the junto of cardinals that surround him. If
our legislators had an eye to take in the breadth and
depth of that distinction, it would be better for them-
selves and the nation.
The popish doctors have a pleasant coating wherewith
they cover their bitter pill. They teach that it is spiritual
288 PIETY AND PATRIOTISM.
authority only that is claimed by the Pope, not temporal.
Thus the shipmaster, with a leer in his eye and the helm
in his hand, tells the remonstrant horseman on deck that
he may mount his own steed and ride in any direction he
pleases. When persons or peoples embark on board the
Pope's ship, they may, like little children, play at tem-
poral liberty, by chasing each other from side to side, or
from stem to stern; but the wary pilot has them under
his power, and will carry them and theirs into any port
he chooses.
A British Christian owning God, according to his word,
as supreme ruler of the conscience, and knowing no autho-
rity on earth superior to the Queen, is a safe subject and
a useful citizen. A Papist, settled on our soil and enjoy-
ing the benefits of our constitution, sworn to yield primary
allegiance to a foreign prince in all that relates to spirit-
ual interests, and conceding absolutely to that prince the
right to define what spiritual interests are, may be in his
own character personally a good man, but cannot in any
crisis be counted a loyal subject. The difference between
these two is as great as the difference between light and
darkness. If it were generally perceived, and practically
acknowledged, it would go far to right the labouring ship
of the State, and prepare her for meeting the baffling
winds and deceitful currents of the times.
We do not, however, expect light to arise on the poli-
tical horizon. We must look in another direction for
the dawn. Although Popery is the greatest tyrant, and
the chief support of others, the love of civil liberty has
not light enough to perceive the danger, nor strength
PIETY AND PATRIOTISM. 289
enough to strike the blow. Civil liberty is indeed in
principle and practice against the Popedom, but it is like
an infant in a giant's hands. The Popedom is a "spirit-
ual wickedness in high places." Terrestrial patriotism
stands on a lower platform, and cannot reach its mighty
foe. Only spiritual light can cope with that spiritual
darkness. It is the kingdom of God within his redeemed
people that can resist and at last overthrow the kingdom
whose seat is on the seven hills. Nothing but the spread
of saving truth can restrain and throw back the flood of
destructive error.
Political liberalism, though it desire a good thing,
has not strength to win it. It wants pith and bottom.
Popery is too many for it. The great victories over the
world and its god are won, not by policy, but by faith.
It is "not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit,
saith the Lord."
290 THE SLUGGARD'S GARDEN.
XXXV.
THE SLUGGARD'S GARDEN.
"I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyard of the man void of under-
standing; and, lo, it was all grown over with thorns, and nettles had covered
the face thereof, and the stone wall thereof was broken down. Then I saw and
considered it well; I looked upon it, and received instruction. Yet a little
sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep: so shall thy
poverty come as one that travelleth; and thy want man armed man."—xxiv.
30-34.
This section of the Book of Proverbs is wound up by a
touching picture of sloth and its consequences. The de-
scription is true to nature, because it is taken from fact.
The words need no paraphrase; the meaning all shines
through. This observer has taken a photograph of the
sluggard's garden, without asking the sluggard's leave.
Copies may be multiplied to an indefinite extent, show-
ing the condition of his home, and shop, and factory.
From the same original you might even sketch with con-
siderable accuracy the desolation that broods over his soul
In this case, however, as in many others, good came
out of evil. The idle man, without knowing it, gave the
passenger a lecture on the virtue of diligence: "Then I
saw and considered it well; I looked upon it, and received
instruction." If the learner's own heart is in a right
condition, he may obtain a profitable lesson from every
sight that meets his eye, and every sound that falls upon
his ear. A teachable scholar will make progress under a
THE SLUGGARD'S GARDEN. 291
very indifferent master, and in a very unlikely school. If
a man has a clean conscience and a well-balanced mind,
he is in a great measure independent of surrounding cir-
cumstances. When a man's ways please the Lord, He
will make even his enemies to be at peace with him. All
things will be constrained to work together for good. If
the righteous are in sight, he will follow their footsteps:
if the evil cross his path, he will turn another way.
The learner and the lesson stand before us here in a
picture which looks like life. A passenger is suddenly
arrested by some object on the way-side. He stops
short, seeks an elevated stand-point, and gazes earnestly
through a gap in a broken wall. It is a field with a
vineyard on its sunniest slope, the patrimonial farm of a
Hebrew householder who lives in the cottage hard by.
They were not the ripening clusters of a well-dressed
vineyard, or the waving grain-fields of a thrifty husband-
man, that drew the curious eye of the traveller in that
direction. Thorns and nettles covered all the ground
within, and the wall that once surrounded it was crum-
bling. There was no fence round the vineyard to defend
the fruit, and no fruit within the vineyard to be defended.
The owner did nothing for the farm, and the farm did
nothing for the owner. But even this neglected spot did
something for the passing wayfarer who had an observant
eye and a thoughtful mind. Even the sluggard's garden
brought forth fruit—but not for the sluggard's benefit.
The diligent man reaped and carried off the only harvest
that it bore—a warning. The owner received nothing
from it; and the onlooker "received instruction."
292 THE SLUGGARD'S GARDEN.
Here is a principle which might be extended. The
lesson read by one may be learned by a thousand.
People complain that they have few opportunities and
means of instruction. Here is one school open to all.
Here is a Schoolmaster who charges no fee. If we are
ourselves diligent, we may gather riches even in a slug-
gard's garden. He who knows how to turn the folly of
his neighbours into wisdom for himself cannot excuse
defective attainments by alleging a scarcity of the raw
material. If we were skilful in this kind of mining, we
would find many rich veins in our own neighbourhood.
There are many sluggards' gardens on either side of our
path: if we consider them well, we shall receive instruc-
tion from each. If we obtain a little from each, a rich
store of wisdom will soon accumulate in our hands.
Here is a sluggard's garden; the object is worthy of a
second look, and will repay it. You observe the house
into which that haggard, half-naked labourer entered;
follow him, and you will find a lesson written on the
inside of his unhappy home. The house is empty and
unclean; the wife is toiling hard in the heart of the con-
fusion, and scarcely looks up as her husband comes in.
There is not a seat on which he can rest his wearied
limbs; and as no preparation has been made, an hour
must pass ere food of any kind can be prepared to satisfy
his hunger. He growls in anger, or groans in despair,
according as he has been more or less inured to this
species of misery. If you examine him, he will tell you
that he came early home so often and found the house
unready for him, that the motive was at last worn away.
THE SLUGGARD'S GARDEN. 293
If you examine her, she will tell you that she prepared
so often for his early return in the evening, and so often
waited in vain, that the motive was at last destroyed,
and she ceased to struggle. To determine precisely the
origin of the evil, as between the two, seems a problem as
difficult as to ascertain the sources of the Nile: but the
result is abundantly plain. Their house is desolate,—their
hearts are callous. The garden has been neglected, and
now it is utterly waste. This garden produces no sweet
fruit to its owner; but you may bear away a harvest
from the stinging nettles that grow rank on its grave-
yard corruption. Let a young man watch and pray that
he enter not into temptation in his choice at first. Let
a young woman, when a proposal is made to her, seek
the consent of "our Father in heaven" ere she gives her
own. Let the two, when united, bear one another's bur-
dens, and so fulfil the law of Christ. Let a husband
cherish and manifest a tender affection, strive to make
his wife's burdens light, and be pleased with her efforts
to please. Let the wife have a clean house, and a com-
fortable meal, and a blithe look, all ready for her husband
when he returns from his toil. The inside of a loveless
dwelling, the pen that shelters an ill-matched pair, teems
with lessons for the inexperienced passenger. Look on
it, and receive instruction.
A youth, after having lain a heavy burden on his
parents throughout the period of childhood, rebels and
defies them as soon as he has acquired strength sufficient
to win his own way in the world. Weary of listening
to their counsels, he deserts them. While they were
294 THE SLUGGARD'S GARDEN.
strong and he was weak, they stinted themselves to sup-
ply all his wants: when he became strong, and they in
turn were feeble, he selfishly left them to sink or swim,
and devoted all his means to the gratification of his own
tastes. His parents have at last been brought with sor-
row to the grave, and his pleasures have begun to pall.
Now the prodigal would fain arise and go to his father;
but he has no father and no home. His bursting heart
would get relief if he could weep on the neck of those
whom he has injured, and confess his sins; but this
may not be—it is too late. He is wretched, and his
wretchedness stares out of his eyes upon every observer.
Consider him well, young man; there is a lesson in him.
He gives instruction, as Lot's wife gave it, free to all
who pass. The sluggard has wasted his own garden, and
starves; but the hand of the diligent may gather riches
within its broken walls, and from its barren surface.
A young woman, with a fair countenance and a light
heart, has listened to flattering lips, and, confident in her
own steadfastness, has ventured to walk on slippery places.
She has sunk in deep mire. Hope has perished now, and
therefore effort has ceased. These rags cover a shrivelled
frame, and that shrivelled frame conceals a broken heart.
Look upon that vineyard. Consider well the rent wall
that lays it open to prowling wild beasts; and the rank
growth of nettles, the chosen cover of noisome night-
birds. Look, young woman, on that once blooming gar-
den, now a fetid swamp,—look on it, and receive instruc-
tion.
All things are new it, the world without to those who
THE SLUGGARD'S GARDEN. 295
are renewed in the heart within. If the eye is single,
the whole body will be full of light. When the learner
is a child of God, even the works of the devil will supply
him with a lesson. When the record is complete of all
the "schools and schoolmasters" that have in various de-
partments contributed to educate "the whole family of
God," it will be a wonderful miscellany. Its running
title will be, "All things are yours, and ye are Christ's."
296 MONARCHS—UNDER GOD AND OVER MEN.
XXXVI.
MONARCHS, UNDER GOD AND OVER MEN.
“These are also proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah
copied out. It is the glory of God to conceals thing: but the honour of kings
is to search out a matter. The heaven for height, and the earth for depth,
and the heart of kings is unsearchable. Take away the dross from the silver,
and there shall come forth a vessel for the finer. Take away the wicked from
before the king, and his throne shall be established in righteousness.”
xxv. 1-5.
SOLOMON spoke three thousand proverbs (1 Kings iv. 32).
Whether they were all written we do not know, but
they have not been all preserved. Some of them, though
useful in their day, were not suitable or necessary in sub-
sequent ages; others were selected by holy men of old
whom the Spirit moved, and stored in the Scriptures
as a treasury of practical instruction and reproof for all
nations and all times. Inspiration obviously applies to
the selection of what should be recorded, as well as to
the utterance of that which is in itself true and divine.
We need not be surprised to learn that many of Solomon's
sayings, after serving "their own generation, fell on sleep,"
and were lost to the world; for a greater than he spoke
many words of heavenly wisdom to His immediate dis-
ciples which were not recorded, and which we on earth
will never know. The apostles drank in for their own
life all that fell from the great Teacher's lips, but recorded
only those portions which his Spirit directed them to pre-
serve as the heritage of the Church.
MONARCHY—UNDER GOD AND OVER MEN. 297
"The men of Hezekiah" were not ordinary men. That
godly King of Judah was surrounded by a band of kin-
dred spirits, who co-operated with him in a great revival.
It was a bright time at Jerusalem when Hezekiah reigned
and Isaiah prophesied. It is evident that the king en-
couraged the prophets and the prophets supported the
king. The Seventy read, "The friends of Hezekiah."
Solomon's words were counted precious in those days;
and the associated patriots gathered up the fragments,
that nothing which was permanently useful might be
intrusted to tradition. This collection was made by in-
spired prophets, and admitted into the canon of the Jewish
Scriptures from the first. It was recognised by the Lord
and his apostles as part and parcel of the Scriptures which
were given by God to, teach the way of eternal life.
This portion opens with a contrast as to dignity and
wisdom between the King Immortal and an earthly ruler:
"It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour
of kings is to search out a matter." God is the uncaused
cause of all things. He is the centre and source of being.
He knows the end from the beginning. In his know-
ledge there is no progress, because there is no imperfection.
"His understanding is infinite." It is by slow degrees
and by laborious effort that we work our way into the
minute portions of creation that lie within our reach. It
is the privilege and glory of man to search into the infi-
nite above and beneath him; but he is not able to go far
in either direction. Mines which we count deep have
been driven by human hands into the earth's crust, and
yet how short is the line that sounds them in comparison
298 MONARCHS—UNDER GOD AND OVER MEN.
with the earth's radius! But this conveys no adequate
idea of the difference between the depths of God's works
and the line which limits men's researches. Between the
shaft of a deep mine and the depth of the globe, from its
surface to its centre, there is a definite and known pro-
portion; but between what we know of God's work and
that work in all its extent, there is no proportion which
we can calculate at all.
"Thou art a God that hidest thyself," is one of the
attributes of the Supreme. In nature he has, so to speak,
two hiding-places,—one above man, and another beneath
him. Some things are hidden from our view by being
too great, and some by being too small for us. Men
search as far as they can in the one direction with the
telescope, and in the other with the microscope, but be-
yond every depth attained lies a deeper still. How great
the contrast between divine and human government! The
one proceeds from within outwards, with perfect know-
ledge of the whole; the other feels its way laboriously
upon the surface, and cannot fully comprehend even the
small matters that lie within its jurisdiction.
These men of Hezekiah "feared the Lord and the
king" in due order and proportion. They were godly
and loyal. In arranging their collection of Solomon's
proverbs, they set in the fore-ground the supreme and
unapproachable wisdom of God, and thereafter magnify
the office of the prince: "The heaven for height, and the
earth for depth, and the heart of kings is unsearchable."
Though an earthly sovereign is feeble and short-sighted
in contrast with the Supreme, yet, in comparison with
MONARCHS—UNDER GOD AND OVER MEN. 299
other men, kings enjoy great honour and exercise great
influence. There is certain sublimity in the royal dig-
nity. In every condition men expressly or tacitly own
it. Even those who in theory are adverse to regal
government cannot be entirely stoical in a monarch's
presence. There is grandeur in sovereign power, without
respect to the justness of its title or the beneficence of its
sway. We have seen all Europe watching the counte-
nance of one man, and eagerly scanning every sign or
syllable which might indicate the purpose of his heart.
But the still, reverential regard of millions, does not imply
a belief on their part that the man who is its object is
endowed with superhuman wisdom. It is enough that
in point of fact his single will can quench or kindle war
over the area of two continents. This element of power
possessed elevates monarchy, and sets it on the summit
of earthly things. The constituents which compose Mont
Blanc are not more heavenly than the earth of lesser hills,
and yet the human spirit stands in awe before that regal
mountain. In some such way are men affected by the
presence of a king, although they know well that the
person occupying the office for the time is nothing more
than an average specimen of humanity. The Lord reign-
eth, and they who fear him should rejoice. He will set
restraining bounds to the wrath of man. Although man-
kind have suffered much from the cruelty of despots, yet
the race have derived an incalculable benefit from the
tendency to venerate monarchy, which manifests itself so
strongly, especially in a primitive state of society. Go-
vernment, as compared with anarchy, is so great a bless-
300 MONARCHS—UNDER GOD AND OVER MEN.
ing, that even after many heavy oppressions are deducted,
a surplus of solid gain remains to human kind.
But seeing that a king by office wields a power so
great, the law of God and the interests of men require
that it shall be wisely directed towards beneficent ends.
Kings have, in all times and all places, been more or less
swayed by the counsellors who surround them. In our
country, more than in other monarchies, the people, in
their collective capacity, have a potential voice in the
selection of the persons who shall stand next the throne
and influence the government. The precept is therefore
directly applicable to us. We are commanded to take
away the dross from the silver, that the forthcoming
vessel may be pure. In as far as it is placed in our
power, it is also laid upon our conscience to "remove the
wicked from before the king," that his "throne may be
established in righteousness." Here lies the duty, and
here the danger of Britain. We need not expect that
the supreme Ruler will support our sway in the world if
we elevate the wicked to the high places of authority,
and sustain them there. His law is, "Them that honour
me, I will honour." If, by the united will of a God-
fearing nation, God-fearing counsellors are planted round
the throne, we may hope for the continuance and exten-
sion of our authority in the world. How shall we dare
to pray that God would preserve to us the empire, in
order that we may squeeze riches for ourselves from the
sinews of subject millions? If our rule is such as to bless
the nations, we may plead with the Lord to prolong our
sway. We need not expect that God will give the world
MONARCHS—UNDER GOD AND OVER MEN. 301
to us, if we do not count and make it our mission to bring
the world to God. Wherever the Master imparts the ten
talents, he accompanies the gift with the injunction, Lay
them out for me. No counsel will prosper that rejects or
ignores that highest law. If we permit the dross of un-
godly selfishness to tinge the councils and control the
government of the state, the goodly vessel will go to
pieces in our hands.
In India, the noblest foreign possession of our own or
any other crown, the policy of the government, sustained
by the community, has been to maintain intact the varie-
gated superstitions of the East, lest any religious commo-
tion should interrupt the stream of gain in its homeward
flow. The authorities have with smooth tongue flattered,
and with strong hand defended, the hideous and cruel
worship of devils, which in the name of religion possesses
and torments the land. They have supported and propa-
gated doctrines which they knew to be dishonouring to
God and injurious to men, that the multitude so flattered
might be more easily governed. They have exerted their
influence against the introduction of Christianity among
the natives, lest conversion should breed commotion and
diminish our gains. Now God has withdrawn his protect-
ing hand, and permitted an insurrection to burst forth to
which the world's history cannot afford a parallel. Our
policy has failed. We fawned on these hideous idols as
if we had had no almighty Protector in heaven; and now
these idols tear us limb from limb. We adopted the policy,
and are suffering the chastisement of Ahaz, the weak and
wicked King of Judah: "For he sacrificed unto the gods
302 MONARCHS—UNDER GOD AND OVER MEN.
of Damascus, which smote him; and he said, Because the
gods of the kings of Syria help them, therefore will I
sacrifice to them, that they may help me. But they were
the ruin of him, and of all Israel" (2 Chron. xxviii. 23).
In the whole matter of Indian government, a counsel
vicious to the core has predominated. We must "take
away the dross from the silver, and there shall come forth
a vessel for the refiner." We must no longer suppress
revealed truth, and uphold the doctrine of devils. We
must fear God in the heathen's sight, and have no other
fear.
A FAITHFUL MESSENGER. 303
XXXVII.
A FAITHFUL MESSENGER.
"As the cold of snow in the time of harvest, so is a faithful messenger to them
that send him: for he refresheth the soul of his masters. Confidence in an
unfaithful man in time of trouble is like a broken tooth, and a foot out of
joint."—xxv. 13, 19.
THE art of cooling drinks in a hot climate by snow and
ice preserved or imported seems to have been known and
practised at an early period of the world's history. In
our cool insular clime we cannot fully appreciate the worth
of such a refreshment because we never very keenly ex-
perience the want of it. Imagination must largely aid
the senses ere we can rightly estimate how the eyes of a
Hebrew husbandman sparkled at the sight of "snow from
Lebanon" when a harvest sun was beating on his brow.
Such a refreshment in time of difficulty is a faithful mes-
senger who goes forth through the danger, and comes
back with relief.
In a crisis, at an early stage of the Crimean war, the
bearing of a message became the hinge on which success
or disaster turned, and the messenger who bore it became
the hero of the day. When the Russian army had been
routed on the Alma, and the allied commanders had de-
termined to march past Sebastopol and seize the port of
Balaclava as a base of operation, a message to the fleet,
charging it to meet the army in the morning there, was
a vital element of the plan. The British officer who bore
304 FAITHFUL MESSENGER.
it proved a faithful messenger. When the army, after
their inland night march, fast crowned the heights that
overlook the shore the foremost ships of the fleet were
steaming cautiously up the narrow inlet. When the
commander of the army, with the responsibility of the
manoeuvre lying heavy on his heart, looked over those
girdling hills an saw the admiral's flag waving in the
harbour, the faithful messenger whom he had despatched
across the enemy’s country the evening before, must have
been felt like snow in harvest refreshing his soul.
The American missionary Judson was imprisoned in
Burmah and doomed to death. Alone in the hands of
heathen savages, that Christian apostle could do nothing
to preserve his own life. He learned in his prison that
a British ship of war was in the Burmese waters. Both
power and will to save were at hand, but all might have
miscarried if no messenger had been found, or if the mes-
senger sent had of been found faithful. God had given
the missionary favour in the eyes of some who had access
to the prison. Having intrusted the vital message to
one of these, he intrusted himself to his Father in heaven,
and awaited the result in patience. Next day the boom
of a cannon from the sea fell on the ear of the missionary,
as he lay in his dark, hot dungeon. It was evidence that
a knowledge of his danger had reached the British cap-
tain. His messenger had been faithful, and that faith-
fulness then was like snow in summer to his weary heart.
When the message was delivered all the rest was easy.
The ship of war soon wrenched the Christian captive
from the hands of the barbaric king.
A FAITHFUL MESSENGER 305
A history might be written of such decisive messages
borne by such faithful messengers, and a thrilling history
it would be. But the position and power of the op-
pressor are sometimes such, that a mere messenger, however
faithful, cannot in any measure contribute to the deliver-
ance of the captive. When the enemy's hosts girdle the
beleaguered city round, to bear a message forth would be
to the bearer a baptism of blood.
Such is the condition of the world, and such the bap-
tism which the "Messenger of the covenant" came through
in his saving work. He is a brother born for the ad-
versity in which we lay. He is faithful to bear tidings
of the danger, and mighty to save from death. He de-
lights to speak of himself as one who has been sent. "He
that sent me," is the epithet by which he loves to
designate the Father. This Messenger came into the
world to make God's mercy known; and by his faithful-
ness the Sender was shed. The testimony came in a
voice from heaven: "This is my beloved Son, in whom I
am well pleased."
But Jesus is a messenger in another way. He is
Mediator. He lays his hand upon both. He brings
God's message to us, and bears our message back to God.
If we in our low estate have any request to present
before the King Eternal, he is ready to be its bearer.
"We have an Advocate with the Father." "He ever
liveth to make intercession for us." Through Him the
meanest captive who pines in this distant prison and
sighs to be free, may send his petition safely to the Lord
God of Hosts. The Messenger is faithful, and will cer-
306 A FAITHFUL MESSENGER.
thinly refresh the souls of those who intrust their peti-
tions to his hand. He bore the tidings of mercy to us,
though the wrath due to a world's sin blocked up the
way: how much more will he bear our request to the
Father, now that his suffering is over and his everlasting
joy begun! He carried God's message to us, when our
ungrateful ears were shut against the sound: how much
more will he carry our cry to God, who loves to hear of
the prodigal's purpose to return! All ye that are weary
and heavy laden, send in your requests by the hand of
this faithful Messenger. For the purpose of presenting
them with power Christ ascended. "It is expedient for
you that I go away." He delights when we give him
work. He is happy when his hands are full. He put
his disciples on the way of pleading, like a master guid-
ing his pupil's hand in writing the petition out. "Hither-
to," he said, "ye have asked nothing in my name: ask
and ye shall receive." This Messenger will be like snow
in harvest to those who in their extremity send a message
unto God by him. He will refresh the souls of those
who send him.
Our help is laid on One that is mighty. He is Mes-
senger and Conqueror too. There is none other who is
able and willing to save. He stands now at the door of
a closed heart, ready to bear a message from the perish-
ing to the throne of grace, and pleading for such a mes-
sage to bear. Present always by his word and Spirit, he
cries, and cries again weeping, to the careless, "Here am
I, send me." He promises to pray to the Father for us:
and we know that his prayer prevails. Already as Pro-
A FAITHFUL MESSENGER. 307
phet he has come, making known the way of salvation:
now he enters as Priest within the veil, bearing his
people's requests for grace: in the end he will come again
as King, and bear his people themselves into glory.
In contrast with the refreshment which a faithful
messenger pours into a weary spirit, "confidence in an
unfaithful man in time of trouble is like a broken tooth,
and a foot out of join" (ver. 19). It is worse than want.
To expect support, and be, in consequence, pierced by a
broken reed, is a greater calamity than the sternest refusal
could inflict. The greatest disaster, in proportion to the
number of men engaged, that has befallen our arms in the
Eastern insurrection, the direct result of confidence in
an unfaithful man. At Arrah on the Ganges three or
four hundred soldiers were sent to attack a body of the
rebels, and relieve some British residents who were in
danger there. A native was employed to ascertain the
position of the enemy. In consequence of his report the
men left the river and made a night march into the
interior. The messenger was false. The little army
fell into an ambush prepared for them in the jungle.
Two-thirds of their number were shot down in the dark
by unseen foes. The remnant escaped to their ships
when the day dawned As they lay in that fatal valley
getting their death-wounds in the dark, and helplessly
wishing for the day, how exquisitely bitter must have
been the reflection that too ready trust in a faithless
man had wrought them all this woe!
When life is at stake there should be no softness or
slackness in scrutinizing the character of a messenger.
308 A FAITHFUL MESSENGER.
Especially in matters which directly affect the life of a
soul, the credentials of unknown mediators should be
rigorously tested. What shall become of those who
send their petitions for mercy from God through the
saints of the Romish calendar? The messenger is un-
faithful, and the message will never reach its destina-
tion. These old bones and pictures cannot carry your re-
quest to the throne, or obtain its answer there. The
disembodied spirits whom these relics are said to repre-
sent are not more effectual mediators than the relics
themselves. They have neither omniscience to hear
your prayer on earth, nor merit to make it prevalent in
heaven. Ah, who can conceive the distress of the
deceived when they discover, too late, that they have put
confidence in deceivers, and neglected the one Mediator
between God and man!
Christ is the faithful Messenger, and "now is the accepted
time." There is a gulf which even Jesus will not cross to
make a path for the prodigal's return. Although the sepa-
ration which sin has made between us and God is incon-
ceivably great, living way stretches over it by which
petitions go now for grace—by which the petitioners shall
follow to glory. But the Messenger of the covenant will
never traverse the chasm which the final judgment will
leave between the good and the evil. Weary pilgrims! as
you would have refreshment for your souls in your day
of need, send your petition by a faithful messenger in
an accepted time. "Come unto God by Him," for there
is no other advocate with the Father: and come now,
lest the door be shut.
THE FIRE THAT MELTS AN ENEMY. 309
XXXVIII.
THE FIRE THAT MELTS AN ENEMY.
“If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give
him water to drink: for thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head, and the
Lord shall reward thee.” —xxv. 21, 22.
THE germ of this most precious moral lesson was de-
posited in the earth at an early period of its history.
In the laws of Moses it takes a form suited to the
simplicity of primeval times: "If thou meet thine
enemy's ox or his going astray, thou shalt surely
bring it back to him again" (Ex. xxiii. 4). Jesus in
his day found it in the Pharisees' hands, covered over
with an encrustation of Rabbinical traditions, which not
only obscured, but utterly perverted its meaning. As
corrupted by the Jews the precept ran, "Thou shalt
love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy." When the
Lawgiver incarnate had stripped the encumbering glosses
from his own command, the vital germ, released from
the imprisonment of ages, budded and burst and blos-
somed in the Light: "But I say unto you, Love your
enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that
hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you,
and persecute you; that ye may be the children of your
Father which is in heaven" (Matt. v. 44, 45). This is the
ripened fruit which the simple Mosaic precept produces for
our use in the new dispensation; for Christ came not to
310 THE FIRE THAT MELTS AN ENEMY.
destroy the law and the prophets, but to fulfil. In the
lips of Jesus the lesson attained its fullest dimensions
and divinest form. Paul, delighting in all things to
follow his Master's footsteps, took up the ancient law, as
Solomon had expressed it, and wove it for ornament
and strength in his greatest treatise at its practical
turning point: "Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves,
but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written,
Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord. There-
fore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst,
give him drink: for in so doing, thou shalt heap coals
of fire on his his head. Be not overcome of evil, but oven
come evil with good” (Rom. xii. 19-21).
But we have not reached the origin of this wonderful
law when we have traced it up to Moses. His and all
subsequent expressions of it are copies merely. The
original is indeed a deep thing of God. That which he
commands us to do to one another He had already done
to us in the everlasting covenant. He saw mankind in
active enmity against Himself. He visited his enemies
not to condemn, but to save. He gave food to the hungry,
and water to the thirsty. He gave all good in Christ
He gave that unspeakable gift to enemies. He gave it,
as coals of fire, to melt the hardened. This is the pattern
after which all true morality is fashioned. The soul of
social duty is, "Love one another as I have loved you!"
To love an enemy is a principle that comes from hea-
ven. It is not indigenous on earth. Even after it
has been planted in a human heart its growth is gene-
rally stunted, for want of a soft soil and a genial atmos-
THE FIRE THAT MELTS AN ENEMY. 311
phere. It is a tend exotic, and its fruit seldom comes
to perfection in the cold damp field of the world. Some
who seem to excel in other graces, fall far short here.
This is peculiarly the "grace of the Lord Jesus." One
who knew it well presented it as the distinguishing
feature of his work, that "while we were yet enemies,
we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son"
(Rom. v. 10). Those disciples, accordingly, who walk most
closely with their Master will be found to excel the most
in this rare attainment. It is only when the same mind
is in us that was also in Christ Jesus, that we shall
love our enemies and do them good. When he was
lifted up on the cross he gave out the key-note of the
Christian life: "Father, forgive them." The gospel must
come in such power as to turn the inner world upside
down ere any real progress can be made in this difficult
department of social duty. When we learn like Paul to
"long after" our neighbours "in the bowels of Jesus Christ"
(Phil. i. 8), we shall like him long after them all with-
out exception. It is in proportion as a disciple loses
the sense of his separate identity, and realizes his union
as a member in the body of Christ, that his charity is
able to cover the high provocations of those who deli-
berately do him wrong. As water, though it be actually
low within the distributing channel, will rise again to the
height of its source, when the compassion that flows
through a believer the body is the very compassion
that flows into him from Christ, it is a good of suffi-
cient power to overcome the most formidable manifes-
tations of evil. Practice directly depends on faith.
312 THE FIRE THAT MELTS AN ENEMY.
When duty is difficult, faith must be strong. Accord-
ingly it was when the Master enjoined his disciples to
forgive an enemy seven times a-day, that they cried out,
"Lord, increase our faith" (Luke xvii. 4, 5). They felt
the force of mercy in their own hearts utterly inadequate
to the difficult work which was prescribed, and with the
true instincts of the new creature, sought a remedy
suited to their want—a sealed union of the empty
channels with the upper spring of abounding grace.
This method of treating an enemy is prescribed, not
merely because it is abstractly right in principle, but also
as the best practical means of obtaining a specific bene-
ficial result. Do him good in return for evil, "for thou
shalt heap coals of fire upon his head." The idea of a
furnace is introduced here with reference to the smelting
of mineral ore, and not to the torture of living creatures.
The coals of fire suggest not the pain of punishment to
the guilty, but the benefit of getting his hard heart softened,
and the dross removed from his character. Love poured
out in return for hatred will be what the burning coals
are to the ore: it will melt and purify.
In the smelting of metals, whether on a large or a small
scale, it is necessary that the burning coals should be
above the ore well as beneath it. The melting fuel
and the rude stones to be melted are mingled together,
and brought into contact particle by particle throughout
the mass. It is thus that the resistance of the stubborn
material is overcome, and the precious separated from the
vile. The analogy gives an impressive view both of the
injurer's hardness and the power of the forgiver's love.
THE FIRE T MELTS AN ENEMY. 313
Christians meet much obdurate evil in the world. It is
not their part either peevishly to fret or proudly to plan
revenge. The Lord has in this matter distinctly traced a
path for his disciples, and hedged it in. It is their busi-
ness to render good for evil; it is their business to pile
forgiveness over injuries, layer upon layer, as diligently
and patiently as these swarthy labourers heave loads of
coals over the iron ore within the furnace: and that not
merely in conformity with an abstract idea of transcend-
ental virtue, but with an object as directly and as sub-
stantially utilitarian as that which the miner pursues.
The Christian's aim, like the miner's, is to melt, and so
make valuable, the substance which, in its present state,
is hard in itself and hurtful to those whom it touches.
The Americans have a tract on this subject, entitled
The Man who Killed his Neighbours. It contains, in
the form of a narrative, many useful practical suggestions
on the art of overcoming evil with good. It is with
kindness,—modest, thoughtful, generous, persevering, un-
wearied kindness,—that the benevolent countryman kills
his churlish neighbour; and it is only the old evil man
that he kills, leaving the new man to lead a very different
life in the same village after the dross has been purged
away. If any one desires to try this work, he must bring
to it at least these two qualifications, modesty and patience.
If he proceed ostentatiously, with an air of superiority
and a consciousness of his own virtue, he will never make
one step of progress. The subject will day by day grow
harder in his hands. But even though the successive acts
of kindness should be genuine, the operator must lay his
314 THE FIRE THAT MELTS AN ENEMY.
account with a tedious process and many disappointments.
Many instances of good rendered for evil may seem to
have been thrown away, and no symptom of penitence
appear in the countenance or conduct of the evil-doer;
but be not weary in this well-doing, for in due season
you shall reap you faint not. Although your enemy
has resisted your deeds of kindness even unto seventy
times seven, it does not follow that all, or that any one
of these has been lost. At the last, the enmity will
suddenly give way, and flow down in penitence under
some single act, perhaps not greater than any of those
which preceded it; but every one that preceded it contri-
buted cumulatively to the glad result. The miner does
not think that coals of fire are wasted, although he
has been throwing them on for several successive hours,
and the stones show no symptom of dissolving: he knows
that each portion of the burning fuel is contributing to
the result, and that the flow will be sudden and complete
at last. Let him go and do likewise who aspires to win
a brother by the subduing power of self-sacrificing love.
The practical effect of kindness in subduing the evil-
doer, as well as its originating principle, is exhibited in
the covenant of grace before it can appear in the life of
believers. In this department as in others, Christians are
not inventors, —they must be "imitators of God as dear
children!' If any one succeed in melting a neighbour's
hard heart by undeserved love, he has borrowed the
method whereby Jesus won his own. Led to repentance
himself; when he was seared in sin, by the undeserved
goodness of God it is the instinct of the renewed to
THE FIRE AT MELTS AN ENEMY. 315
repeat the process on a smaller scale wherever he can
find a subject, as it is the instinct of little children to
imitate in a diminutive sphere the actions of their father.
The saved know the effect which goodness from God in
return for evil has produced on their own hearts, and
therefore are ever, according to their measure, trying the
same process on their fellow-men.
Nor does this unmeasured mercifulness impede the
action of righteousness either in God or in man. Mercy
to sinners, as it appears in the gospel, is totally diverse
from indulgence to sin. God knows how to be both just
and the justifier of them that believe in Jesus. The
perfect adjustment of righteousness and mercy in the
Pattern should be sufficient to keep the imitator right.
It is possible to forgive freely a brother's sin, and yet
thereby give him no encouragement to repeat it. No
man can supply a directory which shall tell the learner,
in every case that occurs, wherein and how far he should,
in the interests of justice, maintain his rights against an
evil-doer; and where and and how far he should, in the
interests of mercy, forgive. No such external rules exist;
no such external teaching is possible. It is not lo here
and lo there; the kingdom of God and its laws are
within the hearts of its loyal subjects. When you love
both righteousness and your erring brother as Christ
loved both righteousness and you, the difficulties will
vanish like mist as you go forward to meet them. If
you get upon the traces of the Lord's goings, the way
will be easy and the issue sure. If you are willing to
follow him, he will lead you through. Your forgiveness
316 THE FIRE THAT MELTS AN ENEMY.
of wrong, when you see your way to bestow it freely,
will not embolden the transgressor to think lightly of the
law; your stand for righteousness, when you see meet to
make it, will of detract from mercy's melting power
upon the transgressor's heart. Be mercifully righteous,
and righteously merciful, like the Lord; and as he has
thereby won you, you will thereby win your brother.
The workman in this department is worthy of his hire,
and he will get it. The Master who prescribes the task
has promised the labourer his wages: "The Lord shall
reward thee." Those who fulfil this "royal law" will
receive from the King a royal recompense. The wages
are not "corruptible things, as silver and gold." The
winner's reward is the brother whom he has won. The
Lord himself expressly announced, as the profit accruing
from a cognate labour, "Thou hast gained thy brother"
(Matt xviii. 15). No work is so well paid as this; and
no efficient workman goes away discontented. Those
who would not value this kind of reward are precisely
the persons who never try this kind of work. To render
good for evil without limit as to time and quantity, is a
hard effort; and to turn a neighbour's hatred into love
is all that can be made by it. He who does not value
the pearl will not dive for it; but he who dives for it
shows by the very act that he values the pearl. The
same love that risks the outlay will count the return
abundant. This is the way of the Lord. In the doing
of his commandments is a great reward. Those who do
his work cannot be deprived of their wages; for the work
is wages and the wages is work.
A TIME TO FROWN AND A TIME TO SMILE. 317
XXXIX.
A TIME TO FROWN AND A TIME TO SMILE.
"The
north wind driveth away rain:
so doth an angry countenance a backbiting tongue."—xxv. 23.
THERE is a use for everything. There is a use for the
north wind, and for an angry countenance. Rough
visaged, ungainly messengers both are; but when sent
on necessary errands, they fulfil their mission well. When
David wanted a weapon, Ahimelech, the peaceful priest
of Nob, having no other than the sword of Goliath, which
he kept as a relic, apologized as he offered it, thinking it
not sufficiently slim and fashionable for a soldier from the
court. "There is none like that," said David; "give it
me." The man of war had seen hard service, and ex-
pected more. The sword that could deal a heavy blow
was the sword for him.
According to the translation in the text, which is per-
haps on the whole as free from difficulties as that in the
margin, it appears that in the climate of Palestine the
north wind carries the rain clouds away, and prevents
them from discharging their burden on the land. The
same phenomenon is to some extent observed in our own
island. This meteoric fact is framed into a proverb, and
employed to describe an analogous feature in the action
of moral forces upon human life: "An angry countenance
driveth away a backbiting tongue."
318 A TIME FROWN AND A TIME TO SMILE.
There is a place for anger as well as for love. As in
nature a gloomy tempest serves some beneficial purposes for
which calm sunshine has no faculty; so in morals a frown
on an honest man's brow is, in its own place, as needful
and useful as the sweetest smile that kindness ever kindles
on a human countenance. A gentle, loving character, is
much admired, and, where it is genuine, deserves all the
admiration it has ever gotten yet. These features, how-
ever, constitute only one side of a man, and we must see
the other side ere we can pronounce an intelligent judg-
ment on his worth. If he has not another side, he will
not leave his mark on the world. If he has not the
faculty of frowning, I would not give much for his smile.
A worthy matron once showed me her own portrait set
in a massive frame, and suspended in the most conspicu-
ous place of her best room. Her sons had secured the
services of an eminent artist to fix their mother's features
on the canvass that filial piety, in a future day, might
have the double aid of sense and memory in the effort to
recall the past. The old lady, after asking her visitor's
opinion, frankly pronounced her own: "It is not in the
least like me; I never had such great black blotches in
the middle of my face." The artist's shade offended her.
A shining disc of red and white would have pleased her
better. She excelled more in the management of family
economics than in judging a work of art. Such, in a
more important sphere, is the taste that demands only
gentleness in human character, and would dispense with
virtues of swarthier shade.
We don't want a fretful, passionate man; and if we
A TIME TO FROWN AND A TIME TO SMILE 319
did, we would find one without searching long or going
far. We want neither a man of wrath, nor a man of
indiscriminating, unvarying softness. We want some-
thing with two sides; that is, a solid, real character. Let
us have a man who loves good and hates evil, and who,
in place and time convenient, can make either emotion
manifest in his countenance. The frown of anger is the
shade that lies under love and brings out its beauty.
The wisdom that is from above, whether as doctrinally
revealed in the Bible or practically operating in a Chris-
tian's life, "is first pure and then peaceable." Salt is worth-
less when it has lost its saltness. The double command
of the Lord, corresponding to the two constituent elements
of a disciple's character, is, "Have salt in yourselves, and
have peace one with another" (Mark ix. 50.) The gentle-
ness which will have peace on any terms, is neither pleas-
ing to the Lord nor beneficial to men. If there is no
pungency there will be no purifying.
An angry countenance is a specific for taking the venom
out of a backbiting tongue. The disease is painful and
dangerous; the medicine which cures it is worth its
weight in gold. An angry countenance is not in itself
and for its own sake blessing to its possessor. Like
some valuable medicine it is a fiery and dangerous thing.
It is not safe to harbour it in large quantities, or carry it
about in company. There is imminent risk of explosion.
But it is well to have a supply of the tincture always within
reach, and wherever a backbiting tongue shows itself
resolutely to administer the dose.
A backbiting tongue would be comparatively harmless
320 A TIME TO FROWN AND A TIME TO SMILE.
if it should never meet with itching ears. Alone, it
would be like seed without a soil. The mischief would
soon die out if it wanted the power to propagate its
kind. To speak evil is, in this department, the first and
great sin; but the second, which is like unto it, is to hear
evil. Knit your brows at the backbiter's approach, and
he will soon sneak away. If you do not take the venom
in, he will not long continue to give it out. Frown like
the north upon the parasite who flatters you by speaking
evil of a neighbour. Call up the angry countenance to
chase the troubler from your presence, as you would
unleash the gruff watch-dog to scare the robber from
your garden.
In a subsequent proverb this principle is specifically
applied to an actual case: "If a ruler hearken to lies,
all his servants are wicked" (xxix. 12). Whether he be
the ruler of a rally, a shop, a manufactory, or a nation,
it behoves him to lay to heart this plainly spoken and
homely warning. The practice which this word exposes
is very common and very mischievous. It is not enough
that you abstain from telling lies to the prejudice of
others: to listen to such lies is only one degree less guilty.
There is an appetite in human nature for secrets clandes-
tinely obtained. Stolen waters are sweet. This tendency
should be jealously watched and sternly repressed. It is
a man's interest as much as his duty, to starve this mor-
bid curiosity out of his own heart. Like other abnormal
appetites, if it is indulged it will increase. If you give
it much, it will demand more. Nor will the supply of
aliment fall short. He who listens to lies will always
A TIME TO FROWN AND A TIME TO SMILE 321
have plenty of lies to listen to. This habit in a ruler is
disastrous directly to his dependants, and indirectly to
himself. Those of the servants who tell lies to their
master become sycophants; those of them against whom
lies are told grow desperate. Confidence is destroyed,
and fear has not power to hold the incongruous elements
together. The servants are wicked, and the loss falls
ultimately on the master.
From this side the responsible head of any large
establishment is always exposed to danger. Backbiters are
moving about like flies in the sunshine. Timidly at first,
and tentatively, and on by one, they alight upon him. If
they find him soft, the gather courage and sit down in
swarms upon his body. Firmness is a fundamental requi-
site for the master who has many servants. Without it,
even genuine kindness will be practically thrown away.
A man who has not a frown in reserve cannot turn his
smiles, to any good account. It is refreshing to see the
vermin flying before angry countenance. When once
scared away, this kind do not so readily return. Those
masters who give tale-bearers their desert at first, are
seldom troubled with them a second time. One master's
weakness, although not so sinful in itself, may thus be as
mischievous in its effects is as another master's wickedness.
Many grain-fields have rotted after they were ripe, for
want of a sharp no wind to drive the clouds away;
and many social blessings have been blighted in the bud,
for want of a frown at the proper time upon the ruler's
face.
Such anger, far from being antagonist to love, is the
322 A TIME TO FROWN AND A TIME TO SMILE.
very instrument which love wields. If you have not a
frown on your face wherewith to meet the backbiter, you
cannot have true kindness in your heart towards the
innocent whom he undermines. No man can serve these
two masters. To obey the one is to despise the other.
You cannot both maintain the cause of the innocent, and
open your ear to the traducer's tale. Love of the true
is, on its other side, a north wind that will drive a cloud
of lies away. You may as well attempt to admit light
into a chamber without expelling the darkness, as to re-
tain affection for the good without becoming a terror to
the evil.
Nor do the interests of the injurer himself require
a different treatment. Love even to the backbiter de-
mands that you should have an angry countenance ever
ready to meet backbiting tongue. You are cruel to
him, and not kind, if by your softness you stimulate still
further the growth of a thorn which is already choking
whatever good seed has been sown in his heart. Give
the devil that possesses your brother a blow, although
your brother himself should feel the smart: when be
comes to himself he will thank you.
COLD WATERS TO THE THIRSTY SOUL. 323
XL
COLD WATERS TO THE THIRSTY SOUL
"As cold waters to a thirsty soul,
so is good news from a far country."—xxv. 25.
WATER is a wonderful work of God. The consumption
of it is great, but the supply is abundant. It is stored
in the ocean, and distributed by clouds. For the pre-
servation of its purity, it is laid up in salt: but each
portion that is carried, away for actual use is distilled
in the process of removal, that it may be fresh and
sweet when it is poured upon the ground. It is car-
ried in clouds across the continents, and poured out on
central mountain ridges, that the whole land may be
refreshed by it as it returns to the sea. Both the che-
mical composition of the water, and the mechanical ap-
paratus employed in its distribution, teem with wonders.
Some hydraulic machines of vast power have been made
by human hands, but the greatest of them sinks into
insignificance before the self-acting engine which irrigates
a world with fresh water from a salt sea, and brings
back the used material as good as ever to the store again,
without the loss of as much as a dew-drop in a thou-
sand years.
The common rule in human affairs is, that things of
great intrinsic value possessed in diminutive quanti-
ties; whereas coarsers tuffs are more abundant. The re-
verse is the law in the Creator's storehouses. They contain
324 COLD WATERS TO THE THIRSTY SOUL
the largest stock of the best articles. Men ungratefully
hide from their own minds the unspeakable worth of
water, under the vast profusion of the supply. There is
seldom a lively appreciation of the benefit until it be
burnt into the memory by the pain of privation. If you
would have cold water valued at its true worth, offer it
to a thirsty soul. In our own country happily we must
depend on the testimony of others for the full mean-
ing of the figure. It is not in our moist climate that
instances of severe suffering from thirst occur. We
are familiar with the phenomenon as a matter of his-
tory, but not as a matter of experience. Certain touch-
ing episodes in the Scriptures have made us acquainted
with the facts from our earliest years. The story of
Hagar and her boy is one of those that go into the
memory, as a legend goes into the rock from the pen
of iron that writes it there. And what reader of the
New Testament will ever forget the picture of the won-
drous Man, sitting weary on the well of Sychar, asking
common water of the woman to refresh his own parched
lips, and giving her in return the living water which
springs up into everlasting life!
Like that best of all bodily refreshments is the relief
which good news from a far country bring to a spirit
that has been chafed by many successive alarms, and
worn out by long-continued apprehension of evil! Dur-
ing the present season British mothers not a few have
had sons and daughters in the interior of India, shut up
within frail walls with a scanty supply of food, while
thousands of cruel heathens swarmed around thirsting
TO THE THIRSTY SOUL. 325
like wild beasts for the blood. The bi-monthly message
has reported, in its laconic terms, that the Europeans
had taken refuge in the fort—that the treacherous enemy,
lay in force before it—and that help was still far distant.
After these few pregnant words have been uttered, there
is silence until the succeeding mail arrives. Fourteen
times the sun goes down in the west and rises in the east
again, and all that time these British mothers can see no
sign from that distant land where their treasures lie.
Imagination peoples the time and space with varied ter-
rors. The massacres already perpetrated by the same
faithless foe supply too readily a body in which fear's
fevered dream may clothe itself. Bloody swords and
ghastly corpses flit all night before sleepless eyes. These
two weeks expand into years, and the expanded space is
full of agony. The rain of the suspense is drying up
the marrow in the heart of the bones. We have thirsty
souls here, and lo, from the Eastern heaven cold water
comes. The good news, travelling literally with the
lightning's speed, fall in large cool drops on these burn-
ing hearts: A British army has swept across that sultry
plain, driven away the hordes of cruel Asiatics, and borne
the famished garrison way alive to a place of safety.
Another example of the principle presents itself by
association before us here, and presses for a notice too.
Better news, from a more distant country, have come to
cheer a deeper gloom. "Good news" is the specific name
by which God's mercy to men is known. The "peace on
earth" which was proclaimed by angels and procured by
Christ—which is offered in the word and enjoyed by the
326 COLD WATERS TO THE THIRSTY SOUL.
faithful, is like cold waters to a thirsty soul. An intelli-
gent being, not of our race and nature, would expect that
when the message came the whole world would be on tip-
toe to receive it. But in point of fact very many
silently neglect, and not a few openly despise it. Those
who pant for it, as the hart for water-brooks, seem
to be in all ages a minority in the world. The message
of mercy is to most men like cold water to a soul that is
not thirsty. Where there is a burning thirst perhaps
there is no material blessing that affords to a human be-
ing such a lively pleasure as cold water: but, on the
other hand, scarcely anything can be more insipid in the
absence of thirst. When it is applied to the lips of
satisfied man, it is not indeed actively or violently offen-
sive, but it is utterly tasteless, and is therefore set aside
and forgotten.
Such precisely is the treatment which the "glad tid-
ings" get at the hands of men. To "neglect the great
salvation" is at once the sin of the greatest number, and
the greatest sin. There is relish enough in the world for
all sorts of news except the best.
“Whene’er we meet you always say,
What's the news? what's the news?
Pray, what's the order of the day?
What's the news? what's the news?
Oh! I have got good news to tell,—
My Saviour hath done all things well,
And triumphed over Death and Hell:
That's the news, that's the news."
The writer of these lines was a lunatic; but a wisdom
which is hidden from the wise and prudent was revealed
COLD WATER TO THE THIRSTY SOUL. 327
to that babe. A thick film had gathered round his
brain, which exclude or distorted all the lower lights;
but his soul was open upward, and the "Light of Life"
came in.
But there are many thirsting souls on earth, and many
refreshing drops falling from heaven. "The Lord know-
eth them that are his "and they who are his know the
Lord. Thirst is a blessed thing, if cold water be at
hand; cold water is a blessed thing to those who thirst.
Needy sinners get: gracious Saviour gives. When
thirst drinks in cold water, when cold water quenches
thirst, the giver and the receiver rejoice together. While
the redeemed obtain a great refreshment in the act, the
Redeemer obtains a greater; for Himself was wont to say,
"It is more blessed to give than to receive."
328 AN IMPURE APPETITE SEEKS IMPURE FOOD.
XLI.
AN IMPURE APPETITE SEEKS IMPURE FOOD.
"As a dog returneth to his vomit;
so a fool returneth to his folly."—xxvi. 11.
THE natural tastes may be keen and tender, while the
moral sense is blunt. Refinement may be dissociated
from holiness. Some who live in spiritual impurity
would shriek at the sight of material filth.
According to the usual method of the Scriptures, a
known thing is employed here to teach an unknown.
The taste which inheres in nature is used as an instru-
ment to implant the corresponding spiritual sensibility.
The revulsion of the senses from a loathsome object is
used as a lever power to press into the soul a dislike of
sin. The image suddenly thrown across our path in this
text is reflected from one of the most disgusting sights
that meet the passenger's eye on the promiscuous paths
of life. The suggestion, acting through memory on a
vivid imagination makes the flesh creep. But this is no
oversight. He who knows what is in man seeks a ten-
der place, and of set purpose touches him there. This
word wounds the quick flesh in order to awaken sensi-
bility in the dead spirit. Through the lively perceptions
of nature an arrow of conviction is aimed at a callous
heart.
Although the original is inexpressibly revolting, the
image is boldly and broadly sketched. No graceful
AN IMPURE APPETITE SEEKS IMPURE FOOD. 329
drapery shrouds the unseemliest features of the object.
The figure is exhibited in its length and breadth. The
plainness is all need. The lines are strongly drawn
that the lesson may be clear and cutting. There must be
a rude, hearty blow, for there is a hard searing to be
penetrated. Those who go back to suck at sins which
they once repudiated, may see in this terse proverb the
picture of their pollution; only the Omniscient perfectly
knows and loathes the vile original.
The apostle Peter, finding this reproof in the Bible,
judged it a suitable instrument to be used in the coarser
portions of his work. He was an earnest, outspoken
man. His speech was more distinguished for strength
than for polish. When called in the course of his ministry
to deal with backsliders, he snatched this weapon from
the old armory of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah
had preserved, and used it without a word of apology for
its serrated and trenchant edge. The whole passage in
Peter's epistle is peculiarly interesting, as an example of
the manner in which the writers of the New Testament
sanction, adopt, embody, and expand, the inspired record
of the older dispensation: "For if after they have escaped
the pollutions of the world through the knowledge of the
Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, they are again entangled
therein, and overcome, the latter end is worse with them
than the beginning. For it had been better for them not
to have known the way of righteousness, than, after they
have known it, to turn from the holy commandment de-
livered unto them. But it is happened unto them
according to the true proverb. The dog is turned to his
330 AN IMPURE APPETITE SEEKS IMPURE FOOD.
own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her
wallowing in the mire" (2 Pet. ii. 20-22).
Some person who had heard the gospel, abandoned
their vicious courses, and been enrolled as members of
the church, had after a while openly returned to their
former sins. The apostle betrays no faltering in dealing
with the case. He utters a certain sound. Although it
was "the knowledge of the Lord" that induced them at
first to reform their lives, they had never been in true
faith united to the Saviour. The fear of the Judge had
driven them for a time from their indulgences, but the
love of the Redeemer had not conclusively won them to
hope and holiness. They dreaded Christ's judgment-seat,
but were not created again into his image. They fled
in fear from the material food of their corrupt appetites,
but carried their corrupt appetites away alive in their
breasts. When the terror passed the tastes revived, and,
by a resistless instinct, devoured again the very abomina-
tions which they had cast out as evil.
Peter supplies a graphic description of the process by
which old lusts regain their dominion, and he who seemed
emancipated is again enslaved. The man who fled from
the pollutions of the world is "entangled" therein again,
and thereby overcome. The term indicates that one thing is
plaited into another, as the strands of a rope, or the branches
and roots of contiguous trees. Where suitable substances
are so interwoven whether by art or nature, they cannot
be severed from each other without being torn in pieces and
destroyed. When the affections of a corrupt heart are by
frequent gratification allowed to push their roots deeply
AN IMPURE APPETITE SEEKS IMPURE FOOD. 331
into the pollutions of the world, and the pollutions of
the world are allowed to warp themselves round the
affections of a corrupt heart, a dreadful process of "plait-
ing" is accomplished under ground unseen; and the in-
snared victim at last refuses to renew the struggle, be-
cause he feels or fears that a violent separation would
wrench out his life. A man's life has been partially
reformed, while his conscience remains unclean. He flees
from the sins which he fears, and yet loves the sins from
which he has fled. Under the impulse of this unsubdued
desire he steals back, when an opportunity occurs, to the
neutral ground between good and evil, and dallies with
the old impurities the boundary-line. To him all
seems level and safe; but he is on the brink of ruin, and
his steps will "slide in due time." When thirst for the
world's pollutions revives, he saunters on the edge of the
world's territory, where by stretching over he can sip a
little now and a little then of the abandoned sweets.
Chafing under the self-imposed but unkindly restraint,
he argues with himself that Christianity does not frown
on harmless enjoyments. He intends to stand with his
feet on the safe side, while with his hand he plucks a
pleasure from the side which is not safe. The appetite
and its gratification, both unchanged, grow into each other
again. When the unrenewed heart and the pollutions of
the world are, after a temporary separation, brought to-
gether again, the two in their unholy wedlock become
"one flesh." The crash of a sudden judgment disturbs
the long lethargic slumber. The Philistines be upon thee,
Samson! The unconscious captive arises and shakes
332 AN IMPURE APPETITE SEEKS IMPURE FOOD.
himself; but locks are shorn and his strength is gone.
Any green withe may bind and hold him now. His eyes
will soon be out. He will grind darkling all his days in
the prison for sport to his cruel foe.
Peter summons another witness of kindred character
to corroborate the testimony of the more ancient proverb.
The apostolic supplement, though the same in kind, is in
degree less causitic than the original germ. The appended
proverb, though less pungent as a reproof, reveals a
touching feature in the nature of spiritual declension.
The sow was washed. The filth was wiped from the
creature's skin, but the creature's instincts remained un-
changed. She is as clean and white as the lamb that
feeds beside her on the grass; but whenever an opening
appears in the fence, she bounds towards the mire and
bathes her body in it. It is not necessary to watch the
lamb, and fence it round lest it should go and do likewise.
It has no inclination to do so. It has another nature
Man's true need—God’s sufficient cure is, "Create in me s
clean heart, and renew a right spirit within me."
NOW, OR TO-MORROW. 333
XLII.
NOW, OR TO-MORROW.
"Boast not thyself of to-morrow:
for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth."—xxvii. 1.
TO-MORROW will come: on that point there is no doubt;
but will you be here to meet it? The day is sure, but
your interest in it is altogether uncertain. We have
faculties for knowing the past and experiencing the pre-
sent, but none for discerning the future. We know well,
each in his own immediate sphere, what was yesterday,
and what is to-day, but we know not at all what shall
be to-morrow. The uncertain things are not the day and
its nearness, but our life and our condition when it
arrives.
To count on to-morrow so as to neglect the duty of
to-day is in many respects the greatest practical error
among men. None have a wider range, and none are
charged with more dreadful consequences. Whether the
work in hand pertain to small matters or great,—to the
sowing of a field or the redemption of a souls—for every
one who deliberately resolves not to do it, a hundred
tread the same path, and suffer the same loss at last, who
only postpone the work to-day with the intention of per-
forming it to-morrow.
This proverb contains only the negative side of the
precept; but it is made hollow for the very purpose of
334 NOW, OR TO—MORROW.
holding the positive promise in its bosom. The Old Tes-
tament sweeps away the wide-spread indurated error;
the New Testament then deposits its saving truth upon
the spot. The law declares that to-morrow is the worst
time for making the decisive choice, and the gospel pro-
poses to-day as the best. For making the choice on
which the interests either of time or eternity depend,
Solomon warns us to distrust the future, and Paul per-
suades us to occupy the present hour. "Behold, now is
the accepted me; behold, now is the day of salvation."
"To-morrow" is the devil's great ally,—the very Goliath
in whom he trusts for victory: "Now" is the stripling
whom God sends forth against him. A great significance
lies in that little word. It marks the point on which
life's battle turns. That spot is the Hougomont of
Waterloo. There the victory is lost or won. Men do
not often join issue against God on the person of Christ
or the ministry of the Spirit, on the ground of accept-
ance or the necessity of faith; on all these points and
many others the carnal mind readily acquiesces in the
doctrine of Scripture, like willows bending to the breeze,
but resists Christ’s claim to be admitted now, as a rocky
shore resists the onset of the waves. The worldly will
freely agree to be Christians to-morrow, if Christ will
permit them to be worldly to-day.
The Now which divine mercy presents to men, instead
of their own false To-morrow, represents in one view a
line running through all time, and in another a point
touching only the present moment. One day is with the
Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one
NOW, OR TO-MORROW. 335
day. The two representations are congruous, and each
is in its own place important.
1. Let Paul's Now represent time, and Solomon's
To-morrow represent eternity; in this aspect to-day,
and not to-morrow, is the day of salvation for man-
kind.
When we compare time with eternity in relation to
the hopes of men, serious misconceptions sometimes steal
in under the guise of a more advanced spirituality. People
search for comparisons indicate how very small this life
is, and how very great is the life to come. Imagination
is put upon the stretch for the means of expressing how
much eternity exceeds in importance the present time.
In one point of view and for one purpose this is right;
but in another point of view and for another purpose it
is wrong. This life is in one aspect the least, and in an-
other the most important period of our destiny. This
life is in one sense the smallest, and in another sense the
greatest thing to man.
When you separate the two, and look at them apart,
as distinct and rival portions, time for an immortal is a
very small thing, and eternity inconceivably great. No
comparison can do justice to the difference between them.
No imagination can measure how far the infinite future
exceeds in importance this passing scene. But when you
consider time and man's life on earth as the beginning of
his eternity,—that part of it which gives direction and
character to all the rest, then, though it seems a paradox,
it is nevertheless true, at the present life is the greatest
treasure intrusted to man. This earth is a more im-
336 NOW, OR TO-MORROW.
portant place for us than any that our feet will ever
stand upon, for here all is lost or won.
Time, considered by itself as a portion, is very insig-
nificant; but its own right place it is more important
than eternity itself. In all the universe there is no spot
so significant as this globe on which mankind dwell. On
it the issues of eternity for all the human race are fixed.
Here in our nature Emmanuel wrought deliverance; and
here all his people are born and nourished and trained
for his kingdom. This life is the germ of immortality;
this earth is the nursery for heaven..
You have seen the tiny blossom of the fruit-tree open-
ing in early spring. After basking a few days in the
sun, it fades and falls. A germ is left behind on the
branch, but it is scarcely discernible among the leaves.
It is a green microscopic speck that can scarcely be felt
between your fingers. If a hungry man should pluck
and eat it, the morsel would not satisfy. Although he
dreams of eating, when he awakes his soul is empty.
The germ, as to present use, is a sapless, tasteless nothing.
Grasped now an object and end, it is the most worth-
less of all things; but left and cherished as the germ of
fruit, it is the most precious. According as it fades or
thrives will the husbandman have joy or sorrow in the
harvest.
This life is the bud of eternity; if it is plucked and
used as the portion of a soul, that soul will be empty
now, and empty for ever. If the husbandman should
gather all the germs green, while they are tiny, tasteless
atoms hidden among the leaves, he would be disappointed
NOW, OR TO-MORROW. 337
at the time, and destitute at last. He would gather
worthless things in spring, and have nothing to gather
in harvest. This life, taken and used as the portion of
an immortal being, is green and sour and hurtful. If
you pluck it at this stage you will taste no real sweet-
ness at the time, and possess no ripened store at last.
But while the present world thus abused is worthless,
rightly used it is beyond all price. Here is generated,
cherished, ripened, the life that will never die. Time,
from the creation of man to the final judgment, is in
God's sight as one day, and that day is an high day in
the calendar of heaven. On it, at early dawn, man was
made in God's image, and lost that image by his own sin.
On it, at high noon, the Son of God took human nature,
and died the Just for the unjust. Ere its evening close
in darkness, "the whole family of God" will have been
born and educated for glory. This day, in the midst of
eternity, though it seems small like a lone star in the blue
sky, is greater than human thought at its utmost stretch
can measure. Man signalized this day by making it a
day of perdition; God, signalized it by making it a day
of salvation.
This view of the earth would make pilgrims at every
stage treat it reverently as holy ground. This view of
life would infuse a heavenly wisdom into the spirit and
conduct of the living. Time's one great day begins with
the creation of man, and ends with the coming of the
Lord; but already in God's sight that expanse is nothing
more than a point; and to ourselves, when from eternity
we look back, it will seem a speck upon the infinite. As
338 NOW, OR TO-MORROW
one star differeth from another star in glory, this day will
shine more brightly than all the rest, for it is the bride's
birth-day. It is the date attached to every name in the
Lamb's book of life.
2. Let Now present this moment, and To-morrow the
next. The same object may appear at one time as a length-
ened line, and at another as a single point, according as
it is presented to the observer. The "now" of mercy's
offer, which runs parallel with the human race over all
the course of time, is also a moment which passes ere its
name can be pronounced. Imagine the whole human
race of all generations to be a moving row of living men,
like a procession marching along the street. Such, indeed,
it actually is, almost without a figure. Conceive the
"now" to be a fixed point on the route—a signal dis-
played from the palace of the King, and left to wave a
welcome there throughout that great day, on which the
procession is defiling past. From morning till night that
same gladsome signal hangs at the same spot; but each
man of the lengthened line is compelled to march quickly
past, and it remains only a few moments in sight. One
man marches forward; others follow, beholding the signal
in their turn; but those who have passed cannot see
it now, although the sight were their life. Suppose the
six hundred thousand Hebrews in the wilderness, when
stung by the fiery serpents, formed in one vast column,
and defiling, two or three deep, past the spot where
the healing emblem hung. The movement occupies one
whole day. The healing symbol is like God's present
accepted "Now,” and the march of the Hebrews past
NO , OR TO-MORROW. 339
it is like the course of mankind over time. Mercy abides
there all day long, but each passenger sees it only while
he passes. If the wounded do not look when he is at the
spot, he will go forward and diseased, and perish beyond,
although others coming after him are still getting life from
the look.
Now is displayed from heaven, an invitation from its
Lord to the generation of men, as they are gliding past
it like a stream. He holds it out all the day, from the
morning, when he made man in his own image, till that
gathering night, when a mighty angel shall proclaim that
time shall be no more. He has never drawn it up,
although the provocation has been great; and will not
draw it up till the man shall heave in sight and look
upon it. To the race it is a line stretching over all time;
but to the individual it is only a point. For narrowness
it is a point, but it is the point of the sceptre extended
from the hand of the King; and the law of the kingdom
is, that whosoever touches it shall live. Such and so win-
some has Mercy made to-day, that men might be persuaded
not to put their trust in an unknown to-morrow.
We know not what a day may bring forth. Behind
the dark curtains of the future, to-morrow lies concealed.
She is travailing in birth; and what shall her offspring
be? Whether weal or woe, whether sickness or health,
whether prolonged probation in this life or quick removal
to the judgment-seat, is unknown and undiscoverable.
"We all do fade as a leaf." And how does a leaf fade?
Two main features characterize the manner of its fall—
certainty and uncertainty. In one aspect nothing is more
340 NOW, OR TO-MORROW.
fixed, and in another nothing more fluctuating. All those
myriads that now glitter in the sunshine or flutter in the
breeze will be strewn on the ground ere the year die out;
but when this one shall fall, and how long that one shall
hang, no tongue can tell. One falls smitten by a mil-
dew soon after it has burst from the bud in spring; a
second is withered by a worm at its root in early sum-
mer; a third is shaken off by a boisterous wind; and
a fourth is nipped by frost in autumn. In what part of
the year any leaf will drop is wholly uncertain; that all
will be down ere the year be over is absolutely sure.
We may see in this fragile mirror the reflection of our
own frailty. The generation now living will in a few
years be all beneath the dust; but the departure of each
is as uncertain as the dropping of the leaves. Some drop
in childhood's spring, some in the bloom of youth, some
in the maturity of manhood, and some hang on till the
winter of age arrive. These two things are terribly
clear—the time is short to all, and the short time is un-
certain to each.
An artist solicited permission to paint a portrait of the
Queen. The favour was granted—and the favour was
great, for probably it would make the fortune of the man.
A place was fixed, and a time. At the fixed place and
time the Queen appeared; but the artist was not there,
—he was not ready yet. When he did arrive, a message
was communicated to him that her Majesty had departed,
and would not return. Such is the tale: we have no
means of verifying its accuracy; but its moral is not de-
pendent on its truth. If it is not a history, let it serve
NOW, OR TO-MORROW. 341
as a parable. Such disappointment might spring from
such a cause. Translate it from the temporal into the
eternal. Employ the earthly type to print a heavenly
lesson.
The King Eternal muted to meet man. He fixed
in his covenant and proclaimed in his word the object,
and the place, and the time of the meeting. It is for
salvation; it is in Christ; it is now. The "faithful
Creator" has been true to his own appointment. He
came, not to condemn, but to save He came in Christ,
God manifest in the flesh. He waits now to embrace
returning prodigals. If they abide among their husks
to-day, and come running and panting to-morrow, they
may find that the door of mercy is shut, and the day of
redemption past. Have you felt a fainting of heart and
a bitterness of spirit when, after much preparation for an
important journey, you arrived at the appointed place,
and found that the a ship or train by which you intended to
travel had gone with all who were ready at the appointed
time, and left you behind? Can you multiply finitude
by infinitude? Can you conceive the dismay which will
fill your soul if you come too late to the closed door of
heaven, and begin the hopeless cry, "Lord, Lord, open to
us?"
342 THE COUNTENANCE OF A FRIEND.
XLIII.
THE COUNTENANCE OF A FRIEND.*
“Iron sharpeneth iron; so a man sharpeneth the countenance of his friend."—
xxvii. 17.
WHEN an iron tool becomes blunt, an instrument of the
same material is: sometimes employed to restore its edge.
In such a case, literally "iron sharpeneth iron." This
process is compared to the quickening influence which a
man's countenance may exert on the flagging spirit of his
friend. As an instrument made of steel may, when
blunted, be sharpened again by another instrument also
made of steel; so man, when cares oppress his spirit and
cloud his face, may be brought to himself again by inter-
course with a brother who has a more sprightly coun-
tenance and a more hopeful heart.
A man's mind is liable to become dull in the edge as
well as the tool which he handles. The moral bluntness
is as common as the natural, and springs from a similar
cause. Much application, especially on hard and un-
yielding subjects, rubs off the sharp edge of the intellect,
and renders it less capable of successful exertion. A man
in this condition is like an artisan compelled to work
with a blunted instrument. The effort is painful and
the progress slow.
___________________________________________
* The greater portion of this chapter was first printed in "Excelsior," vol. ii.
James Nisbet and Co., London.
THE COUNTENANCE OF A FRIEND. 343
For a blunt tool or a weary spirit we are not limited
to one application. Many whetstones lie within our
reach, of various material and various virtue. One of
the chief is "the countenance of a friend." Bring the
downcast into the presence of a true friend; let a
brother's countenance beam upon the worn-out man;
let it sparkle with hope and speak encouragement: forth-
with the blunted mind takes on a new edge, and is able
again to cut through opposing difficulties. Every one
who knows what care is has experienced the process of
blunting; and every one who has a friend knows how
much power there is in human sympathy to touch the
soul that has become like lead,—as heavy and as dull,
—and sharpen it in hopeful activity again. Perhaps
no human body was ever animated by a spirit of more
ethereal temper than Saul of Tarsus; yet, even after
the quickening of grace was superadded to the natural
intensity of his intellect, Paul himself was beaten broad
and blunt by many successive blows on coarse, cross-
grained material, and burst into glad thankfulness when
he felt the countenance of a friend touching his spirit and
restoring its tone: "We were troubled on every side;
without were fightings, within were fears. Nevertheless,
God that comforteth those that are cast down, comforted
us by the coming of Titus." While he acknowledges
God as the source of all consolation, he confesses with
equal distinctness that the instrument which applied it
was the face of a friend.
We are wonderfully made, both as individuals and as
members of a community. Each man is a separate being,
344 TO COUNTENANCE OF A FRIEND.
conscious of his own personality and continued identity,
and amenable to the Supreme Judge for himself alone;
yet each has as many separate relations as there are
persons with whom he holds intercourse in the various
offices of life. We influence others, and are in turn
affected by them. Many of the human faculties cannot be
exercised except in society. Man would scarcely be man
if he were prevented from associating with his kind. It
is not good for man to be alone. Solitude rigidly main-
tained and long continued produces insanity. One half
of the human faculties are framed for maintaining inter-
course with men, and one half of the divine law is occupied
with rules for regulating it.
Social meetings are not evil. Those who are zealous
for righteousness in the world are compelled to speak of
them often in terms and tones of stern disapproval; but,
though human intercourse frequently becomes the occasion
of sin, human beings are, in every instance, the guilty cause.
The concourse of numbers for social enjoyment affords an
opening by which the tempter may come in; but even
in the face of such a danger, we dare not advise that the
door should be wholly and for ever shut. Watch and pray
against temptation on every side, but forbid not the meet-
ing of man with man, whether in seasons of joy or of grief.
The countenance of a friend,—the mark of glad re-
cognition after protracted absence,—the intelligence that
looks out of every feature, and the love that kindles all
into a glow, —the countenance of a friend, with all that
is in it, is a wonderful work of God. It is a work as
great and good as the sun in the heavens; and, verily,
THE COUNTENANCE OF A FRIEND. 345
He who spread it out and bade it shine, did not intend
that it should be covered by a pall. When the Creator
had made so good a sun, he hung it in the midst of
heaven that all the circling worlds might look on its
beauty and bask in its rays. So, when he makes a "lesser
light "of equal brilliancy,—a loving human counte-
nance,—he intends that it should shine upon hearts that
have grown dark and cold. Social, or, if you will, con-
vivial parties, are the outgoing of instincts which our
Maker has planted in our being. A convivial meeting is
one where men eat their bread together, getting and
giving reciprocally meantime rays as sweet as sunlight
from the faces of friends. Why should not the sons of
God meet thus, and bless each other as brothers, while
they are fed by a Father's hand? Alas! when they
meet, Satan still present is himself among them. When
the avenues of the heart are fully opened to admit a
brother's love, an evil spirit glides in to possess and defile.
But it is not the happy, mirthful face of a friend that
stings and kills. There is no evil in it: behold, it is very
good. Let "Holiness the Lord" be written on it, and
then enjoy freely the society of men. We may eat our
bread together, and look on each other's faces while we
eat, and thank God for his goodness. Meetings are not
evil; social meals are not evil; cheerful conversation is
not evil; kind looks are not evil. Christians! here is a
work to be done, a battle to be taught, a victory to be
won: wrench these good things from Satan's hands, and
let the children of God, for whom they are provided,
enjoy their own again.
346 TO COUNTENANCE OF A FRIEND.
The human countenance!—receptacle of a thousand
joyful impressions, that at a signal leap into their places
simultaneously, and crowd and flit, and glow and glitter
there, a galaxy of glory, a teeming, overflowing source of
manifold and wide-divergent consolation; the human
countenance, oh, thou possessor of the treasure, never
prostitute that gift of God! If you could and should
pluck down the greater and lesser lights that shine in
purity from heaven, and trail them through the mire, you
would be ashamed as one who had put out the eyes and
marred the beauty of creation. Equal shame and sin
are his who takes this terrestrial sun,—a blithe, bright,
sparkling countenance,—and with it fascinates his fellow
into the Old Serpent's filthy folds!
In a certain Italian city, not many years ago, six men
of diverse age, and rank, and attainments, were sitting
late at night and the table, within the dwelling of one
of their own number. Each had a Bible in his hands.
Each man looked alternately down on that blessed book,
and up on his a brother's countenance. Both were beam-
ing, and the light that shone in both was a light from
heaven. As iron sharpeneth iron, so these persecuted dis-
ciples of Jesus sharpened mutually their own broken
spirits by looking on each other's faces while they con-
versed upon the word of life. The spoiler came. The
agents of a despot at broke suddenly into the chamber, and
dragged its intimates to prison. But a friendly countenance
reached the martyrs there, and healed their broken hearts.
The face of that Friend whose presence gave "songs in the
night" to Paul and Silas in the inner prison at Philippi,
THE COUNTENANCE OF A FRIEND. 347
bursts yet through every barrier to cheer the hearts of
those who suffer for His sake.
This soul is obliged, in the conflict of life, to force its
way through hardnesses–which, sharp though it is, destroy
from time to time its penetrating power. It strikes sud-
denly upon temptation, upon worldly cares, upon pains,
upon bereavements; and, onward farther in its course, it
must strike upon the armour of the last foe. When the
spirit is sorely blunted on all these, and turned into lead
by contact with the last, how shall it acquire a keenness,
whereby it will be able to go with a glance right through
the armour of death, and gain the victory? The sharpener
provided for this extremity is still the countenance of a
Friend. As iron sharpens iron, a Man is provided to
quicken in the last resort the sinking soul of man. For
our adversity a Brother is born. It is this countenance
lifted up, and looking love on a human being in the hour
of his need, that will revive the downcast spirit, and put
a new song into fainting lips. By the countenance of
that Friend, falling with its holy light on the solitary
pilgrim at the entrance of the dark valley, the spirit, in
the very act of departing, has often been brought to a
keener edge than it ever knew before; and then, conscious
of power, and fearless of obstacles, it has leaped forth,
and darted away like light, leaving the bystanders gazing
mute on the illumined wake. When they regain their
lost breath, and dare to break the silence in presence of
the placid dead, it is to whisper to each other, through
struggling tears and smiles,—"What hath the Lord
wrought!"
348 CONSCIENCE
XLIV.
CONSCIENCE.
"The wicked flee when no man pursueth;
but the righteous are bold as a lion."—xxviii. 1.
No man pursueth; and yet a pursuer is on the track of
the fugitive, otherwise he would not flee. Pursuit and
flight are in nature correlatives, and constitute an in-
separable pair. Pursuit follows flight, or flight precedes
pursuit, as an advancing body casts a dark shadow for-
ward or backward according to the direction of the light.
His own shadow may be, and often is, the most terrible
pursuer that ever dogged the steps of a criminal. A
swift foot does not avail the man who is fleeing from
himself. When Cain shed his brother's blood, no man
pursued the murderer; yet he was pursued. He was
hunted like a deer by dogs. His own apprehension was,
"I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth; and
it shall come to pass, that every one that findeth me shall
slay me." Every bush that waved in the wind became
the avenger of Abel, and made the life-blood curdle in
Cain's heart. This was the Lord's doing in that early
age; and the same method is still adopted in the govern-
ment of the world. A man has committed murder,
and successfully concealed his crime. No human eye
but his own witnessed the deed; no other human ear
heard the groans of the victim; no officer of justice
CONSCIENCE. 349
arrested the perpetrator. Yet he is pursued and arrested:
in some cases, his shadow-pursuers drag him in by force,
and hand him over to the constituted authorities for
trial: in other cases, they hold him in their own thin
arms, and glare on him with their own fiery eyeballs,
exacting, all his life long, a severer punishment than any
that lies within the provine of a human judge.
When they escape from man, God is the pursuer of the
guilty. "If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me;
even the night shall be light about me." He bows his
heavens, and comes down for vengeance as well as for
mercy. The "invisible God" has a way of making his
presence felt. A reflector fixed in the human constitution
points ever to its Author, as the magnet points to its
pole, whatever the windings of life may be. With more
or less of distinctness, this mirror receives and reveals the
frown or the smile that sits upon the Judge's brow.
Thus, in effect, God is present in every human breast.
Conscience within a man is one extremity of an electric
wire, whose other extremity is fastened to the judgment-
seat. This apparatus brings the Judge and the criminal
terribly near to each other. If peace has not been re-
stored, enmity in such close contact is intolerable.
Unable to tolerate it, the guilty betakes himself to
flight. No man pursue him, yet he flees as if from armed
legions. Whenever and wherever the fugitive may halt
to recover breath, his pursuer is still at his heels. The
reflector which he carries within himself ever points in
one direction, and ever reveals the face of God. Although
he should flee from human abodes, and dwell in the heart
350 CONSCIENCE.
of earth's deepest desert, the same sun would shine on him
there, and the same mysterious tablet in his own soul
would receive its burning beam. "Hast thou found me.
O mine enemy!" "It is a fearful thing to fall into the
hands of the living God."
A man may be saved from death by seeing the reflec-
tion of danger a mirror, when the danger itself could
not be directly seen. The executioner with his weapon
is stealthily approaching through a corridor of the castle
to the spot where the devoted invalid reclines. In his
musings the captive has turned his vacant eye towards a
mirror on the wall, and the faithful witness reveals the
impending stroke in time to secure the escape of the
victim. It is thus that the mirror in a man's breast has
become in a sense the man's saviour, by revealing the
wrath to come before its coming. Happy they who take
the warning, —happy they who turn and live! The truth-
teller is troublesome, and men besmear its bright surface
with the thick clay of various pollutions, that the light
which glances from it may no longer go like a sharp
sword through their bones. You may dim the surface of
the glass so that it shall no longer be painfully bright,
like a little sun lying on the ground; but your puny
operation does not extinguish the great light that glows
in heaven. Thus to trample conscience in the mire, so
that it shall no longer reflect God's holiness, does not dis-
charge holiness from the character of God. He will come
to judge the world, although the world madly silence the
witness who tells is of his coming.
Conscience is in many respects the most wonderful
CONSCIENCE. 351
element in the constitution of man. It is the point of
closest contact and most intimate communion between us
and the Father of our spirits. None of the human
faculties constitute so hard a problem in mental philoso-
phy. It has never full melted yet in the crucible of the
metaphysical analyst. Considering its position and uses,
we need not be surprised that it more thoroughly eludes
our search than other faculties of our nature. Thereby
chiefly God apprehends: thereby chiefly we apprehend
God.
By "the wicked" we must not understand only those
who are reckoned criminals by human governments. If
heathen darkness covers the people, or searing has gathered
hard and thick round man, nothing short of bulky
crimes can disturb the conscience; but where the true
light shines, his own sins may oppress the penitent while
the neighbourhood rings with his praise. "We are all as
an unclean thing, and all our righteousnesses are as filthy
rags." He who uttered that confession was probably
reckoned a saint in the city where he lived. Light from
God's word without, and a quickened conscience within,
revealed transgressions, like a cloud for number and for
blackness, while the spectators saw nothing but virtue in
the suppliant's life. He has looked in upon his own
heart, and back upon his past life, and upward to the
righteous Judge, and forward to the great day, and in
all the horizon swept by his straining eye no spot ap-
pears where conscience can find a resting-place.
Who shall stand between the fugitive and his pursuer?
Who shall settle the controversy between an unclean con-
352 CONSCIENCE.
science and a just God? The question points, as John
did, to the Lamb of God who taketh sin away. There
is one Mediator between God and man. Terrors are sent
as messengers of mercy to arouse loiterers, and compel
them to flee. While Lot lingered in Sodom, the angels
were urgent; the urgency of the angels was irksome to Lot.
But when the saved man looked from his refuge in the
mountain down upon the burning city, he was glad that
the consuming fire passed before him as an image to ter-
rify, before it fell from heaven in its substance to con-
sume. The warning was troublesome, but it saved his
life. It is better to be roughly awakened to safety, than
to perish asleep. So think many now, in earth and in
heaven, who in the day of mercy feared coming wrath,
and fled from the wrath to come. The fugitive gets
"boldness to eater into the holiest," when he enters "by
the blood of Jesus " (Heb. x. 19.)
SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED. 353
XLV.
SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED.
“He that covereth his sins shall not prosper:
but whoso confesseth and forsaketh them shall have mercy."—xxviii. 13.
This verse is divided to our hand. The separating lines
are very distinctly drawn. They mark at once the ap-
propriate place of each portion, and the mutual relations
of all. Two persons are introduced; two opposite courses
are ascribed to them; and two correspondingly opposite
results are predicted. The one covers his sins, and there-
fore shall not prosper: the other confesses and forsakes
his sins, and therefore shall have mercy.
The two distinct yet closely related subjects are the
covering and the confession of sin, with the consequences
that follow either course. Two kinds of seed are sown
in spring, and two kinds of fruit are gathered in harvest.
As a man sows, so shall he reap.
I. "He that covereth his sins shall not prosper." Few
people know what sin is; and those few do not know it
well. Both the name and the thing which it signifies
are common; and yet neither is well or widely under-
stood. Men cover the sins because they know a little
of them, and then the covering prevents them from learn-
ing more. They suspect that the knowledge would not
be pleasant, and therefore keep it out of the way. They
354 SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED.
would call that prophet willingly, if he would prophesy
good concerning themselves.
Sin is in a man at once the most familiar inmate and
the greatest stranger. There is nothing which he prac-
tises more, or knows less. Although he lives in it—be-
cause he lives in it, he is ignorant of it. Nothing is more
widely diffused or more constantly near us than atmosphe-
ric air; yet few ever notice its existence, and fewer con-
sider its nature. Dust and chaff and feathers, that some-
times move up and down in it, attract our regard more
than the air in which they float; yet these are trifles
which scarcely concern us, and in this we live and move
and have our being. The air which we breathe every day
and all day our life and happiness more than those
occasional meteoric phenomena which excite the wonder
of the world. The air exerts a predominating power on
life, independently of the thought or thoughtlessness of
those who breathe it. Such, in this respect, is sin.
It pervades humanity, but in proportion to its pro-
fusion men are blind to its presence. Because it is
everywhere, we do not observe it anywhere. Because
we never want it, we are not aware that we ever
have it. But to ignore its existence does not change its
nature, or remove its effects. Sin decisively affects the
time and eternity of men, although they neither observe
its presence nor dread its power. Our ignorance or in-
dolence cannot change the law of God and the nature of
things. Sin is sin in its character and consequences—in
its present guilt and future doom—although the sinner die
without discovering the element in which he lived. "Be-
SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED. 355
hold, I knew not,"neither arrest nor annul the sen-
tence, "Depart from me." The true reason of the sinner's
ignorance is the greatness of his sin. If it had been some
brilliant feather floating in the air, he would have followed
it with his eye, and inquired into its origin: but the air
itself—he lived in it, and therefore never became aware
that there was such a thing.
Beware of the old, stolid, atheistic blunder, of counting
that nothing exists which cannot be seen. Moral evil is
invisible as the human soul, or God its maker; yet it exists,
and its effects are great. God unseen rewards the search
of those who seek him; sin unseen punishes the neglect
of those who seek it not. If you diligently seek for God
your friend, he will be your rewarder; if you diligently
seek for sin your foe, it will not be your destroyer. The
acute and learned Saul of Tarsus, did not discover his
own sin until his journey to Damascus, although it
wrought constantly as law in his members. It was be-
cause it lay so near that he failed to observe it. A
scratch on the skin more easily discovered than a
poison circulating in the blood. Alas! we know better
every trifling accident that occurs in the world, than the
enmity to God which reigns at first in all, and troubles
even disciples to the last.
But the knowledge of sin, difficult by the nature of the
thing, is rendered still more difficult by positive efforts to
conceal it. Life has three sides like tablets, on which
moral character, good or evil, is graven and displayed—
an aspect inward, an outward, and an aspect up-
ward. The corresponding departments of duty, as ex-
356 SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED.
pressed in Scripture, are, "to live soberly and righteously
and godly." But when in any or all of these directions a
man comes short, an evil heart of unbelief makes an effort
to conceal the sin. Watchers and witnesses stand round
the man on all the three sides. Himself, his neighbour,
and God, observe and condemn the various forms of trans-
gression.
Criminals are not the only class who strive to hide
their deeds from the sight of men. Reputable citizens
occupy much of their time, and expend much of their
energy, in the task of making themselves seem better
than they are. But after covering his sin from his
neighbour the hypocrite must take up the more diffi-
cult task of concealing it from himself. A busy court is
constantly in session within a human heart. Opposing
parties are ever wrangling there. Nowhere is special
pleading more cunningly employed to make the worse
appear the better reason. No effort is spared to hide the
ugly side of sin and set off its more seemly parts as
virtue. The imaginations of man's heart, evil themselves,
are constantly employed like clouds of artisans in weav-
ing webs to cover other evils.
But the chief effort of the alienated must ever be to
cover his sins from the sight of God. The arts are
manifold; and they are practised in secret: it is not easy
to detect and expose them. The strong man armed
who maintains possession of the citadel puts forth all
his strength to a prevent the entrance of a stronger One.
As long as a human heart is held by the prince of dark-
ness, the human faculties enslaved are compelled to
SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED. 357
guard the gates against the Light of Life. The key-
note of the carnal is given by the possessing spirit:
"What have we to do with thee, thou Jesus? art thou
come to torment us?" All the wiles of the tempter and
all the faculties of his slave are devoted to the work of
weaving a curtain thick enough to cover an unclean con-
science from the eye of God. Anything and everything
may go as a thread in the web; houses and lands, busi-
ness and pleasure, family and friends, virtues and vices,
blessings and cursings—a hideous miscellany of good and
evil—constitute the material of the curtain: and the
woven web is waulked over and over again with love and
hatred, joys and sorrows hopes and fears, to thicken the
wall without and deepen the darkness within, that the
fool may be able with some measure of comfort to say
"in his heart, No God!"
But "he shall not prosper" in this effort to cover his
sin. God cannot so be mocked: his laws cannot so
be evaded. Although sin in its spiritual nature cannot
be seen by human eyes and weighed in material balances,
it is as real as the object of sense. Although its essence
is not palpable, its power is great. If it be not destroyed,
it will become the destroyer. If it be not through grace
cast out of a man in time, it will in judgment cast the
man out from God and the good at last.
Certain great iron castings have been ordered for a
railway-bridge. The thickness has been calculated ac-
cording to the extent of the span and the weight of the
load. The contractor constructs his moulds according to
the specifications and when all is ready pours in the mot-
358 SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED.
ten metal. In the process of casting, through some de-
fect in the mould, portions of air lurk in the heart of the
iron, and cavities like those of a honey-comb are formed
in the interior of the beam; but a whole skin covers all
the surface, and the flaws are effectually concealed. The
artisan has covered his fault, but he will not prosper.
As soon as it is subjected to a strain the beam gives
way.
The catastrophe, you reply, is due to the violation of
physical laws, and we all know that they inexorably and
impartially chastise transgressors. For that very reason
has the example been taken from the domain of the
natural laws. You know that it is foolish to hide a sin
in the heart of the iron. It shall not prosper. Laws
which you see in operation will avenge the trick. The
case belongs to matter and its essential properties. The
senses take cognizance of the fact. We believe it, be-
cause we see it.
Well; sin covered becomes a rotten hollow in a human
soul, and when the strain comes, the false gives way. If
the hypocrite, through the merciful arrangements of Pro-
vidence, be tried and tested in this life, the fair appear-
ance will collapse, and a deceived heart, taught by terrible
things in righteousness to know itself, may yet find God
a Saviour. It is thus that the trial of faith " is much
more precious than of gold that perisheth" (l Peter i. 7).
The fall which reveals a fatal defect, before it is too late
to obtain a remedy, is in form a calamity, but in essence
and effect the best of blessings. If no severe pressure
come to test the spurious goodness within the limits of
SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED. 359
this life, it may hold together until it be out of sight in
the grave. But it is appointed unto men once to die, and
after death the judgment. The strain which will try
every man's work is put on there. The unsoundness
caused by covered sin will be detected then. The assize
and the condemnation are not visible. If men refuse to
believe what they cannot see, they must even wait until
they get their own kind of evidence. If a material gene-
ration in a material age will make sure that there is no
flaw in the iron which spans the river and bears their
goods; and go with the hollow which covered sin has
left in their souls to meet the final judgment; they must
even be left in unbelief to take in conviction when it
can no longer lead to life. "Seeing is believing." That
curt proverb will receive a terrible fulfilment. When the
Lord comes the second time, "Every eye shall see him:"
but they who are first convinced then shall "believe and
tremble."
2. "Whoso confesseth and forsaketh his sins shall
have mercy." The subject in the second member of the
proverb is that genuine confession which stands opposed
to the covering of sin. It tells us what such confession
is, and what it obtains. Reformation is the test of its
character, and pardon its blessed result. There is a rela-
tion of a close and interesting kind between confessing
and forsaking sin. Confession is false, unless the con-
fessed sin be also forsaken; and actual amendment is
unsound at heart, unless the forsaken sin be also con-
fessed. Neither can stand alone. They must lean on
each other.
360 SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED.
Confession is made to Him against whom the sin has
been committed. All sin is sin against God; to God
therefore confession of all sin should be made. Some
acts offend also brother; and in these cases confession
should be made to him.
The confession system of Rome is false from the
foundation. It blasphemously puts a man in the place of
God. Its roots are rotten, and its branches cannot bear
fruits of righteousness. Instead of securing that the sin
confessed shall be forsaken, its natural tendency and com-
mon effect is to prepare the way for repetition. It is like
a merchant's monthly clearance, leaving the room empty
for another set of accommodation bills, to be cleared out
in turn when the next month is done. So violently
did this abuse outrage even men's natural sense of right,
that it became the hinge on which, in its earliest stage,
the Lutheran Reformation turned.
True confession is made to God. The human spirit
must come into direct contact with the Divine. The
Father of our spirits permits the child to approach him-
self on such a errand: and the offspring man has
faculties fitted for converse with God a Spirit.
When confession is real, it is complete. The same con-
viction which shows a sinner that he ought to confess,
shows him that he ought to confess all. If it is not a
confession of all, it is not confession. It is the old
trick of covering the sin. When the spirit of adoption
is attained, the confesser, with the simplicity of a little
child, gives the keys of his heart to God, and welcomes
the Omniscient Searcher into all its secret chambers.
SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED. 361
True confession will produce actual forsaking of sin, as
a living root sends up branches, spreads out blossoms,
and nourishes fruit. If a son far separated in residence,
and long alienated in heart, relent at length and humbly
invite his father to forgive and visit him: and if evil
men and evil works find harbour still in the son's dwell-
ing, before the father's visit the place will be purged
of its disreputable occupants. If the son is still wedded
to these companions and these pursuits, he will not
sincerely invite his father to come in; if he really desires
that his father should come in, he will at the same moment
and under the same impulse drive out the offenders. It
is thus that true confession to God, in the nature of the
thing, carries with it an abandonment of the sins confessed;
and if the sins confessed are not effectively abandoned,
the confession has been a lie. If the persons and things
that displeased the father are not dismissed, the son,
whatever he may have said, did not actually desire that
the father should visit and inspect his dwelling.
There is also a relation between making confession of
sin and obtaining mercy from God. Sin is confessed,
forsaken, forgiven; so lie the links of this short chain.
When sin is cast out of the heart, it neither works any
more as a ruling power in the man's members, nor lies as
condemning guilt in the book of God. It is sin hidden,
and so made still the object of your choice, that has
power either to pollute or destroy. Sin cast forth from
the heart is harmless. It cannot then pollute the life;
and it will not then remain an element of treasured
wrath. Similar facts and laws may be found in nature.
362 SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED.
Some substances which on the surface of the earth cannot
hurt a child, may, if pent up within the earth, rend the
mountains or engulf a city.
If any one fear lest this representation should rob God
of his glory, and ascribe the initiative to man, let him
look again, and look more narrowly into the process.
First of all, the confession of the sinner did not pro-
vide the mercy of God. That mercy was complete before
he confessed his sins, before he committed the sins which
he confesses. First and last the mercy is divine. It is
the Father's love; Christ's sacrifice; the Spirit's ministry.
It was finished when Messiah died. Bought by the blood
of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world, it
was waiting in full free offer when first man's need began.
The penitence of sinners did not make God gracious. His
mercy is all his own, and his glory he will not give to
another.
Further: the confession and reformation of sinners did
not open in the treasured fountain of mercy a channel
which was formerly shut. Before the man confessed,
not only was the fountain full, but the stream was flow-
ing. It was beating on the door of his closed heart. It
ran waste because he shut it out; but all the work of
grace was done by God, and all the glory of grace due to
God, before that callous nature opened to receive it.
When at last the barrier gave way, mercy flowed in; but
the man's confession neither made the mercy in its upper
spring; nor charged therewith the channels which unite
the earth to heaven.
But, once more and chiefly, confession, so far from
SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED. 363
being the cause, is the effect of divine mercy. You see
on the surface of the word here that confession obtained
mercy; but you must look beneath and learn what pro-
duced confession. It was mercy. The promise is, "Whoso
confesseth and forsaketh his sins shall have mercy." That
promise was in substance made before any sinner con-
fessed, otherwise there a ever would have been on earth
any confession of sin. That promise has power. It
touches a sinner while he is dead, and hard, and still as
a stone—it touches and moves him. It touches his heart,
and makes it flow down like water in confession; it
touches his life, and leads him into the paths of righteous-
ness. Had there been no such gracious offer from God,
there would have been no such submissive surrender by
man.
This is a circle, you say. The sinner who confessed
obtained mercy, and that very mercy caused the sinner
to confess. So it is; and it is like God. All the worlds
are globes, and all their paths are circles. His dispensa-
tions circulate. All good comes forth from himself, and
all glory returns to himself. His mercy displayed, broke
the stony heart, and caused the confession to flow; the
confession flowing, opened the way for mercy to enter.
If I have not a broken, contrite heart, God's mercy will
never be mine; but if God had not manifested his mercy
in Christ, infinite and free, I could never have a broken,
contrite heart.
This principle maybe seen reflected from the darkest
event which has yet sprung from the war in India. Some
hundreds of British me and women with their children
364 COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED.
were shut up within a hastily reared and imperfect forti-
fication at Cawnpore. A numerous enemy swept round
their crazy fort, and cut off all hope of escape. When
heat and hunger had well-nigh done his work for him,
the insurgent chief approached and offered terms to the
enfeebled garrison. They surrendered on the heathen's
promise, confirmed by his oath, that they should all be
permitted to depart in safety to their friends. The pro-
mise was cruelly broken, and the broken promise has
wrung the nation's heart and nerved her soldiers' arms;
but the promise produced the surrender. The promise of
life, when trusted, had power to open those gates, which
the enemy could not have forced, as long as a living de-
fendant stood within. Another garrison in a neighbour-
ing city were surrounded afterwards in a similar manner
by the same faithless foe; but they have not opened their
gates, and certainly never will. No promise is held out
to them, at least no promise in which they will confide.
They will trust no white flag held up by those bloody
hands. They will fight in hope as long as they can, and
when hope dies, they will fight in despair; but fight they
will to the uttermost and to the end.
So would sinners fight against an angry God, if he did
not promise free pardon, or if they did not trust the pro-
mise made. It is the promise of life that makes the
dying open their gates.
When we were unjustly suspecting the true God, as
our countrymen justly suspected the heathen chief,—
when we, like stupid children, were refusing to trust in
redeeming love,—Jesus, who came to show us the Father,
SIN COVERED AND SIN CONFESSED. 365
taught us, as they teach little children, by a picture. The
picture is the prodigal son. We are all familiar with the
scene. Its features, great and small, are graven on our
memories from our earliest childhood, and maintain their
place even to old age.
In upon the callous heart of the worn-out and weary
profligate, when his pleasures were palling and his flesh
was pining away from bones,—in upon his dry, deso-
late heart darted the memory of a father's love; down
into the depths of that long alienated spirit sank the con-
viction that his father's fondness was still unchanged.
That power overcame: he said, "I will arise and go to my
father:" he arose and want. These are the objects that
loom dimly in the back-ground; but look!—hush! These
figures full in the fore-ground,—who are these? Many
false and foolish things said of canvass paintings; but
this picture, which Jesus gave in his word, of the Father's
mercy winning a wanderer back,—of a wanderer so won,
making full, frank confession on of his sin, and getting in-
stant free forgiveness,—this is the picture for me. See
the figures! They move! they move! The Father ran
and fell upon his neck and kissed him; and he, the worth-
less, lay upon the Fathers bosom. It is all over: on this
side there is no upbraiding, on that side no distrust.
A simple-minded disciple once said to Jesus, "Lord,
show us the Father, and it sufficeth us." What that good
man desired to see, surely our eyes have seen. God, as
Jesus shows him to us,—"God is love."
366 THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE.
XLVI.
THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE.
"The fear of man bringeth a snare:
but whoso putteth his trust in the Lord shall be safe."—xxix. 25.
THIS "fowler's snare" is spread at every turning in the
path of life, and many "silly birds" are entangled in its
folds. Shall I do what I know to be right, in order to
please God; or what I feel to be wrong, in order to gain
the favour of men? When the question is so put, the
answer is easy. On this point the knowledge of the true
is universal; but the practice of the right is rare. Few
act the answer which all agree to speak. The men of
this day would fain be accounted far-seeing, and yet in
its leading principle their policy is emphatically short-
sighted. That devoted missionary of the olden time, who
"looked not at the things which are seen, but at the
things which are not seen," was on a better tack for
both worlds than those of our day who plume themselves
on looking to what they call the "main chance." He
who endeavours to secure his own interests by pandering
to the prejudices of men "is blind, and cannot see afar
off." Safety lies on the other side,
Neither the snare nor the victim is confined to one
class. There endless varieties in the character and
the condition both of the fearing and the feared. At one
time the material of the snare is a monarch, and at
THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE. 367
another time a mob. Either is in its own place suitable
for the destroyer's purpose, and either becomes to those
who stumble into it what the spider's web is to the flies.
The victims, too, are various in character and rank. Little
children and grown men, poor and rich, subjects and
princes, are each in turn caught in this cruel snare.
The evil begins at very early stage of life. For
Infants the snare is thoughtlessly spread, and infants
thoughtlessly step in. Those who have charge of chil-
dren very frequently teach them in words to speak the
truth, and by deeds entrap them into falsehood. The
fear of man is a dreadful thing to a little child. When
you conjure up terrors before his eyes, and accumulate
threats, in order to deter him from one transgression,
you are digging a pit which will insure his fall into a
worse. When you utter exaggerated threatenings, by
way of making an impression, you silently make allow-
ances for your own exaggerations; but the infant, at least
in the earliest stages of his experience, takes all for truth.
He is filled with a great fear of you and your promised
punishment When he commits a fault, this fear rises up
like a giant before him, and prevents him from confessing
it. He invents a lie in order to escape the punishment,
and another lie as a buttress to the first. The poor child
is taken in the snare, but they are not guiltless who laid
it across his path. Even when no previous threatenings
have been uttered, children magnify in their own ima-
ginations the pain of expected punishment; and the
temptation to deceive is thereby proportionally increased.
Early and earnest effort should be made to elevate the
368 THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE.
fear of God in potential predominance over the fear of
man in an infant's mind. Severe punishments for trifling
faults, on one extreme, demoralize as much as the utter
abandonment of discipline on the other. Encourage to
the utmost a truthful confession of the fault, by making
it tell effectually in favour of the culprit. Adopt a policy
that favours confession, and never throw artificial barriers
in its way. In education let the chief aim ever be to
make love of truth before the living God the power para-
mount in childhood's little busy life. Dethrone, as far as
it lies in your power, the fear of man, and let the fear of
the Lord reign in its stead. Dread of punishment by a
parent or a master cannot and should not be extinguished:
its action is salutary, when its position is subordinate.
There is no safety in the commonwealth while the supreme
authority is in abeyance, or wielded by a usurper's hand.
An event stands in distinct outline on the field of
my memory, far distant in the otherwise dim back-ground
of early childhood, relating to a certain little hammer
which I lifted from its place without leave, and broke by
unskilful handling. Dismayed at the sight of the damage
which I had done, and dreading the retribution which
might succeed discovery, I hid the fragments under a
chest of drawers in the room, and retired into a corner to
meditate a plan of defence. When the case came on, I
emitted a declaration to the effect that I knew nothing
of the hammer or its fate. Experienced eyes easily read
guilt in my countenance. The broken hammer was
dragged from its hiding-place as a witness against me.
The fragment flourished in my face, choked my utter-
THE FEAR OF BRINGETH A SNARE. 369
ance, and refuted my flimsy plea. I was summarily con-
victed. When I expected smart correction, my sister,
who presided at the inquiry, gravely pronounced, from a
hymn which we all knew well, the words—
"He that does one fault at first,
And lies to hide it, makes it two.
She paused, looked solemnly sorrowful in my face, and
went away. I received no punishment; but my sister,
acting a mother's part, though only thirteen years older
than myself, was grieved because I had told a lie. My
sister's silent grief that day went deeper in and took a
firmer hold than any correction by a material rod that I
ever received. She gently introduced the instrument,
and, not by violence, but by a sort of lever power and
inclined plane, lifted the child's spirit up from the fear of
man, where it was insnared, and set it on the fear of the
Lord, where it was safe. For reward, she had from
beneath the gratitude of a motherless boy, and from
above the blessing of the orphan's God.
For Servants, too, this snare is thoughtlessly spread,
and servants thoughtlessly step in. In maintaining dis-
cipline among servants, as in all other human things,
there are two opposite extremes, which are both danger-
ous, and one path in the middle which is safe. There is
a measure of strictness which is in effect, as it is in de-
sign, a hedge planted by kindness along their path to
keep them from wandering; and there is a measure of
strictness which, whatever may be intended, actually be-
comes a snare for their feet. There is a tendency in our
370 THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE.
nature to permit the power of things unseen to wane like
Saul's house, while the power of things seen waxes like
David's. If wheat and chaff are mixed in a vessel, and the
whole mass shaken violently from side to aide, the chaff
gradually comes to the surface, and the wheat lies unseen
at the bottom. It is thus that, in the jostlings of human
life, trust in the Lord goes down out of sight, while the
fear of man comes up, and exerts the supreme control.
Where grace is in active operation, this dreadful law may
be held in check by constant prayers and constant pains
in the opposite ddirection. But external forces, instead of
being employed to check, are, by a perverse ingenuity,
exerted to augment the power of evil already too strong
in nature. Servants are too apt to magnify, as an object
of terror, the discovery of a fault by a master, and pro-
portionally to make light of the faulty act as a sin against
God. Thus the fear of man becomes a snare. It is the
duty of a master or a mistress in this respect to treat
servants wisely and tenderly. Beware lest, by inconsi-
derate harshness, you make their path more slippery, and
hasten their fall. If you successfully train them to fear
God first, the service which they render to you will be
more valuable, even in the market of the world, than
service render by persons who have no higher master
than yourself, and no greater fear than a fear of your
displeasure. This fear of man, when it overrides the fear
of the Lord, is both a snare which entraps the servant
into sin, and a misfortune which injures the interests of
the master. When the fear of a mistress is more power-
ful in a servant's heart than a trust in the Lord, the de-
THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE. 371
sire to do what is right thrust down into a subordinate
place, and the desire to conceal what she has done wrong
becomes the governing motive. This is disastrous alike
to the moral character of the dependant and the material
interests of the chief. Godliness is profitable unto all
things, having the promise of the life that now is and also
of that which is to come. A servant who fears God but
not you, will in your absence and in your presence alike
endeavour to do well; a servant who fears you but not
God, will study by all means and at any sacrifice, to con-
ceal from your knowledge whatever would displease you.
It may be demonstrated from the nature of the case, and
observed in the history of the world, that in this depart-
ment of life the fear of man bringeth a snare, and a trust
in the Lord is safety to the interests of all. The Lord
reigneth, let the earth glad.
It is to Ministers of the gospel that this many-sided
proverb is most readily and most frequently applied. So
be it. Those of them who know their Master and them-
selves, instead of putting in a plea of exemption, confess
their need of the reproof, and claim the benefit of the
warning. When they endeavour to act on Paul's advice
to the ministers of Ephesus,—"Take heed unto your-
selves, and to all the flock,"—they find this word of God
peculiarly profitable. It is given to strengthen a weak
point, where the enemy frequently effects a breach.
But when a minister is publicly preaching the word,
two fears, both connected with man, but very different
in character and consequences, flutter out and in and
around his heart. The one may be described as a fear
372 THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE.
of man, and the other as a fear for man. They lie near
each other, an in some aspects present almost the same
appearance; but in nature they are opposite as good and
evil. A fear or man—an old, a young, a rich, a poor,
a proud, or a timid man, may and should possess the
preacher's heart while he proclaims the gospel;—a fear
lest, from defects in the preacher, or peculiarities in the
hearer, or both any one should have his prejudices offend-
ed, and be driven off from the truth and the Saviour. A
fear of man,—influential by station, by wealth, or by num-
bers, may and often does knock for entrance at the
preacher's heart, and bid him please the powerful! The
one fear is an angel of light, and the other an angel of
darkness. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish their
outward forms and secret forces. The angel of darkness
puts on the garments of an angel of light. Fear of man
that leads to unfaithfulness may successfully personate
the prudence that would take him by guile for his good;
and fear for man, which is really the wisdom of the ser-
pent wielded by a disciple of Christ, may seem to be self-
ishness pandering to power. The two lie as near to
each other as the sparkling eye of Tell's living child and
the apple that lay on his head. He who would cleave
the one without hurting the other must have a clear
eye and a steady hand. It is only in very obvious and
outstanding cases that man is able to judge. To his
own Master every servant in this work standeth or falleth.
A minister must draw his supplies from the fulness of the
Godhead treasured up in Christ. Seeking there, he will
find grace at once to speak boldly as he ought to
THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE. 373
speak, and be all things to all men, that he may gain
some.
The Press as well as the pulpit is liable to be un-
worthily affected by the fear of man. This mighty tree,
whose branches afford a lofty perch for the fowls of
heaven, and far-spreading shade for the beasts of the
earth, has in modern times sprung gradually and unex-
pectedly from a very small mustard-seed, dropped into the
ground by our fathers. It is an instrument of immea-
surable reach and inexpressible power. Already it has
done much for the religious, and more for the civil liberty
of men. It is probable that this engine is destined to
great uses hereafter in preparing the way of the Lord.
Men are busy girdling the globe with a network of elec-
tric wires. Each State covers its own territory for its
own purposes; but when the machinery is all ready,
the Supreme Monarch may see meet to appropriate the
whole, and thereby circulate his own message in every
language and in every land. The press has in its nature
great capability; but the meantime a twofold weak-
ness practically cripples its power: It has too much fear
of man, and too little trust in the Lord. When it ob-
tains a faith in God as to fountain of life, and shakes off
the fear of man which impedes its motion, the power of
that instrument may yet beneficially affect the world, to
an extent of which we cannot now form any adequate
conception. When all things work together for good,
this one will work mightily.
To these and to other classes the principle of this pro-
verb is applicable; but its meaning may be still more
374 THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE.
clearly illustrated by specific instances in which the opera-
tion of the principle is historically exhibited.
The Jewish rulers "straitly threatened" Peter and
John, and "commanded them not to speak at all nor
teach in the name of Jesus." Here the fear of man was
woven into a snare, and spread across the path of the
Messengers who after Pentecost went forth to preach the
gospel to every creature. But these bands were broken
asunder by the faith of the Galilean fishermen like threads
of tow before the flame: "Whether it be right in the
sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God,
judge ye; for we cannot but speak the things which we
have seen and heard" (Acts iv. 17-22). In the same
strength have the martyrs of every age borne the cross,
and thereby reached the crown. The steadfast step of
these trustful witnesses easily breaking through the snare
might, indeed, serve indirectly to illustrate the lesson of
the text, but that lesson may be more vividly taught by
the hopeless struggle or miserable end of those who have
stumbled and fallen.
Herod the king was one notable example (Mark vi.
14-29). A woman with a fair skin over a black heart
threw the foolish man off his guard, bound him hand and
foot, and led him captive. "Give me here John Baptist's
head in a charger," said this female fiend. This unex-
pected demand, like a peal of thunder, awakened the
effeminate drunkard from his cups. There was a sharp
conflict in the king’s breast. Two opposite principles,
the fear of man and the fear of God, struggled for the
mastery within him. Before men he feared the reproach
THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH SNARE. 375
of vacillation if he should break his promise; before God
he feared the torment of a guilty conscience if he should
murder the innocent. The struggle was sharp and short.
The fear of man was too much for the king, and he had
no trust in the Lord to protect him from its onset. Ah!
these "lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee,"
had heard him say it, and he feared their scorn if he
should draw back. He gave the executioner his order,
and saw the ghastly dish delivered to the damsel. Often
afterwards did the wretched king flee from that gory
head when no living man pursued him.
Pilate fell into the snare and Felix after him. Through
fear of a mob and their leaders, the one governor crucified
the Lord, and the other imprisoned his disciple. Time
would fail to tell of the snares that were spread, and the
victims whom they caught in the days of old.
The latest and greatest example is now running its
course in the East, with a continent for its theatre, and
for spectators the civilized world. Our Government in
India has through fear of man fallen into a snare, and
the nation has paid the price in tears and blood. The
Government has propagated heathenism, and repressed
Christianity; made the teaching of the Koran imperative
in all public institutions for the natives, and forbidden
the reading of the Bible in any; constituted their army
in a large measure of a heathen priestly caste, and sternly
prohibited the missionaries from approaching the soldiery
with the name of Christ. Idolatry was authoritatively
maintained in the army of Bengal, and Christianity
forcibly excluded. Such are the melancholy facts, and
376 THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE.
the motives are more melancholy still. This disastrous
course was not a principle, but a policy. The ruling
powers support idolatry and excluded the Bible, not
because they thought that course right, but because they
expected it to be profitable. The grand design was to
keep the people quiet. The chief aim of the governing
power was to fish the pearls of India's wealth, and there-
fore they desired above all things to fish in smooth
water. They feared the tumults of the people more than
God. The British Government practically denied God
in the heathen's sight, in order to keep the favour of the
heathen. The policy was certainly not godly, but was it
gainful? Read the answer in the events of the day.
The events point distinctly to their cause in the just dis-
pleasure of God. The rebellion has been raised by the
soldiery from whom Christian missionaries were excluded,
and not by the people to whom the missionaries had
access. Of the army, moreover, the portion that has re-
belled is precisely the portion whose false religions the
Government protected and pampered. So plainly do our
disasters point to our sins, that men of all ranks and
parties, with unwonted unanimity, have read the same
lesson from the history. No voice is raised now to de-
fend our past policy. At present, in the time of our dis-
tress, it appears to be the unanimous demand of the
nation, that while absolute freedom of conscience shall be
accorded to all, henceforth the superstitions of India shall
be left to the themselves, and the gospel of Christ owned,
protected, and encouraged. May this mood of mind re-
main when the calamities which produced it shall have
THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE. 377
passed away. For the future the rulers of India may
select from the Bible and hang up in their council hall
the motto of a policy older and better than their own:
"The fear of man bringeth a snare; but whoso trusteth
the Lord shall be safe.
The fear of man leads you into a snare; and will the
fear of God make you safe? No; if the character of the
affection remain the same, you will gain nothing by a
change of object. If you simply turn round and fear
God as you feared man, you have not thereby escaped.
The fear of the greater Being is a greater fear. The
weight presses in the same direction, and it is heavier by
all the difference between the finite and the infinite.
When this terror of the Lord bursts in upon the unclean
conscience, the man instinctively begins to reform his life
with a view to the judgment. The Ethiopian falls a
washing at his skin. It grows no whiter under the
operation; but he washes on. He has a terrible pre-
sentiment that if he cannot make it white he will perish.
He experiences a secret hatred of God for being so holy,
but he conceals the enmity and continues his struggle.
His life is spent in painful alternations between partial
external efforts to please the God whom he dreads, and
heart dread of the God whom he is unable to please.
It is not a transference of fear from man to God that
makes a sinner safe. The kind of the affection must be
changed, as well as its object. Safety lies not in
terror, but in trust. Hope leads to holiness. He who is
made nigh to God through the death of his Son, stands
high above the wretched snares that entangled his
378 THE FEAR OF MAN BRINGETH A SNARE.
feet when he feared men. The sovereign's son is safe
from the temptation to commit petty thefts. A greater
interval divides the tortuous courses of the world from
the serene peacefulness of a redeemed and trustful soul,
waiting the signal for his exodus, and rejoicing in the
anticipation of rest. When you know in whom you have
believed, and feel that any step in life's journey hereafter
may be the step into heaven, the fear of this man and
the favour of that will exert no sensible influence in lead-
ing you to the right hand or to the left.
PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH. 379
XLVII.
PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH.
"The words of Agar the son of Jakeh, even the prophecy: the man spake unto
Ithiel, even unto Ithiel and Ucal, Surely I am more brutish than any man,
and have not the understanding of a man. I neither learned wisdom, nor
have the knowledge of the holy. Who hath ascended up into heaven, or
descended? who hath gathered the wind in his fists? who hath bound the
waters in a garment? who hath established all the ends of the earth? what
is his name, and what is son's name, if thou canst tell? Every word of
God is pure: he is a shield to them that put their trust in him. Add
thou not unto his words, lest he reprove thee, and thou be found a liar.
Two things have I required of thee; deny me them not before I die: Remove
far from me vanity and lies: give me neither poverty nor riches; feed me
with food convenient for me: lest I be full, and deny thee, and say, Who
is the Lord? or lest I be poor, and steal, and take the name of my God in
vain."—xxx. 1-9.
This last portion of the book is distinguished from all
the rest by several strongly marked peculiarities. It
suggests some difficult but interesting questions in criti-
cism. The chief difficulty lies in the first verse, and
refers to the four terms which the translators have taken
as the names of four persons. It is still uncertain whether
these should be read as proper names, or as ordinary
Hebrew words, expressing a specific meaning. It is well
known that Hebrew names are always significant, and
therefore it is not surprising that such an ambiguity
should occur. The interpretation of the subsequent dis-
course, however, is not at all dependent on the solution
of a philological difficulty in the introduction; and, accord-
380 PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH.
ingly, we adhere to our rule of avoiding exegetical dis-
cussions, and occupying ourselves exclusively with the
lessons that come easily, like ripe fruit when the branch
is slightly shaken. If Ithiel and Ucal are proper names,
the record commemorates the persons, otherwise unknown,
who sat as scholars at the sage's feet: if not, the words
like the heading of a chapter, indicate that the prophet's
subject for the moment is an inquirer's search after God.
Whether the first verse, which constitutes the title, be
intended to name the audience or intimate the preacher's
theme, the discourse itself remains the same. It is its
own interpreter. The meaning is obvious, the form
elegant, and the matter grave.
At the entrance of the temple, this worshipper of
the Truth stoops very low: "Surely I am more brutish
than any man, and have not the understanding of a
man. I neither learned wisdom, nor have I the know-
ledge of the holy." It is truly spoken, thou ancient
seer; this attitude becomes thee well! This man has
already worshipped oft within Truth's awful dome, and
hence the sweet humility that clothes him. Those who
have never been within, hold their heads higher at the
threshold. It was Isaac Newton who, in respect to the
knowledge of physical laws, felt himself a little child
picking up a pebble on the ocean's shore. Since his day,
some who have learned less have boasted more. The
same law rules in the spiritual hemisphere. Paul was,
in his department as eminent as Newton, and therefore
as humble. They who know most, feel most their want
of knowledge, whether the subject be the covenant of
PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH. 381
grace or the laws of nature. The secret—if a matter so
obvious can be called secret—lies here: Those heroes
who, in their several lines, march foremost, do not com-
pare themselves with other men. They do not look
backward to measure themselves with those who are
coming up behind. By habit, they keep their faces for-
ward and upward. The sense of lowliness which sits so
seemly on a great man’s brow, is produced by the heights
of knowledge or holiness yet unsealed, which tower to the
heavens always in his sight. "Who hath ascended up
into heaven?" This a question explains how a philosopher
counts himself ignorant, a saint counts himself unclean.
It is a precious practical rule, to look towards heaven
while we measure ourselves. To keep the eye, not on
the little which a neighbour knows, but on the much of
which ourselves are want, is the surest method of re-
pressing pride and cherishing humility. God will raise
up those who thus keep themselves down, for "He re-
sisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble."
This observer deliberately measures himself against
the magnitude of God’s works in creation, that he may
experience, in the full measure, a sense of his own low
estate. Humility is sweet to the taste of the humble.
Those who get a little of this gentle grace desire more.
Like other appetites of an opposite kind, it grows by
what it feeds on.
Having thus, for personal profit, introduced the subject,
he displays both accuracy and comprehensiveness in his
method of handling it. These few words sketch, in three
departments, an outline of the mundane system. After
382 PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH.
suggesting, in general terms, the whole question of the
Divine work and government,—"Who hath ascended up
into heaven, or descended?"—he proceeds to specify the
departments in detail: —
The air, atmosphere,—"Who hath gathered the wind
in his fists?"
The sea,—“Who hath bound the waters in a garment?”
The earth,—“Who hath established all the ends of
the earth?”
There is an obvious and interesting relation between
this reverential acknowledgment of God's governing
power and the subsequent request,—"Feed me with
food convenient for me" (verse 8). He intends after-
wards to ask "daily bread," and therefore he begins with
the invocation, “Our Father who art in heaven.” Before
he utters the specific request for the supply of nature's
need, he looks up to the Father of lights, from whom
every good gift comes down. He ascribes the power to
God, and enumerates the agencies in nature whereby he
works his will. The discourse is philosophically accurate,
as well as religiously devout. It is through the mutual
relations of air, earth, and water, that the Supreme Ruler
gives or withhold the food of man. These three, each
in its own place and proportion, are alike necessary to the
growth of grain, and, consequently, to the sustenance of
life. It is by the agency of these three working together
for good that the Father of all supplies his creatures'
wants.
The Earth is the basis of the whole operation. From
its fertile bosom it brings forth fruit sufficient to sustain
PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH. 383
all the living creatures that move upon its surface. It
is wisely constructed to serve the purposes of God and
satisfy the wants of men. "Who hath established the
earth?" Its hills and valleys, echoing to each other,
answer, God. Its cohesive mass and its waving outline,
its soft surface and its solid frame, are well-defined marks
of its Maker's hands. Alike in its creation and its
arrangement, its material and its form, the final cause of
the earth has obviously been the growth of vegetation
and the support of life.
But the earth could not bear fruit at any portion of
its surface without the concurrence of Water; and how
shall the supply of this necessary element be obtained?
"Who hath bound the waters in a garment?" Again the
clouds and showers, the springs and streams, with one
voice answer, God. So wide is the dry land, and so low
lies the water in its ocean store-house, that we could not
even conceive how the two could be made to meet, unless
we had seen the cosmical, hydraulics in actual operation
from day to day, and year to year. Here lies the
earth, rising into mountains and stretching away in valleys,
but absolutely incapable, by itself, of producing food for
any living thing. There lies the sea, held by its own
gravity helpless in its place, heaving and beating on the
walls of its prison-house, but unable to arise and go to
the help of a barren land. Even although these strug-
gling waves should at last beat down the barriers and
roll over the earth, the flood would not fertilize any place,
but desolate all. The brine would scorch the world like
a baptism of fire. Unless a gentler, sweeter, sprinkling
384 PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH.
can be contrived, the earth might as well have been, what
the moon is thought to be, a waterless world.
In this strait,—when the land could not come to the
water, and the water could not come to the land,—a
mediator was found perfectly qualified for the task
"Who hath gathered the wind in his fists?" The Air
goes between the two, and brings them together for
beneficent ends. The atmosphere softly leans on the
bosom of the deep, and silently sucks itself full. The
portion so charged then moves away with its precious
burden, and pours it out partly on the plains, but chiefly
on vertebral mountain ranges. Thus the continents are
watered from their centres to the sea. The fertility of
the earth depends absolutely on the mechanical aid of the
air in the process of irrigation.
When I stood beside Niagara, listening to its low but
awful hum, and gazing on its gathered waters rushing
impetuously toward the sea, I saw one of the larger veins
through which the world's life-blood flows back into the
world's mighty, ever-throbbing heart. Looking upward
from the same spot, I saw white clouds careering in close
succession, in the opposite direction, through the bright
blue sky,—the purified blood going outward by the arteries
to repair waste and maintain vitality in every portion of
the complex frame. How different, and yet how similar,
are the mechanical arrangements whereby, in the larger
and lesser systems, the pure blood is carried outward for
use on one line, and the used blood carried back for puri-
fication on another, without any risk of collision on the
way! No two things can be more like each other in
PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH. 385
character than the rive system of a continent, as repro-
sented on a map, and the veins of a human hand as seen
through the skin. The Author of the mundane system
is also the Author of organic life.
He who holds the winds in His hand controls directly
the world's supply of food. Famine scourges a land, or
plenty gladdens it, according as these cloudy chariots with
their load are sent in this direction or in that. Some
portions of the earth, such as the Sahara in the interior
of the African continent, are so situated with respect to
the atmospheric currents, that the winds waft no rain-
clouds over them; and as a consequence, they lie in un-
mitigated and perpetual barrenness. These belts of dry,
barren sand, show me what the world would have been
if its Maker had not commanded his winds to water it.
In the progress of modern art, certain unprofitable and
unpromising moors have been rendered fertile by a manure
which is imported at great expense from tropical climes.
In these cases the operators take care to leave a strip of
the field untouched by the fertilizer; and the barrenness of
this bit in contrast with the rank growth of the rest
proves to the owner the value of the agent. On the same
principle, the deserts which occur here and there on the
globe prove to forgetful men their dependence on Him
who binds the waters in a garment and gathers the wind
in his fists.
The laws which regulate the land and the water lie
much more within the reach of our observation than
those which the winds obey. We can predict the time
of the tides, and measure the breadth of a continent; but
386 PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH.
we cannot tell when a shower will fall and when the son
will shine. Rain depends directly on the wind, and the
wind to us is very uncertain. Air, whether in motion or
at rest, is under law to God as much as earth and water.
Every blast is under law as strictly as the steady swell
of the tidal wave; but the causes in operation are so far
removed, so numerous, and so varied, that the calculation
of the results baffles all human skill. The majestic door
of plenty stands in our sight upon the earth. Wind is
the key which opens or shuts it. The hand which holds
that key is kept high in heaven, and covered with a
cloud; but every movement on the earth's surface is ab-
solutely controlled by that unseen hand.
But this student of Nature is a worshipper of God.
When philosophy fails him, he falls back on faith. He
seems, indeed, to have commenced his physical researches
with the conviction that he could not carry them far, and
does not conceal his satisfaction when the obscurity of
creation affords him an opportunity of magnifying the
word. By a series of seven consecutive questions with-
out a single answer, he shows that the evolutions of
nature are not a sufficiently articulate revelation of God.
Against that disappointment, as a dark ground to set off
their beauty, lean the short and simple lines of light,
"Every word of God is pure." This inquirer, like the
writer of the nineteenth Psalm, skilfully employs even
the glories of creation as a foil to the "glory that excel-
leth" them in a more perfect law. After a painful and
unsuccessful search for God in nature, he turns round
to the word, and through that pure medium beholds
PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH. 387
the light which otherwise "inaccessible and full of
glory."
The transitions are quick; and yet the steps are ob-
viously connected and consecutive. Those who discover
experimentally that God’s word is pure, will find out also
that "He is a shield to them that put their trust in
him." This learner is in advance of his starting-point
now. He set out in quest of knowledge to gratify a
curious intellect: he ends by finding rest for a troubled
soul. He addressed his question successively to the air,
and the water, and the earth; but they were all dumb.
They sent back to him only the echo of his own cry.
Turning next to the Scriptures, he finds what he sought,
and more. His darkness vanishes, and his danger too.
No sooner has he learned that the word is pure, than he
feels that the Speaker gracious. He has traversed this
path before: he knows it well. He goes over it again,
in pity for those who still groping without, that he
may lead them "into that which is within the veil."
Having obtained a privilege, he is not slow to take
advantage of it. Having found God to be a Father, he
quickly exercises the rights of a child: "Two things
have I required of thee: deny me them not before I die."
A remarkable precision of conception and expression may
be observed in this ancient prophecy. As in the observa-
tion of nature, so also in the reflex examination of his
own spiritual state, the survey of the whole is compre-
hensive, and the distribution of parts exact. Measuring
carefully the weakness at lay within, and the dangers
that lay before him, he perceived that the two extremes
388 PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH.
were the points of exposure, and pleaded accordingly for
support there. He saw one set of temptations pressing
on the wealthy and another set of temptations pressing
on the poor. He feared that if he should be exposed to
either stream, he would be carried down like a withered
leaf on the water. Desiring to "live righteously," he
dreaded the extreme of poverty; desiring to "live humbly,"
he dreaded the extreme of prosperity. He pleaded, there-
fore, for a safer place between the two. He who so seeks
will certainly find. He may not, indeed, obtain the
medium between poverty and riches which he counts so
favourable to spiritual safety; but he will obtain the spi-
ritual safety on which his heart is set. He will obtain
his end, which good, either through the means which
he specifies, or others which God judges better. The
Captain of his salvation will either keep the weak safe
in the centre, or strengthen him to fight on the flanks.
Three distinguishing features in this prayer supply
corresponding lessons for present use: the requests are
specific and precise; the temporal interests are absolutely
subordinated to the spiritual prosperity of the suppliant;
and a watch is set against the danger to a soul which lies
in extremes either of position or of character.
1. Prayer should consist of specific requests, proceeding
on grounds that are known and felt by the suppliant.
None of us would dare to go into the presence of an
earthly sovereign with bundles of unmeaning words,
fashioned to sound like a petition. Petitioners who
stand there experience a pressing want, cherish a hope of
relief, and present a definite request. Go and do like-
PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH. 389
wise when you pray. Survey your own and your neigh-
bours' need; consider he ground on which your plea may
rest; express your request, whether for two things or for
ten; and when you have expressed it, cease. The precision
of this antique collect is a sharp reproof of every dim
word-cloud that floats above men's heads, and calls itself
a prayer.
2. The chief desire should be set upon the chief good.
Seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness.
The grand aim of this ancient Israelite was to keep the
relations of his soul right towards God; and he made his
material condition subservient to his spiritual attainments.
The aim of this anxious heart comes articulately out in
his prayer: "Lest I be full and deny thee, and say, Who
is the Lord? or lest I be poor and steal, and take the
name of my God in vain." Wealth is desired or dreaded,
not for its own sake, but as it might serve to help or to
hinder the progress of grace in his soul. It is especially
worthy of notice, that while he sees in the fore-ground two
opposite temptations, pride on this side, and dishonesty
on that,—ungodliness to which both errors equally lead,
is the ultimate object of his fear. More than wealth
or poverty, more than even pride and dishonesty, he
feared and loathed in thought beforehand the possible
issue to which by either line an unstable heart might be
led,—sin against God. The Lord will preserve those who
so fear him. When we are jealous for him, he will be a
shield to us. The common method of men is to set this
world's good silently in the centre of their aim, and cram
in as much religion at the edges as the space will hold.
390 PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH.
The method adopted here is the reverse. It is first, How
shall I please God? and then let my relations to the world
take shape accordingly. If we make Christ the Master, he
will make the world wait upon his children; but if we
permit the world to be master, we have no part in Christ.
If we put either object out of its proper place, we thereby
destroy for ourselves its value. The wealth which is
ranked first will not satisfy; the religion which is dragged
in second will not save.
3. This suppliant observed the danger of extremes, and
set a watch against it on either side. Riches and desti-
tution, as to temporal possessions, are not the only extremes
which threaten the safety of a soul. They are as various
as human character and condition. The Church of the
Reformation was intensely doctrinal, but it was not
practically missionary. It searched the Scriptures for
life, but did not occupy the world for work. The legs of
the lame are unequal: that revived Church was crippled
even in the vigour of its youth. It is too early yet to
pronounce whether the Evangelical Church of the present
will stumble as much on the other side. We have
acknowledged the world as our field, and are spreading
ourselves over it for labour. If we maintain the truth
and live on it as the Reformers did, and work for the
whole world as they did not, it may be that the Lord
will do great things for us and great things by us in the
coming days.
Much good is effected in the world by earnest men fix-
ing on chosen objects, and prosecuting them with all their
might. I do not, I dare not, bid any such enthusiast in
PHILOSOPHY AND FAITH. 391
the Lord's service retire from the work; but I advise
him to watch and pray lest he get damage from the ex-
clusiveness and intensity of his pursuit. A miner has
fallen faint under the effect of foul air in the pit; an-
other generously descends to the rescue. The act is
right; but the rightness of the act will not prevent the
foul air from choking the devoted man, if he abide too
long under its influence. You may be absorbed in a good
thing, and yet suffer spiritual damage by the absorption.
Much devotion may become a snare, if it take you from
work; much work, it take you from devotion. I do
not say that any one should flee from the extremes be-
cause they are dangerous. The danger does not lie in
being on the edge, but in being unwatchful there. Go
wherever the Lord in his providence calls you; abide
wherever congenial work lies to your hand; but in every
place watch and pray that ye enter not into temptation.
392 LEMUEL AND HIS MOTHER.
XLVIII.
LEMUEL AND HIS MOTHER
"The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him. What,
my son? and what, son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows?”—
xxxi. 1.
ANOTHER appendix to the book, in the words of a certain
king Lemuel. Like Agur of the preceding chapter he is
personally and historically unknown. The mark of the
mother's faith is left in the name of the son, for it sig-
nifies one dedicated to God. There would be nothing
contrary to the analogy of ancient practice in supposing
that Solomon gave some of his lessons under this sig-
nificant designation, but the circumstances otherwise do
not suit his character and history. It is pleasant to
cherish the hypothesis, in itself by no means improb-
able, that Lemuel was the king of some neighbouring
country, and that his mother was a daughter of Israel.
We know that idolatrous practices were imported into
Jerusalem by daughters of heathen princes admitted by
marriage into the royal house of Judah: it is probable
on the other hand, that glimpses of light sometimes fell
on those heathen lands, through the marriage of their
princes to Hebrew women who worshipped the living
God. The instructions given to the heir-apparent, with
special reference to his future reign, have already come
under our notice in preceding chapters, and therefore,
LEMUEL AND HIS MOTHER. 393
passing over the substance, we call attention only to the
circumstances of the lesson here.
The monarch, in the very act of publishing the pro-
phecy, proclaims that he received it from his mother.
Two memorable things are joined together here in most
exquisite harmony. It is not, on the one hand, the bare
historical fact that a godly mother wisely trained her
son: nor is it, on the other hand, merely another in-
stance of a young man acting his part well in the world.
The peculiar value of the lesson consists in the union of
these two. We know not only the good counsels which
the mother gave, but also the effect which they produced
on the character of her son: again, we know not only
the practical wisdom of the son, but also the source of it
in the godly course of the mother. The fountain is
represented visibly supplying the stream; and the stream
is distinctly traced to the fountain.
The mother has departed from the stage, but her son
arises and blesses her. She did not personally publish
her instructions in the assembly of the people: but
her instructions reached the people in a more becom-
ing and more impressive form. She knew her own
place, and kept it. Whatever questions might divide
the court or agitate the multitude, she remained beside
her child, dropping wisdom like dew into his soul. She
had seed in her possession, and knew that God " gives
seed to the sower." By sowing it in the soft soil, and in
the time of spring, she made the return larger and surer.
Her honour is greater as published by the life of her
son, than if it had been proclaimed by her own lips
394 LEMUEL AND HIS MOTHER.
The prophecy recorded here is an honour to Lemuel
as well as to his mother. The king is not ashamed to
own his teacher. His frank ascription of the credit to
his parent, is the highest credit also to himself. He
began to set a higher value on the lessons, when the
lips that taught them were silent in the grave. Know-
ing that the stream would no longer flow from the living
fountain, he constructs a reservoir in which he may
hoard his supply. Thus did Lemuel with filial affection
collect and reproduce the lessons of his mother. He was
not on that account less dignified in council, or less
bold in war. Young men frequently fall into great
mistakes in determining for practical purposes what is
mean and what is manly. Very many of them in mak-
ing a spring for the sublime, plunge into the ridiculous.
There was a certain three-fold cord of maternal love
which this parent was wont to employ, and which re-
mained in its form as well as its power in the memory
of her son: "My son, the son of my womb, the son of
my vows." "My son" is the outmost and uppermost
aspect of the relation. This is a bond set in nature, felt
by the parties, and obvious to all. On this she leans
first when she makes an appeal to his heart. But at
the next step she goes deeper in. She recalls the day
of his birth. She goes back to that hour when nature's
greatest sorrow is dispelled by nature's gladdest news,—
"A man-child is born into the world." By the pains
and the joys of that hour she knits the heart of her son
to her own, and thereby increases her purchase upon
the direction of life. But still one step farther back
LEMUEL AND HIS MOTHER. 395
can this mother go. He is the "son of her vows."
Before his birth she held converse, not with him for
God, but with God for him. She consecrated him be-
fore he saw the light. The name given to the infant
was doubtless the result of a previous vow. In this
channel and at this time a believing mother's prayers
often rise to God; and surely his ear is open to such
a cry. Why should it be thought a thing incredible
with you, that God should cast the character of the man
in the mould of the mother's faith before the child is
born? It is a fact indisputable though inscrutable,
that mental impressions of the mother sometimes imprint
themselves on the body of the infant unborn, in lines
that all the tear and wear of life cannot efface from the
man. When we are among the mysteries either of
nature or of grace, it does not become us to say what
can and what cannot be. What gift is so great that
faith cannot ask—that God cannot bestow it?
Dedication of an infant before or after birth may be
misunderstood and abused. As a general rule, it is not
safe to determine the capacity in which the man shall
serve the Lord, before the character of the child has
been manifested. Such a dedication to the ministry of
the gospel has in some cases become a snare and a
stumbling-block. It is presumptuous in a parent so to
give a child for the ministry as to leave no room for
taking into account his bent and qualifications. For
aught that you know, the Lord may have need of a
Christian seaman or emigrant in a distant land, and there
may lie in embryo within your infant the faculty which
396 LEMUEL AND HIS MOTHER.
in these capacities might be more wisely laid out, and
bring in a more abundant return. The sure and safe
method is, to offer them to God, and plead that he would
save and use them for himself but leave the special
sphere to be determined by events. It is known to some
extent already, and when the books are opened it will be
better known, that sons of believing mothers' vows have
been the chosen instruments of the greatest works for the
kingdom of Christ and the good of the world. Dedicate
them to the Lord; but ask the Master to determine the
servants' sphere, and watch for indications of his will.
A HEROINE. 397
XLIX.
A HEROINE.
"Who can find a virtuous woman?
for her price is fir above rubies," &c. &c.
xxxi. 10-31.
THE last page of the Proverbs displays the full-length
portrait of a heroine. There is an extraordinary fulness
in this description. It is a model character, brought out
in high relief, and finished with elaborate minuteness. In
the original, the peculiar resources of Hebrew poetry are
all employed to beautify the picture, and fasten it on the
memory.
Verses 10-12 serve to introduce the theme. They
constitute a stately porch through which we enter the
gorgeous galleries within. The interrogation, "Who can
find a virtuous woman?" seems to intimate that few of
the daughters of men attain or approach the measure of
this model. As usual with rare things, the price is high;
it is "above rubies." The meaning obviously is, that a
virtuous woman is above all price. Woman is the comple-
ment of man—a necessary part of his being. As no man
would name a price for his right arm or his right eye,
woman shoots over all the precious things of earth, and
there is no standard by which her value can be expressed.
"The heart of her husband trusts in her;" and he is not
deceived, for he trusts "safely." A woman's nature and
gifts are provided by the Creator as a pillow for man to
398 A HEROINE.
rest his head upon, when it is weary with the journey.
An help-meet designed and bestowed by our Father in
heaven, "she will do him good and not evil all the days
of his life."
At the 13th verse the details begin. The design of
the picture is to display the practical virtues that operate
day by day in the common affairs of life. Many leafy
branches, bearing useful fruit in abundance, wave before
us in the wind all through the chapter; and not till the
very close do reach the root of godliness that nourishes
them all. Look at some leading features of the portrait
—some of the larger jewels in this woman's crown.
Industry.— Her hands are full of useful occupation.
Nor is this the eulogy of a woman in a lowly condition
of life. These are not the qualifications of a menial ser-
vant, but the accomplishments of a noble matron. Lemuel
learned this poem from his mother's lips, and delighted to
rehearse it after he became a king. People make egre-
gious mistakes in regard to the qualifications which go to
constitute a lady. In a wealthy mercantile community
these mistakes are at least as rife as in families that are
related to royalty. It is generally observed, indeed, that
the shorter the period of time which separates a rich
family from daily labour, the more careful they are to
obliterate all its marks. Although there are outstanding
exceptions, in which sound common sense has put con-
ventional falsehood to flight, we need not attempt to con-
ceal the fact, that a numerous class of females practically
count uselessness an essential constituent of ladyhood.
I do not frown upon refinement—I do not counsel
A HEROINE. 399
rudeness; but I warn womankind that error on one ex-
treme is as common and as great as error on the other.
Here, as in other regions of human duty, there is a path
of safety in the midst, and a dangerous pit on either
side of it. Some females, in the effort to avoid vulgarity,
are bound body and spirit in swaddling-clothes, and
blanched into a sort of full-grown infancy. Their greatest
dread seems to be lest others should suspect them of
being able to put their hands to any useful employment.
They may dismiss the fears, for generally the matter is
made so plain, that there is very little risk of misconcep-
tion. I most earnestly counsel mothers to throw off
artificial trammels, and dare to be sensible and free in
judging how their daughters should be trained. The
power of helping themselves, besides affording a line of
retreat in the event of disaster, will double the enjoyment
of life, although prosperity should continue to the end.
The lady who has lost, or never acquired, the faculty of
performing occasionally with her own hands an ordinary
operation about her house or her person, has bartered
independence away for ease. We smile at Chinese notions
of feminine refinement; but if all the elements were
fairly valued, the balance in our favour would perhaps not
be great.
The form of the industry is primitive. The spindle
and the distaff are its instruments; wool and flax its raw
material. In the rural districts of our own land, this
species of skill continued till very lately to be considered
an essential feminine accomplishment. In my younger
years, when the goods of a richly dowered bride were
400 A HEROINE.
conveyed on the evening before the marriage to her future
home, it was still the custom to set a spinning wheel,
fully rigged with its "rock " of flax and its thread begun,
aloft on the top of the hindmost cart in the glad proces-
sion. I have seen this significant symbol, and it is quite
possible I may have joined in the joyous hurry that
greeted the emblem of industry as it passed. My mother,
whom I never saw, span with both hands every after-
noon; and as her eyes were not fully occupied with the
work, she kept a Bible lying open on the "stock" of the
wheel, that by a glance now and then she might feed her
soul while she was employed in clothing her household.
This form of female industry, we may presume, is now
conclusively superseded amongst us. It is not necessary,
it is not expedient that industrious mothers in this country
should now handle the distaff or ply the wheel. Human
nature is pliant, and fitted for progress. We are consti-
tuted capable of accommodating ourselves to changes.
Other lines lie open for enterprise and effort. Some line
should be chosen by each, and prosecuted with vigour.
The future of the country will be dark indeed if indolence
take possession of its homes. When the progress of art
drives out one form of industry, others should be admit-
ted to occupy the space; if the space stand empty in our
homes, our progress in art will be a declension in hap-
piness.
Activity.—She is an early riser. This is a great vic-
tory over a great enemy. Slothful habits make a family
miserable. Early hours appointed, and appointed hours
punctually kept, cause the economic arrangements to
A HEROINE. 401
move softly and easily, like well oiled machinery, without
noise and without jars.
Benevolence.—"She I stretcheth out her hand to the
poor." Industry and activity would only make a female
character more harsh and repulsive, if it wanted this.
The presence of the poor is, like the necessity of labour,
a blessing to mankind. It provides a field for the exer-
cise of affections which are necessary to the perfection of
human character. When material acquisitions are great,
and benevolent efforts small, the moral health cannot be
maintained. When much flows in, and none is permitted
to flow out, wealth becomes a stagnant pool, endangering
the life of those who reside upon its brim. The sluice
which love opens to pour a stream upon the needy,
sweetens all the store. The matron who really does good
to her own house, will also show kindness to the poor:
and she who shows kindness to the poor, thereby brings
back a blessing on her own dwelling.
Forethought.—"She is not afraid of the snow for her
household," because she foresaw its approach, and pre-
pared to meet it. While the summer lasted, she laid up
stores of food and clothing for the winter's need. Miser-
able is that family whose female head is destitute of
forethought. It is a common and a great evil. In a
land of plenty such as this, ten homes are made unhappy
by want of method, for one that is made unhappy by
want of means. Look forward, and so provide that you
shall not be obliged to run for the covering after the
snow has come.
Elegance.—When she has provided all the necessaries
402 A HEROINE.
of life for her fan, and contributed to relieve the wants
of the poor, she puts on ornaments suited to her station
and her means: “Her clothing is silk and purple.” She
deserves and becomes it. It is precisely such a woman
that should wear such garments. The silk hangs all the
more gracefully on her person, that it was wound and
spun by her own hands. There is a legitimate place for
ornamental female attire; but it is not easy either to
define what its limits should be or to keep it within
them. Perhaps there is no department of human affairs
for which it is more difficult to lay down positive law.
We shall venture, however, to give a few simple sugges-
tions, which, if taken by those interested, may be of use
as supports on our weaker side.
The dress should, in the first place, be modest. In
pure eyes, nothing is aesthetically beautiful which is
morally awry. It should not be in form so peculiar, or
in bulk so great, as to attract attention from the wearer
to the robe. It should not be oppressive to the finances
of the family. As a luxury, it should only come in after
works of necessity and mercy have been supplied. If it
cannot, as in this example, be fabricated by the wearer's
hand, it ought at least to be paid from her purse. Dames
who sail along the street in silk and purple which is not
their own, have no right in any respect to the honour
which belongs to women who work with their hands and
pay their own way. By the common practice of the
country, the man who distributes cotton cloth in cart
loads from a wholesale warehouse is of higher rank in
commercial heraldry than his neighbour who measures off
A HEROINE. 403
the same cotton cloth by yards across the counter. On
the same principle, women who wear mountains of silk for
which other people must pay, should be reckoned greater
operators in their line than the bare-footed, half-naked,
shaggy-haired girl, who has snatched a handkerchief from
a passenger's pocket and discounted it at the "wee pawn."
The same principle which gives the wholesale merchant
the higher honour, should consign the wholesale swindler
to deeper disgrace. Finally, those who hang purple on
their shoulders should have a change at hand. The silk
that must be worn every day will soon grow shabby.
This matron is not limited to the silk and purple;—
"strength and honour are her clothing" too. She may
safely wear elegant garments, who in character and bear-
ing is elegant without their aid. If honour be your
clothing, the suit will a life-time; but if clothing be
your honour, it will soon be worn thread-bare.
Discretion and Kindness—"She openeth her mouth."
Ah! this is the sorest strain to which her character has
been subjected yet. But if a wife's words are habitually
sensible and prudent, Ser husband's heart learns to trust
her, and he experiences no misgiving when she begins to
speak. Another lovely feature of feminine excellence is
added, "The law of kindness is on her lips." This is one
grand constituent of woman's worth. They call her
sometimes in thoughtless flattery an angel, but here an
angel in sober truth she is,—a messenger sent by God to
assuage the sorrows humanity. The worn traveller,
who has come through the desert with his life and nothing
more; the warrior faint and bleeding from the battle;
404 A HEROINE.
the distressed of every age and country, long instinctively
for this heaven provided help. Deep in the sufferer's
nature, in the hour of his need, springs the desire to feel
a woman's hand binding his wounds or wiping his brow,
to hear soft words dropping from a woman's lips. The
women who, during the late war, smoothed the sick sol-
dier's pillow in the hospital, have as high a place this
day in the esteem and affection of the nation as the
heroes who led the assaulting column through the breach.
Woman was needed in Eden; how much more on this
thorny world outside! Physically the vessel is weak,
but in that very weakness her great strength lies. If
knowledge is power in man's department, gentleness is
power in woman’s. Nor is it a fitful, uncertain thing. It
is a law. When the heart within is right, the kindness
is constitutional, and flows with the softness and constancy
of a stream. Among the things seen and temporal it is
the best balm for human sorrows.
Moral Discipline.—"She looketh well to the ways of
her household." This is the key-stone which binds all the
other domestic virtues into one. A watchful superintend-
ence of children and servants, with a view to encourage
good and restrain evil in their conduct, is a cardinal point
in the character of a mother and mistress. A serious
defect here is sufficient to dislocate the whole machinery
of home. Servants have in their nature all the instincts
of humanity. The affections and capacities which find
scope in the relations of the family circle are ingredients
in their constitution. When by the pressure of poverty
they are compelled in early youth to leave their own
A HEROINE. 405
homes, these instincts bereft of their objects, are paralyzed
for want of exercise. Young persons suddenly separated
from all that glued their hearts to home, are like branches
cut from the parent tree. If they are not permitted to
grow like grafts into a master's family, the best emotions
of their nature will wither for want of sap, or seek the
dangerous sweetness of stolen waters. It is disastrous to
the interests of all, when love is not bestowed on the one
side, or expected on the other. Some measure of a
mother's care will, as a general rule, produce a correspond-
ing measure of a daughter's devotion. A portion of the
time and energy devoted to expensive entertainments,
turned into the channel of consistent, considerate kind-
ness and faithfulness toward the servants, would greatly
augment the usefulness and happiness of many families.
Servants severed from home by the poverty of their
parents, and through the neglect of a mistress not
ingrafted into a new moral relationship, become avenging
thorns in the transgressors’ sides. Opulent families can
neither live without them nor be happy with them.
There is only one way of relief, and that is the way of
confession and amendment. The thorns will continue to
prick, as long as the law of the Lord in that matter is
despised. The Father of the fatherless is mighty, and
the orphans cannot with impunity be defrauded of their
right. While a mistress looks well to the work which
the servants do, and ill to the way in which the servants
go, the economy of the house will halt painfully through
all its complicated movements. There are two classes
who do not look we to the ways of their households;—
406 A HEROINE.
those who do not look to them at all, and those who look
to them with a stern, unsympathizing, indiscriminating
stringency. For the bones of its strength let the moral
superintendence exact obedience from the subordinate,
and maintain untarnished the dignity of the chief; but
cover these bones deeply with the warm living flesh of
human love, so that, while all their force is exerted, none
of their hardness shall be felt.
In general, as to the education of females, let parents
beware of sacrificing solid attainments for superficial polish
From the time that Salome won her hideous prize by danc-
ing well before Herod and his lords, down to our own
day, the world’s history teems with examples to teach us
that seven devils may hide under the ample folds of all
the fashionable accomplishments in a hollow female heart.
Sow the vital seed of God's word betimes, and fill their
hands with useful employment. Beware of emptiness.
As the rich owner of a ship who sails for his own pleasure,
and does not need to carry merchandise for profit, loads
his ship notwithstanding, for her safety in the sea; so,
parents who do not need a daughter's winnings for their
own sake, should for her sake make her skilful and keep
her busy. Empty hours, empty hands, empty com-
panions, empty words, empty hearts, draw in evil spirits,
as a vacuum draws in air. To be occupied with good is
the best defence the inroads of evil.
FAITH AND OBEDIENCE—WORK AND REST. 407
L.
FAITH AND OBEDIENCE—WORK AND REST.
“A woman that feareth the Lord, she shall be praised. Give her of the fruit of
her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates."—xxxi. 30, 31.
THE lessons end, where they began, "in the fear of the
Lord." Obedience traced up to faith. In this last
chapter the doctrine of the whole book is illustrated by
a bright example. As we traverse the various phases of
her character, we seem to be making our way over a well
watered and fruitful region, until we reach at last the
fountain of its fertility. She "feareth the Lord:" here
we look into the very eye of the well which clothed with
verdure the landscape of this woman's life. Her faith
sent forth these virtues, and then these virtues published
her praise. Her works flowed like a stream to re-
fresh a desert neighborhood; but the fountain which fed
it was her heart's trust in God. Those who are partakers
of her precious faith will imitate her abundant labours.
When you are led by the Spirit, and strive lawfully, faith
and obedience do not jostle each other in your heart and
life. Each has its own place assigned it in the covenant
of grace, and in true saints each keeps its own plums
silently and steadfastly, as if regulated by the laws of
nature.
408 FAITH AND OBEDIENCE-WORK AND REST.
The concluding feature of this pattern character is a
graceful and congruous termination to the Book of Pro-
verbs as a whole. The key-note of all the hymn is found
in the close. Its theme throughout is Righteousness the
fruit of faith. We who live under the Christian dispensa-
tion should beware of a fatal mistake in our conception
of its distinguishing characteristic. The gospel is not a
method of bringing men to heaven without righteousness,
or with less of it than was demanded in ancient times.
The actual holiness of his creatures is the end of the Lord
in all his dispensations, as certainly as fruit is the object
of the husbandman when he plants, and waters, and grafts
his trees. The death of Christ for sin is the divine plan,
not for dispensing with obedience from men, but for effect-
ually obtaining it. Reconciliation is the road to righte-
ousness. God proclaims pardon and bestows peace, that
the rebels may submit and serve him. They who feel
more at ease in their alienation because they have heard
that Christ gave himself for sinners, are trampling under
foot the blood of the covenant. Alas! even God's dear
Son is made the stumbling-block over which men fall
blindfold. A vague impression comes in and possesses a
corrupt heart, that personal holiness is in some way less
needful under the reign of grace. God is my witness,
I have not in these pages taught that men should try
their own obedience, instead of trusting in the Saviour
for the free pardon of sin: but I have taught often, and
once more tenderly repeat the lesson here, that those who
do not like the obligation to obedience, have no part yet
in the forgiving grace.
FAITH AND OBEDIENCE—WORK AND REST. 409
Throughout these expositions it has been assumed that
human life on earth is a life of labour. The world that
man stands on is not a rest for man. Ever since it be-
came the abode of sin, it is like the troubled sea that can-
not rest. Toil and suffering are the lot alike of the evil
and the good in this life. It is a poor portion for those
who have no other. Ah! it is a sad thing to be weary,
and have no rest in store! Jesus wept over wearied
men, labouring in the fire for nought, and refusing to
lay their aching heads on his loving breast. Labouring,
sin-laden men, He still says, " Come unto me." If you
refuse Him that speaketh, the universe will offer no rest-
ing-place, and eternity no resting-time.
But a rest remaineth for the people of God. The
coming rest already casts the gentle foretastes of morn-
ing twilight over the dark surface of life's labour here.
Present toil will give zest to the joy of future rest, and
the hope of rest softens and sweetens the labour while it
lasts. What may be the enjoyments of those who were
never weary we cannot tell, as a man born blind cannot
appreciate the pleasures of sight. Those "flames of fire,"
the angels who do God's pleasure, are happy, doubtless,
as they are holy; but they cannot share the rest of the
redeemed from among men, for they were never weary.
Only the weary rest; and the greater the weariness the
sweeter the rest. Heaven to the saved will be better
than paradise to the unfallen. The effects of the fall are
removed by Christ, and more. Grace will abound more
than sin abounded. God is greater than the author of
evil. At the winding up of the world, it will not be a
410 FAITH AN OBEDIENCE-WORK AND REST.
drawn battle between the introducer of sin and the
Saviour of sinners. We shall be more than conquerors
through Him that loved us. The saved shall not only
escape from bondage and hold their own, but spoil adverse
principalities and powers. The enemy, when subdued,
will be constrained to serve the children of the Conqueror.
Out of the eater shall come forth meat. The memory of
sin will enhance the joy of holiness: the pain of labour
will make rest more sweet.
The whole world consists of two classes, different in
many things from each other but alike in this, that both are
obliged to labour all their days. They are those who
serve sin, and those who fight against it. Both expe-
rience pain and weariness. Sin is a hard master, and a
formidable foe. If you do its bidding, you are a miser-
able drudge; if you war against it, you will receive many
wounds in the conflict. It would be hard to tell whether
of the two is the more wearied—the carnal who obeys
the flesh, or the spiritual who crucifies it. Both are com-
pelled to labour. Both are weary: the one is weary by
sinning, and the other weary of sin. One of these strifes
will soon be over: the other will never cease. If sin be
your antagonist, there will soon be peace; for if sin can-
not be taken wholly away from you, you will ere long be
taken away from sin. But if sin be, and till death abide,
your master, there is no deliverance from the yoke.
On the whole, for moral and immortal creatures there
are only two masters, and no man can serve both. The
one is sin, the other is the Saviour. Either we serve sin
against Christ, or we serve Christ against sin. Both
FAITH AND OBEDIENCE—WORK AND REST 411
masters put their servants to labour. Let not disciples
expect what their Lord has neither provided nor pro-
mised. He gives them many pleasures in this life, but
these are the pleasure of labour, not the pleasures of rest.
This world cannot be their rest, expressly "because it is
polluted." It may and should become their meat and
drink to do their Lord’s will; but still it is a doing, a
working, a bearing. They may—they will love the work;
but still it is work. They who love the Lord that bought
them, are in haste do something for Him while they
are in this distant world; for at home in heaven no such
work is needed. Work is very joyful in the prospect of
rest: Rest will be very joyful when the work is done.
"Let the children of Zion be joyful in their King."
Heaven and earth both beautiful when God gives a
shining light, and man possesses a seeing eye. Faith and
obedience run sweetly into one.
Near the base of a mountain range, early in the morn-
ing of the day and the spring of the year, you may have
seen, in your solitary walk, a pillar of cloud, pure and
white, rising from the earth to heaven. In the calm
air its slender stem rises straight like a tree, and like a
tree spreads out its lofty summit. Like an angel tree in
white, and not like an earthly thing, it stands before you.
You approach the spot of and discover the cause of the
vision. A well of water from warm depths bursts
through the surface there, and this is the morning incense
which it sends right upward to the throne. But the
water is not all thus exhaled. A pure stream flows over
the well's rocky edge and trickles along the surface, a
412 FAITH AND OBEDIENCE—WORK AND REST.
river in miniature, marked on both sides by verdure,
while the barreness of winter lies yet on the other por-
tions of the field.
Such are the two outgoings of a believer's life. Up-
ward rises the soul to God in direct devotion; but not
the less on that account does the life flow out along the
surface of the world, leaving its mark in blessings behind
it wherever it goes. You caught the spring by surprise
at the dawn, and saw its incense ascending. At mid-day,
when the sun was up, and the people passing, that in-
cense was still rising, but then it rose unseen. It is thus
in the experience of living Christians in the world. At
certain times, when they think that none are near, their
intercourse with heaven may be noticed; but for the
most part it is carried on unseen. The upright pillar is
seldom visible; but the horizontal stream is seen and
felt a refreshment to all within its reach. True devotion
is chiefly in secret; but the bulk of a believer's life is laid
out in common duties, and cannot be hid. These two,
alternate and yet simultaneous, separate and yet com-
bined—these two fill up a Christian's life. Lift up your
heart to God, and lay out your talents for the world; lay
out your talents for the world, and lift up your heart to
God.
Please report any errors to Ted Hildebrandt:
ted.hildebrandt@gordon.edu